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  • Articles  (99)
  • Lepidoptera  (75)
  • insulin
  • Springer  (99)
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  • 1990-1994  (61)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicardipine does not cause deterioration of glucose homoeostasis in man: A placebo controlled study in elderly hypertensives with and without diabetes mellitus (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Nicardipine ; diabetes ; hypertensives ; elderly ; insulin ; glucagon ; glucose homoeostasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of the calcium antagonist nicardipine on insulin secretion and glucose homoeostasis was investigated in elderly hypertensives with and without diabetes mellitus; 15 patients with essential hypertension for at least 10 years and normal glucose tolerance according to standard criteria (Group I) and 15 elderly hypertensive patients affected by Type 2 diabetes mellitus and on treatment with diet or oral drugs (Group 2). In the basal state, all patients were submitted to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT, 75 g) and an iv arginine test (30 g), on two different days and in random order. The same tests were repeated after one month of treatment with nicardipine 60 mg/day, in three spaced doses, the last being given 1 h before the post-treatment test. Nicardipine did not change overall glucose homoestasis, as assessed by haemoglobin Alc and fructosamine, nor did it significantly affect the plasma insulin response either to glucose or arginine in Groups 1 and 2. Only the glucagon response to arginine was significantly reduced in diabetic hypertensives. Small, non-significant variations in the metabolic and hormonal parameters were seen in additional two groups of patients (Groups 3 and 4), matched with Groups 1 and 2 for age, sex and diseases, who took capsules containing placebo. Thus, nicardipine did not produce any significant over-all alteration in glucose homoestasis when given to elderly diabetic or nondiabetic hypertensive subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02280752
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of a 1-deoxynojirimycin derivative on post-prandial blood glucose and insulin levels in healthy black and white volunteers (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 28 (1985), S. 705-708 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diabetes mellitus ; 1-deoxynojirimycin ; alpha-glucosidase inhibitors ; glucose ; insulin ; Whites ; Blacks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary BAY m1099 (a 1-deoxynojirimycin derivative) is a glucose analogue which is an α-glucosidase inhibitor. Its effects on post-prandial blood glucose and insulin levels was compared with a placebo in 12 healthy male volunteers (6 Blacks and 6 Whites). It produced a similar, significant depression of post-prandial blood glucose and insulin leveles when the groups were assessed separately and when the data were pooled. Although blood insulin levels in Whites were higher than in Blacks, as previously reported, the difference was not statistically significant and did not appear to influence the response to the drug. BAY 1099 produced no objective or subjective untoward effects and appears to warrant further investigation as an adjuvant to dietary control of diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00607920
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pirenzepine on plasma insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide levels in normal man (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 27 (1985), S. 701-705 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pirenzepine ; pancreatic hormones ; insulin ; glucagon ; pancreatic polypeptide ; cholinergic system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The secretion of various pancreatic hormones (insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide) is affected to a different extent by the cholinergic system. In 7 healthy subjects the effects of treatment for 1 week with pirenzepine, an anticholinergic drug selective for muscarinic receptors, on basal secretion of these hormones and on that induced by i.v. glucose (IVGTT) and arginine were evaluated. The drug did not reduce basal levels of insulin and glucagon whereas it caused an appreciable reduction in basal pancreatic polypeptide (PP). The responses of insulin and blood glucose to IVGTT and to arginine were not changed by treatment, nor was that of plasma glucagon to arginine. The infusion of arginine did induce an increase in PP level, which reached a statistically significant maximum at 90 min. This response was not particularly different after administration of pirenzepine. Thus, the results confirm the finding that arginine stimulates PP secretion in vivo and that pirenzepine reduces the basal level of the hormone, whereas it did not appear to affect the response to arginine. The findings exclude any direct action of the drug on insulin or glucagon secretion or on glucose metabolism in general.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00547053
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement of glucose tolerance in hypertensive diabetic patients treated with guanfacine one year (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 29 (1985), S. 391-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diabetes mellitus ; hypertension ; guanfacine ; glucose tolerance ; insulin ; side-effects ; coronary risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present study the effect of 1 year of antihypertensive treatment with guanfacine (g) has been evaluated in 18 hypertensive patients with adult-onset, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (WHO Type II). The treatment produced a marked improvement in the oral glucose tolerance test; guanfacine significantly decreased serum glucose levels, and affected only slightly the insulin secretion. It is suggested that the effect of g may be mediated via a reduction in catecholamine and/or growth hormone and ACTH secretion. The present results also suggest that treatment with guanfacine may improve individual coronary risk in hypertensive diabetic patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613450
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of orthovanadate, vanadyl and peroxides of vanadate on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle preparations in vitro (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 109 (1992), S. 157-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: insulin ; insulin resistance ; diabetes mellitus ; glycogen ; glucose ; peroxovanadates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The insulin-like effects of various vanadium compounds (orthovanadate, vanadyl and peroxides of vanadate) on rates of glucose oxidation, lactate formation and glycogen synthesis were measured in isolated incubated epitrochlearis (mainly type 11 fibres) and soleus (mainly type I fibres) muscle preparations. There was a small stimulation of the rate of glucose utilisation in soleus muscle preparations in vitro by orthovanadate (1 mM). Orthovanadate or vanadyl, at 1 mM, had little effect on the rates of lactate formation or glycogen synthesis in isolated incubated epitrochlearis muscle preparations. In contrast, peroxides of vanadate (peroxovanadates, at 1 mM) significantly stimulated glucose utilisation in both soleus and epitrochlearis muscle preparations in vitro. The stimulation of the rate of glycogen synthesis was associated with an increase in the percentage of glycogen synthase in the I (or a) form. Peroxovanadates were administered in the drinking water to rats made insulin deficient by streptozotocin treatment. There was no decrease in the elevated level of blood glucose over an 8 day administration period. (Mol Cell Biochem 109: 157–162, 1992)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229770
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of diabetes and insulin on ketone bodies metabolism in heart (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 110 (1992), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: diabetes ; insulin ; hypoinsulinemia ; ketone bodies ; D-3-hydroxybutyrate ; acetoacetate ; cardiac metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This work investigates the effect of alloxan-induced short-term diabetes (24 h) on D-3-hydroxybutyrate metabolism at physiological and non-physiological concentrations of the ketone body in the isolated non-working perfused rat heart. Also the effect of insulin (2 mU.ml−1) on D-3-hydroxybutyrate metabolism was investigated in hearts from normal and diabetic rats. The rates of D-3-hydroxybutyrate utilization and oxidation and of acetoacetate production were proportional to D-3-hydroxybutyrate concentration. The utilization of D-3-hydroxybutyrate showed saturation kinetics in hearts from normal and diabetic rats, in the presence and absence of insulin. Acute short-term diabetes augmented D-3-hydroxybutyrate utilization and oxidation at 1.25 and 2.5 mM DL-3-HB, with no significant effect at higher concentrations, but increased acetoacetate production at all investigated concentrations. In hearts from normal rats, insulin enhanced D-3-hydroxybutyrate utilization and oxidation at 2.5, 5, and 10 mM DL-3-HB, but no effect was observed at the lowest (1.25 mM) and highest (16 mM) DL-3-HB concentrations. Insulin had no effect on D-3-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in hearts from diabetic rats. No significant effect of insulin on the rate of acetoacetate production in normal and diabetic states was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02385001
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of bone protein components with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: effects of zinc and hormones in tissue culture (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 117 (1992), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: bone protein ; zinc ; estrogen ; insulin ; rat calvaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An attempt was made to clarify the molecular characterization of zinc-induced bone protein synthesis in tissue culture. Calvaria were removed from weanling rat (3-week-old male) and cultured for periods up to 48 hr in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (high Glucose, 4500 mg/dl) supplemented with antibiotics and bovine serum albumin. When calvaria cultured in the presence of 10−5 to 10−4 M zinc were pulsed with [3H] leucine, zinc caused a significant increase in the incorporation of [3H] leucine into the acid-insoluble residues of bone tissue. The soluble fraction obtained from cultured bone was analyzed with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SIDS-PAGE). The major components in the fraction obtained from control bone were 68 killo-dalton (kDa) and 45 kDa proteins. These components were clearly increased by the presence of zinc (10−4 M). The effect of zinc was completely abolished by the coexistence of 10−6 M cycloheximide. Meanwhile, 10−9 M estrogen or 10−8 M insulin, which can stimulate bone formation, did not enhance the effect of zinc to increase bone 68 and 45 kDa proteins. The present findings suggest that zinc increases many bone protein components, especially 68 and 45 kDa proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230754
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blockade of insulin sensitive steady-state R-type Ca2+ channel by PN 200-110 in heart and vascular smooth muscle (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 117 (1992), S. 93-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart cells ; vascular smooth muscle ; Ca2+ channels ; insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of high K− concentration, insulin and the L-type Ca2− channel blocker PN 200-110 on cytosolic intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) was studied in single ventricular myocytes of 10-day-old embryonic chick heart, 20-week-old human fetus and rabbit aorta (VSM) single cells using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye, Fura-2 microfluorometry and digital imaging technique. Depolarization of the cell membrane of both heart and VSM cells with continuous superfusion of 30 mM [K+]o induced a rapid transient increase of [Ca2+]i that was followed by a sustained component. The early transient increase of [Ca2+]i by high [+]o was blocked by the L-type calcium channel antagonist nifedipine. However, the sustained component was found to be insensitive to this drug. PN 200-110 another L-type Ca2+ blocker was found to decrease both the early transient and the sustained increase of [Ca2+]i induced by depolarization of the cell membrane with high [K+]o. Insulin at a concentration of 40 to 80 μU/ml only produced a sustained increase of [Ca2+]i that was blocked by PN 200-110 or by lowering the extracellular Ca2+ concentration with EGTA. The sustained increase of [Ca2+], induced by high [K+]o or insulin was insensitive to metabolic inhibitors such as KCN and ouabain as well to the fast Na+ channel blocker, tetrodotoxin and to the increase of intracellular concentrations of cyclic nucleotides. Using the patch clamp technique, insulin did not affect the L-type Ca2+ current and the delayed outward K+ current. These results suggest that the early increase of (Ca2+]i during depolarization of the cell membrane of heart and VSM cells with high [K+]o is due to the opening and decay of an L-type Ca 2+ channel. However, the sustained increase of [Ca2+]i during a sustained depolarization is due to the activation of a resting (R) Ca 2+ channel that is insensitive to lowering [ATP]i and sensitive to insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230415
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vanadate induces the recruitment of glut-4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane of rat adipocytes (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 109 (1992), S. 149-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: glucose transporter ; vanadate ; rat adipocytes ; insulin ; signal transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rat adipocytes, the insulin stimulation of the rate of glucose uptake is due, at least partially, to the recruitment of glucose transporter proteins from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane. Vanadate is a known insulin mimetic agent and causes an increase in the rate of glucose transport in rat adipocytes similar to that seen with insulin. The objective of the present study was to determine whether vanadate exerts its effect through the recruitment of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane. We report that under conditions where vanadate stimulates the rate of 2-deoxyglucose uptake to the same extent as insulin, the concentration of GLUT-4 in the plasma membrane was increased similarly by both insulin and vanadate, and its concentration was decreased in the low density microsomal fraction. These results suggest that vanadate induces the recruitment of GLUT-4 to the plasma membrane. The effects of vanadate and insulin on the stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose uptake and recruitment of GLUT-4 were not additive. This is the first report of an effect of vanadate on the intracellular distribution of the glucose transporter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229769
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of insulin, cycloheximide and phalloidin on the content of actin and p35 in extracts prepared from the nuclear fraction of Krebs II ascites cells (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 115 (1992), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: insulin ; actin ; cytoskeleton ; nuclear extracts ; (ascites)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nuclear fraction isolated from Krebs II ascites cells following cell disruption by nitrogen cavitation was separated into four fractions by salt/detergent extraction: NP-40 soluble fraction, 130 mM KCl extract, DOC/Triton × 100 soluble fraction and salt/detergent treated nuclei. The protein composition of the individual fractions was studied by SDS-PAGE and the relative amounts of actin and a 35 kDa protein (p35) were measured from gel scans. There was a time-dependent shift of actin from the 130 mM KCl extract to the NP-40 soluble fraction upon storage of the nuclear fraction on ice, indicating a progressive depolymerization of microfilaments. Compared with actin there was a slower release of p35 into the NP-40 soluble fraction. The results suggest that p35 is not integrated in the microfilament network. Phalloidin, which stabilizes the microfilaments, enriched the amount of both proteins in the 130 mM KCl extracts, together with a series of other proteins in the range 50–205 kDa. The presence of phalloidin also resulted in a large increase in the actin content in both the DOC/Triton × 100 extract and the fraction containing salt/detergent treated nuclei. Incubation of cells with insulin and/or cycloheximide enriched the amount of actin in the 130 mM KCl fraction. The results show that short term incubation of cells with phalloidin, insulin or cycloheximide increases the actin content of the nuclear fraction and also affects the presence of several other proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230330
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological changes in Krebs II ascites tumour cells induced by insulin are associated with differences in protein composition and altered amounts of free, cytoskeletal-bound and membrane-bound polysomes (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 116 (1992), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: ribosome ; translation ; insulin ; cytoskeleton ; actin ; ascites cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A three-step sequential detergent/salt extraction procedure was used in order to isolate three distinct subcellular fractions containing free (FP), cytoskeletal-bound (CBP) and membrane-bound polysomes (MBP), respectively, from Krebs II ascites cells (Vedeler et al., Mol Cell Biochem 100: 183–193,1991). The purpose was to study changes in the distribution of polysomes in these three fractions during long-term incubation with insulin under either stationary conditions or in roller suspension culture- Insulin caused a redistribution of polysomes between FP, CBP and MBP fractions. The hormone appeared to promote an entry of ribosomes into polysomes both in CBP and MBP populations. When cells were grown in stationary culture in the presence of insulin and thus promoted to attach to the substratum and undergo morphological changes, a diversion of ribosomes from CBP into MBP was observed. The level of protein synthesis was apparently very high in this latter fraction since more then 70% of ribosomes were in polysomes. Morphological changes observed following insulin treatment were accompanied by a shift of certain proteins among subcellular fractions (for example actin and p35). The fibronectin content was about 20% higher in attached compared to non-attached cells. The results suggest that morphological changes induced by stimulation with insulin are associated with an increased activity of MBP, presumably reflecting a requirement for an increased synthesis of membrane proteins. (Mol Cell Biochem 118: 131–140, 1992)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299392
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Models of insulin action on metabolic and growth response genes (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 109 (1992), S. 99-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: phosphorylation ; IRE-A ; Egr-1 ; GAPDH ; gene transcription ; insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In ongoing studies aimed at elucidating the mechanism of insulin action on the expression of genes that modulate glucose utilization and cell growth, we have focused on the inductive effect of insulin on transcription of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and the early growth response gene, Egr-1. Insulin acutely stimulates the expression of both genes in 3T3 adipocytes; however, in primary adipocytes, chronic insulin exposure has opposing effects on the expression of these genes. GAPDH mRNA is decreased in the epididymal fat cells of diabetic animals and is increased over control levels when insulin is replaced, while Egr-1 mRNA levels are increased in diabetic animals. These observations, coupled with the finding that insulin-stimulated Egr-1 gene transcription is impaired in a Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cell line that displays normal metabolic responses but impaired ability to regulate DNA synthesis, support the conclusion that insulin regulation of Egr-1, a growth response gene, and GAPDH, a metabolic response gene, are mediated by distinct pathways. We present evidence that supports the role of protein phosphorylation in mediating the effect of insulin on activation of Egr-1 and GAPDH gene transcription.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229762
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endothelium, the dynamic interface in cardiac lipid transport (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 116 (1992), S. 181-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: fatty acid transport ; monoacylglycerol transport ; lipoprotein lipase ; insulin ; lipolysis ; cell membranes ; plasma triacylglycerol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Vascular endothelium is the dynamic interface in transport of lipid from blood to myocytes in heart and arteries. The luminal surface of endothelium is the site of action of lipoprotein lipase on chylomicrons and VLDL and the site of uptake of fatty acids from albumin. Fatty acids and monoacylglycerols are transported from the lumen in an interfacial continuum of endothelial and myocyte membranes. Lipoprotein lipase is transferred from myocytes to the vascular lumen, and is anchored there, by proteoheparan sulfate in cell membranes. Insulin, needed for synthesis of lipoprotein lipase and esterfication of fatty acids, is captured from the blood stream and delivered to myocytes by endothelial insulin receptors. Fatty acids, monoacylglycerols, lipoprotein lipase and insulin are transported along the same route, but by different mechanisms. The route involves the plasma membrane of endothelium and myocytes, the membrane lining transendothelial channels, and intercellular contacts. (Mol Cell Biochem116: 181–191, 1992)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01270586
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of sex pheromone components of jack pine budworm,Choristoneura pinus pinus freeman (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura pinus pinus ; jack pine budworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; (E,Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E,Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical identification and field-trapping experiments have shown that a blend of 85∶15 (E,Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetates and 85∶15 (E,Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ols (in a 9∶1 ratio) are female sex pheromone components for jack pine budworm,Choristoneura pinus pinus. This blend of chemicals, formulated in PVC (0.1 %, w/w) sources is as effective a trap bait as virgin females. Preliminary wind tunnel observations have indicated that this blend, effective as a trap bait, is not equivalent to females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988198
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Oviposition and feeding preferences of the southern pine coneworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) for different host-plant materials and observations on monoterpenes as an oviposition stimulant (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 689-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Southern pine coneworm ; Dioryctria amatella (Hulst) ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; oviposition and feeding preference ; synthetic oviposition stimulant ; slash pine ; Pinus elliottii Engelm. var.elliottii ; monoterpenes ; fusiform rust ; Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miy. ex Shirai f. sp.fusiforme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bioassays were conducted with first-stage larvae and newly emerged females of the southern pine coneworm,Dioryctria amatella (Hulst), to detect feeding and ovipositional preferences for different host-plant materials collected between April and August. Correlations between measures of insect preferences and estimates of wood parameters indicated that larvae preferred to feed on host-plant materials with high moisture contents, low wood densities, and low monoterpene contents. Female moths, however, did not necessarily select those plant materials preferred by larvae for feeding, but tended to oviposit more frequently on materials with high monoterpene contents. A synthetic mixture of monoterpenes similar in composition to those present in fusiform rust galls of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) Englem. var.elliottii) elicited mating and oviposition behavior.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988298
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kairomones for the egg parasiteTrichogramma evanescens Westwood (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 793-800 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma evanescens ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Pieris brassicae ; Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; kairomone ; oviposition ; deterring pheromone ; accessory gland ; egg parasite ; tricosane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In observation-cage experiments some new contact kairomones for the egg parasiteTrichogramma evanescens Westwood are demonstrated.T. evanescens females search significantly longer on cabbage leaves treated with the wing scales of two hosts,Pieris brassicae L. andP. rapae L. Further, egg washes ofP. brassicae containing an oviposition deterrent pheromone for the butterflies, were found to have a contact-kairomonal effect on the parasite.T. evanescens females search significantly longer on cabbage leaves sprayed with a methanol or water wash ofP. brassicae eggs than on leaves treated with the solvent only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988306
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Double-bond location in monounsaturated fatty acids by dimethyl disulfide derivatization and mass spectrometry: Application to analysis of fatty acids in pheromone glands of four lepidoptera (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 265-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fatty acid analysis ; double-bond location ; dimethyl disulfide adducts ; mass spectrometry ; pheromone ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; C. occidentalis ; C. pinus pinus ; Plusia chalcites ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A rapid analytical procedure for the determination of the position of double bonds in mixtures of monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters has been developed. The method is based on direct capillary GC-MS-EI analysis of dimethyl disulfide adducts. The procedure was applied to mixtures of monounsaturated fatty esters from pheromone gland extracts of three tortricids from theChoristoneura genus,C. fumiferana, C. occidentalis, andC. pinus pinus, and one noctuid from the Plusiinae subfamily,Plusia chalcites. A correlation was found between the known major pheromone components in the four species with the corresponding fatty acids. Some of the additional fatty acids may be precursors to as yet unidentified minor pheromone components, present in extremely small quantities, in these species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01411414
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  • 18
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    Capture of gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.), andLymantria mathura (L.) males in traps baited with disparlure enantiomers and olefin precursor in the People's Republic of China (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2153-2159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria mathura ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone ; disparlure ; cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyocta-decane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone traps baited with (+)-disparlure,cis-7,8-epoxy-2methyocta-decane, captured males ofLymantria dispar, L. monacha, andL. mathura in northeastern People's Republic of China.L. dispar responded to the addition of olefin to (+)-disparlure-baited traps in a negative doseresponse manner. Observations on site and seasonal capture ofL. dispar andL. mathura are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984942
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    Behavioral and electrophysiological activity of (Z,E)-7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate, a mimic of the major sex pheromone component of carob moth,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2331-2352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,E)-9,11,13-tetradecatrienal ; mimic ; (Z,E)-7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate ; wind tunnel ; attractant ; electrophysiology ; receptor cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral and electrophysiological activity of a mimic [(Z,E)7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate] of the major sex pheromone component [(Z,E) 9,11,13-tetradecatrienal] of carob moth was assessed. Wind-tunnel bioassays demonstrated that the formate was as effective as natural gland extracts, and significantly more effective than the trienal alone or than the trienal blended with two minor pheromone components, in evoking source contact. Dispensers containing the formate were as effective as trienal-containing blend lures in attracting males when placed at the same dosage in traps in date gardens. Single-cell recordings showed that at least two olfactory neurons, differentiated by spike amplitude, are located in the long trichoid hairs on male carob moth antennae. Dose-response relationships indicated that puffs from cartridges loaded with at least 0.1 μg of the formate or of the trienal were necessary to elicit spiking by either the small or the large-spiking cell within a sensillum. Cross-adaptation studies demonstrated that both compounds stimulated the same large-spiking cell. The frequencies of spikes evoked from the large cell when stimulated by emissions from 0.1-μg, 1-μg, or 10-μg cartridges of either the formate or the trienal were not significantly different, suggesting that the formate is an effective mimic of the trienal at the antennal receptor cell level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984953
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    Evaluation of flavonoids inGossypium arboreum (L.) cottons as potential source of resistance to tobacco budworm (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton ; Gossypium arboreum ; tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; resistance ; allelochemicals ; flavonoids ; gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside ; gossypetin 8-0-glucoside
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Asiatic cottons [Gossypium arboreum (L.)] have been investigated as a source of resistance to the tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (Fab.)] because their diversely colored petals have been presumed to contain various allelochemicals. However, we found that larvae fedG. arboreum squares (buds) grew about equally compared with those fed squares from commercialG. hirsutum lines. The best source of resistance was found in severalG. hirsutum double-haploid (DH) lines. In our investigation of allelochemicals, G.arboreum lines were found to contain much less gossypol in leaves, squares (buds), and petals thanG. hirsutum L. lines. Flavonoids were significantly higher inG. arboreum lines only in petals. Of 22G. arboreum lines from which squares were gathered and fed to tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae in the laboratory, larval growth was not significantly decreased on any, but larval survival was decreased on six. When the square flavonoids were isolated and incorporated in laboratory diets for the TBW, moderate toxicity was observed. However, the estimated toxicities were not greater than those of the same flavonoid isolates fromG. hirsutum lines. The most prevalent flavonoids, all previously found in G.arboreum plant tissues, were gossypetin 8-0-glucoside and gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside, neither of which were present inG. hirsutum tissue. Quercetin 3-0-glucoside, quercetin-3′-0-glucoside, and quercetin 7-0-glucoside were also present in significant amounts in both species. Gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside and gossypetin 8-0-glucoside were the most toxic flavonoids tested (the ED50% was estimated to be 0.007 and 0.024) and therefore may prove to be contributing factors of resistance to TBW feeding.
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    Attraction ofHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to volatiles from extracts of cotton flowers (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 907-914 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cotton ; gossypium hirsutum ; oviposition ; attractant ; floral extracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mated and virgin female and virgin male tobacco budworm moths,Heliothis virescens (F.), responded via directed upwind flight in wind-tunnel bioassays to volatiles from floral extracts of cotton,Gossypium hirsutum L. Significantly more male and female moths landed on cloth dispensers treated with a methylene chloride extract of debracted flowers than on control dispensers treated only with methylene chloride. Only mated females landed in significant numbers on the dispensers treated with extract of cotton squares, flowers (including bracts), or flower petals. After landing, most of the moths examined the dispensers by probing with their antennae, proboscis, and/or ovipositor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988331
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    Influence of cabbage proteinase inhibitorsin situ on the growth of larvalTrichoplusia ni andPieris rapae (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1009-1024 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Artogeia rapae ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pieridae ; trypsin inhibitors ; chymotrypsin inhibitors ; serine proteinase inhibitors ; cabbage ; Cruciferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors are proteins that are developmentally regulated in foliage of cabbage plants, appearing at high concentrations in young foliage on mature plants. This temporal and spacial regulation of foliar proteinase inhibitors is synchronized with the appearance and distribution of foliar feeding Lepidoptera. When insects were allowed to select their feeding sites, larvalPieris rapae fed on the young foliage of cabbage plants, while larvalTrichoplusia ni fed on the mature foliage on cabbage plants. LarvalP. rapae that fed on mature plants were significantly smaller than larvae feeding on young plants, while there was no significant difference between larvalT. ni feeding on mature plants and those feeding on young plants. Thus, there was a significant inverse correlation between the level of proteinase inhibitory activity in cabbage foliage and larval growth. WhenP. rapae andT. ni were provided with an artificial diet containing total protein (including significant levels of proteinase inhibitors) that was extracted from cabbage foliage, there was a significant reduction in growth and development of both species of Lepidoptera.
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    Qualitative and quantitative analyses of volatiles and pheromone gland extracts collected fromGalleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1255-1268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Gallerinae ; Galleria mellonella ; greater wax moth ; sex pheromone gland ; nonanoic acid ; undecanoic acid ; 1-nonanol ; 1-undecanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical analyses of pheromone-gland extracts and volatiles released by maleGalleria mellonella (L.), the greater wax moth, resulted in the identification and quantification of the aldehydes, primary alcohols, and fatty acids of nonane and undecane. Adult females released none of these six compounds. Mean percentages of the aldehydes and alcohols in the gland extracts were 19.0% undecanal, 3.9% nonanal, 48.3% 1-undecanol, and 28.8% 1-nonanol. Mean percentages of the aldehydes and alcohols in volatiles collected during the first hour of scotophase from moths 1 to 9 days old were 77.4% undecanal, 20.8% nonanal, 1.46% 1-undecanol, and 0.36% 1-nonanol. Age did not significantly affect the amount of each compound collected. The collection of volatiles from moths 3 to 5 days old during a 12-hr scotophase indicated that production was greatest during the first and third quarters of the period. Methylation of group volatile samples allowed the quantification of the fatty acids.
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    Abraxas grossulariata L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Identification of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene in the female sex pheromone (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 13-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone identification ; (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyhepta-decadiene ; (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene ; Abraxas grossulariata ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-Heptadecatriene and (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene have been identified in female sex pheromone gland extracts ofAbraxas grossulariata L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The compounds were detected by gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and identified by GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The amounts of hydrocarbon and epoxide were 0.13 and 0.42 ng/female, respectively. These identifications were confirmed by synthesis; the absolute configuration of the epoxide remains to be determined. Another isomeric epoxide, (3Z,6Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheptadecadiene, was tentatively identified in small amounts (0.04 ng/female). Racemic (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene elicited the largest electroantennogram response within a series of heptadecadiene and nonadecadiene monoepoxides and the corresponding trienic hydrocarbons and, in field tests, attracted maleA. grossulariata into traps. Addition of 10% (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene to this epoxide enhanced attractiveness; addition of (3Z,6Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheptadecadiene had no effect at low proportions while higher proportions caused a reduction in the numbers of males caught.
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    Multicomponent sex pheromone inMacrocentrus grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1901-1912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; pheromone ; bioassay ; wind-tunnel ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Macrocentrus grandii ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubil-alis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A multicomponent sex pheromone inMacrocentms grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was demonstrated using wind-tunnel and field bioassays. In wind-tunnel bioassays, three Florisii fractions from female wasps (hexane, 5%, and 50% ether in hexane) and one from male wasps (50% ether in hexane) were attractive to males. The hexane and 5% ether in hexane fractions each elicited similar male behavioral responses. These included upwind anemotaxis, casting, landing on the source, wing fanning, and mating attempts between males. The 50% ether in hexane fraction, whether male- or female-derived, initiated a strong flight response by males but few landings on the source. In addition, the 50% ether in hexane fraction was found to synergize strongly the hexane fraction. All females tested in the wind tunnel gave no responses to male- or female-derived extracts. Field tests generally supported the wind-tunnel results, although no field attraction was observed for the 5% ether in hexane fraction.
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    Sex pheromone components of the giant looper,Boarmia selenaria schiff. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Identification, synthesis, electrophysiological evaluation, and behavioral activity (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 165-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Boarmia selenaria ; giant looper ; sex pheromones ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3S,4R)-epoxynonadecadiene ; (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3R,4S)-epoxynonadecadiene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene, anantiomers ; enantioselective synthesis ; EAG ; wind tunnel ; field tests ; precursor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3S,4R)-Epoxynonadecadiene9a and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene have been identified as sex pheromone components in female ovipositor extracts and effluvia of the geometridBoarmia selenaria. The identification was based on relative retention times on gas chromatographic columns, GC-MS, chemical enantioselective syntheses, EAG, wind-tunnel behavioral experiments, and field tests. A single female ovipositor extract contained an average of 42 ng of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene and 2 ng of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene.EAG, wind-tunnel behavioral studies, and field tests demonstrated that maleB. selenaria exhibit preferential attraction for the (3S,4R)-enantiomer of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene. Only in effluvia and ovipositor extracts of calling females was (Z,Z)-6,9-cis- 3,4-epoxynonadecadiene detected, whereas relatively high amounts of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene were found in noncalling females. Wind-tunnel behavioral studies showed that (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene did not elicit any response in the males, and when tested in combination with a mixture of monoepoxynonadecadienes, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene decreased the observed behavioral responses. A possible precursor role for (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene in the pheromonal system is discussed.
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    Biological activity and in vivo degradation of tritiated female sex pheromone in the male European corn borer (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 283-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; tritiated pheromone ; 11-tetradecenyl acetate ; sensory biochemistry ; catabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Isomers of [11,12-3H2]-11-tetradecenyl acetate (57 Ci/mM) were synthesized. Behavioral assay of the two compounds using Z- and E-type European corn borer (ECB) males showed that introduction of tritons into the double bond of the pheromone caused a significant isotope effect in the E-type ECB but not in the Z-type ECB. Measurements of tritium associated with the male antennae after a 3-min exposure showed that radioactivity equivalent to 10−7 mol pheromone was adsorbed onto male antennae. Time-course in vivo metabolic studies with picogram amounts of compound applied topically to antennae of E- and Z-type males and Z-type females showed that they metabolized pheromone similarly but females degraded pheromone more slowly than males. Pheromone was hydrolyzed, and the only other major radiolabeled metabolite observed by combined high-pressure liquid chromatography-radiodetection was tritiated water. Capillary gas chromatography and radiomonitoring permitted detection of a trace amount of 11-tetradecenoic acid, which indicated alcohol oxidase activity is associated with the antennae. Evidence shows that clearing of pheromone from the ECB male antennae involves hydrolysis and oxidation of the alcohol to fatty acid, which in turn is degraded, probably via β-oxidation, to carbon dioxide and water.
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    Insulin-dependent release of 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase from liver plasma membranes (1992)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 12 (1992), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: insulin ; phospholipase C ; 5′-nucleotidase ; alkaline phosphatase ; glycosylphosphatidylinositol ; pertussis toxin ; plasma membrane, (rat liver)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Insulin treatment of isolated liver plasma membranes induced the release of 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase. This effect was maximal at physiological hormone concentrations, being 36% and 17% for 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase respectively, and was fully mimicked by the phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), thus confirming the presence of a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchoring-system for these exofacial enzymatic proteins. The complete inhibition of insulin dependent enzyme release by neomycin is strongly supportive of an involvement of membrane-located PI-PLC activity. In addition, the insulin-like effect on enzyme release induced by the GTP non-hydrolysable analog, GTP-γ-S, and its sensitivity to the pertussis toxin are in favour of a mediatory role exerted by the G proteins system, in the transduction of some actions of insulin.
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    Na+-sensitive component of 3-O-methylglucose uptake in frog skeletal muscle (1985)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 87 (1985), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: 3-O-methylglucose uptake ; frog ; skeletal muscle ; insulin ; sugar transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A Na+-sensitive uptake of 3-O-methylglucose (3-O-MG), a nonmetabolized sugar, was characterized in frog skeletal muscle. A removal of Na+ from the bathing solution reduced 3-O-MG uptake, depending on the amount of Na+ removed. At a 3-O-MG concentration of 2mm, the Na+-sensitive component of uptake in Ringer's solution was estimated to be about 26% of the total uptake. The magnitude of Na+-sensitive component sigmoidally increased with an increase of 3-O-MG in bathing solution, whereas in Na+-free Ringer's solution the uptake was proportional to the concentration. The half saturation of the Na+-sensitive component was at a 3-O-MG concentration of about 13mm, and the Hill coefficient was 1.4 to 1.6. Phlorizin (5mm), a potent inhibitor specific for Na+-coupled glucose transport, reduced the uptake in a solution containing Na+ to the level in Na+-free Ringer's solution. Glucose of concentrations higher than 20mm suppressed 3-O-MG uptake to a level slightly lower than that in Na+-free Ringer's solution. These observations indicate that there are Na+-coupled sugar transport systems in frog skeletal muscle which are shared by both glucose and 3-O-MG.
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    Insulin antagonizes the phagocytosis stimulating action of histamine in Tetrahymena (1992)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 12 (1992), S. 23-27 
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    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: insulin ; histamine ; phagocytosis ; Tetrahymena ; negative cooperation ; imprinting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Histamine increased specifically the phagocytic activity of the unicellular Tetrahymena, whereas insulin had no influence on it. Insulin antagonized the phagocytosis stimulating action of histamine after simultaneous exposure and after preexposure two days earlier as well, although in the latter case to a lesser degree. Double exposure to a combination of histamine + insulin didn't influence the phagocytic activity at all, demonstrating the histamine antagonizing effect of insulin in this model.
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    Synthesis of kairomonal 2-acylcyclohexane-1,3-dione components of larval mandibular glands ofEphestia kuehniella (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 51-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomones ; oviposition ; 2-(Z,E)-hexadeca-12′ ; 14′-dienoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione ; 2-oleoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione ; 2-linoleoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione ; Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (syn.Anagasta kuehniella, Zeller) ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Nemeritis canescens (Grav.) [syn.Venturia canes ens (Grav.)] Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three components of the larval mandibular glands ofEphestia (=Anagasta) kuehniella, 2-(Z,E)-hexadeca-12′,14′-dienoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione, 2-oleoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione, and 2-linoleoylcyclohexane-1,3-dione, have been synthesized and shown to be active as kairomones.
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    Field trapping of threeEpinotia species with (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1389-1398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z,Z)-7,9-Dodecadienyl acetate ; (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-ol ; Epinotia silvertoniensis ; Epinotia criddleana ; Epinotia sp. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field survey of the geometrical isomers of 7,9-dodecadienyl alcohol, acetate, and aldehyde has resulted in attractants and inhibitors for three species of tortricid moths.Epinotia silvertoniensis and an undescribedEpinotia sp. were all attracted to (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate. AnotherEpinotia sp. was attracted to (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate and (Z,Z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-ol. Electroantennogram data and inhibition patterns for one of theEpinotia sp. are also reported. In addition,E. criddleana was attracted to lures containing (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate.
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    Host-plant protein and phenolic resin effects on larval growth and survival of a butterfly (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1459-1467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diplacus aurantiacus ; Scrophulariaceae ; Euphydryas chalcedona ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; flavonoid ; herbivory ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Euphydryas chalcedona prediapause larvae were reared on fertilized and control shrubs of the host plant,Diplacus aurantiacus. Larval growth was enhanced by high leaf nitrogen content and inhibited by high leaf phenolic resin content. Larvae fed less on leaves near the branch tip which contained a higher leaf resin content. The results agree with prior laboratory investigation that the dietary content of nitrogen andD. aurantiacus leaf resin are major determinants ofE. chalcedona larval growth and suggest that the phenolic leaf resin ofDiplacus may both deter and inhibit leaf herbivores.
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    Structure-activity relationships among maytansinoids in their effect on the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 501-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Maytansinoids ; maytanacine ; maytanbutine ; maytanvaline ; normaysine ; trewiasine ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; insect toxicity ; antifeedants ; pupation inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Five maytansinoids fromMaytenus (Celastraceae) andPutterlickia (Rhamnaceae) species were tested for biological activity against the European corn borerOstrinia nubilalis. Maytanbutine, maytansine, and maytanvaline, all of which contain an amino acid residue at C-3, were active and comparable in their effect on larvae to trewiasine, a known active, amino acid-containing maytansinoid fromTrewia nudiflora. Maytanacine, which has an acetate group at C-3, was not as active as maytansine, maytanvaline, maytanbutine, or trewiasine, but significantly retarded the development of the larvae. Normaysine, which has no oxygen substituent at C-3, had no significant effect on mortality and only moderate effect on development of the larvae. The presence of the amino acid moiety at C-3 appears to be an important factor for the biological activity of maytansinoids.
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    Attraction of tortricid moths of subfamily olethreutinae to field traps baited with dodecadienes (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 217-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractant ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; 8,10-dodecadienes ; 7,9-dodecadienes ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract All four geometrical isomers of 7,9- and 8,10-dodecadienes with acetate, alcohol, and aldehyde functional groups were synthesized and field tested. The field survey produced sex attractant lures for 14 insect species. Species in the generaCydia, Grapholita, Eucosma, Pelochrista, Petrova, Phenta, Hedya, and Pseudosciaphila were captured. Defined lures were developed for some of the species captured. Gas chromatographie retention times for all geometrical isomers of 7,9- and 8,10-dodecadienes with acetate, alcohol, and aldehyde functional groups are reported. A study of the isomerization of 8,10-dodecadienyl acetates and aldehydes impregnated in rubber septa is reported.
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    Orientation behavior of second-instar larvae of eastern spruce budwormChoristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in a y-type olfactometer (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 837-845 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eastern spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; conifers ; Picea sp. ; Abies sp. ; host volatiles ; attraction ; larval olfaction ; olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A two-choice, wind-tunnel olfactometer was designed and contructed to determine whether second-instar eastern spruce budworm larvae,Christoneura fumiferana (Clem.), could detect and discriminate among host-plant volatiles. Volatiles of current year's growth ofPicea glauca were preferred over those ofP. rubens, P. mariana, or air.Abies balsamea was preferred overP. mariana or air.P. rubens andP. mariana were both preferred over air. Two-year-old growth ofP. glauca, A. balsamea, P. rubens, andP. mariana were all preferred over air. Current year's growth of these host evergreen species was usually preferred over former year's growth of the same species in each case.
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    Monoterpene oviposition stimulants ofDioryctria amatella in volatiles from fusiform rust galls and second-year loblolly pine cones (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 943-952 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dioryctria amatella ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; oviposition stimulants ; monoterpenes ; α-pinene ; myrcene ; limonene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatiles collected on Poropak Q from fusiform rust galls (Cronartium quercuum F. sp.fusiforme) of loblolly pine for 3 hr were better ovi-position stimulants forDioryctria amatella (Hulst) females than extracts of 8-hr collections. GLC analysis of these extracts showed no major differences in relative monoterpene composition, although 8-hr collections contained an unidentified compound not detected in the 3-hr collections. Comparison of volatiles from second-year loblolly pine cones with those from fusiform galls showed that both containeddl-α-pinene, (−)-β-pinene, myrcene, and (+)-limonene. Camphene was found in galls only, and relatively large quantities of β-phellandrene were identified only from cones. The five major monoterpenes found in the two host substrates were tested in an oviposition bioassay. Eighteen trials using different combinations of these terpenes showed that the combination of α-pinene, myrcene, and limonene was as attractive toD. amatella females as all other terpene combinations, including turpentine.
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    Sex pheromone of tobacco stem borer,Scrobipalpa heliopa (Lower) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 989-998 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco stem borer ; Scrobipalpa heliopa ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; (E)-3-tridecen-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The major volatile component in the extract of the female sex pheromone gland ofScrobipalpa heliopa was shown to be (E)-3-tridecen-1-ol acetate (V). The identification was based on mass spectral analyses, comparison of retention times with those of synthetic compounds on polar, nonpolar, and liquid crystal gas chromatographic columns and microchemical studies. The latter included hydrolysis and reacetylation, and mass spectral studies of the derivatives formed by epoxidation and methoxymercuration-demercuration. Analysis of gland extracts by gas chromatography linked to electroantennography showed this component to be the only one with significant biological activity, similar to that of the synthetic compound. (E)-3-Tridecenyl acetate (V) attracted male moths to traps in the field while addition of theZ isomer (III) reduced the numbers of moths caught.
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    Behavioral responses of male turnip moths,Agrotis segetum, to sex pheromone in a flight tunnel and in the field (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1209-1221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; turnip moth ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; flight tunnel ; decyl acetate ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; field tests ; attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of individual male turnip mothsAgrotis segetum was observed in a sustained flight tunnel to a mixture of decyl acetate, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in proportions similar to those found in gland extracts from virgin females (0.6: 1:5:2.5). Lures containing 3–30 μg (Z)-5-decenyl acetate proved to be maximally attractive, with approximately 60% of the males completing all behavioral steps from activation to copulation efforts. A 300-μg dosage caused significant arrestment of upwind flight. Peak response to synthetics, however, was significantly lower than to female glands. Omitting decyl acetate from the blend did not affect the activity, while omission of any of the three monounsaturated acetates caused a dramatic decrease in response. In the field maximum trap catches were achieved with 1- to 30-μg lures. The subtractive assay carried out in the field confirmed the neutrality of decyl acetate and the importance of the three monoenes. Adding 1% of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (earlier reported as an “inhibitor”) to the four-component mixture decreased the trap catch to about 50%, and increasing the amount of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate to 27% decreased the activity further to about 10%. (Z)-8-Dodecenyl acetate also decreased the number of successful flights in the flight tunnel.
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    Filamentous nature of pheromone plumes protects integrity of signal from background chemical noise in cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; inhibitor ; (Z)-7-dodecenol ; wind tunnel ; orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-7-Dodecenol failed to interrupt pheromone-mediated anemotactic responses by male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a wind tunnel when released 5 cm crosswind on both sides of the pheromone source or 10 cm upwind of the source to create an overlapping plume downwind. Significant inhibitory effects of (Z)-7-dodecenol were observed when released with the six-component pheromone blend from the same septum or abutting septa. These results indicate that (Z)-7-dodecenol needs to be received simultaneously with the pheromone blend to inhibit the anemotactic responses of males to the sex pheromone. We suggest that this feature and the filamentous nature of pheromone plumes render pheromone signals relatively protected from background chemical noise that may originate from pheromone plumes of other insect species. Unless filaments from a pheromone signal and an inhibitor arrive simultaneously, the integrity of the signal is maintained.
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    Biological evidence of an oviposition-deterring pheromone inLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; oviposition-deterring pheromone ; oviposition ; Lobesia botrana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff.) usually deposit isolated eggs on flowers and berries of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). We have investigated whether an epideictic pheromone could be present on the egg surface to explain this spacing behavior. About 21,000 eggs ofL. botrana were washed in cold methanol, and the biological activity was tested in a two-choice bioassay offering treated and nontreated areas. Different dilutions of the extract were tested in methanol, which was inactive alone. At the dose of four egg equivalents per microliter of extract, the number of eggs laid by theL. botrana females was reduced by as much as 57% on the treated areas compared to nontreated areas. A longer-term suppression of oviposition (at least 24 hr) following an exposure to the extract occurred for two doses (0.6 and 4.0 eggs/μl) of egg extract. Our results strongly suggest the occurrence of an oviposition-deterring pheromone (ODP) on the eggs ofL. botrana. The ecological value of these results is discussed.
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    6,10,14-Trimethylpentadecan-2-one: A Bermuda grass phagostimulant to fall armyworm (lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 673-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemistry ; Bermuda grass ; Cynodon dactylon ; phagostimulant ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; fall armyworm ; 6,10, 14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A phagostimulant, 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-1-one (phytone), was isolated and identified from Bermuda grass,Cynodon dactylon (L.). The phagostimulant activity of this isoprenoid ketone was established from bioassays of fall armyworm larvae,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Larvae displayed increased body mass accumulation as well as preference to diet supplemented with this molecule. Neonate larvae fed diet supplemented with chromatographic isolates of phytone-containing fractions from six Bermuda grass cultivars showed a 10–40% increase in body mass accumulation as compared with controls. This variation in larval body mass accumulation seems attributable to a differential concentration of phytone in the cultivars, which ranged from 0.5 to 43 ppm. Additionally, first-instar larvae responded preferentially to diet pellets topically treated with phytone in concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm.
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    Floral volatiles ofTanacetum vulgare L. attractive toLobesia botrana den. et schiff. females (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 693-701 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lobesia botrana ; Vitis vinifera ; Tanacetum vulgare ; tansy ; grapevine ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Compositae ; plant-insect relationships ; olfaction ; allelochemicals ; terpenoids ; coupling GC-EAG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The European grapevine moth (EGVM),Lobesia botrana, is a major pest of grapes in Europe. Females are attracted to a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), which is a common weed in Slovakian vineyards. A steam distillate extract of tansy flowers was analyzed by means of a GC-EAG technique to screen constituents detected by the olfactory receptors of EGVM females. From more than 200 GC peaks, nine peaks corresponding to monoterpenoids released an EAG response in more than 70% of the females (N=15):p-cymene,d-limonene,α-thujene,α-thujone,β-thujone, thujyl alcohol, terpinene-4-ol, (Z)-verbenol, and piperitone. The steam distillate of tansy as well as a synthetic blend of identified compounds released consistent attraction in a field cage. The use of nonhost plants and host plant odors in integrated pest management is discussed.
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    Activity of perfluorobutyl-containing components in pheromone blend of cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 737-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; pheromone blend kwTrichoplusia ni ; flight behavior ; flight tunnel ; pheromone analog ; perfluoroalkyl substitution ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Substitution of nine hydrogens by nine fluorines in the butyl terminus of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, the major component of the pheromone blend of the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), produces a highly volatile analog that is significantly less active as a replacement for the natural pheromone component, either alone or substituted in the sixcomponent pheromone blend of this species. When 9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12, 12-nonafluoro-(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (nf-Z7-12: OAc) was tested in a wind tunnel as a single component or as part of the six-component blend, males exhibited preflight activation, but they did not orient in the pheromone plume and fly upwind over a five-decade range of doses at levels comparable with those of the natural component and blend. Addition of large amounts of nf-Z7-12:OAc to the optimal dose of the natural blend also did not effect flight arrestment as when increased amounts of Z7-12:OAc were added. The nonafluoro (nf) analog of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, a minor component in theT. ni blend, did not affect male behavior when substituted in the sixcomponent blend, and substitution of both nf analogs in the natural blend produced the same results as observed for blends containing nf-Z7-12:OAc. The lack of an effect with substitution of nf-Z9-14:OAc is discussed in relation to the reported redundancy in the action of minor components inT. ni.
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    Reassessment of interaction between gut detergents and tannins in lepidoptera and significance for gypsy moth larvae (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1437-1453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tannins ; phenolics ; surface tension ; surfactants ; lysolecithin ; lysophosphatidylcholine ; lipids ; detergents ; protein ; Lymantria dispar L. ; gypsy moth ; Lepidoptera ; Lymontriidae ; red oak ; Quercus rubra L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Surface-active lysophospholipids are thought to interfere with tannin-protein interactions and may comprise an adaptation in Lepidoptera to tannin-rich diets. We found several lysophospholipids and phospholipids at about eight times the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in the midguts of gypsy moth larvae, which exhibited appropriately reduced surface tensions. We confirmed the interfering activity of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin) in a model astringency assay using tannic acid and hemoglobin (hemanalysis), but discovered that tannic acid and red oak tannin extracts precipitate the lipid from simulated midgut solutions quantitatively, even at pH 10. Leaf tannin extracts from trees on which gypsy moths grew and reproduced poorly precipitated lysolecithin more effectively than did extracts from trees on which gypsy moths performed well. Adding tannic acid to midgut fluid elevated surface tension, and about 25% of larvae feeding on oak leaves exhibited elevated midgut surface tension, suggesting a loss of surfactants. Larvae appear able to replace lost surfactants to a limited degree. An important effect of leaf tannins, and perhaps other phenolics, may be to reduce concentrations of surface-active phospholipids in the midgut and produce lipid or other dietary deficiencies in insects.
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    Performance characteristics of a commercial controlled-release dispenser of sex pheromone for control of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) by mating disruption (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2177-2189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; codling moth ; Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; controlled release ; mating disruption ; dodecan-1-ol ; tetradecan-1-ol ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Performance characteristics of polyethylene tube dispensers containing a mixture of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (1), dodecan-1-ol (2), and tetradecan-1-ol (3) were evaluated for suitability as a mating disruptant for codling moth control. The rate of loss of pheromone component from a dispenser at any time was found to be described by the equation: −dP/dt=(k 1 k 2 +k d)P whereP is the amount of pheromone component in the dispenser well;t is time;k 1 is the ratio of the amount dissolved in the dispenser wall to the amount in the dispenser well;k 1 is the ratio of the evaporation rate to the amount dissolved in the dispenser wall;k d is the rate constant for chemical decomposition. The evaporation rate,E, of a pheromone component at any time was given by:E=k 1 k 2 P For all three components during the first three weeks,k 1 decreased from ca. 0.25 to ca. 0.10 and was approximately constant thereafter. The decrease ofk 1 with time may have been caused by weather-induced cross-linking of the polyethylene. Over timek 2 was constant and was 1.27 ± 0.26 × 10−3/hr for1, 1.96 ± 0.33 × 10su−3/hr for 2, and 0.31± 0.05 × 10−3/hr for 3. Thek 2 was zero for2 and3 and 6.96 × 10−4 for1. After 150 days in an orchard in 1991, 95% of1 was lost from the dispensers (61% of the loss was by chemical decomposition and 39% by evaporation). The heat summation units in a Yakima valley orchard during 1991 were 4.7% above the average for the 1980–1991 period, while during 1990 they were the highest for this period (26% above average). After the first three weeks of dispenser aging, the regression line half-lives for1 for 1990 and 1991 were 31.0 and 35.1 days, respectively. The difference in temperature between 1990 and 1991 did not affect the half-life of1 very much because so much of the loss was from photochemically induced decomposition. Based on an estimate of the required minimum evaporation rate for mating disruption of 2 mg/ha-hr and a half-life of 35 days for1, 2345 dispensers/ha would be required for one application per season; 944 dispensers/ha for two applications per season; and 734 dispensers/ha for three applications per season. If a different emission rate of1 is required for reliable mating disruption, then the number of dispensers required would be changed proportionately.
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    Tests for induction of feeding preferences in larvae of eastern spruce budworm using extracts from three host plants (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 809-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eastern spruce budworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; host preference ; deterrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding preferences to extracts from three host plants were determined for sixth-instar eastern spruce budworm larvae reared on one of three hosts or on artificial diet. Preferences of foliage-reared larvae were compared to those of diet-reared, or naive, larvae. No effect of plant induction was found using amino acids and bases and chloroform extracts on test disks in three-choice experiments. Possible effects of habituation for sugars and glycosides from white spruce were shown. Organic acids contributed to a phenomenon of avoidance learning in larvae reared on all three hosts, showing that this fraction from balsam fir was the least deterrent, while that from black spruce was the most deterrent.
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    Flavonoid pigments in marbled white butterfly (Melanargia galathea) are dependent on flavonoid content of larval diet (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1161-1179 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Melanargia galathea ; Lepidoptera ; Satyridae ; marbled white butterfly ; Gramineae ; two-dimensional paper chromatography ; flavonoids ; flavonoid fingerprints ; larval food plant specificity ; insect-plant interactions ; chemical ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of two-dimensional chromatographic flavonoid patterns of butterflies reared on different grass species have shown that the flavonoid pattern ofMelanargia galathea is dependent on the flavonoid content of the larval diet. This confirms the dietary origin of flavonoid pigments inM. galathea. The flavonoid patterns of butterflies reared on different grass species differ from each other and from the larval food plants;M. galathea reared on the same grass species have identical flavonoid patterns. Differences in the butterfly and larval food plant flavonoid patterns indicate that the ingested flavonoids are metabolized byM. galathea or its gut flora before sequestration. The distinct flavonoid patterns of butterflies reared on different larval food plants have been defined as the flavonoid fingerprint profiles for each grass species. Similarity between theFestuca rubra flavonoid fingerprint profile and the constant flavonoid pattern characteristic of wild-capturedMelanargia suggests thatMelanargia larvae are not generalist grass feeders, but are specific toF. rubra or toF. rubra and a few closely related grass species in the wild.
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    Insect antifeedant activity of clerodane diterpenoids against larvae ofSpodoptera Littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1439-1445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect antifeedant ; Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Clerodane diterpenoids ; Ajuga plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Antifeedant activities of nine clerodane diterpenoids, isolated in this laboratory from different species ofAjuga plants, have been studied against larvae of Egyptian cotton leafwormSpodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera) by application of the leaf disk method. Evaluation of activity was carried out by calculating, at different time intervals, the feeding ratio (FR) from the relationship between the consumed areas of treated disks (CTD) and control disks (CCD); for comparison purposes a FR50 defined as the FR at a CCD of 50% was established. Some compounds exhibited activity at a 0.01 μg/cm2 dose (0.3 ppm). Structure-activity relationships are discussed
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    Individual variation in the pheromone of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1181-1196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; turnip moth ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; individual variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female turnip moths (Agrotis segetum) from a laboratory culture inbred for more than 30 generations, and the offspring (first and third generation) from field-collected insects were analyzed individually for acetates and alcohols in the pheromone gland. Quantitative analysis of individual components was performed at the subnanogram level by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (selected ion monitoring). The titer of the pheromone, i.e., the sum of the homologous acetates (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate was 2.0 ± 0.3 ng in the laboratory culture and 3.2 ± 0.6 ng in the “wild strain.” There was no correlation between pheromone titer and female weight. The relative proportion of the pheromone components varied substantially between individuals, but there was no statistically significant difference between the two populations. The percentages of the respective compounds (¯X ± coefficient of variation) were 14.8 ± 127% for Z5-10:OAc, 55.6 ± 32% for Z7-12:OAc, and 29.6 ± 59% forZ9-14:OAc. The pheromone composition varied more in the wild strain than in the laboratory culture. The significance of the pheromone variation to the attraction of males was tested in a field experiment. The ratio of males trapped by the most attractive blend versus the least attractive one was 2.2.
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    Effects of diterpene esters of tigliane, daphnane, ingenane, and lathyrane types on pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella saunders (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 191-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Growth-inhibitory agents ; insecticides ; pink bollworm ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; Gelechiidae ; Lepidoptera ; diterpene esters ; croton oil ; Croton tiglium ; Euphorbiaceae ; 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate ; 12-O-(2-methyl)butyrylphorbol-13-decanoate ; daphnetoxin ; ingenol esters ; ingol esters ; mortality ; house mosquito ; Culex pipiens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty esters, representing the biogenetically related tigliane, daphnane, ingenane, and lathyrane series of diterpenes, were screened for growth-inhibitory and insecticidal effects on newly hatched larvae of the North American cotton pest,Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm). Among the tigliane derivatives tested, only 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and 12-O-(2-methyl)butyrylphorbol-13-decanoate, of seven phorbol diesters isolated from croton oil by a new procedure involving droplet countercurrent chromatography, were active againstP.gossypiella as both growth inhibitors and insecticides. The effects of the former compound were not significantly diminished by acetylation of its C-20 primary hydroxy group. Three other croton oil phorbol diester constituents, as well as daphnetoxin and daphnetoxin-5,20-diacetate, exhibited activity as growth inhibitors, but not as insecticidal agents, at the doses used. None of the ingenane or lathyrane derivatives investigated was active in either respect. 12-0-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate was found to cause 100% mortality on second-stadium larvae ofCulex pipiens at 0.6 ppm, but exhibited less significant effects onOncopeltus fasciatus (second-stadium nymphs) andTribolium confusion (adults) when applied at higher doses.
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    Kairomones for the egg parasiteTrichogramma evanescens Westwood (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 781-791 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma evanescens ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Mamestra brassicae ; Noctuidae ; kairomone ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-hexadecenylacetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a four-armed airflow olfactometerTrichogramma evanescens Westwood females were attracted by a volatile substance(s) released by virgin females of the great cabbage white butterfly,Pieris brassicae L. Males or recently mated females did not cause attraction. Furthermore,T. evanescens was also attracted by volatiles released by calling virgin cabbage moths,Mamestra brassicae L. However, the parasites did not respond to (Z)-11-hex-adecenylacetate (the main component of the sex pheromone ofM. brassicae), a crude hexane extract of the sex pheromone gland, or to males or recently mated females.
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    Identification and synthesis of insect pheromone XXX. Sex pheromone of mulberry clearwing mothParadoxecia pieli Lieu (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 419-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect sex pheromone ; mulberry clearwing moth ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; Paradoxecia pieli L. (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-yl acetate ; (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol ; single cell recording ; EAG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E,Z)-3,13-OctadecadienyI acetate (1a) and (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol(2a) were identified from the sex pheromone gland of the virgin female mulberry clearwing mothParadoxecia pieli L., by GC analysis, EAG, SCR survey, and field bioassay. One female equivalent contained 250 ng of1a and 30 ng of2a. In the field tests, 100μg of synthetic1a was attractive to male moths of the species.
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    A potential kairomone stimulates pheromone-responsive receptor neurons inUtetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 427-439 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect olfaction ; electrophysiology ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; hydroxydanaidal ; male-produced ; pheromone ; olfactory receptor neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory receptor neurons in basiconic sensilla on the antennae ofUtetheisa ornatrix, which, in females, had earlier been shown to be responsive to stimulation with hydroxydanaidal (HD), are here shown to be responsive to volatile substances in samples of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). These latter substances are secondary plant metabolites present in the host plant of the larvae. Their sequestration during larval life serves to protect all life stages from predation. In males, the PAs also provide precursors for the production of the male pheromone, HD. In females, basiconic receptor neurons begin to respond to stimulus cartridges containing 1 ng of (R)-(−)-hydroxydanaidal, 100 ng of its isomer, (S)-(+)-hydroxydanaidal, and to volatiles emanating from 10μg of the alkaloids monocrotaline and heliotrine. Receptor neurons in males are generally responsive to the same array of substances but with reduced sensitivity. The dietary background of the adult moths with respect to prior ingestion of PAs does not influence the response capabilities of basiconic receptor neurons to HD or to the volatile components of PAs. Earlier studies in another arctiid (Rhodogastria), had indicated that trace amounts of HD are present in PAs, presumably as their hydrolysis product. Thus we assume that, under natural conditions, HD may be an active component of the volatiles from PAs and may serve as both a male pheromone and a kairomone. Sensitivity to HD could thereby provide information about the location and PA content of potential mates and food plants. Mechanisms that may have resulted in the evolution of a signaling system with these properties are discussed.
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    Identification of male cabbage looper sex pheromone attractive to females (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 441-453 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Male-produced pheromone ; cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; female attractant ; linalool ; p-cresol ; m-cresol ; enantiomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A multicomponent pheromone produced by male cabbage looper moths that is attractive to female moths in a flight tunnel bioassay was isolated and identified. Based on analyses of hairpencil extracts of male cabbage loopers and volatiles emitted by males, the pheromone has been identified as a blend consisting of (S)-(+)-linalool,p-cresol, andm-cresol. The chirality of the major component, (S)-(+)-linalool, is important for behavioral response of females. These pheromonal compounds were also identified as volatiles released by males when males were exposed to the principal pheromone component of female cabbage loopers, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate. The amount of male pheromone released was increased significantly when males were exposed to a combination of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate and the odor from cabbage. Neither linalool nor the cresols were detected in volatiles from cabbage or from males exposed to cabbage odor.
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    Effect of kairomones from egg and female adult stages ofOstrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) onTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) female kinesis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 761-773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma brassicae ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; kairomone ; pheromone ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae biological control ; European corn borer ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatile chemicals emanating from the different developmental stages ofOstrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) increase the mobility ofTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) in a linear airflow olfactometer. In this paper, we have demonstrated that airborne chemicals from egg masses and virgin females during calling activity stimulate an intensive search behavior byTrichogramma females. On the other hand, emanations from mated females with extruded abdominal tips do not incite the parasitoid's movement. For the moment we cannot elucidate, with these bioassays, the real role of these kairomones as attractants, guides, stimulants, or retainers.
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    Diel periodicity and influence of age and mating on sex pheromone titer in gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 749-760 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone glandtiter ; diel periodicity ; age effect ; mating effect ; cis-7 ; 8-epoxy-2-methylocta-decane ; 2-methyl-cis-7-octadecene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The diel periodicity of sex pheromone titer from pheromone glands of femaleLymantria dispar is described. On the day of emergence (day 0), pheromone titer was generally low; means ranged from 1 to 4 ngcis- 7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane during photophase and gradually increased to 8.4 ng over the course of scotophase. For day-1, -2, and -3 females, the diel fluctuations of titer were more pronounced. Lowest titers (5–9 ng) occurred 0–4 hr after lights-on, and peak titers (19–32 ng) were found 0–4 hr before lights-off. Comparison of the average daily titer among the different age groups (data pooled over six time points at 4-hr intervals) indicated that significantly less pheromone was extracted from glands of day-0 (4.5 ng) than day-1 (12.4 ng), day-2 (15.4 ng), or day-3 females (13.5 ng). No significant differences were found among the three older ages. Femalesin copula exhibited a rapid reduction in titer within the first 0.5 hr of mating initiation (7.6 ng vs. 19.5 ng from virgin females of similar age). After the second 0.5 hr, the reduction in titer was not nearly as marked, falling only to 4.5 ng. Twenty-four hours after mating, titer fell below the limits of detection (0.5 ng). All extracts from pheromone glands of virgin or mated females contained 〈 1.0 ng of the putative pheromone precursor, 2-methyl-cis-7-octadecene.
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    Fate of iridoid glycosides in different life stages of the Buckeye,Junonia coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 817-831 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Junonia coenia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Plantago lanceo-
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The buckeye butterfly,Junonia coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), specializes on plants that contain iridoid glycosides. To determine the fate of these compounds in larvae, pupae, and adults of this species, we reared larvae on artificial diets with and without iridoid glycosides, and on leaves of a host plant,Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae). Quantification by gas chromatography showed that newly molted third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar larvae reared on leaves ofP. lanceolata contained means of 5.13, 2.88, and 6.83% dry weight iridoid glycoside. In contrast, the mean iridoid glycoside concentration of actively feeding fifth-instar larvae was 0.28% dry weight, that of pupae was 0.19% dry weight iridoids, and adults contained no detectable iridoids. Feeding experiments suggested that this reduction in actively feeding larvae was due to the metabolism of iridoid glycosides.P. lanceolata leaves in these experiments contained a mean of 1.00% dry weight iridoid glycoside, with a 2:1 ratio of aucubin to catalpol. Calculation of iridoid consumption and utilization indices showed that larvae fed artificial diets consumed, digested, and sequestered aucubin and catalpol in similar ways. When these indices were calculated for larvae fed leaves ofP. lanceolata, catalpol was sequestered twice as efficiently as aucubin.
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    d-(+)-Pinitol, an oviposition stimulant for the pipevine swallowtail butterfly,Battus philenor (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 799-815 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Battus philenor ; Papilionidae ; Lepidoptera ; Aristolochia macrophylla ; Aristolochiaceae ; learning ; d-pinitol ; sequoyitol ; myo-inositol ; cyclitols ; oviposition stimulant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition by females of the pipevine swallowtail butterfly,Battus philenor, was stimulated by contact with alcoholic extracts of host foliage.d-(+)-Pinitol was isolated and identified from leaf material of one host species,Aristolochia macrophylla (Aristolochiaceae). In combination with chloroform-soluble components of host leaf material, this compound was comparable to the parent extract in stimulating oviposition.
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    Calling behavior and pheromone titer in the smaller tea tortrix moth,Adoxophyes sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 855-861 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Calling behavior ; pheromone titer ; Adoxophyes sp ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The calling behavior and pheromone titer in the female smaller tea tortrix moth,Adoxophyes sp., were investigated under a 14∶10-hr light-dark photoperiod. Quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of ovipositor extract for (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11–14∶Ac) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14∶Ac), the major pheromone components of this species, obtained on the third day postemergence, indicated that extractable amounts of sex pheromone were present throughout the period of observation. Maximal pheromone titer and calling activity was reached at 8 and 10 hr after onset of scotophase, respectively. The ratio ofZ11–14∶Ac toZ9–14∶Ac through the 24-hr period varied significantly. The significance of the sex pheromone component ratio variation on the attraction of males was tested in a field experiment. The ratio of males trapped by the most attractive blend versus the least attractive one was 2.16.
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    Feeding stimulatory and inhibitory chemicals from an acceptable nonhost plant forManduca sexta: Improved detection by larvae deprived of selected chemosensory organs (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 885-895 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; food selection ; nonhosts ; extracts ; sensory deprivation ; Vigna sinensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chemical basis of feeding responses to the acceptable nonhost plantVigna sinensis (cowpea) by larvae ofManduca sexta was investigated using chemical isolation techniques directed by a novel chemosensory-based bioassay. The presence of feeding stimulatory and inhibitory compounds in leaves or leaf extracts was determined in a two-choice preference test using leaf disks or glass fiber filter paper disks laced with leaf extract as test substrate and filter paper disks laced with water as control. Larvae strongly prefer the control disks over leaf disks, indicating the presence of feeding inhibitory compounds in the leaf. An ethanol extract of both fresh and dried leaves neither stimulated nor inhibited feeding. The cause of this inactivity was examined by using larvae that respond strongly to either feeding stimulatory or inhibitory compounds due to selective chemosensory deprivation. Larvae having chemosensory organs remaining only on the maxillary palps are stimulated to feed by whole leaf disks and by the ethanol extracts. In contrast, larvae having only the medial and lateral maxillary sensilla styloconica and the epipharyngeal sensilla remaining are strongly inhibited by whole leaf disks and the ethanol extract of fresh leaves. Thus, the ethanol extract contains both feeding stimulatory and inhibitory compounds, which elicit opposite behavioral effects in unoperated larvae, therefore nullifying any stimulatory and inhibitory activity. These compounds can only be demonstrated by using discrimination-enhanced larvae in the choice tests. Further isolation of the feeding stimulatory principle inV. sinensis yielded two separate fractions of neutral compounds, suggesting at least two different chemicals belonging to two different classes: nonpolar and polar lipids. Feeding inhibitory chemicals have apparently polar properties because strong activity was found in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of dried leaves. The role of feeding stimulatory and inhibitory compounds in food selection ofM. sexta larvae is discussed.
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    Sex attractants for the white-barred groundling moth (Recurvaria leucatella clerck) and the lesser bud moth (R. nanella Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1093-1105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractant ; (3E,5Z)-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (3E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate ; (5Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; Recurvaria leucatella ; Recurvaria nanella ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In field tests synthetic (3E,5Z)-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate was found to attract large numbers of males ofRecurvaria leucatella Clerck into sticky traps. The other geometrical isomers did not influence catches. Of the corresponding monoenic compounds, (3E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate was highly attractive to a close relative,Recurvaria nanella Hübner. The catches of the latter species were suppressed by higher amounts of (5Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate added to the bait, and the addition of (3E)-3-tetradecenol or (3Z)-3-tetradecenyl acetate was without effect. The attractive compounds can be used in traps for monitoring the two pests.
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    Pharmacodynamics of Insulin Following Intravenous and Enteral Administrations of Porcine-Zinc Insulin to Rats (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 1003-1009 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: insulin ; intravenous ; enteral ; pharmacokinetics ; bio-availability ; pharmacodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Previous work from this laboratory showed site-dependent variations in the apparent permeability of insulin as measured using the everted rat gut sac technique, with the greatest permeability in the distal jejunum and the lowest in the duodenum (5). To quantify better the rate and extent of insulin absorption from the small intestine, closed-loop in situ experiments were performed in nondiabetic rats. Results correlated with the everted gut sac technique in that the absolute bioavailability determined in situ was higher for insulin solution administered to the more distal region of the intestine (0.133%) than that absorbed from an earlier portion of the intestine (0.059%). While the difference in regional bioavailabilities was not significant (P = 0.08), the blood glucose response showed highly significant differences (P = 0.0015), with severe and prolonged hy-poglycemia resulting from insulin delivered to the distal jejunum/ proximal ileum. Insulin administered iv followed a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Whole-body elimination rate constants were similar for both iv and enteral insulin. Although therapeutic quantities of insulin were absorbed from the distal small intestine, absorption enhancers would be necessary to decrease the dose of insulin required.
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    Chemical Stability of Insulin. 1. Hydrolytic Degradation During Storage of Pharmaceutical Preparations (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 715-726 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: insulin ; chemical stability ; deamidation ; hydrolysis ; autocatalysis ; chain cleavage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hydrolysis of insulin has been studied during storage of various preparations at different temperatures. Insulin deteriorates rapidly in acid solutions due to extensive deamidation at residue AsnA21. In neutral formulations deamidation takes place at residue AsnB3 at a substantially reduced rate under formation of a mixture of isoAsp and Asp derivatives. The rate of hydrolysis at B3 is independent of the strength of the preparation, and in most cases the species of insulin, but varies with storage temperature and formulation. Total transformation at B3 is considerably reduced when insulin is in the crystalline as compared to the amorphous or soluble state, indicating that formation of the rate-limiting cyclic imide decreases when the flexibility of the tertiary structure is reduced. Neutral solutions containing phenol showed reduced deamidation probably because of a stabilizing effect of phenol on the tertiary structure (α-helix formation) around the deamidating residue, resulting in a reduced probability for formation of the intermediate imide. The ratio of isoAsp/Asp derivative was independent of time and temperature, suggesting a pathway involving only intermediate imide formation, without any direct side-chain hydrolysis. However, increasing formation of Asp relative to isoAsp derivative was observed with decreasing flexibility of the insulin three-dimensional structure in the formulation. In certain crystalline suspensions a cleavage of the peptide bond A8–A9 was observed. Formation of this split product is species dependent: bovine 〉 porcine 〉 human insulin. The hydrolytic cleavage of the peptide backbone takes place only in preparations containing rhombohedral crystals in addition to free zinc ions.
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    Conjunctival Penetration of Insulin and Peptide Drugs in the Albino Rabbit (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 769-775 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: beta blockers ; conjunctival penetration ; enkephalins ; insulin ; paracellular penetration ; substance P ; transcellular penetration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An in vitro model was used to evaluate the conjunctival penetration of three peptides, [D-ala2]metenkephalinamide (YAGFM, MW 647), substance P (MW 1348), and insulin (MW 5778), in comparison with two nonpeptides, atenolol (MW 266) and timolol (MW 433). All three peptides were hydrolyzed to varying extents during penetration across the conjunctiva. The permeability coefficient for intact YAGFM and insulin was 4.5 ± 0.3 and 4.6 ± 0.7 µm sec−1, respectively. These values were about two to five times lower than those for atenolol and timolol. No permeability coefficient could be calculated for substance P, since its transconjunctival flux never reached steady state. The conjunctival penetration of YAGFM and insulin was improved by about two and three times, respectively, with the addition of 1% Na glycocholate. Increasing the Na glycocholate concentration was more effective than changing the type of bile salt in improving the conjunctival penetration of insulin. The maximum factor of improvement was 12, as the Na glycocholate concentration was raised to 4%. The way in which Na deoxycholate, glycocholate, and taurocholate affected the conjunctival penetration of atenolol, timolol, and insulin suggests that these three bile salts improved mainly the transcellular penetration of the compounds studied.
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    Vaginal Absorption of Insulin in the Rat: Effect of Penetration Enhancers on Insulin Uptake and Mucosal Histology (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 878-883 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: vaginal administration ; absorption enhancer ; vaginal histology ; insulin ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The absorption of insulin across the vaginal mucosa into the systemic circulation was studied in ovariectomized rats given subsequent estrogen treatment. Blood glucose levels were determined as an indirect measure of insulin absorption, and the effect of various enhancers on the hypoglycemic response was investigated. In the absence of any enhancer, no decrease in blood glucose levels was observed after vaginal administration of insulin. However, the coadministration of sodium taurodihydrofusidate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, lysophosphatidylcholine, palmitoylcarnitine chloride, and lysophosphatidylglycerol significantly increased hypoglycemia, whereas citric acid had little effect. The histological changes in the vaginal epithelium after treatment with the enhancer systems were variable and often severe. While the efficacy of these compounds in promoting the vaginal absorption of insulin is encouraging, their mechanisms of action and long-term histological effects are yet to be defined.
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    Chemical Stability of Insulin. 2. Formation of Higher Molecular Weight Transformation Products During Storage of Pharmaceutical Preparations (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 727-734 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: insulin ; insulin preparation ; chemical stability ; covalent dimerization ; polymerization ; covalent insulin protamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Formation of covalent, higher molecular weight transformation (HMWT) products during storage of insulin preparations at 4–45°C was studied by size exclusion chromatography. The main products are covalent insulin dimers (CID), but in protamine-containing preparations the concurrent formation of covalent insulin-protamine (CIP) products takes place. At temperatures ≥25°C parallel or consecutive formation of covalent oligo- and polymers can also be observed. Rate of HMWT is only slightly influenced by species of insulin but varies with composition and formulation, and for isophane (NPH) preparations, also with the strength of preparation. Temperature has a pronounced effect on CID, CIP, and, especially, covalent oligo- and polymer formation. The CIDs are apparently formed between molecules within the hexameric unit common for all types of preparations and rate of formation is generally faster in glycerol-containing preparations. Compared with insulin hydrolysis reactions (see the preceding paper), HMWT is one order of magnitude slower, except for NPH preparations.
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    The Pharmacokinetics of Pulmonary-Delivered Insulin: A Comparison of Intratracheal and Aerosol Administration to the Rabbit (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 764-768 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: insulin ; aerosol ; pulmonary ; pharmacokinetics ; gamma scintigraphy ; drug delivery ; rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pulmonary deposition and pharmacokinetics of insulin, administered via an endotracheal tube as an aerosol and instillate, in formulations containing either 113mIn-DTPA or 99mTc-DTPA (for gamma scintigraphic imaging) have been studied in four male New Zealand White rabbits. Using a randomized crossover design, the pharmacokinetics of intravenous insulin were also characterized. Recovery of immunoreactive insulin after nebulization was greater than 90%, indicating that the aerosolisation procedure did not cause appreciable insulin degradation. Gamma scintigraphy demonstrated that the penetration index (peripheral:central deposition) for the aerosolized formulation (1.52) was much greater than that for the instillate (0.32). Gamma scintigraphy also allowed exact quantification of the dose deposited after aerosol administration and thus permitted accurate determination of bioavailabilities. The bioavailable fraction for aerosolized insulin was 10-fold greater than for instilled insulin (57.2 vs 5.6%). Mucociliary clearance was likely to be greater for the instillate since it showed a preferential central deposition; this may account for the lower bioavailability. Insulin pharmacokinetics from both pulmonary formulations were absorption rate limited, resulting in postpeak half-lives which were approximately 20-fold greater than the intravenous elimination half-life (3 min). The apparent absorption rate constants resulting from instillation and aerosolisation were statistically equivalent (0.015 and 0.011 min−1, respectively). Mucociliary clearance of insulin would result in an overestimation of the true absorption rate constant; hence if mucociliary transport were greater for the instillate, then the true airways to blood transfer rate constant will be higher for the aerosolized formulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015851521551
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    Dissociation of Insulin Oligomers by Bile Salt Micelles and Its Effect on α-Chymotrypsin-Mediated Proteolytic Degradation (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 864-869 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: insulin ; dissociation ; bile salt ; circular dichroism ; degradation ; α-chymotrypsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bile salts have been found to be effective absorption promoters of insulin across mucosal barriers, i.e., nasal and gastrointestinal. One of the mechanisms proposed for absorption enhancement is the dissociation of insulin oligomers to monomers, rendering a higher insulin diffusivity. α-Chymotryptic degradation and circular dichroism studies were used to characterize such a transition. When zinc insulin (hexamers) and sodium insulin (dimers) were subjected to α-chymotryptic degradation, a 3.2-fold difference in the apparent first-order rate constants was observed (zinc insulin being slower than sodium insulin), representing the intrinsic difference in the concentration of total associated species in solution (three times). In the presence of a bile salt, sodium glycocholate (NaGC), the rate of degradation of both zinc and sodium insulin increased in an asymptotic manner. A maximum increase of 5.4-fold was observed for zinc insulin at a 30 mM NaGC concentration and a 2.1-fold increase was noted for sodium insulin at 10 mM NaGC, both values being close to the theoretical numbers of 6- and 2-fold as predicted by the complete dissociation of hexamers and dimers to monomers. The result indicates dissociation of insulin oligomers to monomers by bile salt micelles, probably by hydrophobic micellar incorporation of monomeric units. Circular dichroism studies also revealed progressive attenuation of molecular ellipticities at negative maxima of 276, 222, and 212 nm for zinc insulin solution in the presence of NaGC. Therefore, both α-chymotryptic degradation and circular dichroism studies have consistently demonstrated that the bile salts may be capable of dissociating insulin oligomers to monomers, a fact which may play an important role in enhancing insulin bioavailability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015888529728
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    Transdermal Delivery of Insulin to Alloxan-Diabetic Rabbits by Ultrasound Exposure (1992)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 9 (1992), S. 952-954 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: ultrasound ; phonophoresis ; insulin ; diabetic rabbits ; in vivo percutaneous absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015869420159
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    Synergism between myristicin and xanthotoxin, a naturally cooccurring plant toxicant (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1349-1358 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Methylenedioxyphenyl compounds ; myristicin ; piperonyl butoxide ; synergism ; Umbelliferae ; xanthotoxin ; furanocoumarins ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; insect-plant interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Myristicin, a methylenedioxyphenyl (MDP)-containing phenylpropene constituent of the leaves of many plants in the family Umbelliferae, is a highly effective Synergist of the cooccurring furanocoumarin xanthotoxin. As little as 0.10 % in an artificial diet can increase the toxicity of xanthotoxin toHeliothis zea (Lepidotera: Noctuidae) fivefold. In addition to increasing the proportion of caterpillars dying at a given xanthotoxin concentration, myristicin also increases the rate at which they die and increases the time to molt of surviving larvae. That there was no increase in the deterrency of xanthotoxin in the presence of myristicin suggests that the mechanism of synergism is not behaviorial but rather is biochemical, via MDP competitive inhibition of microsomal mixed function oxidases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012136
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    Solvent effects on conformation of a sex pheromone ofCydia (Laspeyresia pomonella L.; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae), codlemone (8,10-dodecadienol) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1497-1501 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Conformations ; solvent ; folded forms ; codlemone ; Cydia Laspeyresia pomonella L. ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The conformations of codlemone (8,10-dodecadienol) and of a model analog have been studied by CNDO calculations. Stable conformations are found for the folded forms when the polarity of the solvent is taken into account.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012195
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    Determining pheromone content of hairpencils from individual virgin males ofPseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 207-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Armyworm ; benzaldehyde ; benzyl alcohol ; hairpencils ; male response ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; Pseudaletia unipuncta ; scent brushes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Levels of benzaldehyde recovered from virginPseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.) males were not influenced by (1) the time hairpencils remained in the solvent (1-72 hr), (2) anesthetization or agitation of males prior to excision of hairpencils, or (3) the time (photophase or scotophase) that hairpencils were excised. Thus the interindividual variability observed is not a methodological artifact. Most males had similar concentrations in both hairpencils, although in some cases only one hairpencil contained pheromone. In one case, a male with partially extruded hairpencils had no benzaldehyde at all. Neither pupal weight nor hairpencil length proved to be reliable indicators of pheromone content.
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    Role of host-produced stimuli and learning in host selection behavior ofCotesia (=Apanteles) marginiventris (Cresson) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 453-463 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomones ; learning ; experience ; host selection ; parasitoids ; Cotesia marginiventris ; Apanteles marginiventris ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; fall armyworm ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The study was conducted to determine how various factors, including learning, influence the host-selection behavior of the larval parasitoid Cotesia (=Apanteles)marginiventris (Cresson). Frass, silk, and feeding damage fromSpodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) larvae elicited visits and antennal examinations by females of the parasitoid. Learning played a role in the effective response to these stimuli in that previous contact experience with hosts and/or chewed leaves, exuviae, frass, or hemolymph significantly enhanced the response of the parasitoid. Previous contact with host plants alone did not improve the responses. Experienced parasitoids were more active and spent less time at rest than inexperienced parasitoids. Previous experience was also found to be of significant importance in the ability of the parasitoid to discriminate between parasitized and unparasitized host larvae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989556
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    Sex pheromones and reproductive isolation in four european small ermine moths (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 649-666 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Yponomeuta ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; sex pheromone ; reproductive isolation ; gas chromatography ; tetradecenyl acetate ; tetradecenol ; hexadecenyl acetate ; ecological niches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Reproductive isolation among four sympatric small ermine moths (Yponomeuta) is analyzed in terms of niches in the sexual communication channel. Potential pheromone components were identified from pheromone gland secretions ofY. evonymellus,Y. cagnagellus,Y. padelius, andY. vigintipunctatus by gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detection and tested for behavioral activity in the field. The species were found to share (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14: OAc) in combination with varying proportions of theE isomer as primary sex pheromone components.Y. cagnagellus differs from the rest of the species by having only a small amount (1.5%) ofE isomer relative toZ isomer in its pheromone. The closely relatedY. padelius has a three-component pheromone including large amounts (ca. 400%) of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11–16:OAc) in addition toZ11–14: OAc (100%) andE11–14: OAc (34%).Z11–16: OAc appears to reduce trap catches ofY. evonymellus andY. vigintipunctatus when added to the pheromone. Although these species are the two most distantly related European small ermine moths, they seem to share the same sex pheromone, i.e.,Z11–14∶OAc (+20%E) and (Z)-11-tetradecenol. Our interpretation is that this might have been the sex pheromone of the ancestor of today'sYponomeuta species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988574
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    Sex attractants for Geometrid and Noctuid moths (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 727-756 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractants ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Noctuidae ; stereospecific synthesis ; (3Z,6Z,9Z)-triene hydrocarbons ; (3Z,6Z,9S,10R)-9,10-epoxydienes ; (3Z,6Z,9R, 10S)-9,10-epoxydienes ; electroantennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male moths belonging to 17 species of Geometridae and nine species of Noctuidae were captured in traps baited with synthetic chemicals as part of a field screening program. The compounds tested were the C18-C22 homologs of: (1) (3Z,6Z,9Z)-triene hydrocarbons; (2) mixtures containing equal quantities of (3Z,6Z)-cis-9,10-expoxydienes, (3Z,92Z)-cis-6,7-epoxydienes, and (6Z,9Z)-cis-3,4-epoxydienes; (3) (3Z,6Z)-9S,10R-epoxydienes; (4) (3Z,6Z)-9R,10S-epoxydienes; and (5) (3Z,6Z,9Z,11E)-nonadecatetraene. Field captures and electroantennographic assays revealed a high degree of specificity in the responses of many species to the synthetic chemicals. In several species the ability of males to discriminate between the 9S,10R and 9R,10S enantiomers of the monoepoxydiene isomers was clearly shown. Synergists and inhibitors were discovered for several of the reported attractants, some of which were not previously known to have semiochemical activity. The geometrid moths captured includedEpirrhoe sperryi (Herbulot),Mesoleuca ruficillata (Guenée),Triphosa haesitata (Guenée),Metanema inatomaria (Guenée),Prochoerodes transversata (Drury),Cabera erythemaria (Guenée),Synaxis jubararia (Hulst),Dysstroma brunneata ethela (Hulst),Eulithes testata (Linnaeus),Sicya macularia (Harris),Xanthorhoe iduata (Guenée),X. abrasaria aquilonaria (Herrich-Schäffer),X. munitata (Hübner),Itame loricaria (Eversmann),Eupithecia annulata (Hulst),E. rovocastaliata (Packard) andE. satyrata dodata (Taylor). The noctuid moths captured includedBleptina caradrinalis (Guenée),Idia américalis (Guenée),I. aemula (Hübner),Rivula propinqualis (Guenée),Lomanaltes eductalis (Walker),Spargaloma sexpunctata (Grote),Caenurgina distincta (Neumuller),Euclidia cuspidea (Hübner), andZale duplicata (Bethune). Six of the nine noctuid species captured belong to three subfamilies for which sex attractants had not been reported previously. Details for the stereospecific synthesis of (3Z,6Z)-cis-9,10-epoxydienes are also reported.
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    Three European corn borer populations in New York based on sex pheromones and voltinism (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 829-836 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; voltinism ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone blend analyses of glands from individual female European corn borers,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), from field-collected larvae or pupae associated with bivoltine flights in June and August and a univoltine flight in July have shown that: (1) a site in western New York has a bivoltine biotype utilizing (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate as its primary pheromone component (designatedZ), (2) two sites in central New York have mixed populations consisting of a bivoltine biotype utilizing theE pheromone isomer (designatedE) and a univoltine biotype utilizingZ, and (3) one site in central New York was found to have only the univoltineZ biotype. The combinations of voltine biotypes and pheromone strains found in New York support the existence of three European corn borer populations designated bivoltineE, bivoltineZ, and univoltineZ.
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    Lack of effect of (−)-disparlure on orientation towards (+)-disparlure source in walking and flying gypsy moth males (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 885-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; sex pheromone ; disparlure ; enantiomers ; anemotaxis ; chemotaxis ; inhibitor ; flight orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to reveal the mechanism by which an inhibitory substance acts, orientation towards an attractant and attractant-inhibitor mixed source was studied in male gypsy moths. The inhibitory (−)-disparlure had no effect on the moth's ability to locate the attractant (+)-disparlure source while walking or flying in a laminar airstream. This absence of any inhibitory effect indicates that only very specific components of the moth's orientation behavior, as discussed, are distributed by the (−)-disparlure.
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    Consumption and utilization of experimentally altered corn by southern armyworm: Iron, nitrogen, and cyclic hydroxamates (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1469-1483 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fertilization ; Zea mays ; iron deficiency ; nitrogen deficiency ; armyworm feeding ; Spodoptera eridania ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; DIMBOA ; cyclic hydroxamates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of differential leaf water, leaf nitrogen and cyclic hydroxamate (DIMBOA) concentrations in corn seedlings were analyzed for a polyphagous insect, the southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania Cram.). Six different combinations of nutrients and allelochemicals [DIMBOA = 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy(2H)-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one] were generated using two corn genotypes (WF9 and CI3IA) and three fertility regimes (complete nutrient, Fe-deficient, and N-deficient solutions) in the University Biotron. Poorest larval growth was observed in the low-nitrogen treatments (1.2% and 1.7% leaf N) and was the result of both low consumption rates and high metabolic costs (low efficiency of conversion of digested food, ECD). Fastest growth rates were observed forthe larvae fed leaves from the high-nitrogen treatments (4.6% and 4.4% leaf N). It is noteworthy that these treatments also contained the highest concentration of cyclic hydroxamates, which are generally believed to be the primary defensive chemicals mediating resistance against the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). If these hydroxamates do have any deleterious or costly effects (perhaps accounting for a large portion of metabolic expenditures), the high digestibility of the leaf tissue and the increased consumption rates more than compensate, resulting in rapid growth (growth rate = consumption rate × approximate digestibility × efficiency of conversion of the digested food). These studies illustrate that variation in key nutrients and allelochemicals within a single plant species (Zea mays L.) may have significantly different effects upon various potential leaf-chewing caterpillars, such as these armyworms versus corn borers (which cannot handle the cyclic hydroxamates, even if provided with young nutritious leaf tissues).
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    Response specificity of male pink bollworm moths to different blends and dosages of sex pheromone (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1583-1590 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; pink bollworm ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; behavioral thresholds ; sustained flight tunnel ; odor discrimination ; Oriental fruit moth ; Grapholita molesta ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male pink bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella, were tested in a sustained flight tunnel to 119 blend-dosage combinations of the sex pheromone components, (Z,Z)- and (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetates, which are released by conspecific females in a 61∶39 ratio. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to define an area of peak attraction. Within this area males were most sensitive at lower dosages to ratios around the natural blend of components, but exhibited peak response levels at higher dosages to a wide range of blends, with a shift in blend preference to higherZ,Z isomer ratios at the highest dosage tested (10 mg). Male response specificity appeared to be influenced exclusively by a threshold for initiation of upwind flight, and not arrestment of upwind flight. The results are compared with those of another species, the Oriental fruit moth.
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    Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1593-1599 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Vismiones ; ferruginins ; anthranoids ; Vismia ; antifeedant ; Spodoptera ; Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Locusta ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.
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    Attraction of moth species of Tortricidae, Gelechiidae, Geometridae, Drepanidae, Pyralidae, and Gracillariidae families to field traps baited with conjugated dienes (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1645-1657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractant ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Gelechiidae ; Geometridae ; Drepanidae ; Pyralidae ; Gracillariidae ; conjugated diene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field surveys of a series of conjugated diunsaturated straight-chain primary alcohols, acetates, and aldehydes (dienes), including the 3,5-dode-cadienyl, 8,10-dodecadienyl, 3,5-tetradecadienyl, 8,10-tetradecadienyl, 9,11-tetradecadienyl, and 10,12-tetradecadienyl primary alcohols, acetates, and most aldehydes, and the related monounsaturated straight-chain primary alcohols, acetates, and aldehydes (monoenes), including the 3-dodecadienyl alcohol and acetates, attracted the following species from the title families. Diene attractants have been demonstrated for at least onePhyllonorycter sp.,Chionodes lugubrella (Fabr.),Leptostales ferruminaria (Zell.),Drepana bilineata (Pack.),Pyrausta fodinalis (Led.),Notocelia purpurissatana Heinr.,Phaneta alterana Heinr. Monoene attractants were demonstrated forHedya separatana (Kft.),Cydia fletcherana (Kft.),Barbara mappana Free.,Ancylis burgessiana (Zell.),Ancylis nubeculana Clem.,Evippe prunifoliella Cham.,Phlyctaenia coronata tertialis (Gn.), aChionodes sp., a Gelechiidae sp., and an unidentifiedPhyllonorycter sp. Replicated field experiments showed attraction-inhibition relationships for most species. Electroantennagram data are presented forLeptostales ferruminaria andDrepana bilineata.
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    Influence ofAmaranthus hybridus L. allelochemics on oviposition behavior ofSpodoptera exigua andS. eridania (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 609-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Amaranthus hybridus ; Spodoptera eridania ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pigweed ; oviposition behavior ; oviposition deterrents ; allelochemics ; beet armyworm ; southern armyworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Common pigweed,Amaranthus hybridus L., is a favorite host of the beet army worm (BAW),Spodoptera exigua L. Chemicals extracted from homogenized pigweed with distilled water, ethanol, or dichloromethane and sprayed back on pigweed deterred oviposition by the BAW. Similarly, water extracts of frass from conspecific larvae or southern armyworm (SAW) larvae,S. eridania (Cramer), fed pigweed leaves and sprayed back on pigweed plants also deterred BAW oviposition, thus confirming that deterrence was due to plant allelochemics rather than specific compounds associated with the metabolic or excretory products of the larvae. Confirmation of the presence of oviposition-deterring chemicals in pigweed was used to explain a previously observed seasonal displacement of BAW by SAW on pigweed in the field.
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    Identification of volatile sex pheromone components released by the southern armyworm,Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 717-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera eridania ; southern armyworm ; Spodoptera exigua ; beet armyworm ; Lepidoptera ; Nocteridae ; pheromone ; attractant ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-(E)-12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-(E)12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-(E)-11-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol, behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of sex pheromone gland extracts and volatile pheromone components collected from the calling female southern armyworm,Spodoptera eridania (Cramer), by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy indicated that a number of 14-carbon mono- and diunsaturated acetates and a monounsaturated 16-carbon acetate were produced. Gland extracts also indicated the presence of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol. However, this compound was not found in collections of volatiles. Field trapping studies indicated that the volatile blend composed of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (60%), (Z)-9-(E)-12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (17%), (Z)-9-(Z)-12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (15%), (Z)-9-(E)-11-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (5%), and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (3 %) was an effective trap bait for males of this species. The addition of (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol to the acetate blends tested resulted in the capture of beet armyworm,S. exigua (Hubner), males which provides further evidence that the alcohol is a pheromone component of this species.
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    Constituents of osmeterial secretion of pre-final instar larvae of citrus swallowtail,Papilio demodocus (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 11 (1985), S. 1093-1113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Papilio demodocus ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; defensive secretion ; osmeterial secretion ; monoterpenes ; sesquiterpenes ; capillary GC ; injector programing ; GC-MS ; [13C]NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The defensive osmeterial secretion of pre-final instar larvae of the citrus swallowtail,Papilio demodocus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) was found to contain methyl 3-hydroxybutanoate, 3-hydroxybutanoic acid, α-pinene, myrcene, limonene, β-phellandrene, (Z)-ocimene, (E)-ocimene, β-caryophyllene, (E)-β-farnesene, and germacrene-A, as well as a further number of unidentified sesquiterpenoid constituents. The presence of germacrene-A in the secretion was inferred from the formation of β-elemene under certain GC conditions. Larvae of the second, third, and fourth instars produce qualitatively similar secretions. Remarkable quantitative differences were found between the secretions of individual larvae. These variations could not be correlated with the diet on which the larvae were fed, their sex, instar, or color form. However, in a number of larvae the two prongs of the osmeterium were found to produce quantitatively different secretions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020678
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    Technique for using microencapsulated terpenes in lepidopteran artificial diets (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 543-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Artificial diets ; Choristoneura occidentalism ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Douglas fir ; microencapsulated terpenes ; monoterpenes ; multiple generation bioassay ; nutritional ecology ; oxygenated monoterpenes ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; western spruce budworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have developed and tested a technique to microencapsulate terpene compounds by forming gelatin-walled microcapsules around the terpene essential oils. Eight terpenes that are common constituents of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) oleoresin were encapsulated, including five monoterpenes (α-pinene,β-pinene, camphene, myrcene, and limonene) and three oxygenated monoterpenes (bornyl acetate, linalool, andβ-citronellol). The encapsulated terpenes were mixed into artificial diets to determine the effects they had on western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) survival and reproduction, using a three-generation bioassay. We describe the technique and present data from preliminary bioassays with seven of the terpenes to demonstrate thatC. occidentalis larvae would consume diets fortified with microencapsulated terpenes. The technique is useful because it helps to reduce the rate at which terpenes volatilize from the diets and it “packages” the terpenes in a manner more closely resembling the way they are present in the resin canals of plant foliage. Many scientists investigating the biological importance of terpenes in mediating plant-herbivore interactions may find that microencapsulated terpenes are useful in both laboratory diet studies and field and greenhouse experiments with plant material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987818
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    Detrimental effects ofCinchona leaf alkaloids on larvae of the polyphagous insectSpodoptera exigua (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1955-1964 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemical defense ; Cinchona ; indole alkaloids ; leaf alkaloids ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; quinoline alkaloids ; root alkaloids ; Spodoptera exigua
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract YoungCinchona ledgeriana plants contain two types of alkaloid: indole alkaloids in the leaves and quinoline alkaloids in the root. FromCinchona leaves, a crude alkaloid extract was made, containing the cinchophylline type of indole alkaloids and a small amount of 5-methoxytryptamine. The leaf alkaloid extract exerted a strong detrimental effect on the growth of larvae of the polyphagous beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera). Feeding of larvae on an artificial diet containing the leaf alkaloids at the same concentrations as those found in the plant resulted in significant growth reduction, retardation in development, and mortality of the larvae. Cinchophyllines are composed of 5-methoxytryptamine coupled to a corynantheal unit. When incorporated into the artificial diet, 5-methoxytryptamine alone had no effect on the 5.exigua larvae. Corynantheal, however, had a strong detrimental effect on growth of the larvae, its effect being comparable to that of the leaf alkaloid extract. In contrast to the indole-type leaf alkaloids, the quinolinetypeCinchona root alkaloids did not affect growth and development of the larvae. These results suggest that the indole-type alkaloids, which inCinchona plants are present at the highest concentrations in the young, vulnerable leaflets, are involved in the chemical defense of the plant against herbivorous insects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00981919
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    Defensive role ofAllium sulfur compounds for leek mothAcrolepiopsis assectella Z. (Lepidoptera) against generalist predators (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1991-2002 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; defense ; phytophage ; predation ; sulfur allelochemicals ; Allium ; Formica fusca ; Formica selysi ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Acrole-piopsis assectella ; Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown previously that sulfur volatiles produced byAllium plants affect the behavior of their specialist phytophages and of their specialist entomophages. The action of these compounds in protecting the leek mothAcrolepiopsis assectella against generalist entomophages was studied in comparison to the proposed original defensive role of these compounds against generalist herbivorous insects. Two ants species,Formica selysi andF. fusca, were used as generalist predators. Six behavioral criteria of the predatory behavior of the ants were studied in presence of the last-instar caterpillars (C5). C5 reared on artificial diets with or without leek components were tested, as well as C5 soaked in frass of leek-reared caterpillars or disulfide solutions. In addition, the response of the ants to pure chemicals found in leek was studied using honey solutions with or without sulfur compounds. The sulfur allelochemicals ofAllium plants have a negative action on predatory ants. Interestingly, the nonvolatile precursors of sulfur volatiles ofAllium plants seem to have a protective role for their phytophagous insects against generalist entomophages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00981922
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    Oviposition preference of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostelld) unaffected by the presence of conspecific eggs orBacillus thuringiensis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2353-2362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition preference ; preference-performance correlation ; egg-load assessment ; resistance ; toxin ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Neither toxins fromBacillus thuringiensis Berliner nor conspecific eggs deterred oviposition by the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), in laboratory choice tests. The finding that toxins did not deter oviposition by moths from a susceptible line shows that oviposition preference and larval survival were not associated in this line. Selection for larval resistance to toxins did not significantly alter oviposition preference, which rules out a strong genetic correlation between larval performance and oviposition preference. Failure of conspecific eggs to deter oviposition may not represent lack of association of preference and performance because other evidence suggests that larval performance may not be greatly affected by larval density. These results suggest that the ability of refuges to slow evolution of physiological resistance toB. thuringiensis toxins will not be magnified by an oviposition preference for untreated foliage.
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    Role of sex pheromone components in behavioral reproductive isolation betweenAutographa gamma (L.) and eitherTrichoplusia ni (Hübner) ORChrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2373-2384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Autographa gamma ; Trichoplusia ni ; Chrysodeixis chalcites ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sympatric Plusiinae ; pheromone specificity ; flight tunnel ; attraction ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The composition of theAutographa gamma sex pheromone was reexamined and only (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate and (Z)-7-dodecenol were identified by capillary GC, GC-MS, and dimethyl disulfide derivatization and subsequent GC-MS analysis. The fatty acid content of the pheromone glands was also studied, and a series of saturated and unsaturated acids was identified. However, most of the related pheromonal compounds were not detected. The male response to the pheromone components was studied in a flight tunnel and compared with the response to calling females. The best synthetic baits evoked a response similar to that observed to the virgin females, but males spent significantly more time at calling females than at the synthetic baits. The preferred synthetic baits consisted of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate alone or of a blend with 5% (Z)-7-dodecenol. Increasing the relative amount of the alcohol caused a gradual reduction in male response, particularly in the last steps of the courtship sequence. The addition of the minor sex pheromone components of the sympatric Plusiinae species,Trichoplusia ni andChrysodeixis chalcites, to theA. gamma pheromone was also investigated in the flight tunnel. Some of these components exhibited a significantly antagonistic effect on theA. gamma male courtship behavior. The most potent antagonists were (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate. The response ofA. gamma andT. ni males to conspecific and heterospecific females was also compared in the flight tunnel. WhereasA. gamma males were attracted only to their conspecific females, a small percentage ofT. ni males were also attracted toA. gamma females and 11% performed the whole courtship sequence.
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    Female sex pheromone of oriental tobacco budworm,Helicoverpa assulta (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Identification and field testing (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 403-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Helicoverpa assulta ; Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; hexadecanal ; (Z)-9-hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; hexadecyl acetate ; (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; hexadecan-1-ol ; (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of ovipositor washings from virgin femaleHelicoverpa assulta (Guenée) (Lepidoptere: Noctuidae) from Korea by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennography and GC linked to mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of nine compounds, hexadecanal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, hexadecyl acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, hexadecan-l-ol, (Z)-9-hexadecen-l-ol, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol. However, ovipositor washings from females from Thailand contained mainly the 16-carbon aldehydes with very small amounts of (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate. Field tests conducted in Korea, China, and Thailand indicated that a binary blend of (Z)-9-hexadecenal and (Z)-11-hexadecenal was sufficient for attraction, although the most attractive ratio of compounds varied with location. In Korea a 20∶1 blend of compounds was the most attractive, while in Thailand a 7.5∶1 blend was most attractive. In China both blends of hexadecenal isomers were equally attractive. Addition of the hexadecenyl acetates to the 20∶1 blend of hexadecenals in the ratio of 1∶3.3 increased the trap catch of maleH. assulta compared to lures containing the aldehydes alone in Korea but reduced trap catch in China. Addition of the hexadecenyl acetates to the 7.5∶1 blend of hexadecenals had no significant effect on trap catch in Thailand or China compared to the aldehydes alone. The addition of the 16-carbon alcohols to the aldehydes had a significantly inhibitory effect in all three countries, suggesting they are not pheromone components. Taken together these results indicate thatH. assulta is polymorphic with at least two populations responding to different sex pheromones.
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    Influence of life history differences of two tachinid parasitoids ofHelicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on their interactions with glandular trichome/methyl ketone-based insect resistance in tomato (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 499-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitism ; Archytas marmoratus ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; tomato ; Lycopersicon hirsutum ; glandular trichomes ; Helico-verpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; trilevel interaction ; 2-undecanone ; 2-tridecanone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of glandular trichome/methyl ketone (2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone) -based insect resistance in the wild tomato,Lycopersicon hirsutum f.glabratum C.H. Mull, accession PI 134417, onArchytas marmoratus (Townsend) andEucelatoria bryani (Sabrosky) (Diptera: Tachinidae), both parasitoids ofHelicoverpa (=Heliothis)zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), were investigated in the laboratory.A. marmoratus deposits larvae (planidia) on the foliage of its host's food plant; planidia attach to passing hosts, penetrate the cuticle, and develop in the host pupae.E. bryani larviposits directly into its host; its larvae develop in the host larva.A. marmoratus planidia are killed by glandular trichomes of PI 134417 and also by trichomes of hybrid lines with no methyl ketones. The methyl ketones are toxic to planidia, but at least part of the effect is due to other factors, possibly physical entanglement. Both species can be affected indirectly by methyl ketones in the diet of the host. 2-Undecanone reduces the percentage ofA. marmoratus larvae that reach pupation. This effect is evidently due to premature death and desiccation of the host pupa caused by 2-undecanone. 2-Tridecanone in host diets had no effect onA. marmoratus. InE. bryani, 2-tridecanone in the diet of the host reduced the number of parasitoids yielded by each parasitized host, although not the overall percentage of hosts parasitized. 2-Undecanone in the diet of the host had no effect onE. bryani.
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    Feeding response of the silkworm,Bombyx mori, to UV irradiation of mulberry leaves (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 561-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: UV irradiation ; Bombyx mori ; Lepidoptera ; Bombycidae ; mulberry leaf ; sucrose ; electrophysiology ; sensilla responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation of mulberry leaves caused a reduced feeding response inBombyx mori larvae (ca. 22% reduction in consumption as compared with control). Sucrose content of the foliage decreased after exposure to UV irradiation (0.5 mW/cm2 for 1 hr. Electrophysiological responses of the sensilla styloconica-I to sucrose concentration (ca. 0–80 mg/g) showed a reduced response to UV-irradiated foliage when compared with the control. From feeding, gustatory, and electrophysiological responses, as well as the measurement of sucrose contents of the leaves, we concluded that the reduced feeding response to UV-irradiated leaves is due to the reduced sucrose content of the mulberry leaves, thus reducing pleogostimulatory levels.
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    Avoidance of antinutritive plant defense: Role of midgut pH in Colorado potato beetle (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 571-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Colorado potato beetle ; Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; phenolics ; poly-phenol oxidase ; peroxidase ; chlorogenic acid ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; host-plant resistance ; midgut pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The fate of the tomato foliar phenolic, chlorogenic acid, in the digestive systems of Colorado potato beetleLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) andHelicoverpa tea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is compared. In larvalH. zea and other lepidopteran species previously examined, approximately 35–50% of the ingested chlorogenic acid was oxidized in the digestive system by foliar phenolic oxidases (i.e., polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase) from the tomato plant. The oxidized form of chlorogenic acid, chlorogenoquinone, is a potent alkylator of dietary protein and can exert a strong antinutritive effect upon larvae through chemical degradation of essential amino acids. In contrast, inL. decemlineata less than 4% of the ingested dose of chlorogenic acid was bound to protein. In vitro experiments to determine the influence of pH on covalent binding of chlorogenic acid to protein showed that 30–45% less chlorogenic acid bound to protein at pHs representative of the beetle midgut (pH 5.5–6.5) than at a pH representing the lepidopteran midgut (pH 8.5). At an acidic pH, considerably more of the alkylatable functional groups of amino acids (−NH2, −SH) are in the nonreactive, protonated state. Hence, polyphenol oxidases are unlikely to have significant antinutritive effects against the Colorado potato beetle and may not be a useful biochemical source of resistance against this insect. The influence of feeding by larval Colorado potato beetle on foliar polyphenol oxidase activity in tomato foliage and its possible significance to interspecific competition is also considered.
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    Introduction of methyl groups to acetate substituted chain of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of turnip moth,agrotis segetum: synthesis, single-sensillum recordings, and structure-activity relationships (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 637-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis segetum ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; pheromone analog ; methyl substitution ; structure-activity ; single-sensillum recordings ; receptor interaction ; conformational analysis ; molecular mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Methyl-substituted analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, have been synthesized and studied by electrophysiological single-sensillum recordings and molecular mechanics calculations [MM2(85)]. The analogs are monomethyl substituted in the 2, 3, 4, and 5 positions and geminally dimethyl substituted in the 2, 3, and 4 positions. The methyl groups have been employed as space probes to study the degree of steric complementarity between the acetate-substituted alkyl chain of the pheromone component and its receptor. The electrophysiological activities, interpreted in terms of a receptor interaction model, indicate significant steric repulsive interactions between the introduced methyl groups and the receptor. This implies a high degree of complementarity between the acetate-substituted alkyl chain of the natural pheromone component and its receptor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987825
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    Laboratory colonization has not reduced constitutive or induced polysubstrate monooxygenase activity in velvetbean caterpillars (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1313-1325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemical ; Anticarsia gemmatalis ; detoxification ; field strain ; flavone ; Indigofera hirsuta ; induction ; laboratory colony ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; polysubstrate monooxygenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated whether velvetbean caterpillars (Anticarsia gemmatalis) from a laboratory colony had reduced constitutive (basal) and/or induced activities of their polysubstrate monooxygenase (PSMO) detoxification enzyme system as a result of long-term rearing (〉 100 generations) on artificial diet without introduction of field-collected individuals. Larvae from the laboratory colony and those from a recently collected field strain were fed either a standard artificial diet (control), one containing the inducing allelochemical, flavone, or foliage ofIndigofera hirsuta (a host plant of this species), and their midgut PSMO activity was assessed by measuring the in vitro rate of aldrin epoxidation. Compared with the field-strain larvae, caterpillars from the laboratory colony had 1.9-fold greater constitutive activity (standard artificial diet) and 2.3-fold greater induced activity (flavone-treated diet). In addition, the magnitude of induction was somewhat greater for the laboratory-colony larvae (induced activity was 2.0-fold greater than constitutive activity) compared with those from the field-strain (1.6-fold). In contrast, no difference in strain activity was found when larvae were fedI. hirsuta foliage. The lower PSMO activity of the field-strain larvae when fed artificial diet may have been caused by their reduced feeding and growth performance compared with laboratory-colony larvae, and it may explain their greater sensitivity to allelochemicals incorporated in the artificial diet, as we found previously. The results of this study indicate that long-term rearing of theA. gemmatalis laboratory colony on artificial diet, without the introduction of field individuals, apparently has not selected for low constitutive activity or decreased inducibility of PSMO, and thus these larvae provide a suitable model for studying xenobiotic detoxication. In addition, they suggest that using an artificial diet to evaluate resistance to pesticides or other xenobiotics in fieldcollected insects, as is frequently done, may underestimate the level of resistance if the diet, through various causes, reduces the activity of detoxification enzymes contributing to the resistance.
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    Attraction of male turnip mothsAgrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to sex pheromone components and their mixtures at 11 sites in Europe, Asia, and Africa (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1337-1347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; field trapping ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; geographical population variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Selected combinations of (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetates, the pheromone components of the turnip mothAgrotis Segetum were tested for field attractancy at six, two, and three sites in Europe, Asia, and Africa, respectively. At all of the sites in Eurasia and in northern Africa the ternary mixture of the acetates captured most males, while at the sites south of the Sahara in Africa, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate alone was responsible for attraction. Differences in male attraction among the populations studied confirm the existence of significant population variation in the pheromone ofA. segetum. Interpretation of the present results together with earlier studies suggests that this variation is more or less continuous in Eurasia and north Africa, while a clearly distinct pheromone type is present in the areas south of the Sahara desert.
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    Chemical composition of sex pheromone of oriental fruit moth and rates of release by individual female moths (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1421-1435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Grapholita molesta ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; effluvium ; release rates ; GC-MS ; (E/Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone emitted by individual calling females of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta, was trapped within glass capillaries, and the composition and release rates were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Aerial release of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ranged up to 25.3 ng/hr, while the mean release rate was 8.48 ± 7.26 ng/hr (±SD). The proportion of (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate to (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate was remarkably constant (4.20 ± 0.60%). Significant amounts of dodecyl acetate were also recovered but, contrary to previous reports, only trace quantities of (Z)-8-dodecenol were detected in the effluvium.
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    Magnolia virginiana Neolignan compounds as chemical barriers to swallowtail butterfly host use (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1661-1671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Papilio palamedes ; Papilio troilus ; Papilio glaucus ; Hyphantria cunea ; Papilionidae ; Arctiidae ; Lepidoptera ; swallowtail butterfly ; magnolol ; 5,5′-diallyl-2 ; 2′-dihydroxybiphenyl ; 4,4′-diallyl-2′ ; 3′-dihydroxybiphenyl ether ; herbivore-plant ; toxins ; deterrents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of toxins and deterrents in preventingtroilus group species (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) from feeding on magnoliaceous hosts was investigated using bioassay-directed isolation ofMagnolia virginiana allelochemicals. A fraction consisting of three neolignan compounds significantly reduced survival of first instarP. palamedes, atroilus group member. Two of these compounds, magnolol and a biphenyl ether, were tested individually and were both toxic toP. palamedes. The larval survival ofP. troilus, anothertroilus group species, was also significantly reduced by magnolol but not by the biphenyl ether. In contrast,P. glaucus, a polyphagousglaucus group species that feeds on magnoliaceous hosts, was not affected by either compound. The effect of these compounds against a. polyphagous nonpapilionid was examined using the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea, Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). The biphenyl ether but not magnolol significantly lowered webworm first-instar survival, demonstrating that polyphagy does not preadapt lepidopterans to feeding on this neolignan. These results demonstrate that although phagostimulants play a role in the specialization of thetroilus group on the Lauraceae, the presence of toxins and/or deterrents in nonhosts is also important in determining food plant patterns in these species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00993237
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