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  • Springer  (10,378)
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  • Articles  (12,124)
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  • 1995-1999  (11,396)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Spacings ; quantiles ; generalized Pareto distribution ; log-logistic distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The maximum product of spacings (MPS) method is discussed from the standpoint of information theory. MPS parameter and quantile estimates for the generalized Pareto distribution and the two parameter log-logistic distribution are compared with the maximum likelihood(ML) and probability weighted moment (PWM) estimates.
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  • 2
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 17-37 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Diffusion ; network ; reservoir ; power law
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A diffusion approximation for a network of continuous time reservoirs with power law release rules is examined. Under a mild assumption on the inflow processes, we show that for physically reasonable values of the power law constants, the system of processes converges to a multi-dimensional Gaussian diffusion process. We also illustrate how the limiting Gaussian process may be used to compute approximations to the original system of reservoirs. In addition, we study the quality of our approximations by comparing them to results obtained by simulations of the original watershed model. The simulations offer support for the use of the approximation developed here.
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  • 3
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 39-63 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Saturated flow ; rainfall ; groundwater monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A numerical experiment of flow in variably saturated porous media was performed in order to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of the groundwater recharge at the phreatic surface for a shallow aquifer as a function of the input rainfall process and soil heterogeneity. The study focused on the groundwater recharge which resulted from the percolation of the excess rainfall for a 90-days period of an actual precipitation record. Groundwater recharge was defined as the water flux across the moving phreatic surface. The observed spatial non-uniformity of the groundwater recharge was caused by soil heterogeneity and is particularly pronounced during the stage of recharge peak (substantial percolation stage). During that stage the recharge is associated with preferential flow paths defined as soil zones of locally higher hydraulic conductivity. For the periods of low percolation intensity the groundwater recharge was exhibiting more uniform spatial characteristics. The temporal distribution of the recharge was found to be a function of the frequency and intensity of the rainfall events. Application of sampling design demonstrates the joint influence of the spatial and temporal recharge variability on the cost-effective monitoring of groundwater potentiometric surfaces.
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  • 4
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 65-85 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Streamflow ; drought ; tree-ring data ; renewal model ; geometric variables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that runs of low-flow annual streamflow in a coastal semiarid basin of Central California can be adequately modelled by renewal theory. For example, runs of below-median annual streamflows are shown to follow a geometric distribution. The elapsed time between runs of below-median streamflow are geometrically distributed also. The sum of these two independently distributed geometric time variables defines the renewal time elapsing between the initiation of a low-flow run and the next one. The probability distribution of the renewal time is then derived from first principles, ultimately leading to the distribution of the number of low-flow runs in a specified time period, the expected number of low-flow runs, the risk of drought, and other important probabilistic indicators of low-flow. The authors argue that if one identifies drought threat with the occurrence of multiyear low-flow runs, as it is done by water supply managers in the study area, then our renewal model provides a number of interesting results concerning drought threat in areas historically subject to inclement, dry, climate. A 430-year long annual streamflow time series reconstructed by tree-ring analysis serves as the basis for testing our renewal model of low-flow sequences.
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  • 5
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 87-106 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Climate change ; daily precipitation modelling ; generalized linear models ; iteratively reweighted least squares ; spline functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The precipitation amounts on wet days at De Bilt (the Netherlands) are linked to temperature and surface air pressure through advanced regression techniques. Temperature is chosen as a covariate to use the model for generating synthetic time series of daily precipitation in a CO2 induced warmer climate. The precipitation-temperature dependence can partly be ascribed to the phenomenon that warmer air can contain more moisture. Spline functions are introduced to reproduce the non-monotonous change of the mean daily precipitation amount with temperature. Because the model is non-linear and the variance of the errors depends on the expected response, an iteratively reweighted least-squares technique is needed to estimate the regression coefficients. A representative rainfall sequence for the situation of a systematic temperature rise is obtained by multiplying the precipitation amounts in the observed record with a temperature dependent factor based on a fitted regression model. For a temperature change of 3°C (reasonable guess for a doubled CO2 climate according to the present-day general circulation models) this results in an increase in the annual average amount of 9% (20% in winter and 4% in summer). An extended model with both temperature and surface air pressure is presented which makes it possible to study the additional effects of a potential systematic change in surface air pressure on precipitation.
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  • 6
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 107-126 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Gaussian process ; spatial correlation ; anisotropy ; Fourier transform ; Gauss-Newton ; ECM ; measurement error ; signal extraction ; irregular data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with developing computational methods and approximations for maximum likelihood estimation and minimum mean square error smoothing of irregularly observed two-dimensional stationary spatial processes. The approximations are based on various Fourier expansions of the covariance function of the spatial process, expressed in terms of the inverse discrete Fourier transform of the spectral density function of the underlying spatial process. We assume that the underlying spatial process is governed by elliptic stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE's) driven by a Gaussian white noise process. SPDE's have often been used to model the underlying physical phenomenon and the elliptic SPDE's are generally associated with steady-state problems. A central problem in estimation of underlying model parameters is to identify the covariance function of the process. The cumbersome exact analytical calculation of the covariance function by inverting the spectral density function of the process, has commonly been used in the literature. The present work develops various Fourier approximations for the covariance function of the underlying process which are in easily computable form and allow easy application of Newton-type algorithms for maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters. This work also develops an iterative search algorithm which combines the Gauss-Newton algorithm and a type of generalized expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, namely expectation-conditional maximization (ECM) algorithm, for maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters. We analyze the accuracy of the covariance function approximations for the spatial autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) models analyzed in Vecchia (1988) and illustrate the performance of our iterative search algorithm in obtaining the maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters on simulated and actual data.
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  • 7
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 127-150 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rainfall estimation ; indicator cokriging ; rain gage measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Indicator cokriging (Journel 1983) is examined as a tool for real-time estimation of rainfall from rain gage measurements. The approach proposed in this work obviates real-time estimation of real-time statistics of rainfall by using ensemble or climatological statistics exclusively, and reduces computational requirements attendant to indicator cokriging by employing only a few auxiliary cutoffs in estimation of conditional probabilities. Due to unavailability of suitable rain gage measurements, hourly radar rain fall data were used for both indicator covariance estimation and a comparative evaluation. Preliminary results suggest that the indicator cokriging approach is clearly superior to its ordinary kriging counterpart, whereas the indicator kriging approach is not. The improvement is most significant in estimation of light rainfall, but drops off significantly for heavy rainfall. The lack of predictability in spatial estimation of heavy rainfall is borne out in the integral scale of indicator correlation: peaking to its maximum for cutoffs near the median, indicator correlation scale becomes increasingly smaller for larger cutoffs of rainfall depth. A derived-distribution analysis, based on the assumption that radar rainfall is a linear sum of ground-truth and a random error, suggests that, at low cutoffs, indicator correlation scale of ground-truth can significantly differ from that of radar rainfall, and points toward inclusion of rainfall intermittency, for example, within the framework proposed in this work.
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  • 8
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 151-161 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 9
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 163-166 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 10
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 187-207 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: log-Gumbel distribution ; flood frequency analysis ; quantile estimation ; confidence intervals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The log-Gumbel distribution is one of the extreme value distributions which has been widely used in flood frequency analysis. This distribution has been examined in this paper regarding quantile estimation and confidence intervals of quantiles. Specific estimation algorithms based on the methods of moments (MOM), probability weighted moments (PWM) and maximum likelihood (ML) are presented. The applicability of the estimation procedures and comparison among the methods have been illustrated based on an application example considering the flood data of the St. Mary's River.
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  • 11
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 167-186 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Reservoir stochastic theory ; reliability ; mean ; variance ; indicator function ; storage bounds ; nonlinear programming ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new formulation is presented for the analysis of reservoir systems synthesizing concepts from the traditional stochastic theory of reservoir storage, moments analysis and reliability programming. The analysis is based on the development of the first and second moments for the stochastic storage state variable. These expressions include terms for the failure probabilities (probabilities of spill or deficit) and consider the storage bounds explicitly. Using this analysis, expected values of the storage state, variances of storage, optimal release policies and failure probabilities — useful information in the context of reservoir operations and design, can be obtained from a nonlinear programming solution. The solutions developed from studies of single reservoir operations on both an annual and monthly basis, compare favorably with those obtained from simulation. The presentation herein is directed to both traditional reservoir storage theorists who are interested in the design of a reservoir and modern reservoir analysts who are interested in the long term operation of reservoirs.
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  • 12
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 209-229 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Infiltration-advance equation ; water spreading ; cellular automata ; irrigation ; surface hydrology ; hydrodynamics ; stochastic processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A technique has been developed for predicting the irregular advance pattern often observed as water spreads on the surface of the ground. The technique is a combination of stochastic sketching, potential theory, probability theory, and a mass balance equation in the form of an advance equation. The technique can be used on flat as well as sloping terrain and addresses any form of obstructions or constraints to the flow of the water. The stochastic sketching portion of the technique uses cellular automata with transition probability movement rules to sketch the dynamics of small volume water elements in the defined environment. Randomly selected small volume flow path segments are computed and plotted. The envelope of these segments defines the wetted area and the advance front. Several examples are presented showing the patterns produced for various situations.
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  • 13
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 231-251 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic ; multiphase ; three phase ; heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The first paper (Chang et al., 1995b) of this two-part series described the stochastic analysis using spectral/perturbation approach to analyze steady state two-phase (water and oil) flow in a, liquid-unsaturated, three fluid-phase porous medium. In this paper, the results between the numerical simulations and closed-form expressions obtained using the perturbation approach are compared. We present the solution to the one-dimensional, steady-state oil and water flow equations. The stochastic input processes are the spatially correlated logk where k is the intrinsic permeability and the soil retention parameter, α. These solutions are subsequently used in the numerical simulations to estimate the statistical properties of the key output processes. The comparison between the results of the perturbation analysis and numerical simulations showed a good agreement between the two methods over a wide range of logk variability with three different combinations of input stochastic processes of logk and soil parameter α. The results clearly demonstrated the importance of considering the spatial variability of key subsurface properties under a variety of physical scenarios. The variability of both capillary pressure and saturation is affected by the type of input stochastic process used to represent the spatial variability. The results also demonstrated the applicability of perturbation theory in predicting the system variability and defining effective fluid properties through the ergodic assumption.
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  • 14
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 295-317 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Bayesion methods ; time series ; hydrology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A review of literature reveals the inadequacy of Intervention analysis and spectrum based methods to adequately quantify changes in hydrologic times series. A Bayesian method is used to investigate the statistical significance of observed changes in hydrologic times series and the results are reported herein. The Bayesian method is superior to the previous methods.
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  • 15
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 253-278 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Random fields ; stochastic processes ; fractals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a new method for generating spatially-correlated random fields. Such fields are often encountered in hydrology and hydrogeology and in the earth sciences. The method is based on two observations: (i) spatially distributed attributes usually display a stationary correlation structure, and (ii) the screening effect of measurements leads to the sufficiency of a small search neighborhood when it comes to projecting measurements and data in space. The algorithm which was developed based on these principles is called HYDRO_GEN, and its features and properties are discussed in depth. HYDRO_GEN is found to be accurate and extremely fast. It is also versatile: it can simulate fields of different nature, starting from weakly stationary fields with a prescribed covariance and ending with fractal fields. The simulated fields can display statistical isotropy or anisotropy.
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  • 16
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 279-294 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Linear estimation ; interpolation ; kriging ; splines ; conditional
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This work presents analytical expressions for the best estimate, conditional covariance function, and conditional realizations of a function from sparse observations. In contrast to the prevalent approach in kriging where the best estimates at every point are determined from the solution of a system of linear equations, the best-estimate function can be represented analytically in terms of basis functions, whose number depends on the observations. This approach is computationally superior when graphing a function estimate and is also valuable in understanding what the solution should look like. For example, one can immediately see that all “singularities” in the best-estimate function are at observation points.
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  • 17
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 319-329 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Particle tracking ; numerical methods ; random walks ; advection-dispersion equation ; stochastic processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A formal statistical discussion of the origins of the random walk and its relation to the classic advection-dispersion equation is given. At issue is the common use of Gaussian distributed steps in producing the desired dispersive effects. Shown are alternative solutions to the basic Langevin equation describing mass displacements based on non-Gaussian, white increments. In particular, the results reveal that uniform or symmetric-triangular steps can be employed without loss of generality in accuracy of the solution (over all Peclet numbers) and may yield significant savings in the computational generation of the random deviates required in the Monte Carlo procedures of the random walk method.
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  • 18
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 330-330 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ovariectomy ; pig ; bone histology ; calcitriol ; parathyroid hormone ; alkaline phosphatase ; Ovariektomie ; Schwein ; Knochenhistologie ; Calcitriol ; Parathormon ; alkalische Phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Untersuchung sollte die Eignung des ovariektomierten Schweins als Modell für die postmenopausale Osteoporose beschrieben werden. Hierzu wurde der Einfluß der Ovariektomie (OVX) auf Plasmaparameter des Knochenstoffwechsels und auf knochenhistologische Parameter bei zwei Gruppen von Sauen (9 Monate alt, Nullipara oder 35 Monate alt, Multipara) untersucht. Eine Standarddiät für Schweine mit einem Calciumgehalt von 1,5 % wurde verabreicht. Gesamt-und knochenspezifische alkalische Phosphatase (APt, APb) Calcidiol, Calcitriol und Parathormon (PTH) wurden im Plasma 4, 8, 12 und 18 Monate nach OVX bestimmt. Der Mineralgehalt sowie histologische Parameter wurden in repräsentativen Knochenproben 12 Monate nach OVX und am Ende des Versuchs 18 Monate nach OVX gemessen. Bei jungen Sauen führte die Ovariektomie zu keinen signifikanten Veränderungen der Plasmaparameter mit Ausnahme höherer Konzentrationen des Calcitriols 4 Monate nach OVX. Es wurden weder 12 noch 20 Monate nach OVX signifikante Unterschiede zwischen OVX- und Kontrolltieren in den Parametern der chemischen oder histologischen Knochenanalyse beobachtet. Bei multiparen Sauen waren die Plasmakonzentrationen des PTH gegenüber den Kontrolltieren 8 Monate nach OVX signifikant erhöht. Die Konzentrationen des Calcitriols sowie die Aktivität der APt und APb lagen 12 Monate nach OVX signifikant über den Werten der intakten Tiere. Alle Effekte waren moderat. Weder 12 Monate noch 20 Monate nach OVX kam es zu signifikanten Veränderungen in den Parametern der chemischen oder histologischen Knochenanalyse. Obwohl die beobachteten Veränderungen in den klinisch-chemischen Plasmaparametern zweifellos keine histomorphometrischen Anzeichen einer Osteopenie/Osteoporose zur Folge hatten, bleibt es zukünftigen Untersuchungen überlassen nachzuprüfen, ob das Ausbleiben des Osteopenie ein Ergebnis der in diesem Experiment hohen Calciumzufuhr war. Eine solche Möglichkeit sollte aufgrund der Beobachtung in Betracht gezogen werden, daß Osteopenie beim Schwein nach OVX eintritt, wenn eine Diät mit geringerer Calciumzufuhr (0,75 % im Vergleich zu 0,9 %) verabreicht wurde (33).
    Notes: Summary To investigate the suitability of the pig as animal model for postmenopausal osteoprosis, effects of ovariectomy (OVX) on bone metabolism and histology were studied in two groups of sows (9 months, nulliparous or 35 months, multiparous). A standard diet of about 1.5 % calcium (Ca) was fed till sacrifice at either 12 or 20 months post OVX when mineral content and histology were studied in representative bone specimens of proximal tibia, iliac crest and lumbar vertebrae. At 4, 8, 12, and 18 months post OVX, total and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (APt, APb) calcidiol, calcitriol and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured in plasma. In young sows OVX did not significantly affect plasma variables except for calcitriol, which was higher at 4 months post OVX. No significant differences between OVX or control animals were observed in the variables of bone chemical and histological analyses, neither 12 nor 20 months post OVX. In multiparous sows OVX significantly increased PTH plasma concentrations at 8 months post OVX and plasma calcitriol, APt and APb at 12 months post OVX. All effects were moderate and transient. OVX did not significantly affect the variables of bone chemical and histological analyses neither 12 nor 20 months post OVX. Although undoubtedly the clinical-chemical changes observed were not accompanied by any histomorphometric signs of osteopenia/osteoporosis, it must be left to future experiments as to whether this resulted from the ample calcium supply provided. This possibility is supported by recent observations showing that porcine osteopenia could be induced by OVX in animals maintained on only 0.75 % dietary calcium but not on higher (0.9 %) Ca regimens (33).
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Iodine prophylaxis ; iodized salt ; iodine excretion ; hyroid volume ; Jod ; Jodsalz ; Jodausscheidung ; Schilddrüsenvolumen ; Jodprophylaxe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer Gesundheitskampagne zu Jodmangel und Jodprophylaxe an fünf süddeutschen Universitäten wurde 1992 das Schilddrüsenvolumen und die renale Jodausscheidung bei 472 Männern und 568 Frauen (mittleres Alter 27,7 Jahre) bestimmt. Ziel war es den Einfluß des Ernährungswissens und der durchgeführten Jodprophylaxe auf den Jodversorgungsstatus der Studienteilnehmer in einem Jodmangelgebiet zu untersuchen. Das mittlere Schilddrüsenvolumen betrug 19,7±8,3 ml (x±SD) bei den Männern und 15,8±7,1 ml bei den Frauen. 19,9 % der Männer und 25,5 % der Frauen wiesen Schilddrüsenvolumina über der geschlechtspezifischen Norm auf. Die mittlere Jodausscheidung entsprach dem WHO-definierten Jodmangel Grad I (70,7±42 µg (J/g Kreatinin). 80,8 % bzw. 43,2 % des Gesamtkollektivs gaben an, Jodsalz zu verwenden bzw. Seefisch zu essen, um ihren Jodbedarf zu decken. Die korrespondierende Jodausscheidung der weiblichen Jodsalzverwender und Seefischesser war signifikant erhöht (83,9±47,6 vs. 61,4±31,3 µg J/g Kreatinin, p〈0,05). Das Schilddrüsenvolumen unterschied sich zwischen diesen Gruppen jedoch nicht. Der Aufenthaltsort der letzten 10 Jahre hatte keinen signifikanten Einfluß auf das Schilddrüsenvolumen. Die Häufigkeit von Schilddrüsenvolumina über der geschlechtsspezifischen Norm stieg mit dem Alter. Auch in diesem überdurchschnittlich gebildeten und jungen (81,8 % Studenten) Kollektiv war die Jodversorgung, gemessen am Schilddrüsenvolumen und an der Jodausscheidung, und das Wissen über Jod und Ernähung schlecht. Die derzeit durchgeführte individuelle Jodprophylaxe führt nicht zu einer ausreichenden Jodversorgung. Der Einsatz von jodiertem Speisesalz in Haushalten und Kantinen, und auch für die industrielle Herstellung von Lebensmitteln muß erhöht werden.
    Notes: Summary Thyroid volume, urinary iodine excretion as well as personal nutritional knowledge and individual iodine prophylaxis were determined during a health education program on iodine deficiency and prophylaxis in 1992. Participants were 472 male and 568 female (mean age 27.7 years) students and employees of five universities in the southern part of Germany. The study aimed to clarify the relationship between personal knowledge on iodine, individual iodine prophylaxis and parameters of iodine deficiency (thyroid volume, iodine excretion) in a well known iodine deficient area. Mean thyroid volume (mean±SD) was 19.7±8.3 ml in males and 15.8±7.1 ml in females. 25.5 % of females and 19.9 % of males showed thyroid volume above the upper normal values. Total mean urinary iodine excretion was 70.7±42 µg I/g creatinine reflecting WHO-grade-I iodine deficiency. 80.8 % of total subjects used iodized salt and 43.2 % stated to consume salt-water fish to meet their iodine requirement. The female non-users had significantly lower iodine excretion (no iodized salt, no salt-water fish: 61.4±31.3 vs. +iodized salt, +salt-water fish: 83.9±47.6 µg I/g creatinine; p〈0.05), however, thyroid volume was identical in these groups. The area of residence over the last 10 years did not significantly influence the thyroid volume. The goiter incidence increased with age. Although our study population was highly educated (81.8 % students) and the subjects were provided with educational brochures immediately prior to the study, knowledge about iodine content of food was poor. We conclude that despite a high degree of voluntary iodine prophylaxis and educational programs the iodine intake is insufficient. The use of iodized salt in households, cafeterias, and also in food manufacturing must be increased for sufficient iodine prophylaxis.
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  • 21
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Dietary fiber ; dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ; dehydroepiandrosterone ; 3α-androstanediol glucuronide ; peptide ; steroid metabolism ; Diätetischer Ballaststoff ; Dehydroepiandrosteronsulfat ; Dehydroepiandrosteron ; 3α-Androstendiol glucuronide ; steroidmetabolismus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es gibt kaum Untersuchungen zu den Auswirkungen einzelner Nahrungskomponenten auf die Plasmaspiegel von Dehydroepiandrosteron (DHEA) und Dehydroepiandrosteron-Sulfat (DHEAS). Insbesondere fehlen Studien zum Einfluß von speziellen Ballaststoffen. Der Effekt von Pektin (ein typischer Ballaststoff mit Wirkung auf die enterohepatische Rezirkulation von Gallensäuren) wurde in 3 aufeinanderfolgenden, jeweils 4tägigen Diätphasen an 6 männlichen Erwachsenen im Rahmen einer randomisierten cross-over-Studie überprüft. Am Ende jeder Diätphase (konstante Nahrungszusammensetzung, Pektinzusatz: 0, 15 bzw. 30 g/die) wurden 24h-Urine gesammelt und venöses Blut entnommen. Die Pektinzulagen führten weder bei DHEA und Cortisol noch beim wichtigsten Plasmabindungsprotein von DHEAS, dem Albumin, zu Veränderungen der Plasmakonzentrationen. Auch blieb die Ausscheidung verschiedener Urin-Analyte (einschließlich des DHEAS) konstant. Allerdings zeigten sich bei 30 bzw. 15 versus 0 g Pektin/die Effekte in bezug auf Plasma-DHEAS (9,3±2,8; 9,2±2,6; 8,0±3,1 µmol/L, p〈0,01) und Plasma-Cholesterin (4,4±0,7; 4,5±0,7; 4,7±0,8 mmol/L, p=0,1). Die Auswirkungen einer veränderten Pektinzufuhr auf zirkulierendes DHEAS und Cholesterin sind also offensichtlich entgegengerichtet. Die Ursache hierfür ist nicht bekannt, allerdings wird eine diätetisch induzierte Änderung der Bindungseigenschaften von Albumin für DHEAS vermutet. Die Befunde deuten an, daß der biologisch aktive, nicht proteingebundene Anteil des zirkulierenden DHEAS (der durch die renale DHEAS-Ausscheidung reflektiert wird) nicht notwendigerweise verändert sein muß, wenn das Gesamt-DHEAS im Plasma variiert.
    Notes: Summary Studies specifically investigating the effects of single dietary components on plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate ester (DHEAS) are rare. Especially no data is available with regard to specific dietary fibers. Therefore, the impact of pectin (a representative fiber that affects the enterohepatic recirculation of bile acids) was studied in a randomized crossover trial consisting of three diet periods characterized by the same food supply and daily doses of 0 g, 15 g or 30 g pectin. Blood and 24-h-urine samples were collected at the end of each 4-day diet period from 6 healthy male volunteers. Plasma levels of DHEA, cortisol and the major binding protein of DHEAS albumin remained unchanged with the varying pectin supplements. Also, no changes were observed for several urinary analytes including urinary DHEAS. However, effects of pectin intake (30, 15 versus 0 g/d) were seen for plasma DHEAS (9.3±2.8, 9.2±2.6, 8.0±3.1 µmol/L, p〈0.01) and total plasma cholesterol (4.4±0.7, 4.5±0.7, 4.7±0.8 mmol/L, p=0.1). Obviously, the altered intake of fiber in the form of pectin affects plasma concentrations of DHEAS and cholesterol in an opposite direction. The reason for this is not known but a dietetically induced modulation of the binding properties of plasma albumin for DHEAS appears possible. Our findings suggest that the target tissue-available, not protein-bound fraction of circulating DHEAS (as reflected by the renal DHEAS output) is not necessarily altered when total plasma concentrations of DHEAS vary.
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  • 22
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 57-58 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 23
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 59-119 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 24
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Empfehlungen zur Nährstoffzufuhr ; historische Entwicklung ; Recommended Dietary Allowances ; historical development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The discovery of the preventive action of lemon juice against scorbut led to a first recommendation on dietary intake in 1753. During the tight economic situation of the following century and in face of the economic crisis after the World War I, several concepts of dietary recommendations developed, all of which primarily served to relieve starvation and hunger and to maintain the ability to work of males. Increasing knowledge of human requirements for essential nutrients led to a clear distinction between dietary standards and health policy recommendations. With their first set of Recommended Dietary Allowances in 1941, especially the American Food and Nutrition Board directed concepts towards the improvement and maintenance of health of all people. National and international work on dietary recommendations took place to an increased extent in the 1970s. In face of currently expanding demands on dietary recommendations at present new directives for the revision of the American Recommended Dietary Allowances are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Entdekkung der präventiven Wirkung von Zitronensaft gengen Skorbut führte 1753 zu einer ersten Empfehlung zur Nährstoffzufuhr. In den wirtschaftlich angespannten Jahren des folgenden Jahrhunderts und vor dem Hintergrund der Wirtschaftskrise nach dem 1. Weltkrieg entwikkelten sich mehrere Konzepte zu Empfehlungen für die Nährstoffzufuhr, welche primär der Erhalt der Arbeitsfähigkeit der Männer und die Bekämpfung des Hungers zum Ziel hatten. Mit zunehmenden Erkenntnissen zum Bedarf des Menschen an essentiellen Nährstoffen kam es zu einer deutlichen Unterscheidung zwischen bisherigen Empfehlungen und Empfehlungen auf der Basis gesundheitspolitischer Erwägungen. Insbesondere das amerikanische Food and Nutrition Board lenkte mit seiner ersten Ausgabe der Recommended Dietary Allowances 1941 die Ansprüche an die Empfehlungen zur Nährstoffzufuhr in Richtung der Verbesserung und Aufrechterhaltung des Gesundheitszustandes der gesamten Bevölkerung. Seit den 70er Jahren erfolgt eine verstärkte nationale und internationale Arbeit auf dem Gebiet der Nährstoffempfehlungen. Vor dem Hintergrund der wachsenden Anforderungen an die Empfehlungswerte werden derzeit neue Direktiven für die Revision der amerikanischen Recommended Dietary Allowances diskutiert.
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  • 25
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 206-207 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 26
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 199-205 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: α-Amylase Inhibitoren ; lösliches Arabinoxylan ; Roggen ; postprandiale Glykämie ; diabetische Ratten ; Type-II-Diabetiker ; α-amylase-inhibitors ; soluble arabinoxylan ; rye ; postprandial glycemia ; diabetic rats ; type-II-diabetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The protein inhibitor of the α-amylase (D-type) and the soluble arabinoxylan of rye (Var. Clou) were isolated from flour and bran, respectively. The isolation of the α-amylase inhibitor involves the extraction of rye flour in aqueous CaCl2-solution (2 × 10−3M) containing the hemicellulase preparation Veron HE (2 g/100 g flour), dialysis and lyophilization (preparation I) and further fractionation with ammonsulfate, using the fraction 20–50 % for isolation (preparation II). The arabinoxylan isolation is carried out using extraction of rye bran in 80 % ethanol (80 °C), centrifugation, aqueous extraction of the sediment, dialysis and lyophilization (preparation I). The further purification using the precipitate of the fraction 20–50 % leads to preparation II. The α-amylase inhibitor preparation II and the arabinoxylan preparation II were applied in a diet containing wheat starch and casein and fed to diabetic and healthy rats (Levis and Wistar). The postprandial increase of glucose was determined. It was detected that the postprandial increase of glucose is influenced neither by the α-amylase inhibitor nor by the soluble arabinoxylan in comparison to the control experiments. However, the α-amylase inhibitor of wheat significantly decreases the postprandial increase of glucose. The application of a test meal with α-amylase inhibitor of rye to health and diabetic of type-II-volunteers showed no variation of the blood glucose values. The reduction of the increase of glucose by the soluble β-glucan of oat cannot be confirmed for the soluble arabinoxylan of rye. We conclude that the effect of the α-amylase inhibitor as well as the soluble pentosan or glucan has to be examined for each cereal species.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus Roggenmehl und Roggenkleie der Sorte „Clou“ werden der Protein-Inhibitor der α-Amylase und das lösliche Arabinoxylan isoliert. Die Anreicherung des α-Amylase-Inhibitors erfolgt durch Extraktion von Roggenmehl in wässriger CaCl2-Lösung (2 × 10−3M) unter Zusatz des Hemizellulasepräparates Veron HE (2 g/100 g Mehl), anschließende Dialyse und Lyophilisierung (Präparat I). Durch weitere Ammonsulfatfraktionierung und Aufarbeitung der Fraktion 20–50 % Sättigung wird Präparat II gewonnen. Das Arabinoxylanpräparat wird durch Extraktion von Roggenkleie in 80 % Ethanol bei 80 °C, Zentrifugation, wässrige Extraktion des Sedimentes, Dialyse und Lyophilisation gewonnen (Präparat I). Aus dem Extrakt wird Präparat II durch Ethanolfraktionierung und Aufarbeitung der Fraktion 20–50 % isoliert. Das durch Ammonsulfatfraktionierung gereinigte α-Amylase-Inhibitor-Präparat und das durch Ethanolfraktionierung angereicherte Arabinoxylanpräparat werden mit einem Testfutter, bestehend aus Weizenstärke und Casein, an diabetische und stoffwechselgesunde Ratten appliziert und im Blut der postprandiale Glucoseanstieg bestimmt. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß dieser sowohl durch den Inhibitor als auch durch das lösliche Arabinoxylan des Roggens im Vergleich zur Kontrolle nicht beeinflußt wird. Dagegen führte der α-Amylase-Inhibitor des Weizens zu einer signifikanten Verminderung des Glucoseanstiegs. Nach Verzehr einer Testmahlzeit mit zugesetztem α-Amylase-Inhibitor aus Roggen durch Stoffwechselgesunde und Typ-II-Diabetiker kann ebenfalls keine Veränderung der Blutglucosewerte nachgewiesen werden. Somit läßt sich die Senkung des Glucoseanstiegs durch das lösliche β-Glucan aus Hafer mit dem löslichen Arabinoxylan des Roggens nicht bestätigen. Daraus ergibt sich sowohl beim α-Amylase-Inhibitor als auch beim löslichen Pentosan/Glucan die Notwendigkeit, die Wirksamkeit bei jeder Getreideart zu prüfen.
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  • 27
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Trans fatty acids ; arachidonic acid ; children ; diet ; trans-Fettsäuren ; Arachidonsäure ; Kinder ; Ernährung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Da nachteilige Folgen der Aufnahme von trans-Fettsäuren auf den Lipoproteinstoffwechsel und die Arachidonsäuresynthese bei Kindern befürchtet werden, untersuchten wir den trans-Gehalt in verschiedenen Brotaufstrichen und Brotbelägen, die bevorzugt von Kindern verzehrt werden. Dabei fanden sich die höchsten Gehalte in regulären Margarinen: (4,5; 0,0–10,6; Median der Gewichts-% der Fettsäuren, Minimum-Maximum), Nuß-Nougat-Cremes (5,5; 0,7–11,1 %), Butter 4,7; 3,7–5,2) und Käse (3,6; 1,8–4,0), während Diätmargarinen (0,2; 0,0–0,4), vegetarische Brotaufstriche (0,2; 0,1–0,4), Erdnußbutter (0,0; 0,0–0,3) und Wurst (1,7; 0, 6–6,4) niedrigere Gehalte aufwiesen. Die unterschiedlichen Gehalte führen zu Unterschieden in der aus Diätplänen berechneten täglichen trans-Aufnahme von 〉100 % (3,1 g/d vs. 1,5 g/d) bei 4–7jährigen Kindern. Es erscheint uns sinnvoll, den trans-Fettsäuregehalt von fettreichen Lebensmitteln zu deklarieren, um dem Verbraucher eine gezielte Auswahl zu ermöglichen, und eine Minderung der Bildung von trans-Fettsäuren bei der technischen Fetthärtung anzustreben.
    Notes: Summary A high intake of trans fatty acids in children may be disadvantageous because of untoward effects on lipoprotein metabolism and a possible impairment of arachidonic acid synthesis. We measured the trans fatty acid content of different brands of spreads and cold cuts typically consumed by German children because these foods may contribute a considerable portion of total trans fatty acid intake. The highest trans fatty acid contents were found in regular margarines (4.5, 0.0–10.6; median %-wt/wt of fatty acids, minimal-maximal), chocolate spreads (5.5, 0.7–11.1), butter (4.7, 3.7–5.2) and cheese (3.6, 1.8–4.0), while lower values were present in diet margarines (0.2, 0.0–0.4), vegetarian spreads (0.2, 0.1–0.4), peanut butter (0.0, 0.0–0.3) and sausages (1.7, 0.6–6.4). Calculations of typical dietary plans for young children show that food selection and variations in trans fatt acid contents may lead to marked differences in daily trans intake of 〉100 % (3.1 g/d vs. 1.5 g/d). We propose that trans fatty acid content should be declared on labels of fatty food products to enable the consumer to choose, and further attempts should be made to lower trans fatty acid formation during technical hydrogenation.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Fatty liver ; isomeric octadecenoic acids ; oleic acid ; petroselinic acid ; coriander oil ; Fettleber ; Isomere Octadecensäuren ; Ölsäure ; Petroselinsäure ; Korianderöl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In verschiedenen Studien wird eine günstige Wirkung von Pflanzenölen mit hohem Anteil an einfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren, z.B. Ölsäure (cis-9-Octadecensäure), auf die Gesundheit beschrieben. Kürzlich haben wir gezeigt, daß die Fütterung von Ratten mit Korianderöl, das hohe Anteile eines Positionsisomers der Ölsäure enthält, nämlich Petroselinsäure (cis-6-Octadecensäure), zu einer signifikanten Erniedrigung der Arachidonsäure (allcis-5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraensäure)-Anteile in den zellulären Lipiden führte. Hier berichten wir über histopathologische Befunde an männlichen Wistar-Ratten, denen isokalorische Diäten mit 2 % Maiskeimöl und jeweils 12 % (w/w) Pflanzenöl (ölsäure-reiches oder konventionelles Sonnenblumenöl, Olivenöl, Rapsöl, Korianderöl) und unterschiedlichen Anteilen an isomeren Monoenfettsäuren, d.h. Öl- und Petroselinsäure, verabreicht wurden. Die Tiere der Kontrollgruppe erhielten eine Standarddiät mit 4 % (w/w) Fett. Leber, Herz, Aorta, Magen und Milz wurden anatomisch und histologisch untersucht. Die Lebern der Tiere aller Gruppen, die eine fettreiche Diät erhalten hatten — mit Ausnahme der Korianderöl-Gruppe —, entwickelten eine mäßige, nicht-degenerative Fettinfiltration der Hepatocyten, die in den Periportalfeldern einsetzte. Eine ausgeprägte bis schwere Fettinfiltration wurde dagegen in den Hepatocyten von Tieren gefunden, die mit petroselinsäurereichem Korianderöl gefüttert worden waren. In dieser experimentellen Gruppe enthielten die Lebern Fettzysten und Lipidvesikel unterschiedlicher Größe. Außerdem wurden vergrößerte Kerne in zahlreichen Hepatocyten beobachtet, die keine Fettinfiltration aufwiesen. In Ratten, die mit einer Standarddiät gefüttert worden waren, wurde dagegen keine Fettinfiltration in den Leberzellen gefunden. Die Zellen aller anderen untersuchten Organe und Gewebe, insbesondere Herz und Aorta, zeigten weder nicht-degenerative Fettinfiltrationen noch irgendwelche anderen degenerativen Veränderungen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Fütterung fettreicher Diäten mit unterschiedlichen C18 cis-Monoenfettsäuren in Abhängigkeit von der Position der Doppelbindung unterschiedliche histopathologische Veränderungen in der Leber von Ratten hervorruft. Während Pflanzenöle mit variierenden Ölsäureanteilen ausschließlich zu mäßigen Fettinfiltrationen in den Hepatocyten führten, wurden in den Lebern der mit petroselinsäurereichem Korianderöl gefütterten Tiere degenerative Veränderungen (Fettzysten) sowie — in einigen Fällen — vergrößerte Zellkerne beobachtet, die auf eine unspezifische Stimulierung der Hepatocyten hindeuten.
    Notes: Summary Beneficial effects on health parameters by ingestion of plant oils having high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic (cis-9-octadecenoic) acid have been described in several studies. Recently, we have shown that feeding of coriander oil containing high proportions of a positional isomer of oleic acid, i.e. petroselinic (cis-6-octadecenoic) acid, led to significantly decreasing proportions of arachidonic (allcis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic) acid in the cellular lipids. Here, we report histopathological findings in male Wistar rats fed isocaloric diets containing 2 % corn oil and 12 % (w/w), each, of different plant oils (high-oleic and conventional sunflower oil, olive oil, rapeseed oil as well as coriander oil) containing varying levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, i.e. oleic or petroselinic acids. One group of animals was fed a standard diet containing 4 % (w/w) of fat as control. Liver, heart, aorta, stomach, and spleen were anatomically and histologically examined. Livers of animals from all the groups that had received high-fat diets — except the coriander oil group — showed moderate non-degenerative fat infiltrations of the hepatocytes beginning in the periportal fields. Marked to severe fat infiltration was observed in hepatocytes of animals fed coriander oil. In this experimental group the livers were found to contain fatty cysts in addition to hepatocytes with mixed-size lipid vesicles. Moreover, enlarged nuclei were observed in numerous hepatocytes without fat infiltration. Fat infiltration was not observed in livers of animals fed a rat standard diet. In the cells of all other organs and tissues studied, in particular heart and aorta, neither non-degenerative fat infiltrations nor other degenerative changes were observed for any group. Our results show that feeding of fat-rich diets containing varying proportions of C18 cis-monoenoic fatty acids induced different histopathological alterations in the livers of rats, depending on position of the double bond. Plant oils containing varying proportions of oleic acid lead exclusively to moderate fat infiltration in the hepatocytes, whereas in the animals fed high-petroselinic coriander oil degenerative alterations (fatty cysts) as well as — in several cases — enlarged nuclei were found that are likely due to a non-specific stimulation of the hepatocytes resulting from the cell degeneration observed.
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  • 29
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 259-265 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Diet ; serum cholesterol ; serum triglycerides ; HDL-cholesterol ; LDL-cholesterol ; Apo B ; hyperlipoproteinaemia ; nonsmokers ; Diät ; Cholesterinspiegel ; Serumtriglyceride ; HDL-Cholesterin ; LDL-Cholesterin ; Apo B ; Hyperlipoproteinämie ; Nichtraucher
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Absicht dieser Studie war es, die Prävalenz der veränderten Serumspiegel von Lipiden, Lipoproteinen und Apolipoproteinen (Apo) B bei 169 spanischen, männlichen, sehr aktiven Nichtrauchern im Alter von 20 bis 65 Jahren, die Sonnenblumenöl verzehren, zu erforschen. Die Serumwerte, die für Cholesterin (TC), Triglyceride (TG), LDL-Cholesterin und für den TC/HDL-Cholesterin-Quotient erhalten wurden, waren altersbedingt unterschiedlich. Ein detailliertes Ernährungsprotokoll über einen Zeitraum von 12 Tagen zeigte, daß die Diät der Probanden typisch mediterran war, mit der Ausnahme des Verzehrs von Sonnenblumenöl — statt Olivenöl. Der Beitrag von gesättigten, einfach-und mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren zur gesamten Kcal-Aufnahme war je 9,9 %, 12,7 % und 8,8 %. Der Index Cholesterin/gesättigtem Fett in der Diät betrug im Mittel 19,2 per 1 000 Kcal, während der Keys-Index der Diät 27,1 war. Die tägliche Aufnahme an Ballaststoffen, Ascorbinsäure und Vitamin E betrug jeweils 25,1 g, 89,6 mg und 28,3 mg. Der Kalzium/Magnesium-Quotient betrug 1,54. Der niedrige Anteil an Männern mit hohem Cholesterinspiegel (5,4 % mit TC ≥6,49 mmol/L), hohen TG-Werten (3,7 % mit TG ≥2,25 mmol/L), hohen Apo B-Werten (3,0 % mit ≥1,5 g/L), niedrigen HDL-Cholesterin-Werten (0,7 % mit ≤0,91 mmol/L), hohen LDL-Cholesterin-Werten (1,4 % mit ≥4,94 mmol/L) oder mit einem hohen Wert des TC/HDL-Cholesterin-Quotienten (2,8 % mit ≥5,0) läßt einen ausreichenden Schutz gegen zukünftige koronare Herzleiden erwarten.
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of altered levels of serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoprotein (Apo) B in very active, 20 to 65 year-old, Spanish male nonsmokers who consumed sunflower oil. Among the 169 participants, total serum cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-C, and TC/HDL-C were found to be age-dependent variables. A detailed study over a 12-day period showed that this population displayed a Mediterranean dietary pattern, with the exception of the substitution of sunflower for olive oil. Saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids represented 9.9 %, 12.7 % and 8.8 % of the total amount of energy, respectively. The cholesterol-saturated fat index of the average diet was 19.2 per 1 000 kcal, whereas the Keys index of the diet was 27.1. Daily intakes of fibre, ascorbic acid and vitamin E were 25.1 g, 89.6 mg and 28.3 mg, respectively. The calcium/magnesium ratio of the average diet was 1.54. The low percentage of individuals with high TC levels (5.4 % with TC ≥6.49 mmol/L), high TG levels (3.7 % with TG ≥2.25 mmol/L), high Apo B levels (3.0 % with ≥1.5 g/L), low levels of HDL-C (0.7 % with ≤0.91 mmol/L), high LDL-C levels (1.4 % with ≥4.94 mmol/L or a high TC/HDL-C ratio (2.8 % with ≥5.0) suggest a reasonable protection against coronary heart disease in this Spanish population.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin B6 ; Gravidität ; Laktation ; Ratten ; Aspartat-Aminotransferase ; Alanin-Aminotransferase ; Vitamin B6 ; gravidity ; lactation ; rats ; aspartate-aminotransferase ; alanin-aminotransferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Eighty female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 257 g were fed during gravidity a semi-synthetic diet containing five vitamin-B6-treatment groups (0.6, 3, 6, 18 and 180 mg/kg diet). The daily food intake was 14 g. During the following lactation the rats of each treatment group were divided into two groups containing 3 and 6 mg vitamin B6. At the 14th day of lactation the dams were decapitated. Parameters for determination of the vitamin-B6-status were activity of AST and ALT in plasma, erythrocytes and liver. The average activity of AST in plasma was 549 U/l, in erythrocytes 1 939 U/l and liver 106 U/g fresh matter (FM). The increasing vitamin-B6-supplementation during gravidity resulted in an elevated activity of AST between lowest and highest treatment group in plasma 56 %, erythrocytes 44 %, and in liver 43 %, respectively. In response to the increasing vitamin-B6-treatment during lactation the activity of AST in plasma increased for 19 %, in erythrocytes for 13 %, and in liver for 24 %, respectively. A low vitamin-B6-supply (0.6 mg/kg diet) during gravidity in combination with demand-oriented supply during lactation (6 mg/kg diet) initiated the highest increase of activity. A deficient vitamin-B6-supply during lactation (3 mg/kg diet) could be compensated with optimal vitamin-B6-supply during gravidity. The values of ALT-activity showed no significant differences between the graded vitamin-B6-supplements, as a result of a high coenzyme saturation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 80 weibliche Sprague-Dawley-Ratten mit einem mittleren Deckgewicht von 257 g erhielten während der Gravidität eine semisynthetische Diät mit fünf verschiedenen Vitamin-B6-Zulagestufen von 0,6; 3; 6; 18 und 180 mg/kg Diät. Die tägliche Futtermenge betrug 14 g pro Tier. Mit Beginn der Laktation wurden die Tiere jeder Zulagestufe auf die zwei Zulagestufen 3 mg und 6 mg Vitamin B6/kg Diät verteilt und das Futter ad libitum angeboten. Am 14. Tag der Laktation wurden die Tiere dekapitiert. Der Vitamin-B6-Status der Ratten wurde anhand der Aktivitäten der Aspartat-Amino-transferase (AST) und der Alanin-Aminotransferase (ALT) im Plasma, den Erythrozyten und der Leber bestimmt. Die Aktivität der AST im Plasma am 14. Tag der Laktation lag im Durchschnitt bei 549 U/l, in den Erythrozyten bei 1 939 U/l und in der Leber bei 106 U/g FM. Die ansteigenden Vitamin-B6-Zulagen während der Gravidität verursachten im Plasma zwischen der geringsten und der höchsten Zulage eine Erhöhung der Aktivität um 56 %, in den Erythrozyten um 4 % und in der Leber um 43 %. Die Erhöhung der Vitamin-B6-Zulage während der anschließenden Laktation bewirkte eine Zunahme im Plasma im Mittel um 19 %, in den Erythrozyten um 13 % und in der Leber um 24 %. Überproportionale Aktivitätserhöhungen ergaben sich bei einer defizitären Zulage (0,6 mg Vitamin B6/kg Diät) während der Gravidität und anschließend bedarfsgerechter Versorgung (6 mg Vitamin B6/kg Diät) während der Laktation. Eine suboptimale Vitamin-B6-Versorgung (3 mg Vitamin B6/kg Diät) während der Laktation konnte durch vorangegangene bedarfsgerechte Versorgung während der Gravidität ausgeglichen werden. Die Ergebnisse der Aktivitätsmessungen der ALT zeigten keine signifikanten Einflüsse der alimentären Vitamin-B6-Versorgung, was durch eine höhere Coenzymabsättigung erklärt werden kann.
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 302-305 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Thiamin ; Riboflavin ; Pantothensäure ; praecaecale Verdaulichkeit ; Verfügbarkeit ; Ileorectalanastomose ; Thiamin ; riboflavin ; pantothenic acid ; precaecal digestibility ; availability ; ileorectalanastomosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aim of the present investigations was to produce results about precaecal digestibility of naturally occurring thiamin, riboflavin and pantothenic acid from corn, wheat bran and dried skimmilk. Precaecal digestibility is used as a quantitative measure for availability and was determined in ileorectomized growing pigs. Therefore, 6 female DL-pigs with a liveweight of about 30 kg were fitted with ileorectalanastomosis as end-to-side-anastomosis with preserved ileo-caeco-colic valve. The metabolism trials to collect the chymus quantitatively with these animals were carried out from the third week until 9 weeks after surgery in the liveweight range of about 40–70 kg. Precaecal digestibilities from corn, wheat bran and dried skimmilk were for thiamin 87, 91 and 96 %, respectively, with all values being significantly different. Riboflavin was 67, 62 and 94 % precaecally digestible, the significantly different values for pantothenic ranged from 20 to 47 and 90 %. “Availability” of native thiamin was higher than of riboflavin and pantothenic acid, which showed the lowest value of about 50 %. The availability of the vitamins from the animal product was significantly higher than from vegetable products. The suitability of the method is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen dienten dazu, Ergebnisse zur praecaecalen Verdaulichkeit von nativem Thiamin, Riboflavin und Pantothensäure aus Mais, Weizenkleie und Magermilchpulver zu liefern. Die praecaecale Verdaulichkeit, als quantitatives Maß für die Verfügbarkeit, wurde an ileorectostomierten Schweinen ermittelt. Dazu wurden bei 6 wachsenden weiblichen DL-Schweinen beim Lebendgewicht von etwa 30 kg auf chirurgischem Weg Ileorectalanatomosen in Form der End-zu-Seit-Anastomosen mit Erhalt der Ileocaecalklappe hergestellt. Die Stoffwechselversuche mit quantitativer Chymussammlung wurden ab etwa der 3. Woche bis 9 Wochen nach der Operation im Gewichtsbereich der Tiere von 40–70 kg durchgeführt. Die praecaecale Verdaulichkeit aus Mais, Weizenkleie und Magermilchpulver betrug für Thiamin 87 %, 91 % und 96 % (jeweils signifikant verschieden), für Riboflavin 67, 62 und 94 % und für Pantothensäure 20, 47 und 90 %. Damit war die „Verfügbarkeit“ von natürlichem Thiamin deutlich höher als von Riboflavin; Pantothensäure wies mit etwa 50 % den signifikant schlechtesten Wert auf. Das tierische Produkt stellte im Vergleich zu den pflanzlichen Komponenten die Vitamine deutlich am besten zur Verfügung. Die Eignung der Methodik für Verfügbarkeitsstudien wird diskutiert.
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  • 33
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 34
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Dietary fibers ; agro industrial wastes ; serum lipids ; liver lipids ; Diäterische Fasern ; industrielle Agrarabfälle ; Serumlipide ; Leberlipide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Albino-Ratten wurden für 8 Wochen 3 Diäten unterworfen. Diät I bestand aus nicht-faseriger hoch-halliger Kohlenhydratkostform. Diät II und Diät III enthielten zusäzlich 100 g/kg mitEndomycopsis fibuligera kultivierte faserige Dattelabfälle. Die Kultivierungszeit betrug 0 (II) und 60 Stunden (III). Die Gesamtlipide, das Gesamtcholesterol, die Triglyzeride und die Phospholipide nahmen in den Lebern der Ratten, die mit Diät II und III gefüttert wurden, deutlicher ab, als bei denjenigen, die mit Diät I gefüttert wurden. Bei der Diät III zeigte sich die höchste Abnahme der verschiedenen Untersuchungsparametern. Vergleicht man Diät II und III mit Diät I, so ergibt sich, daß die Serumgesamtlipide und das Lipoprotein-Cholesterol niedrigerer Dichte (LDL-Cholesterol) um 32–48 % abnehmen, während Serumtriglyzeride und Gesamtcholesterol in mit Dät II und Diät III gefütterten Ratten um 23–35 % erniedrigt sind. Bei mit Diät II und III gefütterten Ratten betrug die Abnahme des HDL-Cholesterols nur 2–6 %. Phospholipide zeigten die höchste Abnahme (51–56 %) während der ganzen Versuchsperiode (8 Wochen).
    Notes: Summary Date waste dietary fibers were examined as a hypolipidemic agent. White albino rats were fed on three experimental diets: I) high carbohydrate diet free of fiber; II) and III) diets consisted of diet I substituted with 100 g/kg of date waste dietary fibers cultured withEndomycopsis fibuligera at zero time and after 60 h of culturing respectively for 8 weeks. The total lipids, total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in the liver of rats given diets II and III were significantly decreased over those rats fed the control diet throughout the feeding period (8 weeks). The highest decrease in content of all these parameters was produced by diet III. Comparing diets II and III with the control diet I, total serum lipids and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) were decreased by 32–48 %, while serum triglycerides and total cholesterol levels were lowered in the groups fed diets II and III by 23–35 % respectively. Concerning high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), the decrease was only 2–6 % in rats fed diets II and III. The highest decrease level was shown in the phospholipids content (51–56 %) during all of the experimental period (8 weeks).
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energie- und Nährstoffaufnahme ; Trends ; Bedeutung einzelner Lebensmittel-gruppen ; Modellstudie ; neue Bundesländer ; Intake of energy and nutrients ; trends ; importance of several food groups ; model study ; new German States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A nutritional model study was carried out in Potsdam from December 1990 until December 1991 involving 222 persons at the beginning. Changes of the energy and nutrient intake were evaluated. The trends established in 1991 — demonstrated by means of two specific trend parameters — have been discussed with regard to the results of the nutritional situation in the former GDR. First signs for an improvement of nutritional situation were visible (e.g., increase of consumption of vitamin A, ascorbic acid and calcium as well as decrease of consumption of energy and cholesterol).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine von Ende 1990 bis Ende 1991 in Potsdam durchgeführte Modellstudie an anfangs 222 Personen wurde unter dem Aspekt von Veränderungen der Energie- und Nährstoffaufnahme ausgewertet. Die für 1991 ermittelten Trends — dargestellt durch 2 spezifische Trendparameter — wurden unter Beachtung von Ergebnissen über die Ernährungssituation in der ehemaligen DDR diskutiert. Ansätze zu einer Verbesserung der Ernährungssituation wurden sichtbar (z.B. Verzehrszunahmen bei Vitamin A, Vitamin C und Calcium sowie -abnahmen bei Energie und Cholesterin).
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  • 36
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 210-211 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 37
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 213-225 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Maillard-Reaktionsprodukte ; Glycosylierung, enzymatischer Abbau ; Melanoidine ; Verdauungsenzyme ; Maillard reaction products ; glycosylation ; enzymatic degradation ; melanoidins ; digestive enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this article current knowledge about the Maillard reactionin vivo is described first, especially the glycosylation reactions of various tissues and the identification of different final products and intermediates of Maillard reaction. The influence of MRP on digestion is of significant importance. These products are absorbed in different ways and are excreted in various amounts. Hence, the organism is variably influenced by MRP. The influence of defined MRP, of glycosylated proteins and of melanoidines on glycosidases and proteases is described. The effects produced depend on the enzyme and on the used MRP. Reactive α-dicarbonyl compounds play an important role in the organism. Further possible reactions of these compounds caused by reductases are discussed. The protein structure of enzymes is changed by Maillard reaction. Thereby the enzyme activity is influenced by covalent modifications of different amino acids and by inter- and intramolecular crosslinking. Finally, the use of enzymes and monoclonale antibodies for detection of MRP is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Artikel werden zunächst ausgewählte Kenntnisse zur Maillard-Reaktionin vivo vorangestellt, wobei Glycosylierungsreaktionen von verschiedenen Geweben sowie das Auffinden verschiedener Intermediate und Folgeprodukte der Maillard-Reaktion skizziert werden. Einen besonderen Schwerpunkt bildet der Einfluß von MRP auf die Verdauung. MRP werden in unterschiedlichem Maße resorbiert und ausgeschieden und beeinflussen demzufolge den Organismus in vielfältiger Weise. Die Wechselwirkungen definierter MRP, glycosylierter Proteine und Melanoidine mit Glycosidasen und Proteasen werden beschrieben. Die dadurch ausgelösten Effekte sind sowohl vom untersuchten Enzym als auch vom eingesetzten MRP abhängig. Im Organismus kommt den α-Dicarbonylverbindungen (Ketoaldehyde), wie sie auch als Schlüsselverbindungen im Verlauf der Maillard-Reaktion auftreten, eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Die Möglichkeiten der Umsetzung dieser Verbindungen durch Reductasen wird vorgestellt. Struktur und Aktivität von Enzymen werden durch die Maillard-Reaktion dieser Funktionsproteine mit reduzierenden Kohlenhydraten beeinflußt. Durch kovalente Modifizierung proteingebundener Aminosäuren sowie durch inter- und intramolekulares cross linking kann sich die Enzymaktivität verändern. Schließlich wird der Einsatz von Enzymen und monoklonalen Antikörpern zum Nachweis von definierten MRP angesprochen.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; CA1 pyramidal neurone ; spines ; ethanol ; thiamine ; Hippocampus ; CA1 Pyramidenzelle ; dendritische Dornen ; Ethanol ; Thiamin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer 5monatigen Versuchsperiode wurden ethanolinduzierte Schäden an den dendritischen Dornen der CA1-Pyramidenzellen des Hippocampus männlicher Wistarratten auf morphologischer Ebene dokumentiert. Die zentralnervösen Alterationen spiegeln sich nach täglicher Ethanolapplikation mit dem Trinkwasser und Thiamingaben in Höhe der 3fachen alimentären Empfehlung (1,19 mg/100 g Futter) in einer signifikanten Dornenvergrößerung (gemessene Parameter: Dornenlänge und Durchmesser des Dornenkopfes) wider. Die Dornenhypertrophie ist als neuronaler Kompensationseffekt zu interpretieren, der als Folge eines alkoholbedingten Zelltodes auftritt: Überlebende Neurone protrahieren ihre Dornen auf der Suche nach neuen synaptischen Kontakten zur Erhaltung des ‚neuronalen Kreislaufs‘. Demgegenüber weisen die dendritischen Dornen alkoholbehandelter Tiere, denen gleichzeitig hochdosierte Thiamingaben (119 mg/100 g Futter) verabreicht wurden, normale Längen und Durchmesser ihrer Endköpfe auf. Möglicherweise kann Thiamin durch die Aufrechterhaltung des neuronalen Kohlenhydratstoffwechsels alkoholinduzierte Degenerationen am zentralen Nervensystem der Ratte verhindern.
    Notes: Summary The specific aim of this study was to evaluate whether high doses of thiamine can compensate or prevent alcohol-induced damages of rat hippocampus CA1 pyramids. Twenty weeks of ethanol consumption together with a dose of thiamine in the range of 1.19 mg/100 mg food induced significant enlargement (parameters measured were length of the whole spine and diameter of the end-bulb) of dendritic spines. Hypertrophy can be interpreted as a compensation process due to alcohol-induced cell death because viable spines are in search of new synaptic contacts. In contrast, dendritic spines of the alcohol group fed at the same time with a high dose of thiamine (119 mg/100 g food=megavitamintherapy) showed normal data concerning these parameters. From these results it may be concluded that a megavitamin therapy supports a neuron's carbohydrate metabolism and therefore could be able to prevent or reduce alcohol-induced damages of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in rat central nervous system.
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  • 39
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 288-291 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Copper deficiency ; rat ; thyroxine ; triiodothyronine ; 5′Monodeiodinase ; Kupfermangel ; Ratte ; Thyroxin ; Triiodthyronin ; 5′Monodeiodase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den Einfluß von Kupfermangel auf den Stoffwechsel der Schilddrüsenhormone bei der Ratte zu untersuchen. Dazu wurde ein Versuch mit männlichen wachsenden Sprague-Dawley-Ratten durchgeführt. Der Versuch beinhaltete zwei Gruppen, die entweder eine Kupfermangeldiät (0,06 mg Cu/kg) oder eine Kontrolldiät (16 mg Cu/kg) erhielten. Die Ratten beider Gruppen erhielten dabei durch ein Pair-feeding Regime identische Futtermengen. Die Tiere der Kupfermangelgruppe waren zu Versuchsende um 5 % leichter als die der Kontrollgruppe. Die Kupfermangeltiere hatten darüber hinaus eine stark verminderte Aktivität des Ceruloplasmins im Serum (um 97 %) sowie veränderte hämatologische Parameter, was einen starken Kupfermangel bei diesen Tieren belegte. Zur Abschätzung des Stoffwechsels der Schilddrüsenhormone wurden die Konzentrationen des gesamten und des freien Thyroxins (T4) und des Triiodthyronins (T3) im Serum sowie die Aktivität der 5′ Monodeiodase (5′D) in der Leber bestimmt. Die Kupfermangeltiere hatten eine erhöhte Konzentration an T3 im Serum, während sowohl die Konzentration an freiem und am gesamten T4 als auch die Aktivität der 5′D in der Leber nicht verändert waren. Insgesamt zeigt die vorliegende Untersuchung, daß auch sehr starker Kupfermangel nur geringfügige Änderungen des Stoffwechsels der Schilddrüsenhormone bei wachsenden Ratten verursacht.
    Notes: Summary The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of copper deficiency on thyroid hormone metabolism in rats. Therefore, an experiment with growing male Sprague-Dawley rats was carried out, consisting of two groups of rats fed either a copper-deficient (0.06 mg Cu/kg) or a copper-adequate diet (16 mg Cu/kg). Both groups of rats were fed identical quantities of diet by pair-feeding. Copper deficiency decreased the final body weight of the rats by 5 % compared to copper-adequate control rats. A severe copper-deficient state in the rats fed the copper-deficient diet was proved by a large decrease of ceruloplasmin activity in serum (by 97 %) and hematological changes. For estimation of thyroid hormone metabolism, the concentrations of total and free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in serum and the activity of hepatic 5′ monodeiodinase (5′D) were determined. Copper-deficient rats had an increased concentration of T3 in serum, whereas the concentrations of total and free T4 as well as the activity of hepatic 5′D were not different compared with copper-adequate control rats. Therefore, the study shows that copper deficiency has only slight effects on thyroid hormone metabolism in growing rats.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin-B6-Status ; Pyridoxin ; Pyridoxamin ; Pyridoxamin ; Laktation ; Ratte ; Vitamin B6 status ; pyridoxine ; pyridoxal ; pyridoxamine ; lactation ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Eighty female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a semisynthetic diet during gravidity which was supplemented with 5 mg vitamin B6 per kg diet. The daily food intake was 14 g. During the following lactation the rats were assigned to one of 10 vitamin B6 treatment groups (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 36, 360 and 3 600 mg per kg diet). The feed was given ad libitum. At day 14 of lactation the rats were decapitated. Parameters for determination of the vitamin B6 status were concentration of pyridoxine, pyridoxal and pyridoxamine in liver and body analyzed by using HPLC. Body was defined without the gastroenteral tract that was divided into carcass (extrahepatical compartments without liver) and total body (extrahepatical compartments plus liver). The mean weight of liver was 13 g with a dry mass of 33 %; there was no difference between the treatment groups. The vitamin B6 concentration was lowest in rats fed 0 mg vitamin B6/kg diet (5 µg/g fresh matter, FM) and highest in the rats fed 3 600 mg vitamin B6/kg diet (10.9 µg/g FM). The total vitamin B6 consisted on the average of 38 % pyridoxal and 62 % pyridoxamine. This was only changed significantly at the highest supplementation level, where 20 % pyridoxine were detected instead of pyridoxamine. The mean weight of carcass averaged 212 g at a dry matter content of 31 %. The vitamin B6 concentration ranged in the treatment groups from 0 mg to 360 mg vitamin B6/kg diet between 2.1 µg/g FM and 2.8 µg/g FM. It was highest in the 3 600 mg vitamin B6 treatment group at 7.5 µg/g FM. The total vitamin B6 consisted of 63 % pyridoxal and 37 % pyridoxamine. It was only significantly affected in the 3 600 mg vitamin B6 treatment group, where also pyridoxine could be found in the amount of 56 %. The results indicate that alimentary vitamin B6 supply had more influence on liver vitamin B6 concentration than on carcass concentration. Total body concentration is very similar as carcass concentration, as 95 % of vitamin B6 is located there. The suitability of the parameters for the evaluation of the vitamin B6 requirement was confirmed by the comparison of two statistical methods. It is concluded that a vitamin B6 supply of 5 to 6 mg/kg diet is necessary to meet the requirements during lactation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 80 weibliche Sprague-Dawley Ratten erhielten während der Gravidität eine semisynthetische Diät mit einer Zulage von 5 mg Vitamin B6/kg Diät. Die tägliche Futteraufnahme betrug 14 g pro Tier. Für den Zeitraum bis zum 14. Tag der Laktation wurden je acht Tiere mit insgesamt zehn verschiedenen Vitamin-B6-Zu-lagestufen versorgt (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 36, 360 und 3 600 mg/kg Diät). Das Futter wurde ad libitum vorgelegt. Am 14. Tag der Laktation wurden die Tiere dekapitiert. Als Parameter zur Bestimmung des Vitamin-B6-Status wurden die Konzentrationen von Pyridoxin, Pyridoxal und Pyridoxamin in der Leber und im Körper mittels HPLC bestimmt. Als Körper wurde der vom Magen-Darm-Trakt befreite Tierkörper bezeichnet, der in Restkörper (extrahepatische Kompartimente ohne Leber) und Gesamtkörper (extrahepatische Kompartimente plus Leber) unterteilt wurde. Das Organgewicht der Leber war über alle Zulagestufen gleich und betrug im Durchschnitt 13 g bei einem Trockensubstanzgehalt von 33 %. Die Vitamin-B6-Konzentration bewegte sich zwischen 5,0 µg/g Frischmasse (FM) in der niedrigsten Zulagestufe und 10,9 µg/g FM in der höchsten Zulagestufe. Das Gesamtvitamin B6 setzte sich im Durchschnitt aus 38 % Pyridoxal und 62 % Pyridoxamin zusammen und war nur in der höchstdosierten Zulagestufe durch einen Anteil von 20 % Pyridoxin zuungunsten von Pyridoxamin signifikant verschoben. Das Restkörpergewicht zeigte keine Unterschiede zwischen den Vitamin-B6-Zulagestufen und lag im Durchschnitt bei 212 g, bei einem Trockensubstanzgehalt von 31 %. Die Vitamin-B6-Konzentration bewegte sich in den Zulagestufen 0 bis 360 mg Vitamin B6/kg Diät in einem kleinen Intervall zwischen 2,1 µg/g FM und 2,8 µg/g FM, bei einer Zulage von 3 600 mg/kg Diät ergab sich eine signifikante Erhöhung auf 7,5 µg/g FM. Die Zusammensetzung des Gesamtvitamins bestand im Durchschnitt zu 63 % aus Pyridoxal und zu 37 % aus Pyridoxamin und zeigte sich nur in der hochdosierten Zulagestufe durch einen Anteil von 56 % Pyridoxin zuungunsten von Pyridoxal und Pyridoxamin signifikant verändert. Insgesamt zeigte sich die Vitamin-B6-Konzentration der Leber als leichter durch die alimentäre Versorgung zu beeinflussen. Die quantitativ größte Menge an Vitamin B6, lokalisiert im Restkörper, stellte sich als schwerer zu beeinflussen heraus. Im Gesamtkörper ergaben sich ähnliche Verhältnisse wie im Restkörper, der etwa 95 % des Vitamin-B6-Bestandes enthält. Anhand zweier mathematischer Modelle wurde eine statistische Bedarfsableitung durchgeführt und die generelle Eignung der Parameter für die Bedarfsableitung überprüft. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse ergibt sich während der Laktation bei Verwendung der beschriebenen Diät eine bedarfsgerechte Vitamin-B6-Versorgung bei 5 bis 6 mg pro kg Diät.
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  • 41
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  • 42
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 309-317 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin B6 ; Schwangerschaft ; Laktation ; Gehirnentwicklung ; Dendriten ; Neurotransmitter ; Krampfanfälle ; Rattenmodell ; Mensch ; Vitamin B-6 ; dietary ; intake ; pregnancy ; lactation ; brain development ; dendrites ; neurotransmitter synthesis ; seizures ; animals ; humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Vitamin B-6 is an important coenzyme in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters GABA, dopamine and serotonin and is therefore required for the normal perinatal development of the central nervous system. In rat studies, biochemical and morphological abnormalities (decreased dendritic arborization and reduced numbers of myelinated axons and synapses) in the brains of pups from vitamin B-6 deficient dams were associated with behavioral changes such as epileptiform seizures and movement disorders. In severely vitamin B-6 deficient human infants, similar behavioral abnormalities have been described. Marginally deficient neonates were found to have a lower birthweight and to display less mature reactive and adaptive behavior in the Brazleton Neonatal Assessment Scale than well-fed infants. While it is not yet possible to define the exact amount of vitamin B-6 required to support optimal brain development, pregnant and lactating women should be encouraged to consume a diet that is rich in vitamin B-6.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vitamin B6 spielt bei der Biosynthese der Neurotransmitter GABA, Dopamin und Serotonin als Coenzym eine wichtige Rolle und ist somit für die gesunde perinatale Entwicklung des Zentralnervensystems von Bedeutung. In Studien mit Ratten konnte gezeigt werden, daß neugeborene Tiere von Müttern mit einem Vitamin-B6-Mangel biochemische und morphologische Anomalien im Gehirn (reduzierte GABA- und Dopaminkonzentrationen, verminderte Dendritenverzweigungen und reduzierte Zahl der myelinisierten Axone und Synapsen) aufwiesen, was Verhaltens- und motorische Störungen, wie epilepsieartige Krampfanfälle und Bewegungsstörungen zur Folge hatte. Bei menschlichen Neugeborenen mit einem schweren Vitamin-B6-Mangel wurden ähnliche Störungen beobachtet. Neugeborene, die marginal mit Vitamin B6 unterversorgt waren, wiesen ein niedrigeres Geburtsgewicht auf und zeigten ein unreiferes reaktives und adaptives Verhalten als richtig ernährte Säuglinge. Es ist zwar noch nicht möglich, die für eine optimale Gehirnentwicklung benötigte Menge an Vitamin B6 genau zu definieren; man sollte aber schwangeren und stillenden Frauen empfehlen, Vitamin-B6-reiche Nahrung auszuwählen.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Pollenallergene ; Lebensmittelallergence ; exotische Früchte ; Kreuzreaktivität ; IgE-Immunoblotting ; Food allergens ; pollen allergens ; cross-reactivity ; exotic fruit ; IgE-immunoblotting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Viele Studien belegen, daß das Phänomen der birkenpollenassoziierten Nahrungsmittelallergie auf spezifische IgE-Antikörper zurückzuführen ist, die primär gegen Birkenpollenallergene gerichtet sind und mit verwandten Proteinen in Obst, Nüssen und Gemüse kreuzreagieren. Wir haben ein neues Muster der Kreuzreaktivität identifiziert, das auf einem 35 kDa - Protein aus Birkenpollen beruht. Es handelt sich um ein Minorallergen der Birke, gegen das ca. 10–15 % der Birkenpollenallergiker spezifische IgE-Antikörper aufweisen. Inhibitionsstudien mit dem Enzymallergosorbens-Test (EAST) und mittels Immunoblot zeigen die Kreuzreaktivität dieses Proteins zu Proteinen vergleichbarer Größe aus Litschi, Mango, Banane, Orange, Apfel, Birne und Karotte. Das 35 kDa-Protein ist immunologisch unabhängig von Bet v 1, dem Hauptallergen der Birke. Dagegen haben wir auch ein Protein mit einer Größe von 34 kDa beobachtet, bei dem es sich vermutlich um ein Bet v 1-Dimer handelt.
    Notes: Summary Food allergies in birch pollen allergic patients have been shown to be due to cross-reactivities of specific IgE antibodies which are directed against birch pollen allergens with related proteins in fruit, nuts and vegetables. We identified a new cross-reactive structure of 35 kDa in birch pollen and some plant food extracts by Enzyme Allergosorbent Test (EAST) and immunoblot inhibition studies. The 35 kDa birch pollen protein is a minor allergen to which approximately 10–15 % of birch pollen allergic individuals have specific IgE. Our data demonstrate that there is cross-reactivity of this protein with proteins of comparable size from lychee, mango, banana, orange, apple, pear and carrot. While the 35 kDa protein is immunologically independent of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1, we also observed IgE binding to a 34 kDa structure which appears to be a Bet v 1 dimer.
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  • 44
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 378-386 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Erfrischungsgetränke ; Energy Drinks ; Coffein ; Taurin ; Caffeine ; energy drinks ; refreshing drinks ; taurine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It was the aim of the present study to evaluate how adolscents in Germany accept and consume the new caffeineated drinks (NCD), which can now be legally marketed in Germany. In summer and fall 1994, three surveys were carried out at different schools in Germany (Aachen, Cologne, Wuppertal, Berlin-West and Berlin-Ost). 1 265 boys and girls were asked foracquaintance with NCD (module I) and 875 of them aboutconsumption (module II). With 727 pupils a third question (module III) was applied by which consumption of Cola drinks compared to that of NCD could be quantified. In total, 93.6 % of the young people indicated toknow about the NCD, and 53.3 % to havetasted these new drinks. Consumption was reported assometimes (〈1 can/week) from 23 % and asrepeatedly (1–7 cans/week) from 3 %.Acquaintance andconsumption were clearly related to age and gender, but even the youngest group (10–13 years old) indicated to havetasted the NCD (30.7 % in females and 50 % in males) and to drink themsometimes (5.2 % in females and 23.1 % in males). In the series with question module III 9.5 % reportednot to drink cola, 36.6 % to drink cola“sometimes“, 30.9 %“repeatedly”, 8.6 %“often” and 11.6 %“frequently” (〉2 cans/day). The corresponding figures for the NCD were 69.9 % (non-drinkers), 23.3 %“sometimes”, 3.3 %“trepeatedly”, 0.3 %“often” and 0.6 %“frequently”. The results suggest that all young people in Germany know about the NCD but actually consume these new drinks moderately. They prefer cola drinks. The observation, however, that a small group may consume extreme amounts and that even very young pupils consume the NCD regularly should give rise to have a close look at the consumption pattern in the near future.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Hinblick darauf, ob Jugendliche zu übermäßigem Konsum bei den neuartigen Erfrischungsgetränken neigen, sollte geprüft werden, wie diese seit einiger Zeit in Deutschland verfügbaren, neuartigen Coffein-Drinks (NCD) von Jugendlichen angenommen und konsumiert werden. Im Sommer und Herbst 1994 wurden drei Umfragen in verschiedenen Schulen in Deutschland (Aachen, Köln, Wuppertal, Berlin-West und Berlin-Ost) durchgeführt. Gefragt wurde bei 1 265 Schülerinnen und Schülern nach demBekanntheitsgrad der NCD (Befragungsmodul I) und bei 875 von ihnen nach demKonsum (Befragungsmodul II). Bei 727 Schülerinnen und Schülern wurde darüber hinaus eine Vergleichsbefragung (Konsum an NCD im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Cola-Getränken) vorgenommen (Befragungsmodul III). Bei den verschiedenen Fragen gaben insgesamt 93,6 % der Jugendlichen an, die NCD zukennen, 53,3 % sie schon einmalprobiert zu haben; 23 % der Jugendlichen tranken diese Getränkegelegentlich (〈als 1 Dose/Woche), 3 %häufiger (1–7 Dosen/Woche). Es zeigte sich eine klare Abhängigkeit des Konsumverhaltens vom Geschlecht und Alter. Dabei ist bemerkenswert, daß auch in der jüngsten getesteten Gruppe (10–13 Jahre alt) 30,7 % der Mädchen bzw. 50 % der Jungen die NCD schonprobiert haben und sic zu 5,2 bzw. 23,1 %gelegentlich konsumieren. In der Vergleichsbefragung mit dem Modul III gaben 9,5 % der befragten Jugendlichen an, Cola-Getränkenicht zu trinken, 36,6 % „gelegentlich“, 30,9 % „häufiger“, 8,6 % „oft“ und 11,6 % „sehr oft“ bzw. ‚sehr viel“ (letztere Kategorie entspricht mehr als 2 Dosen pro Tag). Für die NCD lagen die entsprechenden Häufigkeiten bei 69,9 % (Nicht-Trinker), 23,3 % ‚gelegentlich“, 3,3 % ‚häufiger“, 0,3 % ‚oft“ und 0,6 % ‚sehr oft“ bzw. ‚sehr viel“. Aus den Ergebnissen läßt sich schließen, daß fast alle Jugendlichen in Deutschland die NCD kennen und überwiegend maßvoll mit diesen neuartigen Getränken umgehen. Sie bevorzugen Cola-Getränke. Da offensichtlich einige wenige Jugendliche zu extremem Konsum neigen bzw. schon in relativ jungem Alter zu den NCD greifen, sollte die Entwicklung der Verzehrsgewohnheiten weiterhin aufmerksam verfolgt werden.
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  • 45
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 2-5 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Iodmangel ; Iodidurie ; Iodversorgung Strumaprophylaxe ; Iodine deficiency ; urinary iodide excretion ; goiter prevention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Germany finds itself among the most iodine deficient countries of Europe. Voluntary use of iodized salt constitutes the only goiter prophylaxis. In the last few years, measures such as the opening up of European internal markets, abolition of lac pertaining to the alimentary iodine consumption. Random samples of urine collected from 5 932 persons without thyroid ailment, distributed over 32 regions of Germany, were measured for iodine excretion. The median value of iodine excretion was 72.4 µg I/g creatinine. Children under 10 years (76.9) and persons over 70 years (80.7) showed a slightly higher iodine elimination than those between 11–70 years (71.9). No differences between the former East Germany and West Germany as well as North, South and middle regions of unified Germany were observed. 55 % of the study population presented with iodine values between 50 and 100 µg, 19 % with lower than 50 µg. Only 9 % showed sufficient iodine state. The results expose the inadequacy of the voluntary measures to tackle the problem of alimentary iodine deficiency.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Deutschland zählt zu den iodärmsten Ländern Europas. Die Strumaprophylaxe durch Verwendung iodierten Speisesalzes beruht auf dem Prinzip der Freiwilligkeit. Durch forcierte Aufklärung, Öffnung des europäischen Binnenmarktes und Wegfall der Deklarierungspflicht für mit Iodsalz hergestellte Nahrungsmittel könnte sich die alimentäre Iodversorgung in den letzten zwei Jahren verbessert haben. Wir untersuchten in 32 Regionen Deutschlands bei 5 932 seitens der Schilddrüse weder diagnostizierten noch behandelten Personen die Iodidausscheidung im Spontanurin. Der Median betrug 72,4 µg Iodid/g Kreatinin. Regionale Unterschiede gab es nicht. 9 % hatten eine ausreichende Iodversorgung (über 150 µg/d), 17 % lagen zwischen 100–150 µg, 55 % zwischen 50–100, 17 % zwischen 25–50, 2 % unter 25 µ. Die Ergebnisse belegen, daß der alimentäre Iodmangel auf der Basis der Freiwilligkeit nicht zu beheben ist.
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  • 46
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 51-52 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 47
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 53-54 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 48
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nahrungspräferenzen ; Verzehrsgewohnheiten ; Lieblingsspeisen ; Ernährungserziehung ; sozial-kulturell ; Food preferences ; eating habits ; favorite foods ; nutritional education ; sociocultural data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This study was conducted by the Technical University of Munich-Weihenstephan on behalf of the Department of Education of the city of Munich. A total of 82 children as well as their parents and 23 kindergarten teachers in five Munich kindergartens were questioned about their food preferences, and their sociocultural data were gathered. The results showed that the nationality and the religion of the mother were fundamental to the origin and consolidation of the eating habits of the children. Other important und influencing factors were: the peer group and the teachers in the kindergarten, the father's job, the sex and the age of the children. When comparing the food preferences of the children and their role models, it was found that the preferences and aversions were more similar to those of their own mothers/teachers/members of the peer group than to those of children of other peer groups, other parents or other teachers.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Auftrag des Schulreferats der Stadt München wurden an der Technischen Universität München-Weihenstephan insgesamt 83 Kinder sowie deren Eltern und 23 Erzieherinnen in 5 Münchner Kindergärten zu ihren Nahrungspräferenzen befragt und ihre sozial-kulturellen Einflüsse untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß die Staatsangehörigkeit und Religion der Mutter wesentlich zur Entstehung und Festigung der Verzehrsgewohnheiten von Kindern beitragen. Als weitere wichtige Einflußfaktoren erwiesen sich die Kindergartengruppe, der Beruf des Vaters, das Geschlecht und das Alter der Kinder. Beim Vergleich der Nahrungspräferenzen von Kindern und ihren Bezugspersonen zeigte sich, daß die Vorlieben und Abneigungen von Kindern und ihren eigenen Müttern/Erzieherinnen/Gruppenkameraden ähnlicher waren als die von Kindern und Müttern/Erzieherinnen/Gruppenkameraden anderer Kindergartenkinder. Daraus wird der Schluß gezogen, daß die eigene Mutter und Bezugspersonen einen hohen Einfluß bei der Ausprägung von Nahrungspräferenzen haben.
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  • 49
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 163-171 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Tagesverpflegung ; Altenheime ; Energie ; Nährstoffe ; Daily diet ; nursing homes for the elderly ; energy ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Daily diet from 20 nursing homes for the elderly in the German state of Hessen was collected over a period of 7 days. Caloric free beverages were not included. After weighing and protocoling, the components of the meals were combined to one sample per day. Energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and dietary fiber content was determined by analytical methods and by calculation using the nutrient table Federal Foodstuffs Key (Bundeslebensmittelschlüssel). Mean calculated contents exceeded analytical determined data except for dietary fibre. In comparison to the recommendations of the German Association for Nutrition (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung) concerning nutrient intake of the elderly, energy, fat and protein content of the daily diet were too high. Carbohydrate content did not reach the recommendations, being at least 50 % of energy intake. It is remarkable that dietary fibre content exceeded the recommendations of 30 grams per day. In Hessen a similar study was already done in 1982. Regarding energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate content, only negligible changes could be stated since that time.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verpflegung von zwanzig hessischen Altenheimen wurde an sieben aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen gesammelt. Kalorienfreie Getränke wurden nicht miterfaßt. Die Komponenten der einzelnen Mahlzeiten wurden gewogen und protokolliert und zu je sieben Tagesproben zusammengefaßt. Der Energie-, Protein-, Fett-, Kohlenhydrat- und Ballaststoffgehalt der Tagesproben wurde zum einen analytisch bestimmt, zum anderen mit Hilfe der Nährwerttabellen des Bundeslebensmittelschlüssels rechnerisch ermittelt. Außer bei den Ballaststoffen lagen im Durchschnitt die berechneten über den analysierten Gehalten. Verglichen mit den Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ernährung für die Nährstoffzufuhr von Senioren waren der Energie-, Fett- und Proteingehalt der angebotenen Kost zu hoch. Die Empfehlung, 50 % der Energiezufuhr durch Kohlenhydrate abzudecken, wurde nicht erreicht. Bemerkenswert war, daß der Ballaststoffgehalt den empfohlenen Wert von 30 g pro Tag überschritt. Eine ähnliche Studie wurde in Hessen bereits 1982 durchgeführt. In bezug auf den Energie-, Protein-, Fett- und Kohlenhydratgehalt hat sich seit der ersten Untersuchung wenig verändert.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungsepidemiologie ; food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) ; quantitative, individuelle Ernährungserhebung ; Methodenvergleich ; Nutritional epidemiology ; food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) ; quantitative, individual nutritional questionnaire ; comparison of methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With this paper we attempt to present a possible way of making quantitative estimates of the quantities of selected, preventively important food stuff groups consumed using a food frequency questionnaire together with a 3-day dietary protocol. The 3-day dietary protocol used in the 1984/85 MONICA survey of the former GDR is used as the standard. For large nutritional/epidemiological studies (e.g., cancer or cardiovascular cohort studies) this combination of methods is suggested as a means of arriving at quantitative estimates for nutritional habits in relation to the product groups presented here. Further investigations regarding correction factors are necessary where the food frequency is either very low or very high to detect potential inaccuracy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In vorliegender Arbeit wird der Versuch einer Möglichkeit zur quantitativen Einschätzung von Verzehrsmengen ausgewählter, präventiv bedeutungsvoller Nahrungsmittelgruppen auf der Grundlage einer Methodenkombination von Häufigkeits- und 3-Tage-Ernährungsprotokollen dargestellt. Grundlage ist ein 3-Tage-Protokoll der MONICA-Stichprobe 1984/85 der damaligen DDR. Für die dargestellten Produktgruppen wird diese Mcthodenkombination für große ernährungsepidemiologische Studien (z.B. Krebsoder Herz-Kreislauf-Kohorten-Studien) zur quantitativen Einschätzung von Ernährungsgewohnheiten vorgeschlagen. Weitergehende Untersuchungen zu Korrekturfaktoren für möglicherweise auftretende Verzerrungen bei sehr geringer oder hoher Verzehrshäufigkeit sind notwendig.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Butterfett ; Rapsöl ; trans-Fettsäuren ; Laurin-, Myristin- und Palmitinsäure ; Stearin- und Ölsäure ; Butterfat ; rapeseed oil ; trans fatty acids ; lauric, myristic and palmitic acid ; stearic and oleic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Butter is rich in lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids which are assumed to be hypercholesterolemic. The replacement of usual dietary fat by rapeseed oil induces a serum cholesterol decrease. The objective of the study consisted in measuring the influence of feeding different amounts of full-fat rapeseed or oil-rich rapeseed cake to dairy cows to improve the fatty acid composition of milk fat. The results demonstrate a significant increase of iodine number and spreadability of butter. The percentage of lauric+myristic+palmitic acid (LMP) decreased by about 18 % of whole fatty acids. Stearic and oleic acid increased significantly but the percentage oftrans octadecenoic acid increased too. It can be concluded that the special butter has a nutritionally improved fat characterized by an increase of cholesterol-lowering fatty acids (C18 and C18:1) and a decline of cholesterol-elevating fatty acids (LMP).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Butter weist einen hohen Anteil an Laurin-, Myristin-und Palmitinsäure auf, die als hypercholesterämisch gelten. Ein Austausch des üblichen Nahrungsfettes durch Rapsöl bewirkt beim Menschen einen Abfall des Serumcholesterols. Durch Verfütterung verschiedener Mengen von Vollfettraps und ölreichem Rapskuchen an Milchkühe sollte geprüft werden, inwieweit das Fettsäurenspektrum der Milch qualitativ zu verbessern ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen signifikanten Anstieg der Jodzahl und damit der Streichfähigkeit des Butterfettes. Die Anteile an Laurin-, Myristin-und Palmitinsäure (LMP) verminderten sich um etwa 18 % der Gesamtfettsäuren. Signifikante Anstiege ergaben sich besonders für die Stearin- und Ölsäure, aber auch für dietrans-Vaccensäure. Es kann gefolgert werden, daß durch den erhöhten Anteil an cholesterolsenkenden Fettsäuren (C18 und C18:1) sowie die Abnahme der cholesterolsteigernden Fettsäuren (LMP) eine Butter mit verbesserten ernährungsphysiologischen Eigenschaften zur Verfügung steht.
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    European journal of nutrition 35 (1996), S. 178-184 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Fish oil ; micro-encapsulation ; lipids ; rats ; fatty acids ; oxidative status ; vitamin E ; Fischöl ; Mikroverkapselung ; Lipide ; Ratten ; Fettsäuren ; oxidativer Zustand ; Vitamin E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der ernährungsphysiologische Wert eines mikroverkapselten Fischölprodukts wurde untersucht. Drei Gruppen mit je zehn männlichen Wistar-Ratten erhielten isokalorisches Futter mit 20 Gew. % Fettanteil. In den beiden Testgruppen wurde 5 Gew. % Fischöl entweder in der freien oder in der mikroverkapselten Form der Nahrung beigemischt. Der restliche Fettanteil bestand aus Schmalz und Maisöl mit einem Anteil von 10 Gew. % Linolsäure. Die Kontrollgruppe erhielt nur Schmalz und Maisöl. Die fettfreie Matrix des mikroverkapselten Produkts wurde dem Futter der Kontrollgruppe beigemischt, so daß sie in jedem Futter vorhanden war. Die Aufnahme von marinen, (n-3) mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren (PUFA) aus den beiden unterschiedlichen Fischöldiäten spiegelt sich im Fettsäureprofil der Phosphatidylcholine (PC), Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), Triglyceride (TG) und Cardiolipin (CL) der Leber wider. In diesen Gruppen wurde auch eine Hemmung der Elongation von Linolsäure beobachtet, was zu höheren Werten dieser Fettsäure in Leber-PC und -PE führte. Die Konzentrationen an Gesamtlipiden, Triglyceriden, Cholesterin und Phospholipiden in der Leber waren in allen Gruppen gleich. Zusätze von langkettigen (n-3) PUFA beeinflußten die Konzentration der Plasma-TG nicht, erniedrigten jedoch den Plasma-Cholesterinspiegel. Die Bestimmung der Glutathion-peroxidase-Aktivität und Cytochrom-P450-Konzentration in der Leber zeigte keine Veränderung des oxidativen Zustands nach Fütterung von freiem bzw. mikroverkapseltem Fischöl. Die Aufnahme von (n-3) PUFA verringerte die Vitamin-E-Konzentration im Plasma, während der Gehalt an Vitamin E in der Leber unverändert blieb. Zusammengefaßt kann gesagt werden, daß die Fütterung von Fischöl und mikroverkapseltem Fischöl zum gleichen Fettsäuremuster in verschiedenen Lipidklassen (TG, PC, PE, CL) und zu vergleichbaren Konzentrationen von Leber-und Plasmalipiden führt. Außerdem führen Zusätze von Fischöl oder mikroverkapseltem Fischöl zu keinem oxidativen Stress, wenn dem Futter Antioxidantien in ausreichender Menge zugesetzt wurden. Daraus kann man schließen, daß Zusätze von mikroverkapseltem Fischöl zu Lebensmitteln geeignet sind, die tägliche Aufnahme von (n-3) PUFA zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Summary The nutritional value of a micro-encapsulated fish oil product has been investigated. Three groups of 10 male Wistar rats each were fed diets containing 20% (w/w) of fat, and only the type and form of the fat added was different. In the test groups 5% (w/w) of fish oil either as such or in a micro-encapsulated form was incorporated in the diets. The remaining fat was lard supplemented with corn oil to a dietary content of linoleic acid at 10% (w/w). The control group received lard and corn oil only. A mixture similar to the dry matter in the micro-encapsulated product was also added to the diets not containing this product. The uptake of marine (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from both types of fish oil supplement was reflected in the fatty acid profiles of liver phosphatidyl cholines (PC), phosphatidyl ethanolamines (PE), triglycerides (TG) and cardiolipin (CL). A suppression of the elongation of linoleic acid leading to a higher concentration of this fatty acid in liver PC and PE was also observed. The concentration of total lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids in liver was similar in all groups. Supplements of long chain (n-3) PUFA did not influence the concentration of plasma TG but lowered the level of plasma cholesterol. No change in the oxidative status, measured as glutathione peroxidase activity and cytochrome P450 concentration in the liver, was found after feeding with fish oil either directly or in the micro-encapsulated form. Intake of (n-3) PUFA lowered the concentration of vitamin E in plasma while the content of vitamin E in the liver was unchanged. Overall, fish oil and micro-encapsulated fish oil resulted in the same fatty acid pattern in the major lipid classes and the same concentrations of liver and plasma lipids. Furthermore, supplementation of fish oil or micro-encapsulated fish oil did not induce oxidative stress when the diets were supplemented with ambient concentrations of antioxidants. It is concluded that micro-encapsulated fish oil is suitable for increasing the intake of (n-3) PUFA by fortification of normal daily food ingredients.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1435-5957
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we investigate the role of input-output data sources in regional econometric input-output models. While there has been a great deal of experimentation focused on the accuracy of alternative methods for estimating regional inputoutput coefficients, little attention has been directed to the role of accuracy when the input-output system is nested within a broader accounting framework. The issues of accuracy were considered in two contexts, forecasting and impact analysis focusing on a model developed for the Chicago region. We experimented with three input-output data sources: observed regional data, national input-output, and randomly generated inputoutput coefficients. The effects of different sources of input-output data on regional econometric input-output models revealed that there are significant differences in results obtained in both forecast and impact analyses. The adjustment processes inherent in the econometric input-output system did not mask the differences imbedded in input-output tables derived from different data sources. Since applications of these types of models involve both impact and forecasting exercises, there should be strong motivation for basing the syste on the most accurate set of input-output accounts.
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  • 54
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    Papers in regional science 75 (1996), S. 177-199 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Japan National Railways went private in 1987, the first of many national railways to do so, and the Japanese experience could provide lessons to other nations. This paper evaluates the effects of Japan National Railways' Privatization on labor productivity and employment in the passenger sectors. The main data was obtained from the Annual Rail Statistics of both the Ministry of Transport and Japan National Railways. Quantitative methods such as labor productivity models were used to evaluate the effects of privatization. Large private railways, which are considered the most efficient railways in Japan, are often compared to privatized Japan Railways. Major findings are as follows: First, Japan Railways still have 20% more employees than large private railways. Second, current productivity differences between Japan Railways and large private railways appear in station and maintenance activities. Third, reduction in employment during the transitional periods of privatization greatly contributed to increases in the productivity of Japan Railways. Fourth, it is not clear whether or not productivity differences among regional Japan Railways have been decreasing since privatization. Finally, the effect of privatization on productivity growth was about 29%. Moreover, even if productivity increases, safety is not compromised, with serious accidents clearly being unrelated to productivity growth.
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    Papers in regional science 75 (1996), S. 433-440 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explicitly incorporates monopsony market structure into the Weber-Moses's one-output, two-input triangular location model and reexamines the location invariance principle. It will be shown that this principle need not hold if the imperfection of input markets prevails. This is contrary to the conventional wisdom.
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    Papers in regional science 75 (1996), S. 135-153 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between urbanization and level of income has been the subject of considerable theoretical debate and empirical study for many years. However, little recent work has been done to determine whether or not previous findings still hold, and there has been even less multi-country analysis to explore the degree of generality. Analysis of data for metropolitan areas in the United States from 1970 to 1990 indicates per capita income increases directly with population size. For states of the United States and 113 countries for 1960 and 1980 a strong positive relationship exists and holds temporally between level of per capita Gross Domestic Product and percent of the population that is urban.
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    Papers in regional science 75 (1996), S. 201-235 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Foreign direct investment in the United States is an integral part of the competition among global industrial core regions. Most foreign investment in the U.S. originates in Europe, Canada, and Japan. Acquisition rather than new plant establishment is the favored mode of investment and the interregional supply of potential acquisition candidates constrains foreign investors' locational choices. This paper provides an analysis of the location of foreign employment in 15 disaggregated sectors across U.S. states in 1990. The results show that foreign firms concentrate employment in existing regions of production. Foreign investments in most raw materials processing sectors particularly favor these places. Some decentralization has occurred in several sectors, especially food, paper, chemicals and petroleum, rubber and plastics, stone, clay and glass products, and primary metals. Other significant determinants of location include labor force characteristics and certain regional preferences. No evidence was found in our analysis of disaggregate sectors that foreign investors avoid strong unions more than their domestic counterparts.
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    Papers in regional science 75 (1996), S. 265-291 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Drawing from flexible production literature on industrial networks, this research pays particular attention to the socially embedded nature of firm linkages in a distribution sector. The empirical study of Chinese-owned computer wholesale firms within Los Angeles County shows that the presence of ethnic identity plays a significant role in the internal operation and external transactions of Chinese firms. Ethnic relations facilitate interactions within the ethnic group, producing a closely knit ethnic network within the industry. The heavy reliance on ethnic networks also has led Chinese firms to a notable geographical separation from the remaining firms in the same sector.
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    Papers in regional science 75 (1996), S. 351-374 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Producer services employment has grown rapidly within advanced economies in recent years. The bases of demand related to this growth are not well understood by regional scientists. A common view is that this growth is largely attributable to cost-driven factors and vertical disintegration processes on the part of producer service users. This paper demonstrates that cost-driven externalization is not the most important force underlying growth in demand for producer services. The need for specialized knowledge is by far the most important factor behind producer services demand, combined with a variety of other cost, quasi-cost, and non-cost-driven forces.
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    Papers in regional science 75 (1996), S. 463-481 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on the dynamic relations between Spain's principal regional labor markets. An economic base mechanism, some of whose assumptions are redefined, is postulated as the essential behavior hypothesis. The bifurcation hypothesis is resolved having regard to the necessary condition of cointegration between the basic sector and the regional aggregate, using series with quarterly periodicity in this case. The identified bases, which need not coincide in each region, allow a dynamic inter-regional model to be built using vector autoregression with an error correction mechanism. The results are a step towards the spatial disaggregation of Spain's labor market and reveal singular dynamic relationships.
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    Papers in regional science 75 (1996), S. 501-524 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper aims at positioning spatial development at the crossroads of the conflicting needs for spatial mobility and spatial sustainability. Such tensions have explicitly been recognized in recent local, national and international policy documents. A reconciliation of such antagonistic driving forces in our modern network economy requires a solid theoretical framework in which the relevant force fields are depicted and in which the uncertainties inherent in any attempt at steering human behavior in space are explicitly recognized. This requires an analytical framework in which relevant scenarios are systematically projected on a model structure describing the above mentioned force field. This paper will try to offer an operational methodology for coping with the above mentioned conflicting issues in planning for sustainable spatial development. Particular attention will be given to the spatial scale of analyzing sustainable development. The methodology will be illustrated by presenting empirical results from a case study undertaken in the western part of the Netherlands, the so called Randstad.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 3-10 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Non-tumour ; Arteries ; Fibrocellular intimal hyperplasia ; Aminolaevulinic acid ; Phthalocyanine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy is being investigated as a cancer therapy. As a cytotoxic treatment, it may also have therapeutic benefits in certain non-tumour conditions. The mechanism of photodynamic therapy is discussed in relation to its cancer therapy. The literature on non-tumour applications of photodynamic therapy is subsequently reviewed, highlighting its vascular applications in particular. Arterial angioplasty restenosis has proved resistant to all treatments tried thus far. Because fibrocellular intimal hyperplasia arising from the proliferation of vascular medial smooth muscle cells forms the pathological basis of restenosis, photodynamic therapy has been considered in its prevention. The literature on two second-generation photosensitizers (5-aminolaevulinic acid and phthalocyanine) which are likely to achieve clinical application are reviewed with regard to their photodynamic effects on fibrocellular intimal hyperplasia. This review concludes that photodynamic therapy shows enough promise for the inhibition of fibrocellular intimal hyperplasia for large animal studies to be pursued.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 59-60 
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: CO2 laser ; Contact Nd-YAG laser ; Combined CO2 and Nd-YAG laser ; Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty ; Sleep apnoea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Three different surgical lasers, ie CO2, contact Nd-YAG and Combolaser (combined simultaneous and co-axial CO2+Nd-YAG laser beam), were used for 76 uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) operations. The effects of different lasers on intra-operative bleeding, operation time and post-operative pain were compared. Sixty patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) and 16 patients with socially disturbing snoring were operated on. The CO2 laser was used in 24 patients, contact Nd-YAG was used in 27 patients and Combolaser was used in 25 patients. The Combolaser was associated with significantly less intra-operative bleeding and a shorter operation time. During the immediate recovery period, post-operative pain was most mild after operations with the CO2 laser when graded according to need for analgesics, or by the patients' subjective evaluation. Concerning possible post-operative complaints or overall outcome of the UPPP operation, no differences were found between the lasers.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 79-95 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laser recanalization was introduced and developed in Britain in the 1980s in an attempt to deal with the limitations associated with the conventional technique of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Since then, the use of this technique has decreased. This paper reports the findings of a comprehensive literature survey and interviews with a representative sample of British interventional radiologists on the reasons for this decline, and suggests the likely future direction for this technology. It has been determined that the main reasons for the decline are improvements in conventional guidewire and catheter technology, the high cost of the laser system, and the lack of evidence of any improvement in results compared with conventional PTA. However, despite current disenchantment, the majority of radiologists questioned felt that lasers could have a future role to play and that development of these systems should continue.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; 5-Aminolaevulinic acid ; Pancreas ; Bile duct ; Duodenum ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Light dosimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolaevulinic-acid-(ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) increases survival in hamsters with pancreatic cancer. However, experiments with other photosensitizers on this model show a high risk of duodenal perforation. In this paper, the pharmacokinetics and PDT effects of ALA on normal tissues in the pancreatobiliary region are presented. Using quantitative fluorescence microscopy, maximum PPIX fluorescence was seen in the bile ducts, less in the duodenal mucosa and least in the muscularis propria and pancreas. For PDT, light was delivered either using a bare fibre touching the tissue (single-point illumination), or irradiating a 1.5 cm diameter circular area. Single-point PDT (50 J) produced only localized reversible damage without perforation. Surface irradiation of the whole periampullary region (50 J cm−2) caused extensive damage, sometimes with perforation. Before PDT can be used safely to treat tumours of the pancreas and bile duct, further studies are necessary to understand its effect on larger areas of normal tissue.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 217-217 
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  • 68
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; PDT ; mTHPC ; Early cancer ; Squamous cell carcinoma ; Oesophagus ; Bronchi ; Photosensitizer ; Light dosimetry ; Clinical
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract There have been few studies to date of clinical photodynamic therapy (PDT) with tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (mTHPC). This paper describes the results of the authors' experience with this second-generation photosensitizer, used in the treatment of 40 early cancers of the oesophagus and the bronchi. Surface illumination of the tumour was performed, in most cases, 4 days after intravenous injection of 0.15 mg kg−1 of mTHPC, using 652 nm or 514 nm continuous wave laser light. Endoscopic follow-up with biopsies and brushings was possible for 35 tumours: 27 (77%) showed no recurrence after disease-free follow-ups that ranged from 3 to 38 months. Major complications, all of which were after red light illumination, included one bronchial stenosis, one oesophagotracheal fistula and two probable occult perforations of the oesophagus. Photodynamic therapy with green light renders such perforations of the oesophageal wall essentially impossible at the applied conditions, and appears not to reduce the efficacy of the treatment. Skin photosensitization, which was never observed later than the first week after injection, occurred in 12 patients. Hence, PDT with mTHPC is a safe and effective treatment for early carcinomas of the oesophagus and the tracheobronchial tree.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Early stage lung cancer ; Superficial oesophageal cancer
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In 1994, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan approved photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of early stage lung cancer (T0 and T1), superficial oesophageal cancer, superficial early stage gastric cancer and carcinoma in situ and/or dysplasia of the cervix. The decision to do so was based on studies carried out by the PDT Research Group of the Ministry, including PDT treatment of 168 early stage central lung cancers (123 superficial lesions and 45 nodular lesions) and 32 superficial oesophageal cancers. The results presented in this article were analysed according to the extent of the lesion. Of the 123 superficial lung cancers, complete remission (CR) was obtained in 93% of 89 lesions less than 1.0 cm in diameter. Larger lesions responded less well. Complete remission was obtained in 97% of the 33 superficial oesophageal cancers, although three of six patients with lesions over 3.0 cm in diameter later died of metastatic disease. The authors believe PDT to be a suitable and effective treatment for early stage lung and oesophageal cancers.
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    Keywords: Photosensitizer ; Photodynamic therapy ; mTHPC ; Temoporfin ; Pharmacokinetics ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A Phase I photodynamic therapy (PDT) clinical trial was carried out with Temoporfin (Foscan®, mTHPC) at the Departments of Otolaryngology at Orebro Medical Center (OMC) and Long Island Jewish Medical Center (LIJMC). A range of drug doses, consisting of 0.3, 0.15, 0.075 and 0.0375 mg kg−1, were utilized. Light treatment was performed on the sixth day after injection of the photosensitizer mTHPC. Photodynamic therapy was done on prostate cancer (six cases), bronchial cancer (one case), nasopharyngeal cancer (three cases), laryngeal cancer (eight cases), mesothelioma (one case), laryngeal papilloma (five cases) and basal cell nevus syndrome (one case). A number of patients were treated more than once. Plasma was collected and analysed at 1, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h and at 2 weeks post-injection, to follow the loading and clearance rate of the photosensitizer. Normal and malignant tissues were collected immediately prior to PDT, chemically extracted, and analysed for drug content spectrofluorometrically. Plasma drug levels were proportional to the dose. The half-life of the drug was 45.4 h across the entire dose range. The ratio of the drug in the tumour compared to normal adjacent mucosa was in the range of 2–3. There were no significant adverse effects. These data establish the basis for full clinical trials.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 193-197 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Varicosities ; Pulsed dye laser
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser with an output wavelength of 585 nm and a pulse duration of 450μm was used to treat 102 areas of blue and red varicosities in the lower limbs of female patients. Varicosities could be divided into two groups, early red varicosities and more developed blue varicosities. Forty-two areas of blue varicosities were treated with a single pulse, and only 20% of these were eliminated. Blue varicosities were then treated in three treatment sessions, 3 weeks apart, and none of them could be occluded. Red varicosities responded better; all of the varicosities treated were occluded in three treatment sessions separated by 3 weeks. The use of two consecutive pulses with only 6.5 Jcm−2 in a single treatment session resulted in only 54% of the varicosities being eliminated. Finally, seven areas of red varicosities were treated in a single treatment with an argon laser at 2 W; only 10–20% of these lesions responded. The pulsed dye laser is therefore of most use in treating red varicosities.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 219-219 
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 237-246 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Fluorescence ; Time-resolved confocal microscopy ; Porphyrins ; Fluorescence polarization ; Photodynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The application of a novel time-resolved confocal fluorescence microspectrometer to studies of the distribution and speciation of porphyrin photosensitizers in rat C6 cerebral glioma cells is described. The instrument combines a mode-locked argon ion laser excitation source with time-correlated single photon counting fluorescence detection and has sub-micron spatial and sub-nanosecond temporal resolution. The porphyrins studied were haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), haematoporphyrin IX (HP), porphyrinc (Pc) and the tetrakiscarborane carboxylate ester of 2,4-(α,β-dihydroxyethyl) deuteroporphyrin IX (BOPP). From the heterogeneous emission observed in vitro, assignments and spatial location of various porphyrin species are proposed.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 273-275 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 1 (1949), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Luftpartikelchen, das ausschließlich adiabatischen Zustandsänderungen unterliegt, nimmt seine Gleichgewichtslage im Innern einer im hydrostatischen Gleichgewicht befindlichen Luftmasse ein, wenn die SummeS seiner spezifischen Enthalpie und seiner potentiellen Energie in der Masseneinheit ein Extrem wird; je nachdem dieses Extrem ein Minimum oder ein Maximum ist, ist das hydrostatische Gleichgewicht stabil oder instabil. Diese Forderung läßt sich für den Fall der geostrophischen Bewegung verallgemeinern, indem man zur SummeS die kinetische Longitudinalenergie der Partikel (je Maßeinheit) addiert. Dieses letztere Resultat läßt sich unmittelbar auf den Fall des permanenten Kreiswirbels ausdehnen.
    Abstract: Summary A particle of air which undergoes but adiabatic changes of state occupies its position of equilibrium inside a mass of air in hydrostatic equilibrium if the sumS of its specific enthalpy and of its potential energy per unit of mass assumes an extreme value. According as this extreme is a minimum or a maximum the state of hydrostatic equilibrium is stable or unstable. This postulate can be generalized in case of geostrophic state of motion on condition that the kinetic longitudinal energy of the particle per unit of mass is added to the sumS. This last result can be immediately extended on the case of a permanent circular vortex.
    Notes: Résumé Une particule qui ne subit que des transformations adiabatiques, occupe sa position d'équilibre au sein d'une masse d'air en équilibre hydrostatique, lorsque la sommeS de son enthalpie spécifique et de son énergie potentielle par unité de masse est extremum. Suivant que cet extremum est un minimum ou un maximum, l'état d'équilibre hydrostatique est stable ou instable. On peut généraliser cette proposition au cas de l'état de mouvement géostrophique, à condition d'ajouter, à la sommeS, l'énergie cinétique longitudinale, par unité de masse, de la particule. On peut étendre immédiatement ce dernier résultat au cas du tourbillon circulaire permanent.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 1 (1949), S. 384-407 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Many cold fronts which cross the principal crest of the Alps in a Southerly direction and penetrate into the region are very avtive in that region. Other cold fronts, however, die out almost completely when crossing the Southern Alps, due to Föhn phenomena. In the present paper, the behaviour of cold air currents crossing the Alps and penetrating the Southern Alps region is thoroughly discussed by analysing individual examples. Thereby it is shown that a clear distinction between the two kinds of cold air invading the Southern Alps region can be drawn from considering the characteristic features of the airstream. Both cases can be easily recognised by examination of the relevant upper air charts. Cold fronts are active in the Southern Alps when this region lies ahead of a high-level trough in the upper air: whilst cold fronts die out through the effect of the Föhn when the Southern Alps lie to the rear of a high-level trough.
    Abstract: Résumé De nombreux fronts froids dirigés vers le Sud et qui traversent les Alpes se révèlent extrêmement actifs sur le versant sud, de cette chaîne. D'autres fronts au contraire disparaissent presque complètement en franchissant le faîte montagneux à cause du phénomène de foehn. On examine ici des cas déterminés de passages de masses d'air froides par-dessus les Alpes et leur écoulement sur le versant opposé. En repérant certaines caractéristiques de ces courants, il est possible de distinguer nettement les deux types d'invasion froide au Sud des Alpes. Cette distinction est particulièrement facile par l'emploid des cartes de pression en altitude. On constate alors qu'un front froid reste actif en traversant les Alpes lorsque la partie antérieure d'un couloir de basse pression en altitude se trouve sur le versant sud, mais qu'il y a frontolyse par foehn lorsque la partie postérieure de ce couloir se trouve sur cette région.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Viele Kaltfronten, die mit Südkurs den Alpenhauptkamm überschreiten und in das Südalpengebiet eindringen, sind dort außerordentlich wetterwirksam. Andere Kaltfronten, die über die Alpen hinwegziehen, werden dagegen in den Südalpen durch Föhnerscheinungen fast völlig aufgelöst. In vorliegender Arbeit wird an Einzelbeispielen das Verhalten von Kaltluftströmungen beim Überqueren der Alpen und beim Eindringen in das Südalpengebiet eingehend untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, daß durch charakteristische Merkmale der Strömmungen eine einwandfreie Unterscheidung der beiden Arten von Kaltlufteinbrüchen in das Südalpengebiet möglich ist. Vor allem lassen sich beide Fälle durch Anwendung der Höhenwetterkarte gut auseinanderhalten. Es ergibt sich, daß eine Kaltfront dann die Südalpen wetterwirksam überquert, wenn dieses Gebiet auf der Vorderseite eines in der Höhenkarte in Erscheinung tretenden Höhentroges liegt, daß dagegen die Front durch Föhnwirkung aufgelöst wird, wenn die Südalpen auf der Rückseite des Höhentroges liegen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 1 (1949), S. 273-294 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper gives a general view of the investigations dealing with the general circulation of the atmosphere in middle latitudes, carried out by the Department of Meteorology of the University of Chicago under the direction of Prof.C. G. Rossby during the academic year 1946–47. The zonal circulation in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere shows, particularly during the winter halfyear and normally between heights of 5 and 15 km, a fairly narrow band of very strong western winds with the character of a free jet. The maximum of intensity of this wind-band appears at the level of the tropopause (300–200 mb.). The wind velocity is rapidly decreasing to the south of the wind maximum. The zonal windband is located within or immediately to the south of an equally narrow zone in which the contrast of temperature between the polar and equatorial regions reaches its highest degree. There is a strong inclination of the tropopause within the zonal wind-band. Frequently, even a discontinuity can be found, the height of the tropopause corresponding to that of the polar atmosphere in the north and to that of the equatorial atmosphere in the south of the wind-band. Below the wind-band, often a well defined frontal zone is situated, ending in the upper layers of the troposphere a little to the north of the wind-band. The upper west-wind belt embracing the whole earth has a wavelike form with wave-lengths from about 50 to 120 degrees of longitude. These waves show but a small velocity of propagation and do not appear to be connected with the ordinary short and unstable frontal waves of the troposphere. On the other hand, they seem to influence considerably the behaviour as well as the movement of these short waves of the lower atmosphere. However, the upper waves are unstable insofar as the amplitude of the oscillation (formation of meander) is little by little increasing so much as to form whirls at the margins of the wind-band: of cyclonic nature and cold thermic structure at the southern side, of anticyclonic nature and warm thermic structure at the northern side. This cutting off of air-masses from within the wind-band causes an exchange of air-masses between high and low latitudes which appears to be of greatest importance in the tropospheric air-layers above 700 mb. Theoretical investigations show that the observed meridional windprofiles at the level of the tropopause agree rather well with those theoretically computed on the assumption of a constant vertical component of absolute vorticity within the lateral large-scale exchange of air-masses in the middle latitudes. Theoretical wind-profiles of this kind show, in low latitudes, such a strong meridional wind-gradient as to cause inertia instability at the southern edge of the wind-band. Due to them, the meridional wind-increase ceases more or less abruptly in latitudes of 40 to 30 degrees. The conclusion can be drawn from the simultaneous appearance of the wind-band and the frontal zone below it that the formation of the west-wind-band must be accompanied by a dynamic concentration of solenoids within the band, a phenomenon in a similar form to be found with oceanic currents. In addition to these important results of recent American researches, shortly indicated above, several Austrian investigations referring to some questions of the discussed problems are mentioned.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur donne un aperçu des recherches sur la circulation générale de l'atmosphère sous les latitudes moyennes entreprises par le Department of Meteorology of the University of Chicago, sous la direction du professeurC. G. Rossby en 1946/47. Dans la circulation zonale des latitudes moyennes de l'hémisphère nord apparaît, en hiver surtout, une région assez étroite de très forts vents d'Ouest entre 5 et 15 km. d'altitude qui a l'allure d'un jet aérien délimité. Le maximum de vitesse de ce courant se produit au niveau de la tropopause (300 à 200 mb.); au Sud de ce maximum, la vitesse décroît rapidement. Le courant zonal se trouve dans une bande étroite, ou immédiatement au Sud de celle-ci, dans laquelle les différences de température entre les régions polaires et équitoriales ont leurs plus grandes valeurs. A l'intérieur du courant la tropopause monte rapidement et présente même souvent une discontinuité: au Nord, son altitude correspond à celle de l'atmosphère polaire, au Sud à celle de l'atmosphère équatoriale. Au-dessous du même courant, on rencontre souvent une zone frontale bien développée qui dans les couches supérieures de la troposphère se termine un peu au Nord du courant zonal. La partie supérieure du courant d'Ouest présente une structure ondulée, avec des longueurs d'onde comprises entre 50° et 120° de longitude. Ces ondes ne se déplacent que lentement et ne paraissent pas être de même nature que les ondes frontales instables de la troposphère. D'autre part elles semblent exercer une action décisive sur l'allure et sur le mouvement des courtes ondes frontales inférieures. Les ondes supérieures sont instables en tant que sur leurs bords il peut se produire des ondulations donnant naissance à des tourbillons: sur le bord sud du courant apparaissent des tourbillons cycloniques et froids; sur le bord nord des tourbillons anticycloniques et chauds. Le courant d'Ouest expulse de la sorte des masses d'air et entretient un échange de masses entre les hautes et les basses latitudes qui semble avoir une grande importance dans les couches troposphériques au-dessus de 700 mb. Des recherches théoriques montrent que les profils méridiens du vent observés au niveau de la tropopause concordent fort bien avec ceux qu'exige la constance d'une composante verticale tourbillonnaire dans le cadre de l'échange turbulent à grande échelle des latitudes moyennes. De tels profils théoriques du vent montrent, aux basses latitudes, un gradient méridien du vent tellement grand que des états instables d'inertie doivent se produire au Sud du courant d'Ouest. Ces zones d'instabilité introduisent une cessation plus ou moins brusque de l'accroissement méridional de vitesse du vent vers 40° à 30° de latitude. Le fait que le courant d'Ouest étroit se superpose à une zone frontale inférieure amène à conclure que la formation de ce courant est accompagnée d'une concentration dynamique de solénoïdes à son niveau, phénomène analogue à celui que l'on observe dans les courants marins. Faisant suite à cet examen des travaux américains, l'article énumère encore quelques résultats de recherches autrichiennes relatives à certaines questions du même problème.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im folgenden wird ein Überblick über die Untersuchungen über die allgemeine Zirkulation der Atmosphäre in den mittleren Breiten der Erde gegeben, die vom Department of Meteorology of the University of Chicago unter der Leitung von Prof.C. G. Rossby im Akademiejahr 1946 bis 1947 ausgeführt worden sind. In der zonalen Zirkulation der mittleren Breiten der Nordhemisphäre zeigt sich vor allem im Winterhalbjahr normalerweise zwischen 5 und 15 km Höhe ein verhältnismäßig schmales Band von sehr starken Westwinden, das den Charakter eines Freistrahls besitzt. Das Intensitätsmaximum dieses Windbandes tritt im Tropopausenniveau (300 bis 200 mb) auf. Südwärts des Windmaximums nimmt die Windgeschwindigkeit sehr rasch auf niedrige Werte ab. Das zonale Windband liegt innerhalb oder knapp südlich einer ebenfalls relativ schmalen Zone, in der der Temperaturgegensatz zwischen den polaren und äquatorialen Gebieten konzentriert ist. Im Bereich des zonalen Windbandes steigt die Tropopause steil an, wobei häufig sogar eine Unstetigkeit auftritt, indem nördlich desselben ihre Höhe jener der polaren Atmosphäre entspricht, südlich davon jener der äquatorialen. Unter dem Windband liegt häufig eine gut ausgebildete Frontalzone, die in den oberen Troposphärenschichten etwas nördlich des Windbandes endigt. Das obere Westwindband zeigt rund um die ganze Erde einen wellenförmigen Verlauf mit Wellenlängen von etwa 50° bis 120° Längengraden. Diese Wellen weisen nur eine geringe Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit auf und scheinen mit den gewöhnlichen kurzen, instabilen troposphärischen Frontalwellen keine nähere Beziehung zu haben. Anderseits scheinen sie sowohl das Verhalten, wie auch die Bewegung dieser kurzen unteren Wellen in maßgebender Weise zu beeinflussen. Die oberen Wellen sind insofern instabil, als die meridionale Schwingungsweite (Mäanderung) allmählich sich so verstärkt, daß es an den Rändern des Windbandes zur Bildung von Wirbeln kommt: auf der Südseite zyklonischer Natur und kalten thermischen Aufbaues, auf der Nordseite antizyklonischer Natur und warmen thermischen Aufbaues. Diese Ausstoßung von Luftmassen aus dem Windbandbereich führt zu einem Luftmassenaustausch zwischen hohen und niedrigen Breiten, der wie es scheint in den troposphärischen Schichten oberhalb 700 mb von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung ist. Theoretische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die beobachteten meridionalen Windprofile im Tropopausenniveau recht gut mit solchen übereinstimmen, die der Forderung einer konstanten vertikalen Wirbelkomponente im Bereich des großräumigen seitlichen Austausches der mittleren Breiten genügen. Solche theoretische Windprofile zeigen in niedrigen Breiten ein so großes meridionales Windgefälle, daß es am Südrand des Windbandes zu Trägheitsinstabilitäten kommt. Sie führen zu einem mehr oder minder unvermittelten Abbruch der meridionalen Windzunahme in 40° bis 30° Br. Das gleichzeitige Auftreten von Windband und Frontalzone darunter führt zur Schlußfolgerung, daß es bei der Ausbildung des Westwindbandes zu einer dynamischen Konzentration von Solenoiden in seinem Bereich kommen muß, zu ähnlichen Vorgängen, wie sie bei ozeanischen Strömen auftreten. Im Anschluß an diese hier kurz angedeuteten wichtigen Ergebnisse dieser neueren amerikanischen Arbeiten wird auf einige Ergebnisse österreichischer Untersuchungen hingewiesen, die einige Fragen der obigen Probleme betreffen.
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    Papers in regional science 75 (1996), S. 237-252 
    ISSN: 1435-5957
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Industrial design can be used to explore some ideas in producer services research. Its geographical location and position in a corporate structure can indicate much about the character of regions and corporations because it represents a way that knowledge is incorporated into production. Hence the size, location and organisation of industrial design can be an important indicator of the vitality of regions. This paper illustrates how these perspectives can be derived, and provides two frameworks that could be used to structure detailed empirical research on firms, industries and regions.
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    Papers in regional science 75 (1996), S. 325-349 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Presents results from a recent study of the use of business service consultancies by major UK companies in managing strategic change. This use is examined in relation to all the sources of skilled management labor available to these companies. The focal processes supporting business service development are interaction and competition between the ‘expert labor’ they offer and that available from the internal labor markets of clients. These processes also underpin modern regional agglomeration trends. Systematic variations appear in the use of consultancies according to client size, mode of control, growth, sector and location. It is argued, however, that patterns of business service use fundamentally reflect the management capabilities of client firms in relation to various types of strategic change. In some cases it substitutes for client deficiencies. More often it appears to supplement client strengths across a variety of both sector-specific and more universally applicable expertise. It is concluded that the availability of expert managerial labor is a critical but neglected aspect of regional economic development, of which the growth of business services is one important manifestation.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Fluence ; Irradiance ; Light source
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy is generally carried out using a laser, usually a dye laser with the wavelength tuned to suit the particular sensitizer. The availability of broad-band sources for use in photodynamic therapy is challenging the role of the laser, since the non-laser sources are more portable and less expensive. Also, the wavelengths utilized may easily be changed by optical filtering. However, the use of a broad-band source introduces serious problems with dosimetry. The concept of the ‘total effective fluence’ takes account of the incident spectral irradiance from the light source, optical transmission through tissue (preferably including backscatter), and absorption by the sensitizer. Application of the concept to various light sources demonstrates the potential value of this simple concept.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 149-149 
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 145-147 
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 1-1 
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Haematoporphyrin derivative ; In vivo ; Light fractionation
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In clinical photochemotherapy, irradiation is delayed by a few days with respect to sensitizer injection in order to enhance the specificity of action. However, there are animal experiments which, above all, require a strong response; this is expected to occur if the delay time is much shorter. To assess the influence of the delay time, lesions were produced in rat ears using haematoporphyrin derivative and green light, and characterized by a scoring system. It was found that, starting from the shortest experimentally accessible value (8 min), the intensity of lesions decreases with increasing delay time (by a factor of 2 in 90 min). This result suggests that the lesions are induced by circulating sensitizer. Dose fractionation, performed 97 min after injection, enhances the response (p〈0.005).
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 61-63 
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 69-69 
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  • 87
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    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Diode laser ; mTHPC ; Depth of necrosis ; Normal rat liver
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Initial pre-clinical evaluation of a new 652 nm diode laser system for photodynamic therapy was performed to establish its efficacy in photo-activating the second-generation photosensitizer meta-tetrahydroxyphenychlorin (mTHPC). The diode laser was compared directly to a copper vapour laser pumped dye laser using depth of necrosis in normal rat liver as a measure of the photodynamic effect. No significant difference between the two lasers was observed.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 175-175 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Photofrin ; Oral mucosa ; Normal tissue damage ; Light dosimetry
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality with potential application for premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa. PDT in principle has dual selectivity. This may result from a ‘preferential’ retention of the photosensitizer in target tissue. In addition, the photodynamic activity will be limited to the irradiated area because PDT will not affect tissues in the absence of excitation light. The specificity of PDT is limited by the fact that normal tissues also retain the photosensitizer to some degree, which makes these tissues susceptible to PDT damage. To optimize PDT for oral malignancies, a study was undertaken on normal tissue to investigate the responses in rat palatal mucosa and surrounding anatomical structures. Eighty male Wistar rats were used in the study. Photofrin was administered i.v. at four doses (0, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg kg−1 body weight). Irradiation for PDT was performed 24 h later. An argon pumped dye laser system was used to produce light of two different treatment wavelengths (514.5 and 625 nm), and various energy density levels (0, 25, 50, 100 or 200 J cm−2). Early effects of PDT were studied at 2 days and late effects at 2 months after treatment. Twenty-four hours after i.v. administration of Photofrin, it was found that PDT affects normal tissues of the oral cavity both macroscopically and microscopically. Combinations of photosensitizer doses ≥5 mg kg−1 and light doses≥100 J cm−2 caused severe and permanent damage to the palatal mucosa and adjacent normal structures such as palatal bone and dentition. Light scattering and internal reflection usually raise the fluence rate in tissue above the irradiance of the incident beam. In an additional study using six male Wistar rats, the energy fluence rate at two treatment wavelengths (514.5 and 625 nm) was measured ex vivo in the palatal mucosa and adjacent anatomical structures. As expected, the energy fluence rates were wavelength, tissue and depth dependent. At the air-mucosa boundary, light of 625 nm was found to have a three-times higher fluence rate than the primary incident beam. Under similar conditions, the fluence rate of 514.5 nm was found to be less, but still twice as high as the primary incident beam. At deeper levels of the rat maxilla, fluence rates were still elevated compared with the incident beam. For 625 nm light, this phenomenon was observed up to the level of the nasal cavity. These increased fluence rates could largely explain the pattern of damage to normal mucosa and surrounding anatomical structures.
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    Lasers in medical science 11 (1996), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Port-wine stain ; Infra-red tomography ; Laser treatment ; Blood vessel ; Photothermolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Specifying the distribution of laser energy within a tissue is the first step towards understanding and capitalizing on a variety of laser-tissue interactions. Whether photothermal, photochemical or photomechanical in nature, laser-tissue interactions begin with the absorption of photon energy. The spatial distribution of photon absorption specifies the required laser exposure to be delivered and the extent of subsequent therapeutic action. Using infra-red tomography (IRT), the broad, long-term objective of this research is the development of a tomographic reconstruction algorithm as a means to determine: (1) the depths and physical dimensions of discrete subsurface port-wine-stain (PWS) blood vessels in human skin; and (2) the initial space-dependent temperature increase in PWS blood vessels immediately following pulsed laser exposure. In this report, preliminary studies are described which demonstrate the potential application of IRT in the clinical management of PWS patients.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Action spectra ; Virus inactivation ; Red blood cells ; Photosensitization ; Phthalocyanine
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    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The silicon phthalocyanine HOSiPcOSi(CH3)2(CH2)3N(CH3)2 (Pc 4) is being studied as a photosensitizer for decontamination of blood for transfusion. In order to optimize the treatment conditions, ie reduce damage to red blood cells (RBC) while maintaining virucidal activity, action spectra were obtained for Pc 4. Using monochromatic light from a dye laser pumped by an argon-ion laser, in the range of 660–700 nm, a red shift of the action spectra was observed with respect to the absorption spectrum of Pc 4 in methanol solution. This shift was a uniform 4 nm for induction of red cell damage. A similar shift was observed for the absorption spectrum of Pc 4 bound to RBC membranes. For virus inactivation, there was a 4 nm red shift on the blue side and approximately a 12 nm shift on the red side of the spectrum. It is concluded that using light of 690–700 nm would increase the specificity of the virucidal treatment several fold.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 403-404 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors have isolated from the intestinal content of the larvae of the waxmothGalleria mellonella a bacterium utilizing beeswax.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 407-409 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Autoren bestimmen den Histamingehalt von Meerschweinchenlungen nach Anlegung eines Pneumothorax, nach lokaler Reizung mit Papain und bei normalen Kontrolltieren. Der Histamingehalt sinkt zunächst sofort nach Herstellung eines Pneumothorax, steight aber nach einigen Stunden wieder an und bleibt während mehrerer Tage über den Normalwert erhöht. Die Reizung der Lunge durch eine lokale Injektion von Papain gibt, ähnlich wie der Pneumothorax, eine nach einiger Zeit auftretende Erhöhung des Histamingehalts.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 410-411 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Ultraschall auf isoliertes Muskelgewebe wird untersucht und dabei folgen des gefunden: Im quergestreiften Muskel, in dem das Actomyosin nicht in der üblichen Weise entfernt worden ist, spalten sich die Muskelfibrillen in der Längsachse. Nach Entfernung des Actomyosins gibt es Aufspaltungen senkrecht zur langen Achse der Fibrillen. Die entstehenden parallelen Spalte liegen in Abständen von 4–8 µ. Im glatten Muskel gibt es, in Abständen von 3–4 µ, senkrecht zu den Fibrillen verlaufende Spalte, auch ohne da\ das Actomyosin entfernt worden ist. Der Herzmuskel wird durch Ultraschall nicht nennenswert beeinflu\t. Die Bedeutung der Befunde wird diskutiert.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 417-425 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 479-480 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The viscosity of synovial fluids and hyaluronic acid solutions, obtained from vitreous humour, are lowered by ultrasonic vibrations. Electrophoretic analysis reveals that the content of hyaluronic acid in these ultrasonically treated solutions is diminished.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 483-484 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rabbits it has been confirmed, that, if the blood pressure falls rapidly, a lower limit will be attained, below which a normal respiration will no longer exist. This minimal arterial tension seems to be an absolutely fixed one, since it was found to be the same, whether the respiratory center was normal or under the influence of either a depressing or a stimulating drug.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 444-444 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A phage specific for Proteus X 19 and X 2 strains is described. The secondary growth appearing after lysis of OX 19 cultures is devoid of the X-Antigen reacting with typhus sera. The phage is inactive against Proteus OXK.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 447-448 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patulin was examined in regard to its effect upon the different white blood cells in white mice. There is a very noticeable influence on the lymphocyte count in the circulating blood, which was reduced by daily injections of patulin 0.1 mg i. p. from 8–15,000 to 1–3,000, while the granulocytes were scarcely affected. After the injections were stopped, the lymphocyte count increased again, and sometimes an increase of the granulocytes has been noticed. Often mice died from abscesses in different organs. Patulin seems to have an inhibitory effect on lymphatic tissues, like carbamates and nitrogen mustard. Whether there is a growth inhibitory effect on tumours is now an object of study.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 476-478 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der histochemische Nachweis der alkalischen Phosphatase beiAcanthochites fascicularis L. (Polyplacophora, Mollusca) erbringt den Beweis eines ausgedehnten Vorhandenseins des Ferments. Das Integument, das Bindegewebe und das Muskelgewebe enthalten keine oder nur Spuren von Desmophosphatase. Der Verdauungsapparat, insbesondere die Zuckerdrüse und der Mitteldarm sind dagegen reich an Phosphatase, desgleichen die Niere, die Spermatogonien und Spermatozyten, die Nukleolen der Ovozyten und das Epithel des Ovariums.
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