ALBERT

Description: Studies of hexachlorocyclohexane-isomers (HCHs) and selected triazine herbicides in solution and suspension were carried out in the Pomeranian Bight in 1995. The concentrations of HCHs and triazines were determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GC) or by GC in connection with quadrupole mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Particulate and dissolved material were separated by means of an in-situ filtration/extraction system. The seasonal variability and regional distribution of the various components were investigated in January, April, July and September 1995. Their distribution in the western Pomeranian Bight is described. The concentrations of individual hexachlorocyclohexane-isomers were in the range of 100–1 000 pg l–1 in solution and 20 to 60 pg l–1 in suspension. The levels of the triazines in solution showed pronounced differences between the individual components (atrazine (2–20 ng l–1), simazine (5–30 ng l–1), terbuthylazine (〈 5 ng l–1)), but they were one order of magnitude higher compared with the hexachlorocyclohexane-isomers. The concentration of triazines in suspension was low, often below the limit of detection (25 pg l–1).

Description: From temperature measurements down through the 3001 m deep borehole at the North Greenland Icecore Project (NorthGRIP) drill site, it is now clear that the ice at the base, 3080 m below the surface, is at the pressure-melting point. This is supported by the measurements on the ice core where the annual-layer thicknesses show there is bottom melting at the site and upstream from the borehole. Surface velocity measurements, internal radio-echo layers, borehole and ice-core data are used to constrain a time-dependent flow model simulating flow along the north-northwest-trending ice-ridge flow-line, leading to the NorthGRIP site. Also time-dependent melt rates along the flowline are calculated with a heat-flow model. The results show the geothermal heat flow varies from 50 to 200 mW m–2 along the 100km section of the modeled flowline. The melt rate at the NorthGRIP site is 0.75 cm a–1, but the deep ice in the NorthGRIP core originated 50 km upstream and has experienced melt rates as high as 1.1 cm a–1.

Description: Sediment and water can potentially be altered, chemically, physically and biologically as they are sampled at the seafloor, brought to the surface, processed and analysed. As a result, in situ observations of relatively undisturbed systems have become the goal of a growing body of scientists. Our understanding of sediment biogeochemistry and exchange fluxes was revolutionized by the introduction of benthic chambers and in situ micro-electrode profilers that allow for the direct measurement of chemical fluxes between sediment and water at the sea floor and for porewater composition. Since then, rapid progress in the technology of in situ sensors and benthic chambers (such as the introduction of gel probes, voltammetric electrodes or one- and two-dimensional optodes) have yielded major breakthroughs in the scientific understanding of benthic biogeochemistry. This paper is a synthesis of discussions held during the workshop on sediment biogeochemistry at the “Benthic Dynamics: in situ surveillance of the sediment–water interface” international conference (Aberdeen, UK—March 25–29, 2002). We present a review of existing in situ technologies for the study of benthic biogeochemistry dynamics and related scientific applications. Limitations and possible improvement (e.g., technology coupling) of these technologies and future development of new sensors are discussed. There are countless important scientific and technical issues that lend themselves to investigation using in situ benthic biogeochemical assessment. While the increasing availability of these tools will lead research in yet unanticipated directions, a few emerging issues include greater insight into the controls on organic matter (OM) mineralization, better models for the understanding of benthic fluxes to reconcile microelectrode and larger-scale chamber measurements, insight into the impacts of redox changes on trace metal behavior, new insights into geochemical reaction pathways in surface sediments, and a better understanding of contaminant fate in nearshore sediments.

Description: This paper presents a new non-invasive technique for measuring sediment O2 uptake that, in its concept, differs fundamentally from other methods used to date. In almost all natural aquatic environments, the vertical transport of O2 through the water column toward the sediment surface is facilitated by turbulent motion. The new technique relies on measuring 2 parameters simultaneously and at the same point in the water above the sediment: the fluctuating vertical velocity using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter and the fluctuating O2 concentration using an O2 microelectrode. From these 2 parameters, which typically are measured 10 to 50 cm above the sediment surface for a period of 10 to 20 min and at a frequency of 15 to 25 Hz, the vertical flux of O2 toward the sediment surface is derived. Based on measurements performed under actual field conditions and comparisons with in situ flux-chamber measurements, we believe that this new technique is the optimal approach for determining O2 uptake by sediments. The technique is superior to conventional methods as measurements are done under true in situ conditions, i.e. without any disturbance of the sediment and under the natural hydrodynamic conditions. Furthermore, this technique can be used for bio-irrigated or highly permeable sediments, such as sands, where traditional methods often fail. While this paper only focuses on O2 uptake by sediments, the technique can also be applied to other solutes that can be measured at a sufficiently high temporal resolution.

Description: The genus Praravinia was created by KORTHALS (in TEMMINCK, Verhand. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Overz. Bezitt., Bot., p. 189, tab. 41, 1839-1842) for a plant which he had collected in the south-eastern part of Borneo. He described it as similar in habit and doubtless nearly related to Urophyllum WALL. His diagnosis of the genus, however, does not substantiate this point of view, for it contains two statements which seem to exclude the possibility of a near affinity: the aestivation of the corolla lobes is described as imbricate, whereas in Urophyllum and its allies it is always valvate, and the number of corolla lobes is said to be half as large as that of the stamens, a condition unknown not only in Urophyllum but in the whole family. As in the description of the species the aestivation is correctly set down as valvate, the first statement need not trouble us: the word “imbricate” in the generic diagnosis is obviously a slip of the pen. The other statement, however, is repeated in the description of the species, but it strikes one as anomalous that immediately afterwards the 8—12 stamens are said to alternate with the corolla lobes, as this of course would be impossible when the latter were but half as numerous as the first. The discrepancy between the number of the corolla lobes and of the stamens led MIQUEL in his “Flora Indiae Batavae II, p. 225 (1857)” to consider Praravinia as a quite singular genus, rather out of place in the family Rubiaceae: it reminded him, he says, of the Samydeae (Flacourtiaceae). When he wrote this, he knew the genus merely from the description given by KORTHALS, but afterwards he found an opportunity to study the latter’s material. In his “De quibusdam Rubiaceis, Apocyneis et Asclepiadeis” (Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. IV, p. 136, 1869) he proposes, as a result of this investigation, to exclude the genus from the Rubiaceae, and to raise it to family rank. The new family, for which he introduces the name Metrocladeaceae, should be regarded, however, as nearly related to the Rubiaceae. The description of the genus given by MIQUEL is much more detailed than the original one, but it unfortunately repeats its principal errors: the corolla is described as 4- to 6-merous, and its aestivation as imbricate. The male flower dissected by him is preserved in the Utrecht Herbarium; it is a fairly young bud, opened by a longitudinal slit. The corolla lobes had apparently been separated by a slight pressure, but I at once got the impression that it had been insufficient to effect a complete separation, and that the lobes were still cohering in pairs. I have boiled the flower therefore once more, and by exercising in my turn a slight pressure I succeeded in setting all the lobes free. Since then I have seen mature flowers of this and other species in which the isomery of corolla and androecium was unmistakable. MIQUEL’s speculations on the taxonomic position of the genus were based therefore on a false supposition, and need no further consideration; the analysis carried out below will show that KORTHALS was quite right when he placed Praravinia in the neighbourhood of Urophyllum.

Description: The name Pleiocarpidia was coined by K. SCHUMANN (ENGLER und PRANTL, Natürliche Pflanzenfamilien, Nachträge I, p. 314, 1897) for a genus described in 1873 by HOOKER f. (BENTHAM et HOOKER, Genera Plantarum II (1), p. 71) as Aulacodiscus: HOOKER’S genus had to be rebaptized, because the name Aulacodiscus had been used already in 1844 by EHRENBERG for a genus belonging to the Diatomeae. A proposal made by O. KUNTZE(POST et KUNTZE, Lexicon, 1904) to change the spelling of the name introduced by SCHUMANN in Pliocarpidia can not be accepted, as there is no rule prescribing the transcription of the Greek diphthong in the manner advocated by the proposer. The plant on which HOOKER’S genus was founded, a small tree not uncommon in the Malay Peninsula, had been described already several years before by WIGHT (Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. VII, p. 144, 1847) under the name Axanthes enneandra. The specific epithet points to the presence of nine stamens in the flower, but this is exceptional: in the flowers investigated by me the ordinary number proved to be seven. The genus Axanthes Bl., to which the species had been referred by WIGHT, was reduced shortly afterwards by BENTHAM and HOOKER f. (Niger Flora,p. 396,1849) and independently by KORTHALS (Ned. Kruidk. Arch. II, 2, p. 194,1851) to Urophyllum Wall. Later HOOKER made an exception for Axanthes enneandra Wight. The flowers of this plant were described by him as 8- to 16-merous, and on account of this character and of the presence of a “peltate stigma” he referred it to a new genus. Afterwards a second species from the same region was described by KING and GAMBLE under the name Aulacodiscus Maingayi, but this proved identical with the first (cf. RIDLEY, Flora of the Malay Peninsula II, p. 64, 1923). A really new species, however, was found in Mindanao: it was described by Merrill as Pleiocarpidia lanaensis.

Description: As an introduction to a number of researches of his own the author wishes to give the following data: „Veen” has two meanings in Dutch: 1. in a petrographic sense (peat) Von Büllow’s definition was accepted: „Torf” ist zu deflnieren als ein meist dunkles, kohlenstoffreiches und ± saures Gemenge unvollständig spezifisch-zersetzter Pflanzenteile, das erdgeschichtlich jüngste Glied der Verwantschaftsreihe der Kohlen, dessen Bildung noch heute andauert.” 2. in a plant-sociological-geographic sense (bog) the following definition has been suggested: a bog is a plot, the surface of which consists of a layer of peat, either covered or not with vegetation, with which that layer is genetically connected. The classification of bogs according to their position with regard to the water-level of the surroundings (Staring) and that of the geological chart were rejected on account of their ambiguous character. The classification suggested by Van Baren according to the environment in which the bogs have been formed, was likewise thought insufficient. Preference was given to the classification according to the plants which gave rise to the peat (eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic bogs) and according to the origin of the water needed for peat formation (topogenous, ombrogenous and soligenous bogs). The conditions of peat-formation are of a botanical (presence of a vegetation and micro-organisms), climatologic (presence of a certain temperature and moisture) and geological nature (presence of a basin, valley or dead river-branch, certain level of ground water, a possible impervious layer). With reference to a number of authors (Picardt; Van Lier; Grisebach, Venema and Staring; Weber) the alteration in conception as to peatformation from the 17th via the 18th and 19th to the 20th century has been given. The word „Peel” cannot be derived from „palus”. Nothing is certain about its origin. It may mean the low land, bog or marsh. The bogs of the Peel lie on the Brabant-Limburg border-plateau (fig. 2). Lorié and Pannekoek van Rheden have shown that the peatformation of the Peel is likely to have occurred in channels, which have been formed by the Meuse, in co-operation with wind and rain (fig. 4). The bogs were therefore in the first instance topogenous formations, which afterwards developed into ombrogenous bogs. For his own research the author collected peat in three ways: 1. by cutting lumps of peat from open profiles; 2. by boring with a simple peat-bore (photograph 1); 3. by boring with the Utrecht peat-bore, an improvement on Dachnowski’s (fig. 5). To assist in the pollen-analytic examination the samples were treated according to Erdtman’s method. The latter has the following advantages compared with the usual treatment with a 10% KOH-solution: 1. the surface-structures of the pollen-grains are more distinct and as a result the grains themselves can be recognized better; 2. the pollen is more concentrated, so that in spite of the method taking up much time, a saving of time is possible. How the method is applied may be found in the chapter concerned (p. 38 and following). For the stratigraphic examination the samples were broken apart in a glass-bowl of water and viewed with a binocular microscope. Dry sandy samples were broken in water, when seeds and other vegetative parts came floating to the top; next they were put with a brush on thick blotting paper and studied through the binocular microscope. The designations for the sediments and species of peat have been derived from Fægri & Gams. For Scheuchzeria peat a new designation has been added. A plea was made for replacing the word pollen-analysis by „palynology”. A survey of the observations and examinations up to abt. 1935 closes the introduction (see the diagrams of Weber, Erdtman and Duyfjes in the figs. 6, 7, 8 and 9). The author’s own research refers to the Southern and Astense Peel, as in the remaining grounds of the geological chart indicated I 4v (= raised bog) no samples could be taken owing to the digging off having progressed too far. 10 profiles were examined. The situation of the bore-sites has been given in the geological chart of the grounds (fig. 3). The result of the examination (figs. 10—27) and the discussion on it may be summerized as follows: Zoning of pollen-diagrams The sub-zoning of the late- and post-glacial periods according to Blytt & Sernander has proved useful as a zoning of pollen-diagrams, provided atlantic and sub-boreal are joined. It is desirable to replace Blytt & Sernander’s terminology by a different one, because the authors gave a climatologic connotation to their names of periods. The limit between pleistocene and holocene was drawn between preboreal and boreal as Florschütz did. As phases of the holocene the following names were suggested: young post-glacial = sub-atlantic mid post-glacial = sub-boreal and atlantic old post-glacial = boreal. Neither in the Peel nor elsewhere in Holland have Allerød-deposits been found. They are not likely to be found either, as on account of the long distance from the land-ice-margin the flora will have been hardly or not at all influenced by the Allerød interstadial period. For Holland therefore the zoning of the late-glacial according to Firbas (1935) may be considered sufficient. The names of the periods do not bear a climatologic connotation as those of the post-glacial phases do. For the sake of a unity the following names have been suggested: young late-glacial = pre-boreal mid late-glacial = sub-arctic period old late-glacial = arctic period. Forest-history In a table (p. 98), in which likewise the Peel diagrams of Weber, Erdtman and Duyfjes have been inserted, the examined profiles have been arranged from North to South. From each profile it has been stated whether it originated in a certain period (+) or not (—). The sub-arctic phase was characterized by forests of Betula and Pinus and was followed by the pre-boreal phase, in which Corylus and Alnus occurred. Also from the other Dutch diagrams (see list on p. 99) it appeared that in the Netherlands the Alnus pollen occurs with an equal frequency before, during and after that of the Quercetum mixtum. The old post-glacial zone of the diagrams shows a peak in the Pinusline. In contrast with the from Mid-Europe there is not always a maximum in the Corylus-curve after the Pinus-peak. In other Dutch diagrams this phenomenon is likewise found. Only in 28% of all Dutch profiles with a boreal zone does a hazel-maximum succeed a Pinus one. They often co-incide (16%), while in the remaining cases no hazelpeak has been established. There is no fixed order of sequence in the occurrence of the components of the Quercetum mixtum, either in the Peel or elsewhere in Holland. The mid post-glacial is the phase of culmination of warmth-loving forest elements: Alnus pollen shows the highest percentage in this zone. Quercus pollen also occurs in great quantities, while Ulmus and Tilia take up an important place up to the „Grenzhorizont”. The absolute and empiric Fagus pollen limits are found at different heights in the mid post-glacial zone of the diagrams, the rational limit lies somewhere near the „Grenzhorizont”. In the young post-glacial phase the Fagus pollen attains fairly high percentages (up to 30%). The maxima in the East and South-east of the Netherlands are between 20% and 38%; they decrease towards the coast and increase towards the South-east (Hautes Fagnes, Belgium) and East (Germany). It seems incorrect to class the Netherlands almost entirely among the oak-alderterritory poor in beeches, as Firbas did. An attempt has been made to fit the Peel-diagrams into Overbeck & Schneider’s zonation system. For the territory for which it has been made there are already difficulties (p. 104), for use in the Peel and other Dutch diagrams there are even more objections (p. 68, 104). Godwin’s zonation system appeared to be a little less forced, but not quite useful on account of too many details. From his horizons that of Ulmus proved useless for the continent. Neither for the Peel nor for the Netherlands and its surrounding territory can a detailed zonation system be designed. It has proved difficult to proceed any farther than Rudolph’s „Grundsukzession”: birch, pine-hazel-mixed oak-forest-beech, in which the alder generally joins the mixed oak-forest and the hornbeam the beech. Before drawing far-reaching conclusions from the course of the curves (as has been done by some authors) more palynological researches are needed in accordance with the actuality principle, known from geology. Pollen-grains from warmth-loving trees in seemingly sub-arctic spectra In profile 4 (Deurnse Peel II) pollen-grains of Abies, Alnus, Picea, Tilia, Ulmus and Corylus were found in the „late-glacial” zone (figs. 14, 15). Investigations were made as to which of the following possibilities would be the cause of their appearance: 1. in taking and preparing the samples pollution occurred; 2. pollen-transport over long distances has taken place; 3. the pollen-grains found have got secondarily into the deposit; 4. warmth-loving trees have occurred in favourable circumstances in the late-glacial phase or 5. in an interstadial period or in an interglacial phase. The said pollen-grains probably hail from a Würm interstadial or interglacial phase. Interglacial peat On the site of the bore-point 7 it was possible to collect samples from the layers under the peat. The upper 40 cm of the diagram Griendtsveen IX (fig. 27) of this profile proved a repetition of the lower 40 cm of the Griendtsveen I profile (fig. 18). The diagram shows that pollen of Carpinus, Picea and Abies occurs showing the deposit to be of interglacial age. The pollen-curves, however, pass unnoticed from an interglacial into a post-glacial portion. The limit is likely to be found between the two, about 30 cm below the mowing field. There is therefore a great stratigraphic hiatus. Pollen-analytically it could not be decided from which interglacial period the profile hails; on account of its situation on the middle terrace, it was deemed likely that it was an Eem sea deposit. The examined profile probably corresponds to Jessen & Milthers’ zone g; showing it to have been formed at the end of the Eem sea period. The Meuse therefore cannot have flowed through this part of the Astense Peel after the mid Eemean phase. Stratigraphy This is difficult to summarize. Compare various profiles. Individual mention may be made here of: 1. peat on a podsol layer; this was found in two places (Deurnse Peel I Kraaienhut and Griendtsveen VIII). Peat-formation may be thought to have occurred in the following way: heather started growing on drift-sand giving rise to a podsol layer. As the latter is impervious the vegetation surface became marshy. The heath was replaced by a Caricetum from which peat arose. Gradually more Eriophorum occurred, from which almost pure vaginatum peat arose. The bog-surface grew moister and moister, Sphagnum cuspidatum and Scheuchzeria could grow on it and formed a „Vorlaufstorf”. Only then could non-extremehydrophile Sphagna join in peat-formation. 2. the occurrence of Scheuchzeria-peat after the „Grenzhorizont” period. This species of peat, which is often found at the basis of the old Sphagnum-peat as a mesotrophic transition vegetation, has for the Netherlands only been found in the young post-glacial phase in the Peel (Deurnse Peel I Kraaienhut, Griendtsveen V and VIII and Nederweerd). At present the plant is very rare. The severe decline of this plant was also observed elsewhere. Probably it is caused by the gradual drying up or reclaiming of the raised bogs. Of the present station of Scheuchzeria near Ommen a short description has been given (p. 59 and photographs 2, 3, 4). 3. the „Grenzhorizont”. Where the young Sphagnum-peat has not been dug for the preparation of moss-litter, the Peel bogs show a clear „Grenzhorizont” (photograph 8). The conceptions about its origin have been discussed. The distinct separation between the old and the young Sphagnum-peat was not considered sufficiently explained. Though on the whole the „Grenzhorizont” is synchronous in the North-west European profiles, the point of transition from old to young Sphagnumpeat was fairly unstable and easily changeable as to time. Generally the date of the „Grenzhorizont” is fixed at about 500 A.D., though there are differences in opinion. There is a lack of archeological correlation which renders a correct dating impossible. Interference of man in the Peel Three ways of interference were stated: 1. peat has been dug off for the greater part in the territory of the Peel: young Sphagnum-peat for the preparation of moss-litter, old Sphagnum-peat for fuel. The trees which appeared when the bog was dug up in the „Veenderij der Maatschappij Griendtsveen” are sometimes in so good a condition, that they are used for building sheds. The 1 st, 2nd and 4th beam in the foreground of the shed in photo 5 has been sawn from a 30 m long subfossil pine. 2. in a native peat-digging it was possible to collect recent young Sphagnum-peat. 40 to 50 years ago the peasants living there had dug peat in holes, which were afterwards left to themselves. Sphagnum started growing again and the holes were filled in again. The diagram (fig. Griendtsveen VII) represents the surrounding heath with scattered pines and birches, sown by the wind, and a pine-plantation close by. 3. in the profiles Nieuwe Peel, Griendtsveen VI and VII it has been fixed by the indications given by Firbas, that only in the surface layers of the bog has corn-pollen occurred. So in these parts cultivation of cereals will be of recent date. This also appeared from the history of the reclamation of the said territory.

Description: JEAN BAPTISTE CHRISTOPHE FUSÉE AUBLET est né à Salon (Provence) le 4 nov. 1720 et mort à Paris le 6 mai 1778. Dès son enfance il se passionna pour l’étude des plantes. Il alla étudier la botanique à Montpellier. De Montpellier il se rendit à Lyon, où il fit la connaissance de CHRISTOPHE DE JUSSIEU et il s’engagea dans le service des hôpitaux de l’armée commandée par l’infant DON PHILIPPE. Dégoûté bientôt de la vie des camps, il prit son congé, et vint à Paris. Là il se logea dans la maison du chimiste VANEL, suivait les cours de chimie de ROUELLE, visitait les environs de Paris en naturaliste et consultait BERNARD DE JUSSIEU comme une bibliothèque, pour nous servir de son expression. Ensuite il s’engagea au service de l’état et fut chargé d’établir à l’île-de-France (Mauritius) une pharmacie centrale et un jardin de botanique. Il s’embarqua en décembre 1752 et arriva vers la fin du mois d’août suivant. Il y fit un séjour de neuf ans, pendant lequel il envoya maintes fois des collections de plantes, de minéraux et d’animaux à la patrie. A peine de retour en France, il reçut l’ordre de s’embarquer à Bordeaux pour la Guyane. Il mit à la voile le 20 mai 1762, et mouilla l’ancre le 23 juillet à l’île de Cayenne. Le 24 sept. 1764 AUBLET prit un moment la direction de l’établissement colonial du môle Saint-Nicolas à Saint Domingue; et au commencement de l’année suivante il revint en France. C’est à Paris qu’il profita des conseils de BERNARD DE JUSSIEU pour mettre en ordre ses collections de plantes et pour rédiger l’important ouvrage, qui a pour titre: Histoire des plantes de la Guiane françoise, Londres et Paris, 1775, 4 vol. in 4°, dont deux de planches. Ces notices biographiques ont été empruntées à la Nouvelle Biographie Universelle, vol. III, Paris, 1852 et à l’introduction précédant son livre et écrite par AUBLET lui-même.

Description: Whilst studying the material of the genus Securidaca for the “Flora of Suriname”, I found it in most cases extremely difficult or even impossible to identify the species. The original descriptions are, as a rule, very short, and they have been based for a good deal on incomplete material: mature fruits, for instance, are often missing. Hence it is not surprising that on quite a number of species the opinions of taxonomists disagree. Accordingly on the one hand we may find in the various collections the most different species lumped together under the same name, while on the other hand one and the same species may appear under several names. A study of the type specimens therefore, was obviously very desirable. I am indebted to the “VAN EEDEN FONDS” for enabling me to visit the Herbarium in Paris, where I could clear up some misunderstandings with regard to the Suriname species. This study includes all the Suriname specimens preserved in the Herbaria of Utrecht, Leiden, Kew, Brussels, Geneva and Berlin, together with the material collected outside Suriname and available in the Utrecht and Paris collections, and the British Guiana plants of the Kew Herbarium. To get an impression of the genus as a whole, several species not occurring in Suriname have been studied, but a thorough investigation was made of the Suriname ones only. The results of this investigation will be given below.

Description: Many papers on the taxonomy of fossil crustaceans are often based upon poorly preserved material and/or specimens that have been insufficiently prepared. The purpose of the present note is to outline some preparation methods that are applied in our (J.S.H. Collins and S.L.J.) ongoing studies of anomuran and brachyuran decapods from the Middle Danian limestones at Fakse quarry (Denmark), which have greatly enhanced the quality of our material. The techniques briefly outlined here involve: 1 – staining method; 2 – water blasting (as a cleaning tool in preparation of fossils); and 3 – negative preparation (with acid). Some of these techniques will have wide applications in other fields of paleontological research.

Description: Various fossil lungfish taxa preserve distinct depressions on the smooth postbranchial lamina of the dermal pectoral girdle. These depressions are largely unknown in other sarcopterygian fishes, but are present in the rhizodont sarcopterygian Strepsodus. Comparisons with extant actinopterygian fishes suggest these depressions mark the point of origin for the clavobranchialis musculature, extending anterodorsally into the gill chamber to insert on the ventral surface of the ceratobranchial(s). Studios examining feeding and respiratory mechanisms of bony fishes (Osteichthyes) have emphasised the role of mandibular depression in generating negative pressures within the oral cavity to draw in water/air/food via suction. However, phylogenetically basal actinopterygians, fossil lungfish and other fossil sarcoptcrygians (such as Strepsodus) lack the apomorphies that increase suction among bony fishes. In these taxa the clavobranchialis muscles may serve to augment this negative pressure by retracting the ceratobranchials and increasing the size of the oral/ oropharyngeal cavity. A comparable action is performed by the chondrichthyan coracobranchiales muscles, particularly during feeding, and the function of these ventral gill arch muscles is likely to be a synapomorphy of jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata). This musculature is absent from jawless vertebrates such as the Osteostraci.

Description: We studied reproductive characters of a population of the tortoise Testudo h. hermanni in the Plaine des Maures (Var), and compared these to another population in southern France and to T. h. boettgeri in Greece. Clutch characters, which are measures of total reproductive investment, showed no differences between subspecies or sites after body size correction by ANCOVA. Egg characters, which measure the division of this investment among offspring, did vary significantly among both subspecies and sites after correcting for body mass. The presence of such local variation should discourage relocation of the threatened T. h. hermanni even between populations of the same subspecies.

Description: We review the Goneplacidae and review the various alternative hypotheses concerning membership within the family. We offer a new cladistic based hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships within the group.

Description: Decapods are the most diverse and complex group of crustaceans, adapted for life in all parts of the marine environment, many aquatic habitats, and some terrestrial niches. With this diversity of life styles, a vast range of morphotypes of decapods has evolved, exploiting almost every imaginable variation in morphology of the complex exoskeleton that characterizes them. Many of the morphological variants are a response to exploiting a particular niche in which the organisms live or an adaptation to particular behavioral characteristics. Assessing the significance of morphological variation in the fossil record is challenging because of the taphonomic overprint that results in loss of soft tissue, preservation of partial remains of hard parts, and vastly reduced numbers of preserved individuals as contrasted to the once-living population. The purpose of the present paper is to identify aspects of morphology that may be useful in interpreting the behavioral responses of the organism to its environment, w,th primary emphasis on morphological features of the exoskeleton that are not expressed on all individuals but that occur at low, and unpredictable, frequencies.

Description: Ten species from five genera of the family Hynobiidae were studied. The number of trunk vertebrae varied between 14 and 21, and the count of costal grooves ranged from 10 to 15. Both the within-species variation and the within-population variation were recorded in some species. In both kinds the values of the coefficient of variation were quite low. In Salamandrella keyserlingii, the south-eastern samples markedly differed from remaining ones. Among the hynobiids, the genus Onychodactylus (both species) and Batrachuperus mustersi have higher number of vertebrae in the anterior part of trunk (5 and 4, respectively, versus 3), and, thus, demonstrated a distinct position. The relation between the number of trunk vertebrae and the count of costal grooves was studied. The variation in number of trunk vertebrae across urodelan families was discussed.

Description: The following families are already revised and will be included in Flora Malesiana vol. 4, part 1 which is made ready for the press: Aceraceae, Actinidiaceae s.str., Alangiaceae, Ancistrocladaceae Aponogetonaceae, Burmanniaceae, Geratophyllaceae, Cochlospermaceae, Hydrocaryaceae, Juncaginaceae, Moringaceae, Myoporaceae, Nyssaceae, Philydraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Podostemonaceae Sarcospermaceae, Sphenocleaceae, Stackhkousiaceae, Styracaceae, Trigoniaceae, Zygophyllaceae.

Description: The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Mass. The Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. U.S. National Herbarium, Smithonian Institution, Washington, DC. New York Botanical Gardens, Bronx Park, Fordham Br.P.O., N.Y. Bot. Gardens, Ann. Arbor, Mich. University of California, Department of Botany, Berkeley, Cal. Field museum of natural History, Department of Botany, Chicago, Ill. Great Britain. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew-Surrey (except types) British Museum, Natural History, Bot. Department, Cromwell Road, London SW & Botany School, Cambridge.

Description: Bignoniaceae. Dr van Steenis is wording on a revision of the Malaysian Bignoniaceae for Flor. Mal.. Burmanniaceae. Dr F.P. Jonker, Herbarium, & Museum voor Systematische Botanie, Lange Nieuwstraat 106, Utrecht, Holland, is preparing a new revision of the Burmanniaceae for Fl. Mal.

Description: Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr, R.C.: Een bijdrage tot de kennis van de Melastomataceae van den Maleischen Archipel in het bijzonder van die van Nederlandsch-Indië. Thesis. Gouda 1943, VIII 31 pp. (in Dutch). Extract from the general and critical parts of the extensive study; no latin descriptions.

Description: Mr R.E. Holttum, Director of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, who was on leave in England from July to mid-November, reported that Mr C.X. Furtado has returned to Singapore and is working on the genus Calamus as part of his revision of the Palmae of the Malay Peninsula. Mr Holttum ’aims at getting a revised Flora of the Malay Peninsula written, of which he himself will be responsible for most of the Monocotyledones except Aroids and Palms. Mr M.R. Henderson is working on some families of Dicotyledones. This Flora must be fuller than Ridley’s, and with sufficient introductory matter and illustrations to make it intelligible to the ordinary resident who is prepared to take soms interest in local plants’. Mr Holttum will retire in 1950; he will then devote his time to revise Flora Malesiana, series II, Pteridophyta. Mr Holttum spent a fortnight in Holland, in October, and discussed the contributions to Flora Malesiana which can be prepared at Singapore on the basis of mutual cooperation. Dr A.J.G.H. Kostermans has been appointed Forest Botanist in the Forest Experiment Station, Buitenzorg, Java. He has resumed his studies on the Malaysian Lauraceae.

Description: Flora of Java. Dr C.A. Backer has been working towards the composition of a Dutch-written Flora of Java since about 1903, at first in Java, and onwards of 1931 in Holland. When the war started it was thought safer to mimeograph the MS. as far as it was finished, in order to save the writers’ labours against the chance of complete destruction by bombing or other causes. Prof. Dr H.J. Lam managed to get a number of subscribers and funds for a mimeograph edition. This constitures the ”Nooduitgave” (emergency edition) in which up till now 120 families have appeared in 7 folio volumes. The edition was limited to ca 25 copies. It is the intention to edit 2 volumes more, and then stop it. Circumstances necessitate the printed edition to be written in English to which the author has now consented, and which he will manage himself, Prof. Lam also succeeded in getting a number of temporary cooperators who have assisted Dr Backer in revising some families, viz. Dr A.D.J. Meeuse, A.G.L. Adelbert, and R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr, whilst the specialists Dr J. Wasscher, Dr S.J. van Ooststroom and Miss Dr G.J.H. Amshoff and the late Prof. Dr B.H. Danser made contributions. She revisions are now nearing completion. Only very few families, mostly sympetalous, are not yet finished. The flora will include the Pteridophytes (more than 500 in Java) and through the consent of Mrs Smith also the Orchidaceae (ca 700!); the latter will be revised on the basis of the MS. revision left by the late Dr J.J. Smith. In the emergency edition practically all synonyms have been omitted for brevity’s sake. It is to be hoped that they will be re-inserted in the scientific edition now aimed at. Endless labours have been spent in identifying the species described under various names, and to a certain extent these synonyms have shaped the specific delimitations and argumentate the present conceptions. They can be omitted in a concise popular flora, but not in the work now prepared. It has taken a long way to reach the present state to account for the flora of Java, but we are sure that the work will certainly be the most valuable contribution towards the flora of Java ever made, as its author possesses an unsurpassed field knowledge combined with a very critical taxonomical point of view.

Description: Prom Dr Y. TSIANG, now residing at the Bot. Institute, Sun Yatsen Univ., 30 Fat-Ching Road, Canton, China, we received a set of three volumes published during World War II, all prepared by G. Masumune. They are the following: Enumeratio Phanerogamarum Bornearum. 739 pp. (1942) 1) An attempt to give a revised edition of MERRILL’s Enumeration of 1921. The Introduction and notes under the species are in Japanese characters. The number of genera recorded is 1310, the number of species 7201. Pamilies are arranged in a systematic sequence; an index to family and genus names concludes the volume. In some cases, new combinations are made, e.g. by reduction of Rigiolepis to Vaccinium (Eric.), further in Hanguana, Porterandia, & c. The work has been done rather uncritical: e.g. Styrax agrestis and St. serrulatus are both entered, though ithas been shown that the Bornean record of the latter is wrong and must be replaced by the former species. Peliosanthes albida is both mentioned under Liliacease and Haemodoraceae; Aletris foliolosa is mentioned in Aletris, but A. rigida is entered in Meta-aletris though the two are difficult to distinguish. Nomenclature is not up to date (see Chloranthus, Trema, & c.). A large number of important publications on the Flora of Borneo pubished posterior to 1921 are neglected. The author has apparently far underrated the difficulties in composing a cyclopedia. The latin-written text is full of errors.

Description: As was pointed out in the first instalment, the management of Flora Malesiana acknowledge collaborating and co-operating institutions; for this purpose a distinction was made between collaborators and co-operators. The former take an active part in the composition of the work (by revising certain families or large groups), the latter give assistance through the loan of specimens, information about collections, biblographical assistance etc.

Description: This book is dedicated to the world-known specialist in marine mycology, E. B. Gareth Jones on the occasion of his 65th birthday, for his substantial contribution to marine mycology. It contains 22 contributions by a multitude of authors, grouped around the central theme of Fungi in marine environments. The book is divided into three parts. Part 1 (organisms), contains contributions on fungal species: taxonomy, based on morphology as well as molecular characters, treating groups like the Oomycete genus Halophytophtora, and ascomycete groups like de Halosphaeriales, Loculoascomycetes, Lophiostoma and Massarina, as well as marine yeasts, and a contribution on anamorphteleomorph connections in marine ascomycetes. Part 2 is devoted to ecology, mainly to mangrove habitats and sea-grass communities, which harbour lots of marine fungi. Also the subject of endangered mangrove habitat is treated. Finally, Part 3 of the book deals with applied aspects of marine fungi, with contributions on secondary metabolites from marine fungi, bioremediation of coloured pollutants by terrestrial versus facultative marine fungi, fatty acids in Thraustochytrids, as well as molecular cloning of the isopenicillin synthase gene in the marine fungus Kallichroma tethys.

Description: Some new combinations in Conocybe are made and justified. The name Conocybe apala is proposed to replace the names C. albipes and C. lactea. Conocybe albipes var. pseudocrispa and C. moseri var. bisporigera are distinguished on the rank of species. On the other hand, Conocybe subalpina is reduced to a variety of C. pallida and C. rickenii to a forma of C. siliginea. In addition, three new combinations are made in Pholiotina on the rank of subsections.

Description: Most classifications of the genera of the Gramineae have been on the structure and arrangement of their spikelets, for these organs provide a far greater variety of readily distinguishing characters than do other parts of the grass plant. Nevertheless it has not always been possible to decide from morphological studies alone whether marked similarities in structure point to a close affinity or are merely examples of parallel development. The modern taxonomist, endeavouring to arrange the grass genera in as natural a sequence as possible in order to emphasise relationships and evolutionary trends, sooner or later meets with difficulties in this respect, for examples of parallelism are of common occurrence in this family. He is more fortunate, however, than his predecessors, in that his own intensive morphological studies, based on a wider range of specimens, may be supplemented by additional data gleaned from the ecological, anatomical and cytological researches of contemporary workers. Thus aided by the more complete information at his disposal, it has been possible for him to rearrange certain groups, particularly the Festuceae and Hordeeae, in which parallel development has occasionally led to unrelated genera such as Lolium, Agropyron and Nardus, being too closely associated. In the following account an attempt has been made to provide a more natural classification for about eighteen species frequently referred to the genus Lepturus R. Br. by reason of their similar spicate inflorescences.

Description: Urelytrum Henrardii Chippindall sp. nov.; ab U. agropyroidei Hack., cui e descriptione affine, culmis gracilibus, foliorum laminis non hirsutis, longe attenuatis, longioribus, racemis flavido-viridibus, spicularum sessilium gluma inferiore 5-nervi, arista breviore distinguendum — Fig. 1. Gramen perenne caespitosum, usque ad 92 cm altum. Culmi erecti, simplices, graciles, pauci-nodes, glabri, racemos versus asperuli. Folia plerumque basalia; vaginae internodiis longiores, sublaxae, striatae, apicem versus carinatae, basales glabrae laevesque, superiores pilis patulis laxe pilosae, ore villoso-barbatae; ligulae scariosae, rotundato-obtusae, 0.8—1.25 mm longae; laminae lineares, apice tenuiter setaceae, planae vel leviter conduplicatae, usque ad 38 cm longae, 3—3.8 mm latae, marginibus scabridis, costis asperulis, pone ligulam pilis longis exceptis glabrae. Racemi ad culmi apicem solitarii, stricti, fragiles, subcylindrici, fere glabri, flavidi vel pallide flavido-virides, saltem 16 cm longi; articuli rhacheos compressi, infimo usque ad 2 cm longo, scaberuli, margine uno superne rigide ciliati, appendice membranacea inaequaliter dentata ciliolata; pedicelli articulis similes, sed appendice minore. Spiculae sessiles biflorae, anguste lanceolato-oblongae, 7.5—8.2 mm longae (callo excluso); callus crassus, rotundato-obtusus, basi barbatus. Glumae subaequales, minute punctatae; inferior spiculam aequans, coriacea, marginibus hyalinis, explanata lanceolata, subconvexa, subacuta, 5-nervis, dorso apicem versus parce spinuloso-ciliata, superne bicarnata, carinis angustissime alatis, alis spinuloso-ciliatis; superior inferiore paulo brevior, firme membranacea, marginibus hyalinis apice minute ciliolata, lanceolata, acuta, 3-nervis, superne carinata, carina anguste alata, ala spinuloso-ciliata. Anthoecium inferum ♂: lemma tenuiter hyalinum, lanceolato-ovatum, 6—6.5 mm longum, 2-nerve, minute bidentatum, marginibus apicem versus minute ciliolatum; palea lemmati similis sed angustior et paulo longior; antherae 3 mm longae; lodiculae glabrae. Anthoecium superum ♀: lemma lemmati anthoecii inferi simile sed 3-nerve, apice latius; palea angustior. Spiculae pedicellatae illis sessilibus absimiles, neutrae, ad glumas lemmaque redactae, sine arista 2—2.75 mm longae. Glumae coriaceae, marginibus hyalinis superne ciliolatae, minute punctatae; inferior spiculae aequilonga, lanceolata, 5-nervis, ad carinam superne angustissime alata, ala spinulosociliata, in aristam scabridam 9—12.5 mm longam excurrente; superior inferiore paulo longior, apice integra, obtusa, superne carinata, carina anguste alata, ala spinuloso-ciliata, obscure 5-nervis. Lemma tenuiter hyalinum, parvum.

Description: According to general opinion the spikelets of Oryza consist, reckoned from their base upwards, of 2 sterile glumes, called hereafter I and II, one fertile glume (valvula inferior; lemma), called hereafter III, and the palea valvula superior) to this glume, called hereafter p3. The spikelets are placed singly on the very short ultimate branchlets, called hereafter pedicels, of a more or less strongly ramose panicle; the tips of the pedicels are broadened into a shallow infra-spicular cup, either distinctly 2-lobed or not; from the bottom of the cup arises a minute knob, on which the very distinct basal callus of the spikelet is jointed. When ripe, the spikelets of the wild species fall off as a whole, disarticulating at the joint (in dried specimens often long before maturity; hence in herbarium-specimens they are frequently lacking). In many cultivated forms they remain firmly attached to their pedicels, a property of very high economic value. The spikelets are strongly laterally compressed. I and II are either 1-nerved or nerveless; as a rule they are many times shorter than the spikelet, sometimes even very minute. Only in O. Ridleyi they are comparatively well-developed, reaching about half the length of the spikelet, but very narrow. III is very rigid, usually conspicuously granulate, boatshaped, keeled, either awned or not, 5-nerved, with a strong midrib; it has the ultimate lateral nerves along the margins. P3 is likewise boatshaped, shortly cuspidate or not, with a narrow, rather rounded, less often faintly keeled back, 3-nerved; it is about as long as III, awn disregarded, and has the same rigid granulate structure, excepted the narrowly incurved thinly membranaceous smooth marginal parts (hidden by III). It might be taken for a fertile glume, but this view is inadmissible because of the averted position of the lodicules. It has a rather thin mid-nerve and strong lateral nerves, separating the rigid central part from the membranaceous borders. The well-developed lodicules are glabrous; the six stamens are free; there are 2 free shortish styles with large plumose white or violet stigmas which, during anthesis, stick out from the sides of the spikelet in or below its middle. The ripe fruit is oblong or lanceolate, usually angular; it is free from glume and palea but remains firmly incarcerated between them.

Description: Dactyloctenium Henrardianum Bor spec. nov. quae ab omnibus aliis speciebus hujus generis inflorescentia racemosa haud digitata satis recedit. An annual grass. Culms slender, 10—30 cm tall, erect, smooth, glabrous, striate in robust specimens, terete, long-exserted from the uppermost leaf-sheath. Leaf-sheaths strongly keeled, loose, slipping from the culm, much shorter than the internode and leaf-blade, markedly striate, smooth and glabrous except for some bristles from bulbous bases sparsely arranged near the margins in the upper fourth; ligule a lacerate membrane not more than 2 mm long. Leaf-blades up to 10 cm long by 5 mm wide at the base, gradually narrowed into a fine point from the rounded base, very scabrid on the margins which also bear long bulbous-based bristles in the lower third; upper surface smooth; lower surface often with bulbous-based bristles; midrib strongly marked with 2—3 prominent parallel veins on either side.

Description: The names Blumea intermedia Koster (syn. Bl. acutata DC. var. ß) and Blumea floresiana (Schultz-Bip.) Boerl. must be kept upright. Blumea humifusa (Miq.) Clarke var. monochasialis Koster has to be changed into Blumea tenella DC. var. monochasialis (Koster) Koster, for Blumea humifusa (Miq.) Clarke is a synonym of Blumea tenella DC. Blumea lacera (Burm.) DC. var. burmanni DC. is not a clearly distinguishable variety. Blumea runcinata DC. is a synonym of Blumea lacera (Burm.) DC. Blumea fasciculata DC. is a synonym of Blumea sessiliflora Decaisne, which is not a synonym of the closely related Blumea fistulosa (Roxb.) Kurz (syn. Bl. glomerata DC. and Bl. leptoclada DC.). Blumea chinensis (L.) DC. as well as Blumea semivestita DC. are a mixture of Blumea riparia (Bl.) DC. and Blumea bullata Koster.

Description: The name Arundo Bambos L. Sp. Pl. 81, 1753, is interpreted as properly belonging to the common thorny bamboo of India; therefore this species should be called Bambusa Bambos (L.) Voss. Arundo Bambos L. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 120, 1762, insofar as it is represented by Linnaeus’ specimen labeled “1. Bambos” and by his description of this specimen, is based on a misidentification of a Chinese species: Bambusa flexuosa Munro (1868). Bambos arundinacea Retz. Obs. Bot. 5:24, 1789, is shown to have been based on the plant known today as Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex Wendl. (Coll. Pl. 2:26, pl. 47, 1810), and not on the common thorny bamboo of India, properly called Bambusa Bambos (L.) Voss. Bambusa arundinacea Willd. Sp. Pl. 2:245, 1799, is based on Bambos arundinacea Retz., but Willdenow is shown to have confused, in his text, as in his mind, at least two species under this name: 1. The plant which has since come to be known as Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. (of which he had a specimen labeled “B. arundinacea 1.”) and 2. The common thorny bamboo of India (properly called Bambusa Bambos [L.] Voss) of which he had no specimen. Traditional usage for 150 years has overlooked the facts in this case, and has erroneously applied Bambusa arundinacea Willd., and Bambusa arundinacea Retz. (as Bambos) to the common thorny bamboo of India. As a result of the long-continued misapplication of the name Bambos arundinacea Retz. and its variants, it will be exceedingly difficult to reïnvest the name with its original meaning. It may come to pass that consensus of leadership will be to avoid the use of the name Bambos arundinacea Retz and its variants altogether, at least for some time, because of the risk of being misunderstood, and to continue the use of the name Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., which is generally accepted in its proper sense. Those who use Bambusa arundinacea Retz. (as Bambos) or any of the other variants of the name, may be able to avoid being misunderstood by citing Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. as a synonym. Bambusa Schreb. Gen. Pl. 1:236, 1789, and Bambos Retz. Obs. Bot. 5:24, 1789, are synonymous, and are believed to have been based on the same species, namely the plant commonly known today as Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Strict adherence to Recommendations IV and V of the fifth edition of the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, and probably the claims of priority, would indicate the replacement of Bambusa Schreb. by Bambos Retz. The continuation of the use of the generic name Bambusa Schreb., instead of Bambos Retz., has the sanction of tradition, and of contemporary preference; but in order to be fully justified and stabilized, this usage should be regularized and legalized by action of the International Botanical Congress, placing Bambusa Schreb. on the list of Nomina Conservanda. The genus Leleba Rumph. ex Nakai, Jour. Jap. Bot. 9: 9 et seq. 1933, is added to the recognized synonymy of Bambusa Schreb.

Description: On the 13th of October 1940 I found in the vicinity of a wool- and skinwork in Tilburg (The Netherlands, prov. N. Brabant) a sterile grasstuft, striking me by its peculiar habit. I transplanted it into my garden in Dordrecht and there it was flowering for the first time in June 1941, and in July it was collected to be dried. On the 4th of July 1941 I gathered one more fructifying specimen at the same locality in Tilburg. Doubtless the plant was a Deschampsia and my provisory identification was D. media R. et Sch.. Sending the material with this name to Dr P. Jansen in Amsterdam I got his reply: ”Certainly not D. media. It is a species, unknown to me or, more probably, a variety of D. flexuosa“. This conclusion, however, seemed unacceptable to me. The habit of the sterile as well as the fertile plant differs strongly from that of D. flexuosa. The tuft is denser and harder, with thicker and shorter leaves. The panicle is longer, wider and more diffuse, the branchlets less flexuous, the culms are relatively short, as long as the panicle or at most 1½—2 times the length of the panicle (in D. flexuosa 4—5 times). The characteristics of the flower are decisive. The lower glume is 5 mm long, the upper one 6 mm, both of them overtop the lemma and palea of the enclosed flower (in D. flexuosa the glumes are little different in length and equaling or overtopped by the flowers). The stipe of the upper flower, remaining attached to the lower one, when the spikelet falls asunder, is densily pencilshapedly hirsute and 1.5 mm long (in D. flexuosa 0.6—0.8 mm). The upper flower bears a similar stipe of a fully rudimental third flower, in other words: the rachilla is produced behind the upper palea as a hairy bristle. These properties sooner recall D. setacea than D. flexuosa, but the anthers are very small, 0.3—0.5 mm long, on much longer filaments (D. setacea has anthers, 1.5 mm long, filaments 0.5 mm, D. flexuosa: anthers 1.8 mm, filaments very short). All this: the habit, the pale green spikelets without any touch of purple, brown or blue, and the small anthers on long filaments justifies a specific differentiation of the Tilburgian wooladventive. I propose to name it, in honour of Dr J. Th. Henrard, whom I owe so much in the field of adventives in general and of Gramineae in particular: Deschampsia Henrardii nov. spec.

Description: The island of Enggano is the most southern of a series of islands situated parallel to the Western coast of Sumatra. In 1936 the island was visited by Dr. W. J. LüTJEHARMS, who stayed there from the end of May to the beginning of July collecting materials for the Herbaria at Buitenzorg and Leiden. During this excursion he also collected some zoocecidia, which were sent to me for classification by the Director of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden. The collection consists of 16 galls on various plants; many of them were already known as occurring in other parts of the Malay Archipelago; others are new, these are marked with an asterisk. A collection of 16 galls is actually to small to give insight into the wealth of galls of this tropical island; so far, however, nothing was known about the galls of the island, and since it is unlikely that the place will before long again be examined as to its galls, I deemed it worthwile to describe this small collection.

Description: Nepenthes izumiae Troy Davis, C. Clarke & Tamin (Nepenthaceae), a new species from the Bukit Barisan, West Sumatra, Indonesia, is described.

Description: In recent collections of herbaceous grasses from Thailand some novelties were detected: Eremo- chloa maxwellii Veldk. and Parahyparrhenia laegaardii Veldk. New records for Thailand are: Eragrostis tenuifolia (Hochst.) Steud., Eulalia tetraseta Ohwi, Germainia thorelii A. Camus, Sporobolus tenuissimus (Schrank) Kuntze. A second collection after the type was made of Germainia pilosa Chai-Anan.

Description: Millettia liberica Jongkind (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae) from the forests of western Africa is described and illustrated.

Description: The position of Ficus subg. Pharmacosycea sect. Oreosycea and its subdivision are briefly discussed. A new subsection Glandulosae C.C. Berg is established. Five new species are described for the Malesian region: F. carinata, F. matanoensis, F. saruensis, F. sclerosycia, and F. subcaudata. Ficus pubinervis Blume and F. minor King are reduced to subspecies of F. nervosa Roth.

Description: Fourteen species of Sauropus are recognised for Malesia, 21 for Thailand. Two species are described as new, S. asymmetricus of Sumatra and S. shawii of Borneo. Many new synonyms, especially for S. androgynus and S. rhamnoides, are provided. The latter two species have a much wider distribution than described before and both are difficult to separate from each other. A phylogeny based on morphological and palynological data proved futile, but showed that Sauropus together with Breynia and Glochidion are embedded in the paraphyletic Phyllanthus. Most species which formerly belonged to Synostemon and are now included in Sauropus are probably, with the exception of S. bacciformis, related to Breynia and Glochidion. Because of the poor phylogenetic results the circumscription of Sauropus is not changed (Synostemon still included), and an infrageneric classification is not provided.

Description: The sections and subsections of Ficus subg. Synoecia are described and their Malesian species listed and keyed out. Six new species are described or established in the subgenus: F. cavernicola, F. colobocarpa, F. jacobsii, F. jimiensis, F. sohotonensis, and F. submontana. The combination F. disticha Blume subsp. calodictya (Summerh.) C.C. Berg is made and the lectotypes for F. alococarpa Diels and F. simiae H.J.P. Winkl. are designated.

Description: Hallier ²) subdivided the Convolvulaceae into two groups, viz. the Psiloconiae, with smooth pollen grains, and the Echinoconiae with spinose ones. The genera of the Psiloconiae occurring in Malaysia have been dealt with in parts I and II of the present paper, with exception of the genus Erycibe, which shall be treated in a special monograph. The group of Echinoconiae contains two tribes, viz. 1. Ipomoeeae and 2. Argyreieae, both represented in Malaysia. The genus Ipomoea belongs to the Ipomoeeae.

Description: Two new species of Schizostachyum Nees: S. andamanicum and S. kalpongianum, are described and illustrated.

Description: Despite the various taxonomic revisions of Abrus Adans., species and infraspecific delimitation are not always clear. In those revisions very little reference is made to micromorphological characters, in particular to those of the compound leaves, in spite of the stability of some of those characters. By using techniques of light and scanning microscopy this study reveals some interesting results concerning to leaflet surface, such as some of the characters of the epidermis cells, stomata, presence of papillae and trichomes. These characters show some range of variation at the species level but not at the subspecies level. We conclude that those structures can provide additional characters useful in Abrus for species and infraspecific segregation. This study also supports Breteler’s delimitation of the African Abrus species.

Description: See for the confusion reigning about tho species of this genus Journal of the Arnold Arboretum VIII (1927), 234 seq. The only species cultivated in Java (not so much for its fruit as for its medicinal properties) is M. australis Poir. Formerly it went by the name of M. alba L. from which it differs i.a. by its shining dark-red or almost black fruits.

Description: A revision of the genus Phyllagathis Blume is presented under a wider generic concept than used by earlier authors. This section of the revision will focus exclusively on the species in Borneo and Natuna Island. Eighteen species are endemic to Borneo, and only P. steenisii is endemic to Natuna Island, a small Indonesian island off the northern coast of Sarawak. One new species is described and several new combinations are established with the inclusion of pentamerous genera into Phyllagathis.

Description: It was shown that the oldest Dutch lichen herbarium known was that of H. Boerhaave dating as far back as the end of the 17th or the beginning of the 18th century. After that there was a long spell of inactivity, until from about 1835 onward the florists again started making herbaria. From the end of the nineteenth century the interest flagged again, and collecting was done by very few people. The first publications which are known to deal with Dutch lichens mentioning the locality do not date back farther than the 17th century, the work by C. Pilleterius (1610) being the oldest one. Those earliest publications comprised but a very small number of lichens, presumably because of few of them the officinal application (the main impetus of getting acquainted with plants) was known yet. In the seventeenth century, the lichens were designated by phrase-names which, with some certainty, may be identified with the Linnean names, but nevertheless remain somewhat obscure. Gradually, in the 18th century, the interest in lichens shifted from the medicinal to the botanical side. The number of lichens known steadily increased, and the binomial nomenclature was more generally applied. The habit of uncritically copying certain successful foreign floras was abandoned, and it grew customary among the florists to publish cheek-lists of own finds, though specific, descriptions were often borrowed from foreign authors. In some cases, however, it still appears uncertain which species were meant, as no material was left. The lichenology in Holland showed its greatest development in the 19th century. Phis was undoubtedly mainly due to the activity of the newly founded Botanical Society (1845), and particularly by the efforts of its undefatigable president R. B .van den Bosch. Except for the experimental investigation by M. Treub (1873), however, the interest in lichens never surpassed the stage of writing enumerations of the local flora. None of the florists felt called upon to study any special group of lichens. In fact, there were no lichenologists proper, and lichenology in Holland was sterile. Whereas in all other countries of Europe the description of new lichen genera and species was in full progress, and other branches connected with lichenology such as anatomy, morphology, ecology, Physiology, and chemistry were being studied, there was an almost complete standstill in the Netherlands which hardly could be made up for by a single outstanding systematical (E. T. Nannenga, 1939) or physiological Paper (A. Quispel, 1943). Of late, however, a revived interest and a determined desire on the part of some sociologists getting more familiar with lichens is apt to brighten up this somewhat gloomy picture.

Description: Alysicarpus Desv. is revised for the Flora Malesiana area. The recently described species A. aurantiacus Pedley is recorded for several localities in Papua New Guinea. Alysicarpus monilifer L. is recorded for Luzon (Philippines). The variability of A. vaginalis is discussed. A key for the Malesian species is presented.

Description: Whilst visiting the Leeward Group, little time could be spared to the collecting of mammals; from Odocoileus and Sylvilagus however, a rather representative series could be obtained. Regarding this, I must offer my grateful thanks and appreciation to the people who so ably and kindly assisted in securing the specimens. I am especially obliged to Mr. van der Linde Schotborgh for presenting me with a living Curaçoan deer and to Mr. de Wit for organizing our three shooting-parties, ending with the aquisition of the type of Odocoileus gymnotis curassavicus. Señorita Fanny Maneyro made me a present of a two days old fawn, on the occasion of a short visit to her uncles estate on the Peninsula de Araya. Little “Chacopato” was bottle-fed in my room in Porlamar, with the devoted assistance of Maximiliana, the hotel-owners step-daughter. This apartment he soon shared with an adult deer from Margarita, which however died a few months later. During this time the hotel-owner, Clémente Sibú, who was very fond of animals, overlooked many annoying things, which another would never have let pass. After my departure to Curaçao, “Chacopato” stayed in “Hotel Central”, where he was later joined by his two prospective wives “Guanta” and “Carúpana”, until our departure for the Netherlands. After being kindly entertained on board of the „Van Rensselaer”, they started family-life in the grounds of my parents country-house near The Hague.

Description: The region which forms the field of these studies lies between Trinidad and the Goajira-peninsula, off the northcoast of South America, comprising of seventeen islands or island-groups with a total area of about 2000 square kilometers. It is a part of the Venezuelan Republic, excepting Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire, which is Netherlands territory. The total number of inhabitants can be estimated at 164000, chiefly confined to Margarita (70000), Curaçao (61000), Aruba (24000), Bonaire (5500) and Coche (3000). This region was visited in 1936 and 1937 with the main object of studying the land and freshwaterfauna, excluding birds and the greater part of the insects. For comparison some parts of the adjacent continent were also visited.

Description: The Dalskog Dais-Rostock area lies in the Swedish province of Dalsland, to the west of lake Vänern. It lies entirely within the Upperud sheet of both the topographic (1926) and geological map (1870) and comprises parts of the parishes Gunnarsnäs, Dalskog and Ör. As shown by the outline map (fig. 1), the investigated region is situated in an area of gneiss-granites and supracrustal formations, which lies to the west of lake Vänern as an island in the great, highly metamorphic complex of gneisses of southwestern Sweden. In the adjoining table the geological events wich left their marks in the rocks of the Dalskog Dals-Rostock area are listed in chronological order. For the sake of clearness the table has been completed with data known from the adjoining regions, but these are placed in parentheses.

Description: The description of the Foraminifera of the type-locality of the Maestrichtian and its stratigraphical value is the object of this thesis. This type-locality is found in the Southern part of the Dutch province of Limburg.

Description: This annotated list of the mammals, lizards and mollusks of the Leeward Group, is based on author’s collection and therefore includes additional mainland-records of the island-species. As a rule a short commentary is given only as a guide to the adopted nomenclature and classification, in case of controversial data which are not yet settled, if important for our knowledge of regional distribution, mentioning vernacular names. Regarding the mammals, all known material-records are included.

Description: Wanneer iemand een periode van zijn leven afgesloten ziet, tracht hij voor zichzelf een balans op te maken van de vervlogen jaren. Wanneer hij in die tijd een openbare functie heeft bekleed, zullen ook anderen dat doen. Voor die anderen is dat een moeilijke opgave, want is het schrijven van een necrologie al een moeilijke zaak, het schrijven over een nog levend man van karakter, die het zeker niet zal waarderen in zijn gezicht geprezen te worden, is nog oneindig moeilijker. Toch maak ik dankbaar van de gelegenheid gebruik om de figuur van den scheidenden professor IHLE tenminste voor één maal voor het voetlicht te halen, dat hij altijd zo graag heeft willen ontlopen. Mijn eerste herinnering dateert van begin October 1925, toen de nieuwbenoemde professor, waar wij, jonge studenten, met zoveel spanning naar hadden uitgezien, plotseling op het tweedejaarspracticum verscheen, daar een rondgang maakte en ons vervolgens getweeën in zijn kamer ontbood voor een eerste kennismaking. Daarna kwam, op 26 October de oratie, het officiële begin van de voornaamste periode in zijn loopbaan.

Description: The incorporation of information regarding sedimentation rates and lithology from ODP Leg 175 Sites 1075, 1076 and 1077 into the analysis and interpretation of high-resolution seismic reflection data led to the revision and refinement of a depositional model for the upper Congo Fan area presented earlier by Uenzelmann-Neben (1998). The main sediment contributor to the upper fan was determined for four time slices since the Eocene (Late Oligocene - Miocene/Pliocene, Pliocene - 600 ky, 600 ky - ~160 ky, ~160 ky - Recent). Thus we can say that input of sediments from the north dominated the area in the Late Paleogene by either a south setting current or the Kouilou/Niari River. This situation continued to the period Pliocene - 600 ky when southern sediment sources (the Congo River and upwelling) became dominant, with the material being deflected to the north by the Benguela Current. As a sediment source on the upper fan, upwelling became even more important after 600 ky while the main sediment load of the Congo River is guided to the middle and lower fan via the Congo Canyon.

Description: Non-steady-state vertical velocities of up to 5 m y-1 exceed the vertical surface-parallel-flow components over much of the ablation area of Storstrømmen, a large outlet glacier from the East Greenland ice sheet. Neglecting a contribution to the vertical velocity of this magnitude, results in substantial errors (up to 20%) also on the south north component of horizontal velocities derived by satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) measurements. In many glacier environments the steady-state vertical velocity component required to balance the annual ablation rate is 5 to 10 m y-1 or more. This indicates that the surface parallel flow assumption may be problematic also for glaciers in steady state. Here we derive the three-dimensional surface velocity distribution of Storstrømmen by using the principle of mass conservation to combine InSAR measurements from ascending and descending satellite tracks with airborne ice-sounding radar measurement of ice thickness. The results are compared to InSAR velocities previously derived by using the assumption of surface parallel flow, and to velocities obtained by Inin-situ GPS measurements. The velocities derived by using the principle of mass conservation are in better agreement with the GPS-velocities than the previously calculated velocities derived with the assumption of surface parallel flow.

Description: The quality of the prediction of the dynamical system evolutionis determined by the accuracy to which initial conditions andforcing are known. Availability of future observations permitsreducing the effects of errors in assessment the external modelparameters by means of a filtering algorithm. However, traditionalfiltering schemes do not take into account uncertainties in specifyingthe internal model parameters and thus cannot reduce their contributionto the forecast errors. An extension of the Sequential ImportanceResampling filter (SIR) is proposed to this aim. The filter is verifiedagainst the Ensemble Kalman filer (EnKF) in application to the stochasticLorenz system. It is shown that the SIR is capable to estimatethe system parameters and to predicts the evolution of the system witha remarkably better accuracy than the EnKF. This highlights a severedrawback of any Kalman filtering scheme: due to utilizing only first twostatistical moments in the analysis step it is unable to deal withprobability density functions badly approximated by the normaldistribution.

Description: Annual cycles and multi-year summer simulations of Greenland ice sheet surfaceclimate are made with the 0.5 degree horizontal resolution regional climate modelHIRHAM. The model results are compared with meteorological and energy balanceobservations from 15 Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) automatic weatherstations. The model reprouces the surface climate, often within model andobservational uncertainty. However, the presence of numerous systematic modelbiases have been identified. Improving the representation of the model orographywould constitute a major improvement of the simulation of the Greenland ice sheetsurface climate, for biases in parameters such as temperature and pressure arelinked with elevation errors, not physical model error. The modeled near surface airtemperatures are warmer compared to observations, resulting primarily from thepoor resolution of the near surface layer and near surface temperature inversion.A more advanced planetary boundary layer scheme for Arctic conditions yieldedpromising results in a sensitivity run. Additional model warm bias is linked withnegative albedo bias which leads to a positive net shortwave bias. Negative albedobias is caused by a insufficient ice sheet elevation representation (-190 m averageorography bias) that results in warmer temperatures. Surface sensible heat fluxes are overestimated,likely due to model warm bias and too great wind speed. Latent heat fluxes in the model arealso larger than calculated from GC-Net measurements, indicating more evaporation than observationssuggest. Furthermore, the bulk model for evaporation neglects the majority ofwater vapour deposition, particularly at high elevations. Annual maps and total massflux of precipitation and evaporation are analyzed in context of results in literature.Based on the results of a multi parameter comparison, numerous recommendationsfor further model development are made.

Description: A Sequential Importance Resampling filter is applied to assimilate dataof the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study for the periodDecember 1988 to January 1994 into a 9-compartments ecosystemmodel. The filter provides an opportunity to combine state and parameterestimations. We detected notable seasonality of some model parameters.A filtered solution is in close agreement with the data and is superiorto that obtained with fixed model parameters. The seasonal dependenceof the initial slope of the P-I curve agrees with other known estimates.The seasonality of the phytoplankton specific mortality rate obtainedcan point out that either the phytoplankton mortality parameterizationhas to be improved or the Chl:C ratio varies in time. Being of the samecomputational cost as the Ensemble Kalman filter, the data assimilationapproach used can be implemented for on-line tuning and operationalprediction the ecosystem dynamics with a coupledhydrodynamical-ecosystem model.

Description: Population structure, growth and production of the surf clam Donax serra (Bivalvia, Donacidae) inhabiting highly exposed sandy beaches of Namibia, were investigated between November 1997 and December 1999. From length-frequency distribution and tagging-recapture data a von Bertalanffy growth function with an asymptotic length (L*) of 82 mm and a growth constant (K) of 0.274 y-1 was established. Regarding growth performance of Donacidae, D. serra fits in a group of species inhabiting cold-temperate and upwelling regions. The intertidal biomass of the studied population ranged between 141 g ash free dry mass (AFDM) m-2 y-1 and 546 g AFDM m-2 y-1. Individual production was maximal at 56.5 mm shell length (0.83 g AFDM ind.1 y1) and annual production ranged between 167 g AFDM m-2 y-1 and 637 g AFDM m-2 y-1, resulting in productivity values (P/B) between 1.167 y-1 and 1.589 y-1. This data underlines the importance of D. serra for the beach/surf ecosystem. Further the findings of this study are crucial to support future aquaculture or exploitation activities and management.

Description: In certain regions of the Southern Ocean, tidal energy is believed to foster the mixing of differentwater masses, which eventually contribute to the formation of deep and bottom waters. The RossSea is one of the major ventilation sites of the global ocean abyss and a region of sparse tidalobservations. We investigated tidal dynamics in the Ross Sea using a three-dimensional sigmacoordinate model, the Regional Ocean Model Systems (ROMS). Realistic topography andhydrography from existing observational data were used with a single tidal constituent, thesemi-diurnal M2. The model fields faithfully reproduced the major features of the tidal circulationand had reasonable agreement with ten existing tidal elevation observations and forty-twoexisting tidal current measurements. The differences were attributed primarily to topographic errors.Internal tides were generated at the continental shelf/slope break and other areas of steeptopography. Strong vertical shears in the horizontal velocities occurred under and at the edges ofthe Ross Ice Shelf and along the continental shelf/slope break. Estimates of lead formation basedon divergence of baroclinic velocities were significantly higher than those based on barotropicvelocities, reaching over 10% at the continental shelf/slope break.

Description: Within the high nutrient --- low chlorophyll regime of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), high phytoplankton concentrations are frequently observed in the vicinity of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF).As is typical for frontal systems, hydrography in this region is characterized by meanders and eddies as well as up- and downwelling cells which redistribute nutrients and influence the depth of the euphotic zone.To study the processes leading to the observed phytoplankton distribution, a coupled ocean plankton model for ecosystem studies in the ACC has been developed.The ocean component is an eddy-resolving version of the s-Coordinate Primitive Equation Model (SPEM).The model has a horizontal resolution of 1/12$^\circ$ and a vertical resolution increased near the surface.The biological model (BIMAP) comprises two biogeochemical cycles - silica and nitrogen - and a prognostic iron compartment to include possible effects of micronutrient limitation.Model results indicate that part of the ecosystem's regionalvariability can be attributed to the effect of vertical and horizontal advection.However, frontal dynamics alone cannot explain the observed enhanced concentrations of phytoplankton biomass near the APF and the minima in the northern and southern ACC.Simulations which neglect possible effects of iron limitation cannot reproduce the observed large scale phytoplankton distribution.Only when iron limitation is taken into account, the model simulates plankton concentrations in close agreement with observations during the SO-JGOFS cruises.While in the northern ACC phytoplankton growth is limited by silicate, primary production is limited by iron limitation south of the APF.Near the APF, mesoscale iron upwelling enhances primary production, leading to increased phyto- and zooplankton biomass.The meridional structure with two plankton maxima is closely linked to the cross-front overturning circulation.This double-cell circulation with two upwelling branches is caused by the northward sloping large scale bottom topography.keywords: Antarctic Polar Front, ocean-plankton model, phytoplankton distribution, iron limitation

Description: In 1999 new seismic refraction data were collected off northwestern Svalbard and theadjacent Yermak Plateau. A 260 km long profile provides detailed velocity informationfor the northeastern edge of the Eurasian Continent and the adjacent Yermak Plateau.North of Forlandsundet Graben the depth of the Moho varies between 23 and 28 km,and remains at this depth to the northern edge of the profile at 81°N. The crustal lithologyoff western Svalbard can be related to the basement province west of the Raudfjorden Fault Zone.Off the northern shoreline of Svalbard the structure of the Tertiary Danskoya Basin is mapped.Below this, a late Silurian/early Devonian basin, with seismic velocities between 5.1 and 5.8 km/sand a thickness of up to 8 km is present. A Paleozoic sequence of up to 6 km thickness isexpected below the Tertiary cover north of the Danskoya Basin. An earlier suggestion, thatOligocene rift processes affected the southern Yermak Plateau (Eiken, 1993), is confirmed.A detachment structure is situated below the Paleozoic Basin below Danskoya Basin, whichis likely the consequence of simple shear tectonics. The middle crust exhibits low seismicvelocities above the detachment fault. The lowermost crust beneath is slightly contaminated bymantle derived melts, which is deduced by the slightly elevated velocities of the lowermost crust.These melts can be attributed to decompressive melting caused by modest uplift of the Mohoduring stretching.The velocity-depth model provides no evidence for large magmatic activitythat implies a non-volcanic rifted margin history. This leads to the assumption that the proposedermak Hot Spot during the break-up of Svalbard from northern Greenland did not exist.

Description: Biological production lowers the CO_2 concentrations in the surfacelayer of the ocean, and sinking detritus ``pumps'' nutrients andCO_2 into the deep ocean. Quantifying the efficiency of thebiological pump is a prerequisite for global CO_2 budgets. Sedimenttraps are commonly used to directly measure the vertical particleflux, however, for logistical and financial reasons traps cannotprovide area-wide data sets. Moreover, it has been shownthat sediment traps can under- or overestimate particle fluxes considerably.In this paper we present a new technique to estimate the downward fluxof particulate matter with an adjoint model. Hydrographic and nutrientdata are used to calculate the mean ocean circulation together withparameters for particle fluxes using the AWI Adjoint Model for OceanicCarbon Cycling (AAMOCC). The model is fitted to the propertyconcentrations by systematically varying circulation, air-sea fluxes,export production and remineralization rates of particulate biogenicmatter simultaneously.The deviations of model fluxes based on nutrient budgets from directmeasurements with sediment traps yield an independent estimate ofapparent trapping efficiencies. While consistent with hydrographicand nutrient data, model particle fluxes rarely agree with sedimenttrap data: (1) At shallow water depth (〈 1000m), sediment trapfluxes are at the average 50% lower than model fluxes, which confirmsflux calibrations using radionuclides; (2) in the very deep traps,model fluxes tend to be lower compared to data which might beexplained by lateral inputs into the traps. According to these modelresults, particle fluxes from the euphotic zone into mid water depthare considerably higher and the shallow loop of nutrient is morevigorous than would be derived fromsediment trap data.Our results imply that fluxes as collected with sediment traps areinconsistent with model derived long-term mean particle fluxes basedon nutrient budgets in the water column. In agreement with recentradionuclide studies we conclude that reliable export flux estimatescan only be obtained from sediment trap data if appropriatecorrections are applied.

Description: The production and downward transport of particulate organic matter (POM) creates vertical nutrient and carbon gradients controlling the CO2 exchange between ocean and atmosphere. C:N:P element ratios of POM determine relative magnitudes of downward phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon fluxes. Despite observational evidence for variable element ratios, it is common practice to use the constant Redfield ratios for biogeochemical modeling, which might lead to an underestimation of downward carbon fluxes. To determine elemental ratios of POM and their impact on the marine carbon cycle, we assembled C/N data for particulate material from different sources into a single data collection for joint evaluation. The dataset contains 10200 C/N values, encompassing all major oceans and trophic levels. This dataset shows that C/N ratios are highly variable with values below the traditional Redfield ratio (C/N=6.6) to values greatly exceeding it. On a global mean, C/N ratios of marine sinking particles from the surface water amount to 7.1, and there is a systematic increase of C/N ratios with depth of 0.2 units per 1000 m. The discrepancy with results from dissolved nutrient fields (constant ratios close to Redfield's value) can be explained by implicit depth averaging caused by depth variations of the surfaces under consideration. Due to preferential remineralization of N, the C/N ratio of the dissolving component (seen on dissolved nutrient fields) is smaller than the C/N ratio of the remaining particles. For flux estimations, variable C/N ratios should be implemented in biogeochemical models to correctly represent relative strengths of carbon and nitrogen fluxes.

Description: The use of the North Sea is extremely multi-faceted and high competitive.Within the vast variety of regulations within the EU and in Germany, theregulative framework relevant to aquaculture is yet incomplete. This paperprovides a short summary of the current legislative framework existent oninternational, national, and regional levels, which pertain aquaculturedevelopment in Germany. Following, it highlights the question of decisionmakingin the coastal zone within an integrated coastal zone management(ICZM) approach. It can be shown, that there is an ample need forsufficient regulations to optimise the management of the marineresources, especially in respect to further ecological and socio-economicsound aquaculture development. Within the ICZM framework foraquaculture management in the North Sea, we propose a scheme forfurther development and the establishment of an independentregulatory/advisory body, which encompasses all spatial levels.Additionally, we show which tools, such as DSS (e.g. GIS) and activeparticipation, could be used in such a scheme in the decision makingprocess and what outcomes at which stage is to be expected. The articlecloses with a call for integrative action in Germany for the furtherpromotion of aquaculture development by endorsing the idea of ICZM inorder to sustain its economic potential as alternative livelihood for coastalcommunities.

Description: Organochlorine compounds were analysed in three fish species of different feeding types from the area of Elephant Island in the Antarctic. In 1996, HCB (means: 15-20 ng/g lipid), p,p'-DDE (5-13 ng/g lipid) and mirex (1-7 ng/g lipid) predominated, while PCBs were minor components (PCB 153: 0.4-2 ng/g lipid). Concentration patterns were species-dependent: PCB 180, PCB 153, mirex, nonachlor III, trans-nonachlor and the toxaphene compound B8-1413 were highest in the bottom invertebrate feeder Gobionotothen gibberifrons and lowest in the krill feeder Champsocephalus gunnari. Levels of p,p'-DDE, PCB 138 and heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1), a natural bioaccumulative product, were highest in the fish feeder Chaenocephalus aceratus, whereas HCB was present in about equal concentrations in all species. Most compounds were taken up preferentially via the benthic food chain, the chlorinated bipyrrole via the pelagic food chain and HCB from the water. In antarctic fish, biomagnification was generally more important than bioconcentration. Between 1987 and 1996, most POP levels showed significant increases in the benthos feeder and the fish feeder, while they remained nearly constant or increased less in the krill feeder. Hence, the former species represent indicator species for changing POP levels in Antarctica. Ratios (1996/1987) of average concentrations in G. gibberifrons were: PCB 138 0.7, HCB 0.8, B8-1413 1.5, PCB 180 1.7, PCB 153 1.8, p,p'-DDE 2.0, nonachlor III 2.9, trans-nonachlor 3.3, mirex 6.7. By comparison with trends in the northern hemisphere it is concluded that global distribution of HCB is close to equilibrium. Changing levels of other POPs reflect global redistribution and increasing transfer to antarctic waters probably due to recent usage in the southern hemisphere and climate changes.

Description: Higher than average recruitment among bivalves on the intertidal flats of the Wadden Sea was observed many times after severe winters in the period 1940 - 1995. The occurrence of another severe winter in 1995/96 prompted us to test the hypothesis of severe winters leading to universally high bivalve recruitment on a large geographic scale (500 km coastline) in temperate shallow waters. We analysed data sets on bivalve abundance from seven areas in the Dutch, German and Danish Wadden Sea. The longer data sets showed generally higher bivalve recruitment in the 1970Žs and 1980Žs than in the 1990Žs which may be related to the near absence of severe winters since 1987. Considering the period 1988 onwards (the longest possible period in which 1995/96 was the only severe winter), recruitment of Cerastoderma edule was in 1996 - in agreement with our hypothesis - above average at all seven investigated areas. In contrast, recruitment of Macoma balthica and Mya arenaria was for the same period above average only in the southern Wadden Sea (south-west of Jade Bay) but not in the northern Wadden Sea (north of Eiderstedt peninsula). These regional differences may be related to (i) the different topography of the northern Wadden Sea (with barrier islands westwards to the mainland) compared to the southern Wadden Sea (with barrier islands northwards to the mainland) and subsequent differential effects of wind induced currents on bivalve recruitment, (ii) differences in biotic factors such as standing stocks, larval supply or epibenthic predation or (iii) changes in environmental conditions. Our results demonstrate that large-scale comparisons along coasts are an indispensable addition to insights derived from local studies alone.

Description: Mangrove leaves, sediment, and excrement from the land crab Ucides cordatus (swamp ghost crab) from the coastal mangrove areas of Bragança peninsula in North Brazil were analysed to determine suitable biomarkers for mangrove-derived organic matter. Leaves of Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), the dominant species in the area, were characterised by high amounts of b-amyrin, germanicol, taraxerol, and lupeol. Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) mainly contained betulin, lupeol, and b-sitosterol, whereas significant quantities of b-sitosterol and lupeol were typical of Laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove), the locally least abundant species. Except for betulin, the excrement of U. cordatus contained all of the above substances, but most strongly reflected the triterpenol signature of R. mangle leaves, the predominant diet of this crab. Surface sediments from various mangrove locations had relatively uniform compositions that possibly reflect tidal mixing. Sediment extracts were dominated by taraxerol and contained smaller amounts of b-amyrin, germanicol, and lupeol. Only sediments in a marsh area, dominated by Sporobolus virginicus (seashore dropseed) and Eleocharis sp. (spikerush), revealed a different biomarker distribution. Core samples of subrecent sediment (up to 4000 14C yr BP), for which previous pollen analysis indicated vegetation dominated by mangroves, had compositions similar to that of surface sediment. Taraxerol was the main component in the examined mangrove sediments and may be a marker for mangrove matter in this region, although analysis of plant material did not unequivocally support this. Germanicol is suggested to be a biomarker for organic matter from R. mangle in North Brazil. It was detected in older sediments and apparently not significantly affected by ingestion by land crabs.

Description: Two specimens of Campylonotus arntzianus sp. nov. were caught in the Antarctic Scotia Sea off Saunders Island (57°40,31ŽS, 26°27,81ŽW) using an Agassiz trawl at one station (depth: 475 to 589 m). The new species here described is the fifth representative of the monogeneric family Campylonotidae and the first of the family south of the Antarctic Convergence. Campylonotus arntzianus sp. nov. is a shrimp of about 5 cm in total length. Due to similarities in adult morphology, C. arntzianus sp. nov. seems to be closely related to C. capensis, a deep-sea species from the Southern Atlantic Ocean. A simple key for the species identification of the Campylonotidae is provided.

Description: Abstract: The fate of a Phaeocystis globosa bloom in the Southern North Sea off Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany in Mai 1995 was investigated during a cruise with RV Belgica. We used fatty acids as biomarkers to follow the fate of Phaeocystis-derived biomass of a Phaeocystis dominated spring bloom. The Phaeocystis bloom showed a fatty acid composition with a characteristic dominance of polyunsaturated C18-fatty acids, which increased in concentration with number of double bonds up to 18:5 (n-3), and high concentrations of 20:5 (n-3) and 22:6 (n-3). In contrast to most previous studies, fatty acid analysis of the mesozooplankton community (mainly calanoid copepods) and meroplankton (Carcinus maenas megalope) demonstrated that Phaeocystis was a major component in the diet of these organisms. Massive accumulations of amorphous grey aggregates, in which Phaeocystis colonies were major components, were dominated by saturated fatty acids and only few of the polyunsaturated C18-fatty acids. A hydrophobic surface slick that covered the water surface during the bloom showed very similar patterns. Foam patches contained few Phaeocystis-typical fatty acids, but increased amounts of diatom-typical compounds such as 16:1 (n-7) and 20:5 (n-3), and 38% fatty alcohols, indicating that wax esters dominated the lipid fraction in the foam with ca. 76% (w/w). The fatty acid compositions of surface sediment showed that no sedimentation of fresh Phaeocystis occurred during the study. The results indicate that diverse processes degrade Phaeocystis -derived organic matter while floating or in suspension, and little evidence for a massive sedimentation of the Phaeocystis bloom.

Description: The meiobenthos (including foraminiferans) of the Molloy Deep (Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean) was studied along a 15 km transect crossing the deep in NW-SE direction. Four stations between 5416 and 5569 m water depth were sampled during summer months between 1997 and 2001. In comparison with other abyssal and hadal regions of the World Ocean, meiofauna abundances were extremely high, ranging from 2153 to 2968 ind. / 10 cm² (values for the uppermost 5 cm of the sediments). The analysis of biogenic sediment compounds (e.g. chloroplastic pigments, particulate proteins) confirmed comparably high amounts of organic matter in the sediments, presumably favouring increased faunal densities and biomasses. Subsurface peaks in meiobenthic abundances at 1 - 2 cm sediment depth are most probably due to substantial disturbance and/or predation by dense herds of small holothurians (Elpidia glacialis), obviously inhabiting the entire Molloy Deep in very high numbers. Faunal composition of the meiobenthic community of the Molloy Deep was similar to other deep-sea regions. Foraminiferans were the dominant taxa of the total meiobenthos (48.5 - 59.9 %), whereas nematodes dominated the metazoan meiofauna (91.7 - 95.8 %). The total meiofauna of the Molloy Deep consisted of relatively small organisms compared to other/shallower oceanic regions, which could not be explained by reduced food availability to the benthos.

Description: In the coming decades, a large fraction of the tropical rainforests will be fragmented into remnants surrounded by secondaryvegetation, land-used areas, or roads. It is important to developintegrative tools to monitor the evolution of these fragmentedecosystems. We used the individual-oriented and process-basedforest growth simulator Formind to investigate the spatial andtemporal effects of various intensities and patterns offragmentation within a forest landscape, on standing biomass andfunctional diversity. The simulator was calibrated for anold-growth rain forest in French Guiana, South America. We foundthat the standing biomass of forest remnants was reducedsignificantly compared to a similar area of non fragmented forest.When fewer but large remnants were created rather than many smallones, the total loss in biomass and the increase in the abundanceof early successional species were significantly reduced,confirming that edge effects dominate the functioning of forestremnants. We also performed simulations of secondary successionafter the landscape had been abandoned. The simulated recoverytime in those secondary forests depends on both the size ofcleared area and on the spatial pattern of the remnant forests.

Description: A mass death event of the pelagic tunicate Salpa thompsoni, which occurred in April 2002 in the Potter Cove, near the Argentinean/German Antarctic station Jubany (62°14S 58°40W), King George Island, South Shetland Islands, is described. Salps appeared on the beach two days after very strong (〉 80 km.h-1) winds were registered, which accumulated particulate material in the inner part of the cove and probably also re-suspended bottom sediments. The sharp increase in particulate matter concentrations in Potter Cove caused clogging (sensu Harbison et al. 1986) of salp mucous filtering nets and likely a combination of clogging, winds and tides caused dying salps to be washed out on the beach. Until further research, it may be postulated that particle concentrations exceeding 20 mgDW.l-1 could be considered as natural threshold concentrations for S. thompsoni in the high Antarctic coastal regions.