ALBERT

Description: Vom Zwischenruf zum Kontrapunkt - vom kritischen Mahnen an eine vergessene Stimme zur unabhängigen Stimmführung in einem mehrstimmigen Stück. Der Frauenkongreß "Frauen Wissenschaft Natur" gab den Auftakt für die Stimmen von Frauen zu Naturverhältnissen und Geschlechterverhältnissen in verschiedenen Wissenschaften. Sie sprachen über die Produktionsbedingungen feministischer Wissenschaftlerinnen, über einige zentrale Begriffe wie "Rationalität", "Objektivität/Subjektivität" mitsamt ihrer geschlechtshierarchischen Verfaßtheit bis hin zur männlichen Utopie von der Ersetzbarkeit der Natur. Der Ausklang weist zugleich über dieses Buch hinaus auf die Notwendigkeit anderer Kompositionen in der Wissenschaft - von der Homophonie zur Polyphonie.

Description: Twelve species of terricolous microlichens from the Angmagssalik District, Southeast Greenland, are reported: Caloplaca friesii, C. livida, Lecanora boligera, Lecidea oligotropha and Leciophysma arctophila, which are new to the lichen flora of Greenland, Rinodina conradi, which is new to the eastcoast, and Baeomyces roseus, B. rufus, Buellia geophila, B. punctata, Caloplaca tornoensis and Mycoblastus tornoensis, new to Southeast Greenland. In a discussion of the greenlandic distribution, unpublished records from the herbarium of Copenhagen (C) are incorporated. Notes on the habitats are given and the pertinent phytosociological units indicated. Some morphological and anatomical characters are commented upon briefly.

Description: The 16 recognized species of Sorocea are listed with their synonyms and distribution. Two new taxa are described: S. steinbachii C.C. Berg and S. hirtella Mildbread ssp. oligotricha Akkermans & Berg. Three new combinations are made: S. muriculata Miquel ssp. uaupensis (Baillon) C.C. Berg, S. trophoides W. Burger ssp. rhodorachis (Cuatrecasas) C.C. Berg, and S. sprucei (Baillon) Macbride ssp. saxicola (Hassler) C.C. Berg. A key to the species is presented.

Description: The species Polypodium banaense C.Chr. is transferred to Crypsinus. The recognition of a genus Phymatopteris Pic. Ser. (= Phymatopsis J.Sm.) separate from Crypsinus is discussed.

Description: The six species of Curtia, including a hitherto undescribed species published here, as well as the monotypic genus Hockinia can be distinguished from each other by the seed coat structure. The anticlinal walls and the cuticle provide the most useful information. Curtia tenuifolia appears to be a complex species, but subsp. tenella can be readily separated from this complex by the seed coat structure. Heterostyly has been found in C. tenuifolia subsp. tenuifolia, C. obtusifolia, and Hockinia montana, but differences in seed coat structure can not be correlated with long-, short-, and equal-styled flowers. The differences in seed coat structure, the length of the seeds, and the number of cells per seed plead for maintaining Hockinia (closely related to Curtia) as a distinct genus. One new species of Curtia is described and a new combination is made.

Description: SETTEN, A. K. van & KOEK-NOORMAN, J.: Studies in Annonaceae. VI. A leafanatomical survey of genera of Annonaceae in the Neotropics. — Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 108: 17—50. 1986. — ISSN 0006-8152. Within the scope of the multidisciplinary research project on systematics of Annonaceae, a survey of the leafanatomical features and their distribution in the neotropical Annonaceae is presented. The studied specimens form a rather homogeneous group, as may appear from the family description given here. A detailed study of the leafanatomical features reveals, that differences are mainly found in the indument, the position and contents of the idioblasts, the structure of the primary vein, the type of crystals in the epidermal cells, and the type of sclereids. Based on character states, phenetic similarities and differences are discussed and compared with the classifications of FRIES (1959) and WALKER (1971).

Description: One new species of Dorstenia from Brazil is described: D. carautae C.C. Berg, and four new combinations are made: D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. asaroides (Hooker) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. paraguariensis (Hassler) C.C. Berg, D. cayapia Vellozo subsp. vitifolia (Gardner) C.C. Berg, and D. ramosa (Desvaux) Carauta, Valente & Sucre subsp. dolichocaula (Pilger) C.C. Berg. A list of and a key to the 22 Dorstenia species distinguished in south-eastern tropical America are presented, together with synonymy and distributional data.

Description: Recently a multidisciplinary investigation program on the systematics of Annonaceae was started at Utrecht with special emphasis on the Neotropics. This project will be carried out largely within the framework of the UNESCO-project Flora Neotronica. The first goal is to provide a modern classification of the family as a whole, the second is the publication of a series of monographs for Flora Neotropica. The project has been planned and started in close consultation with leading botanists on the Neotropical flora. The Annonaceae are a family of pantropical distribution with between 2000 and 2500 species in ca. 130 genera as presently understood. In the Neotropics the family is represented by ca. 750 species and 35 genera. It is a family of trees, shrubs, and lianas. Its place is within the order of the Magnoliales and its supposedly closest relative is the family of the Myristicaceae. The Annonaceae, although generally considered primitive in many features, nevertheless offer a number of specialized features as well This makes it a promising object using various kinds of comparative morphological, karyological, and anatomical data. Besides, many species are of medicinal or commercial value, such as various species of Annona and Rollinia, the fruits of which are commonly eaten in most countries of Central America and South America; the Soursop (Annona muricata) is widely cultivated throughout the tropics.

Description: A new species of Asterophorum, A. mennegae, is described from the Sipaliwini Savanne (Suriname). The position of Asterophorum within the family is briefly reviewed, and a key to the 2 species is given.

Description: The wood and leaf anatomy of representatives of the 9 genera of the Opiliaceae are described in detail. It is possible to separate the genera on the base of both wood- and leaf anatomical characters. Herein the presence of cystoliths of varying shape and size is important. Some comments on the taxonomy and possible phylogeny of the familiy are given.

Description: In his introductory statements to 'The Symposium on the Phylogeny and Classification of the Filicopsida' which was held in London, 1972, HOLTTUM, when dealing with 'dubious groups of relationships which would particularly repay investigation', mentioned the Polypodiaceae first (HOLTTUM, 1973: 6). Talking about Polypodiaceae the present authors deal with the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto only, thus excluding the Cheiropleuriaceae, Dipteridaceae, Grammitidaceae, and also the Loxogrammaceae, taxa which were formerly (or are still) included in the Polypodiaceae sensu lato. As delineated in this way, this almost exclusively pantropical family consists of about 600 species and an indefinite number of genera.

Description: The new species Coussapoa manuënsis C.C. Berg is described.

Description: Carcinization, or the process of becoming a crab, has been, and continues to be, a focal point of anomuran evolutionary hypotheses. Traditional examples of carcinization in the Anomura are most celebrated among hermit crabs but certainly are not limited to this group. Carcinization, if it has occurred, has done so independently in all major anomuran taxa. In this critique, the traditional examples of carcinization in the Anomura are reviewed and more modern variations on the theme assessed. Potential pathways of carcinization are examined from perspectives of adult morphology in the Paguroidea, Galatheoidea, Hippoidea and Lomoidea, with emphasis on the Paguroidea. Specific attention is given to the theoretical transformation of a hermit crab-like body form into a “king crab”- like lithodid crab. Resulting coercive evidence indicates: (1) that while the evolution of a crab-like body form certainly occurs, the traditional applications, based on inadequate and often inaccurate data, are flawed; and (2) that lithodid crabs did not arise from a hermit crab predecessor through the process of carcinization.

Description: Jan Stock was born in western Amsterdam 22 February 1931, the only child of Jan Hendrik Stock, a bank clerk, and Elisabeth Stock-Knevel. He exhibited an early interest as a child in living things, raising plants on a back balcony of his parents apartment and collecting animals during family excursions to the beaches at Zandvoort. However, it was in his early teens in the Hoogere Burgerschool that his interest in biology blossomed where he achieved perfect scores in natural history on his final examinations. He entered the University of Amsterdam in 1948 to pursue his studies of biology and worked under such figures as Profs. L.F. de Beaufort and H. Engel – his predecessors in the chair of Special Zoology – as well as Profs. J.E.W. Ihle and E.J. Slijper. It was Ihle in fact who first encouraged Stock to take up the study of pycnogonids, the sea spiders, a group in which he made some of his initial scientific contributions. His first scientific articles date from the student years and appeared in Het Zeepaard, the journal of the beach research groups of the Dutch Youth-Union for Nature Studies and the Dutch Natural History Society. These attracted him to the attention of De Beaufort who gave him a job as a curatorial assistant in the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam in 1950 with duties in the then poorly organized collections of marine invertebrates. He set up a card catalogue of the collections, tracked loans of museum materials to other researchers, and identified specimens for members of the public. It was through this last activity, when he received from the National Fisheries Institute (then at Bergen-op-Zoom in the Dutch province of Noord-Brabant) some parasitic copepods afflicting mollusks, that Stock developed another of his research interests, the taxonomy of copepods. His first real scientific papers date from that year.

Description: BALGOOY, M.M.J. VAN. 1997. Malesian Seed Plants. Volume 1. Spot-characters. An aid for identification of families and genera. 154 pp., numerous text figures. Published by Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden. ISBN 90-71236-31-5. Paperback. Price: NLG 50. ‘Malesian Seed Plants, Volume 1, Spot-characters’ is the first of three planned volumes. Volume 2 ‘Portraits of tree families’ and Volume 3 ‘Portraits of non-tree families’ that will contain brief characterizations of families, will be published separately in the near future.

Description: As could be expected errors and omissions occurred in the previous compilations which are corrected here.

Description: IUCN, says the paper Categories, Objectives and Criteria for Protected Areas, ”is dedicated to the wise use of the Earth’s natural resources and to the maintenance of the Planet’s natural diversity.” What to think of the sequence? Use first, maintain second? And this comes from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources? ”The World National Parks Congress, taking place in Bali, Indonesia, October 11-22, 1982, will provide case studies from around the world to illustrate how the various categories of protected areas are meeting the needs of countries of all economic, social, cultural, and political backgrounds,” writes J.A. McNeely, the secretary of the Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, in a special issue of the Swedish journal Ambio (11: 237. 1982). ”No longer just playgrounds for vacationers and means for conserving natural heritage, protected areas have become an inseparable part of the modern human ecosystem.”

Description: University herbaria type specimen collection databases are available on the World-Wide Web at: http://www.herbaria.harvard.edu Leiden on the World-Wide Web — To show that we are with the time, the Bulletin has set a first step on the WWW. Dr. P.H. Hovenkamp (L) gradually is putting the bibliographies of the last issues (and this one, too) on the web so that you can more easily consult and browse. We can be found on: http://rulrhb.leidenuniv.nl/www/pubs/fmbull/biblio.html

Description: Mrs. Delia D. Adefuin, Museum Research Assistant, Manila, is pursuing her M.S. in Botany degree. She is currently the Secretary of the Fern Society of the Philippines. She is working on the Fern Flora of Metro Manila and is preparing the manuscript of a pictorial encyclopedia which will include descriptions of species and horticultural recommendations. Miss Barbro Axelius (S) collected and studied Xanthophytum and Lerchea (Rubiaceae) in Sarawak, Kalimantan and Sumatra, August 1982- February 1983.

Description: Tropical Botany in Aberdeen University. This was started by Professor J.W.H. Trail, who held the chair from 1877 to 1919, and travelled in the Amazon Valley (1873-75) mainly collecting cryptogams and studying palms. He was succeeded by Prof. W.G. Craib (1920-33) who was never in the tropics but devoted his work to the Flora of Siam, based on the collections of A.F.G. Kerr, and assisted by Miss E.C. Barnett. After a considerable lag, tropical botany was revived by the energetic efforts of Dr. P. Ashton as lecturer in systematics and ecology of the eastern tropics, establishing ties with Malayan colleges in teaching and research. This is at present perpetuated by two lecturers, Dr. K. Jong and Dr. M.D. Swaine, the latter’s experience lying largely in the tropics of West Africa. In addition Dr. N.M. Pritchard, Dr. J.B. Kenworthy and Dr. G. Hadley have been on secondment to the University of Malaya, while Dr. I. Alexander made research visits to India, Ghana and Peru. Over the years the Department has provided undergraduate and research training to innumerable students from many different tropical countries, some of which attained responsible posts, e.g. Prof. E. Soepadmo. Important courses in tropical biology are given, not available elsewhere in the U.K. (started 1973). The benefits for Aberdeen students is important: amongst others they led to expeditions to various parts of the tropics, recently to Sabah and to the Ivory Coast. Royal Society Tropical Rain Forest Collaborative Research Programme. Arising out of a feasibility study by Dr. T.C. Whitmore and P.F. Cockburn, the theme ’Recovery of tropical rain forest after disturbance’ was adopted as the initial basis of the programme. Possible territories for the research include Sabah and the Philippines. Detailed plans for a 5-year project are being prepared in consultation with colleagues in Southeast Asia.

Description: This issue is a special number, not because it is the latest of the Bulletin – for we try to make every issue a special one – but in June it was 50 years ago that the first one appeared. This, called ‘Bulletin Flora Malesiana’, was distributed with 150 copies only, of which 112 were sent to cooperating institutes, libraries, botanists, and interested persons. We now (1997) have an impression of 650, a stock which occasionally was very soon depleted. Until 1974 the Flora Malesiana Bulletin was under the editorship of the inexhaustible Professor Van Steenis, for a brief period assisted by Dr. H.C.D. de Wit (1950-1951). Then Dr. M. Jacobs took over, and he put a very special imprint on the Bulletin because of his great biographic and nature conservation interests. After his sudden death (1982), Dr. C. Kalkman for one year added the editorship to his burdens, and in 1984 passed the flag on to me. In 1992 it was decided to make the editorship more international and Dr. Mien Rifai of Bogor became co-editor.

Description: A survey of the flora and vegetation of Coron Island, Palawan is in the process of being written up at PNH. A Dictionary of Philippine Plant names is under the final touches at PNH. It will be printed at the University of Hawaii.

Description: As could be expected errors and omissions occurred in the previous compilations; they are corrected here.

Description: It was decided that starting from volume 13 the subdivision of volumes into parts will be abandoned. It has appeared that almost nowhere, not even in public libraries, the parts were bound together into the thick volumes, so there is no reason at all to maintain the subdivision. We will also take the opportunity to modernize and embellish the cover. Volume 13 is expected to be available in September 1997. It will be quite a thick issue of 452 pages and it will contain treatments of seven families, three of which are (hemi-) parasitic. Contents will be: Rafflesiaceae (W. Meijer, KY), Boraginaceae (incl. Pteleocarpa, of uncertain position; H. Riedl, W), Daphniphyllaceae (T.-C. Huang, TAI), Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae (R.M.K. Saunders, University of Hong Kong), Loranthaceae and Viscaceae (B.A. Barlow, CANB).

Description: It is with the utmost regret that we announce the sudden and quite unexpected death of Dr. Marius Jacobs, editor of this Bulletin. See the obituary on page 3869. He was co-editor of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin for nr. 17 (1962) to nr. 22 (1968) and took full responsibility onwards of nr. 27 (1974). He showed great ability in enlarging its scope and we have many letters in our archives expressing appreciation and admiration for the lively and informative style in which he edited the Bulletin. I had to take over the editorial work for this number at short notice, but I was greatly helped by a number of Rijksherbarium colleagues, which help is gratefully acknowledged. In this way the delay has been kept to a minimum. It is, however, possible that some news items etc. have not been printed and that information submitted to Dr. Jacobs has not been entered due to this sudden change of editorship. I offer my apologies if this has happened and hope that (if still relevant) the news will again be forwarded to the new editor, Dr. J.F. Veldkamp, Rijksherbarium, who will take over starting next number.

Description: Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612 and Botany Department, Field Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, U.S.A.

Description: The Botanical Survey of India continued to make collections during 1982, with the following results: Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Shola Bag, Mt Harriet, Jirkathang, Poona Nallah, Saddle peak, Diglipur, Rutland I. & Little I., 2875 specimens. Arunachal Pradesh: Various areas of Kameng Distr., Subansiri Distr., 9750 specimens. Assam: Garampani, 60 specimens. West Bengal: Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Hollong, Jaldapara, Chilapata, Salkumar, Daidaighat, Barasat, 2665 specimens. Bihar: Madhuban, Nimiaghat, Paresnath Hills, 315 specimens. Dehra Dun: Chakrata, Missoori, 325 specimens. Gujrat: Catchment and submergence areas of Sipu Reservoir Project, 1505 specimens. Kerala: Trichur, Idduki, Silent Valley, Valra Reserve Forest, Cannanore, Trivandrum, 3770 specimens. Madhya Pradesh: Kanha National Park, Chhodarpur Distr., 1190 specimens. Maharashtra: Areas of Jalgaon Distr. and Buldhana Distr., 4390 specimens. Manipur: Cherrapunjee, Mawphlong, Sorharim, areas of West Khasi Hills Districts, 2000 specimens. Rajasthan: Bharatpur, Desert National Park, 1605 specimens. Sikkim: Rangpo, Singtham, Bumbing, Manuring, Duga, Pandam, Takchi, Meli, areas of Gangtok, Chungtham, Lachi, Thanga, Panthang, 2590 specimens. Uttar Pradesh: Gori & Kali Valley, Chittoragarh Distr., 500 specimens.

Description: This widespread family of over 2,000 species has only 77 species in Malesia of which 64 are indigenous, the remainder having been introduced for economical or ornamental use or as weeds. In Malesia 12 genera are represented, as follows: Borago (1 sp., cult.), Bothriospermum (1, intr.), Carmona (1, also cult.), Coldenia (1), Cordia (6 indig., 3 intr.), Cynoglossum (12 indig., 1 cult.), Ehretia (12), Heliotropium (6 indig., 5 intr.), Myosotis (1 indig., 1 intr.), Omphalodes (1, intr.), Rotula (1), Tournefortia (7), Trichodesma (2), Trigonotis (15). One dubious genus (Crucicaryum) is mentioned and one genus of uncertain affinities (Pteleocarpa) is treated fully. The general part of the treatment covers 19 pages and includes paragraphs on vegetative anatomy by P. Baas, on palynology by R.W.J.M. van der Ham, and on phytochemistry and chemotaxonomy by R. Hegnauer. The family, genera, and Malesian species are described and annotated. There are keys to the genera and species. Illustration is by 14 line drawings, some of them full-page, and 4 photographs.

Description: This family, nowadays usually separated from the Loranthaceae, has far fewer species in Malesia, viz. 26, divided over 4 genera: Ginalloa (6 species), Korthalsella (5), Notothixos (6), and Viscum (9). The general part of the treatment covers 9 pages and includes paragraphs on vegetative anatomy by P. Baas and L. van den Oever, and on pollen morphology by R.W.J.M. van der Ham. For phytochemistry the reader is referred to the pertinent paragraph under Loranthaceae, where both families are considered. The family, the genera and the Malesian species are described and annotated. There are keys to the genera and to the species. A key to Loranthaceae and Viscaceae, covering all Malesian taxa, is also included. Illustration is by six line drawings, mostly smaller than full-page, and by 7 photographs. The drawings are mostly redrawn from earlier publications.

Description: Of this predominantly tropical family 23 genera and nearly 200 species occur in the Malesian region, as follows: Amyema (59 species), Amylotheca (3), Barathranthus (2), Cecarria (1), Cyne (6), Dactyliophora (2), Decaisnina (21), Dendrophthoe (21), Distrianthes (1), Elytranthe (2), Helixanthera (11), Lampas (1), Lepeostegeres (9), Lepidaria (8), Loranthus (1), Macrosolen (24), Papuanthes (1), Scurrula (8), Sogerianthe (4), Taxillus (1), Thaumasianthes (1), and Trithecanthera (5). The general part of the treatment consists of 20 pages and includes paragraphs on vegetative anatomy by P. Baas and L. van den Oever, and on pollen morphology by R.W.J.M. van der Ham. Phytochemistry and chemotaxonomy is treated for this family and Viscaceae together, see also next entry. The family, the genera, and the Malesian species are described and annotated; for complete synonymy the reader is often referred to earlier publications by Danser or Barlow. There are keys to the genera and to the species; in the largest genus Amyema there are also some regional keys to the species. A key to Loranthaceae and Viscaceae, covering all Malesian taxa, is also included. Illustration is by 32 line drawings, several full-page but often smaller, and by 15 photographs. The drawings are mostly redrawn from earlier publications.

Description: The ultrastructure of the spore walls of Beenakia dacostae (Beenakiaceae, Gomphales) has been studied. Spore walls are mainly composed of a distinct episporium and a thick, dark, ornamented ectosporium. The general structure is identical with that of other members of the Gomphales, such as Gomphus and Ramaria

Description: Mycena agrestis is a new species of section Fuliginellae. It is compared with the section’s type species, M. vulgaris, and shown to differ from the other members known from North America. Thus far, section Fuliginellae has not been recorded with certainty from the Southern Hemisphere.

Description: This sixth supplement to the original and invaluable Index Filicum continues the tradition of cross-referencing all basionyms to their new names. It covers the period from 1976 to 1990, a mere 15 years in the nearly 250 years that separate us from Linnaeus. Yet it contains 344 pages full of new species and new combinations (statistics on the numbers of each category are not provided). The dates for this volume are not very strict: important publications before 1976 that were not fully indexed in the previous volume have been incorporated in the main body, not in the Addenda, Corrigenda et Emendanda (ACE). Compare, for instance, the mere 16 new combinations in Sphaeropteris made by R.M. Tryon in 1970 listed in the previous Supplement with the nearly 100 listed here! For the first time in pteridological history, pteridologists now also have access to infraspecific names, and have less excuse to ignore some of them quietly. Whether this is an advantage remains to be seen. Records only go back to 1976 (although some older infraspecific names are listed in the ACE), which means that lots and lots of older names (and all their corresponding autonyms) are still waiting to take up their proper place in the priority. With nomenclatural rules on infraspecific names as intricate as they are now, and without the excuse of ignorance, it is very temping to move away from the use of infraspecific categories altogether.

Description: In Malesia the genus Tephrosia is represented by 20 species, native or introduced and naturalized, including 6 subspecies and 5 varieties; 4 species are restricted to Malesia. Two of these species are newly described: T. barbatala and T. elliptica; the former includes one new variety (var. glabra). Two new subspecies and one new variety are distinguished: T. filipes subsp. longifolia, T. purpurea subsp. barbigera, and T. maculata var. elongata. Two taxa are given a new status: T. maculata var. appressepilosa and T. pumila subsp. aldabrensis. Four species, T. dichotoma, T. repentina, T. coarctata, and Kiesera sumatrana are for the first time sunk into synonymy. A key to the taxa, synonymy, and full descriptions with plates and distribution maps are given.

Description: During identification and study of the materials of the genus Blepharis Juss. in the Central National Herbarium (CAL) of the Botanical Survey of India the authors came across some specimens (Lawson 314) from Tavancore, which was identified as B. molluginifolia aff But critical study revealed that the typical molluginifolia is a different species from which the new taxon can be distinguished by several characters. The species is named after M.A. Lawson who collected the specimen for the first time.

Description: The genus Canavalia (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) is briefly introduced. Comments on several species are given. A key to the Malesian species is presented.

Description: One new species of Aristolochia, A. singalangensis, from Sumatra is described here. This is the only Malesian species to have the fruit dehiscing from the apex towards the base. Remarks are given for some Asiatic and Malesian species, all belonging to Aristolochia except one to Thottea, on their taxonomy, nomenclature, typification, characteristics for identification, relationship, distribution, etc. The phenomena and significance of aristolochiaceous plants-butterflies relationship have been discussed. Germinated pollen grains have been found in dehisced anthers of open flowers in both Aristolochia and Thottea. Pollination of the Aristolochiaceae has been concisely reviewed.

Description: There are only two genera of the Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia and Thottea, so far known to occur in Malesia. In the course of a revision of this family for the Flora Malesiana, some new species of both genera have been found. Eight new ones of Thottea were published in a precursor on that genus (Blumea 27, 1981, 301-332, f. 1-72). There are four new species of Aristolochia from Borneo and one more new Thottea from Sumatra to be described here.

Description: The genus Carruthersia is revised. Three species are recognised. The species are described and a key is presented.

Description: The book begins (Part 1) with a short account of the life of Richard Eric Holttum by W.T. Stearn, followed by a chapter by M.G. Price “Holttum and ferns”. Part 2, “Floras, Biodiversity and Conservation”, with 22 contributions, deals with subjects as diverse as “Mapping the world’s Pteridophyte biodiversity” to “Diversity; status and ecology of pteridophytes in Mindanao, Philippines”, “Distribution of pteridophyte diversity and endemism in Peru”, and “Collecting live ferns for the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Ferns of all continents and many countries are treated here.

Description: Carpels develop centripetally as oblique slightly ascidiform structures provided with a seat-like support. The terminal mouth of the ascidiform primordium becomes the lateral cleft of the carpel. Solitary terminal carpels develop as lateral structures. The sections Tasmannia and Drimys of the genus Drimys differ by the varying degree of ascidiform development. Austrobaileya is like Drimys. The structure of the carpel margins with submarginal placentation may have evolved from a slit like that in Winteraceae. Allometric development of an oblique ascidiform structure may have formed a large basal ovary, and may thus have moved the stigmatic part apically. A possible cupular origin of carpels is discussed.

Description: A skeletal world revision of the genus is presented to accompany a family account for Flora Malesiana. 82 species are recognised, of which 74 occur in the Malesiana region. Six species are described as new, one species is raised from infraspecific status, and five species are restored from synonymy. Many names are typified for the first time. Three widespread, or locally abundant hybrids are also included. Full descriptions are given for new (6) or recircumscribed (7) species, and emended descriptions of species are given where necessary (9). Critical notes are given for all the species. Little known and excluded species are discussed. An index to all published species names and an index of exsiccatae is given.

Description: As compared with the treatment in the Flora of Java (Backer in Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink, 1963) with 8 species, a recent review of the genus Trichosanthes in Java resulted in the acceptance of 10 species for this island. Important changes are: the name T. trifolia has to be replaced by a later species name, T. wawrae Cogn.; T. anguina is a variety of T. cucumerina [T. cucumerina L. var. anguina (L.) Haines]; the name T. bracteata as used in the Flora of Java appeared to represent three other different species: T. tricuspidata Lour., T. quinquangulata A. Gray, and T. pubera Blume; and T. sumatrana Cogn., never recorded before, appeared to occur in Java.

Description: A species with the habit of Aristida divaricata H. et B., but welldistinguished by the wanting column and the curious tuberculate lemmas. Closely allied to Aristida gentilis HENR., which differs however in the other position of the glumes and in the smooth lemma. The species resembles in some characters the Aristida Parishii HITCHC., the latter has however a totally different shape of the panicle and the lemma is not tuberculate-hispid, but scabrous only on the upper half. Among duplicates from the U. S. Nat. Herbarium, kindly received from Mrs. A. CHASE, I found a second plant belonging to the species, a plant also collected in Arizona, north slope of Santa Rita Mountains, leg. D. GRIFFITHS no. 7269.

Description: Our Pinus halepensis is described by DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU in „Traité des arbres et arbustes etc.” 1755 p. 126 as follows: Pinus Hierosolymitana praelongis et tenuissimis viridibus foliis PLUK.: Pin de Jerusalem, dont les feuilles sont très vertes, longues et menues. This circumscription is a phrase without a trivial name. LINNAEUS himself also indicated the species in that period principally by a phrase; a trivial name („nomen triviale”) was added in 1753 for convenience; but LINNAEUS warns emphatically against forgetting the art-name (that is the phrase, „differentia specifica” or „nomen spicificum” of LINNAEUS) ¹). This art-name (phrase) was arranged methodically by him and bad to be such, that there was to be found in it exactly what was wanted to distinguish one species from the remaining known species; 12 words were the highest number allowed ²).

Description: This paper is a taxonomic revision of the genus Bromheadia. In Bromheadia sect. Bromheadia seven species and two varieties are recognized. One species, B. pendek, and one variety, B. borneensis var. longiflora, are described as new. Bromheadia philippinensis Ames & Quisumb. is here reduced to synonymy. Bromheadia sect. Aporodes has 19 species; 12 species (B. cecieliae, B. coomansii, B. devogelii, B. gracilis, B. graminea, B. grandiflora, B. humilis, B. latifolia, B. lohaniensis, B. longifolia, B. robusta, and B. srilankensis) are here newly described. Keys to the species are provided, together with a description of each species. Information on colours, distribution, habitat and ecology, general notes, and illustrations are given for each species where available.

Description: Section Appendiculopsis of the orchid genus Agrostophyllum is revised. Six taxa are recognized: Agrostophyllum elongatum, A. laterale, A. stipulatum subsp. stipulation and subsp. bicuspidatum, A. sumatranum and 1 A. trifidum. The status of a seventh taxon, A. ley tense, is uncertain. No new species are described here. Agrostophyllum celebicum Schltr. is reduced to A. stipulatum subsp. stipulatum, Poaephyllum hansenii J.J. Wood is reduced to A. laterale. The latter appears to be a strict rheophyte. All species are described and illustrated, and their phylogeny and ecology are discussed. The infrageneric classification and the systematic position of Agrostophyllum are reviewed.

Description: Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (12°12’N, 68°77’W) is an island in the Caribbean sea, situated about 50 km east of Curacao and 80 km north of the South American continent (Venezuela). Its 288 2 km of land hold about 14,000 inhabitants. Bonaire has a strongly growing population, which is mostly due to immigrants settling on the island. The surrounding waters hold much tropical sea life, which attracks a lot of dive tourism. The present reefs and sea grass beds provide a suitable habitat for juvenile green (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles. Seasonal nesting on Bonaire’s beaches is accounted for mostly by the loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and the hawksbill turtle. Leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea) are only rarely encountered. The Sea Turtle Club Bonaire (STCB) is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation, it’s main goal being the conservation of sea turtles around the island of Bonaire. The strong decline in the presence of sea turtles the past few decades is a result of the developing tourist industry, leading to a loss of potential nesting grounds. On the other hand the illegal capture and poaching of nests. Since the amendment of the Marine Environment Ordinance (A.B. 1984, no. 21) in 1991, which prohibits any handling or possession of turtles or turtle products, turtle fishing has dropped, but still continues on a small scale. As in 1995, in 1996 the STCB appointed two graduate biology students as project assistants for The Sea Turtle Club 1996 Project. Research took place from June to December in cooperation with the University of Amsterdam. Housing and research facilities were all arranged by the STCB with the help of many sponsoring organisations. During the first month the project assistants were introduced to the Bonairian community by the former year’s project assistant. During the first two months a dramatic increase in the amount of crawls was obvious. Over the nesting season, the number of crawls found (116) almost tripled compared to the number found in former years (40 in ’93 and 44 in ’95). Much time was spent on the tracking and identifying of individual nesting turtles, in order to confirm the hypothesis about a returning nesting population (cohorts) on Bonaire. Six different nesting turtles were photoidentified in the course of the project. A new nesting ground was discovered on a hotel property beach (Harbour Village Resort), which was surprising, because of its artificial character and high human impact. The cycle of a nest being made and it’s subsequent hatching was filmed on location (probably for the first time on Bonaire). The most important nesting ground remains Klein Bonaire, especially for the hawksbill turtle. A total of 16 nests were excavated and determined for their hatching success. The STCB 1996 Project had a number of objectives concerning the public awareness of sea turtles in specific and nature conservation in general. The campaign was targeting both the local and the tourist community. Various folders were distributed, posters were sold, information about sea turtle conservation was placed in the museum of the national park, and weekly slide shows were given. Also, regular press updates, radio and television interviews were published. More generally associated activities were the participation in the organisation of a “World Cleanup Day” and the coaching of “Turtuganan di Bonairu”, an educational snorkel program for local children. On the initiative of the Foundation for the Preservation of Klein Bonaire, a promotional video on the different aspects that make this uninhabited islet so special has been produced. A separate part about the sea turtles was included, in which the disastrous consequences of the possible future developments are evaluated. The video will be broadcasted in various countries For both research and conservation reasons, the diving community was confronted again with the sighting network which worked extremely well. A total of 889 turtle sightings were reported in 1996. Furthermore, the project assistants engaged in a lot of side-activities such as dealing with stranded turtles, gathering information on illegal fishing and meetings with other NGO’s. In October, a three day long international platform meeting on conservation areas was organised on Bonaire. The STCB was presented its recent sea turtle nesting figures, and the importance of Klein Bonaire as main nesting ground was emphasized. The many attending parties (Dutch and Antillian government representatives, WWF and other NGO’s, researchers and land owners) came some steps closer in the safeguarding of important nature areas on the Dutch Antilles and Aruba. In November, representatives of different NGO’s, including the STCB were able to discuss some recent problems with a delegation of chairmen of the main parties of the Dutch parliament. On this occasion, the threats that face the Lay Bay area were brought under the attention by the STCB. It is believed and hoped for that action on both the Klein Bonaire and Lac Bay issues will be undertaken.

Description: In 1987 a major biospeleogical expedition, ‘Speleo Nederland’, was carried out along the coastal Taurus mountains in southwest Anatolia (Turkey). ‘Speleo Nederland’ was focused on collecting the fauna of caves, wells, subterranean waterflows, and the interstices of marine gravel beaches. The special yield of stygobiont crustaceans, predominantly amphipods of the genus Bogidiella, promised to serve as an interesting case study to the colonization of inland groundwater by marine organisms. Now, in July 1996, a second sampling program occurred along the southern Turkish coast between Antalya and Alanya.

Description: This article contains a taxonomic revision of four orchid genera of the subtribe Collabiinae: Chrysoglossum (4 species), Collabium (11 species), Diglyphosa (2 species), and Pilophyllum (1 species). Three species are described as new: Chrysoglossum ensigerum, Collabium acuticalcar and Collabium carinatum. Chrysoglossum halbergii, Ch. maculatum, Ch. gibbsiae, and Ch. cyrtopetalum are reduced to Chrysoglossum ornatum. Diglyphosa macrophyllum, D. celebica and D. elmeri are reduced to Diglyphosa latifolia. Keys to the genera and species are given. Synonymy, descriptions, colour notes, distribution, habitat notes, and detailed illustrations are given for the genera and species.

Description: The buthid scorpions of the genus Centruroides are widely distributed in the Antillean area. They are also the most common scorpions in the majority of these islands. Nevertheless they remained almost forgotten until recently (STAHNKE 1970; ARMAS 1976, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1982; FRANCKE & SISSOM 1980). For the purpose of this paper the Lesser Antilles are defined as the islands situated between the Virgin Islands and Trinidad & Tobago, according to BOND’S 1978 zoogeographical point of view.

Description: In two previous publications (bibl. 1 and 2) I have brought the formation of calderas into relation with the gas phase, observed by Perret during the eruption of Vesuvius in 1906 (bibl. 3). In these papers I arrived at the conclusion that during the gas phase a cylinder is cored out, and that this may be the cause of caldera formation. In the first paper the subject was treated geometrically, while in the second calculations were made of a particular case (the Krakatoa eruption of 1883) to see if they would bear out this theory. This caldera-formation, however, is not a typical case, as there must previously have been an older Krakatoa-caldera, and in Aug. 1883 it was not a large portion of the volcanic cone that disappeared, but only an island which projected little above sealevel; the northern part of the ancient island Rakata, with the volcanoes Perboewatan and Danan. How a caldera might be formed from a cored-out cylinder I have tried to explain in two different ways. In the case of the Tengger-caldera I assumed, in analogy with what happened in Vesuvius after 1906 (bibl. 3 and 4) that the uppermost part of the cylinder was transformed into a funnel-shape by crumbling away of the walls, and that rising lava, as in Vesuvius 1913—1926, formed a flat bottom which continually reached higher levels. This explanation does not apply to the caldera of Krakatoa, as after the great eruption of Aug. 26th to 28th 1883 no further signs of eruption were observed, until in Dec. 1927 a new phase began in this famous volcano. In the case of Krakatoa in 1883, therefore, I thought it justifiable to apply the phenomena, known to occur in coal mining, of recent subsidences which are caused by the working of coal seams lower down.

Description: Von Herrn G. I. H. Molengraaff erhielt das Leidener Museum eine Reihe interessanter Korallen aus den Rudistenkalken von Curaçao, und Herr Ch. Weaver, in Seattle, überliess mir die von ihm auf seinen Reisen in den argentinischen Kordilleren gesammelten Korallen zur Bearbeitung. Ferner befand sich in der Sammlung K. Martin des hiesigen Museums noch ein Kalkstück von Curaçao mit einer Koralle, das zwar von Martin bereits erwähnt, aber noch nicht näher untersucht worden war. Schliesslich nehme ich die Gelegenheit wahr, um einige mir vor längerer Zeit von den Herren Steinmann und Windhausen übergebene Stücke zu beschreiben, so wie die Beschreibung einer von mir selbst in der argentinischen Kordillere gesammelten Koralle hier noch nachzuholen. Den oben genannten Herren sei auch an dieser Stelle noch vielmals gedankt für die Freundlichkeit mir das Material zur Untersuchung anzuvertrauen.

Description: The influence of the wind laden with sand in modelling pebbles is believed by some authors to be only that of polishing the surface, by others of rounding off bits of stone that already possessed edges and corners, or again by others of wearing any fragment either rounded or angular into definite forms with ridges and facets, dependent on the shape of the basis (Alb. Heim). Experiments, fully confirming the last opinion, are described in this paper: no rounding off took place, while the models were slowly revolved in the sandblast, and vertical planes took on a backward slanting position, cutting eachother along sharp edges. Where sand corrosion is great, as in the desert, the windworn pebbles owe their shape to the laws formulated by Heim; many of the fossil windworn pebbles of Northern Europe have undergone but slight alteration from their original shape and size by the natural sandblast, others seem to have been entirely remodelled by the wind along the lines indicated above.

Description: During the Late Devonian, deposition in the Cantabrian Mountains was largely controlled by movements along faults. By way of intermitting subsidence of the area south of the Sabero-Gordón line and the connected progradation of the coast during the Frasnian and early Famennian, three regressive sequences were deposited. On account of these sequences the Nocedo Formation is divided into three units. Before the late Famennian transgression, after which the upper part of the Ermita Formation was deposited, the area was peneplained. Six facies maps show the changes in palaeogeography during the Late Devonian.

Description: Only one eruption of the island Una-Una (Gulf of Tomini, Northern Celebes), in 1898, has been recorded in historical time; it was described in 1902 by Wichmann (l. c.) after data gathered from different witnesses. No lava flowed out, it was an ash-eruption. During that eruption large mud streams, called lahars, descended along the slope of the volcano and some broad flat-bottomed valleys were eroded (Pl. 44, fig. 4) which are known so very well from some Javanese volcanoes, especially from Mount Kelut. With the latter Una-Una shows many points of resemblance, in shape, structure and in type of the latest eruption. Along one of the large typical lahar valleys we climbed the volcanoe starting near Kololio. Fig. 6 and 7 show the higher parts of our road, typical v-shaped valleys, a product of ordinary water erosion. When seeing such lahar valleys one may presume that the volcano must contain or at least must have contained either a huge crater lake or a filling of loose, sandy, brecciated material strongly impregnated with water. Up to this moment all lava’s, pumice, tuffs and ashes, collected in the island Una-Una are andesitic. The andesite and the andesitic tuffs often show inclusions of carbonated peridotite. It is not impossible that also sediments occur on the island — though on our single trip we did not find them — thus in general structure Una-Una shows some resemblance to the other Togian islands, where, however, the volcanism is now extinct. The crater of the volcano has a diameter of about two kilometers. The textfigure 2 shows a schematic section, a being the western craterrim; b the bottom, consisting of mud, ashes and brecciated volcanic materia] (h) deposited in the crater after the eruption of 1898, thus giving origin to the flat bottom of the caldera-shaped crater. In the central part of the crater is an elevation, c of the same material but strongly metamorphosed by the activity of many solfatara’s which break through it. The author thinks that the elevation and the solfatara’s both owe their origin to a lava plug (g) which after the eruption of 1898 and after the filling up of the crater has penetrated through the crater-pipe and tilted the central part of the crater-bottom, itself not reaching the surface, however, as shown in figure 2 (see also Pl. 44, fig. 5 and Pl. 46, fig. 8). Pl. 46, fig. 9 shows the same phenomenon, a detritus plug in the crater lake of the Kelut volcano, Java. Fig. 2, d is a small crater lake; e is a detritus cone; h is a schematic section through the strato-volcano. In 1901 Professor Molengraaff visited Una-Una and made a fine photograph of the crater, which he kindly gave me for publication (Pl. 46, fig. 8). The activity of solfatara’s was somewhat stronger at the time of his visit; within short intervals a little cloud of smoke escaped from Una-Una, as shown in his sketch (fig. 3). Corals are growing on the submarine slopes in separate colonies. However, no true massive coral reef has been developed, owing to the young erosion stage of this volcanic island; still too large quantities of boulders and smaller detritus material are deposited along the submarine slopes and prevent a more luxurious reef growth.

Description: The area described comprises the SE plunging extension of the anticlinorium of Mondoñedo-Lugo-Sarria and several structural units to the NE of it. The stratigraphy compares with that of neighbouring areas. Certain new observations have been made regarding the west flank of the East Galician-West Asturian miogeosyncline at the end of the Precambrium and during the Early Palaeozoic. Stromatolites or algae played an important part in the formation of carbonate deposits during late Precambrian (Cándana limestone) and Lower Cambrian time (Vegadeo limestone). An imprint, possibly attributable to a specimen belonging to the Precambrian Ediacara fauna, was found in the Cándana Schist Formation. A shallow or relatively high zone existed during that time in the region around Incio. The same general area formed a high again at the end of the Ordovician, causing erosion and a marked disconformity of the Silurian. The Hercynian structures can be explained by assuming roughly WSW-ENE compression and shortening. In the NW of the area this is expressed in the first place by the recumbent folds of the Lugo-Sarria anticlinorium, and in the SE by the narrowness of the steep folds and their slightly changed direction in the general area of Seoane and El Cebrero. Normal crossfaults are related to the folding and the compression. They show locally a deviation in accordance with the direction of shear stress. Horizontal displacement along such faults in an EW direction was probably of little importance. Finally a few observations are given on the occurrence of Pb-Zn ores at the mine of Rubiales.

Description: Species of the heteropod families Carinariidae and Pterotracheidae collected in the Mid North Atlantic Ocean in 1980 have been studied. The distribution of the species is given, as well as the morphological variation. It is concluded that two subspecies of Carinaria lamarcki actually have to be considered distinctly recognisable and sympatric species, to be called C. lamarcki and C. challengeri. The vertical distribution of the heteropods studied proves not to be restricted to the photic zone and diurnal vertical migration occurs among the larger species. The horizontal distribution of the two Carinaria species and of at least two populations of the Pterotrachea species coincides with the southern branch of the North Atlantic Current, while others are restricted to the subtropical waters. Consequently, the present heteropods have to be considered good indicators of water masses and currents.

Description: Marosichthys huismani (de Beaufort, 1926), a fish from the Miocene of the Celebes, was described in the tripod fish family Triacanthidae, Tetraodontiformes. It is shown here to be a valid genus of the surgeon fish family Acanthuridae, Perciformes, and closely related to the Recent genus Naso. Marosichthys is unique among all acanthurids in having the ventral shafts of the first two basal pterygiophores of the spiny dorsal fin in the preneural space (versus only one in front of the first neural spine) and no vacant interneural spaces (versus the third space vacant).

Description: Genetic traits of the lugworm Arenicola marina were determined for four Atlantic populations from France to Norway and compared with a population from the sub-arctic White Sea in Russia. Seven loci were analysed using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. A low heterozygosity (0.09-0.17) and a non-significant heterozygote deficiency were found in all populations. The genetic identity between lugworms of European Atlantic populations was high, whereas similarity of the Atlantic populations with the population from the White Sea was low. The gene flow between the Atlantic and the White Sea populations must be considered negligible, as deduced from the average high and significant gene differentiation FST. In particular, differences in allele frequencies of glucose phosphate isomerase (Gpi) and phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) showed that the White Sea population differed significantly from the others. A very strong correlation existed between the frequency of the alleles of isocitrate dehydrogenases 2-A and -B (Idh2-A and Idh2-B) and the average water temperature. It is concluded that temperature had a selective influence on isocitrate dehydrogenase 2, which, in contrast to isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, was identified as a mitochondrial enzyme. These findings support the hypothesis that mitochondria play a key role in temperature adaptation and the adjustment of critical temperatures.