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  • 42.80  (33)
  • Nitrogen fixation  (27)
  • Springer  (60)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 1980-1984  (60)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
  • 1982  (60)
  • 1945
  • 1925
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (60)
  • American Chemical Society
  • Cambridge University Press
Years
  • 1980-1984  (60)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.80 ; 33 ; 82 ; 34
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 2
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 373-381 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80 ; 52
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigated noise and fluctuations of the output power of cataphoretic HeSe+ lasers in positive column plasma. Direct coupling of laser output power noise and fluctuations of the local population inversion was found. An investigation of the positive column plasma showed moving striations being responsible for the gain fluctuations. Whereas the local plasma properties are dominated by high frequency striations in the 100 kHz range, integrated quantities such as laser gain per pass are most strongly influenced by low-frequency waves with a continuous noise spectrum below 200 kHz. External modulation of the discharge voltage or current at a frequency near thehf striations reduces laser noise and increases laser output power.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The validity of 2-D coupled-wave theory is investigated for the case of Bragg diffraction of a Gaussian beam by a thick unslanted phase grating in transmission mode. Fourier plane wave decomposition theory, as presented in a companion article, is used to test 2-D coupled-wave theory under circumstances when its validity is in question, namely when the incident distribution is very narrow or fast-varying, or when the parameterv o, due to Kogelnik (1969), which is proportional to the product of coupling rate and grating thickness, is very large. Numerical evaluations of the field patterns at output from the grating, obtained using plane-wave decomposition, are used to explore the effect of the gradual violation of the conditions (from the previous article) under which 2-D coupled-wave theory is valid.
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  • 4
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 263-267 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The duration, shape, and background intensity level of pulses of a passively modelocked Nd-glass laser are determined by noncollinear phase-matched four-photon frequency mixing of time-separated fundamental and second-harmonic pulses in a KI crystal. The pulse shape is found to be slightly asymmetric with slower trailing than rising parts. The background intensity level before and behind the main pulse is about 5¢10−6 the peak pulse intensity.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 85.60 ; 42.80 ; 42.55 ; 33
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  • 6
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 32
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the slight change undergone by the polarization of a laser beam performing a multipass between two spherical mirrors facing each other. We replace the general 16-parameter Mueller formalism by an approximate 7-parameter one, and we give a quantitative experimental criterion for the validity of this approximation. Then we apply this formalism to the analysis of our experimental data. The results evidence:i) intrinsic birefringence in the mirror coatings (typical value per reflexion ∼2 to 4×10−4 rad);ii) birefringence due to off-normal incidence (typically 3.6×10−5 rad per reflexion for an incidence of 2×10−2 rad);iii) optical rotation, of purely geometrical origin (typically 14° for a multipass with revolution symmetry and 100 forward-backward passes under constant incidencei=2°);iv) no observable circular dichroism (≲10−6). Finally these results are discussed in connection with possible associated systematics in a parity violation experiment which motivated this work.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 34 ; 36 ; 42.80
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  • 8
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 153-156 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.80 ; 07.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A sub-Doppler spectroscopic technique involving the detection of vibrational energy transfer in excited molecules with selected velocity components at a microphone diaphragm is demonstrated. The technique is applied to the investigation of thev 3 R(16) transition in HCN and the results compared with a previously derived theoretical model.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 68 ; 42.70 ; 42.60 ; 61.70 ; 61.50 ; 42.80 ; 29
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  • 10
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 349-353 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.82
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Various methods for the recording of blazed holographic diffraction gratings are presented and the regions in the wavelength-groove density plane for which they can be used are shown. The gratings are made in the positive photoresist Shipley AZ-1350. The diffraction efficiency for s and p polarization was measured as a function of wavelength and angle of incidence. An absolute efficiency of 80% was achieved.
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  • 11
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 359-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the general formulations of the apparent transfer function for the partially coherent optical processor will be derived. Although these formulas show that the apparent transfer function is dependent upon the degree of spatial and temporal coherence, there is actually more variability in the spatial coherence. We note that the obtained formulas may also be used as a criterion in the selection of source size and spectral bandwidth of an incoherent light source. Thus a specific optical information processing operation can be carried out with an incoherent source.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A time standard based on the use of an optical oscillation period of a frequencystable He−Ne laser as a time scale is first described. We obtained highly frequency-stable oscillations in the SHF range that were locked to the oscillations of a He−Ne laser stabilized to an absorption resonance in methane at 3.39 μm. A direct comparison of frequency stabilities of a rubidium standard and He−Ne/CH4 laser has been made. The absolute measurement of the frequency of the He−Ne/CH4 laser we performed gave a new value of frequency.
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  • 13
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 82 ; 78.60 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of intramolecular energy transfer in two bifluorophoric laser dyes has been investigated by measurements of laser parameters, excited state absorption and phosphorescence spectra. The new value found for the dimethyl-POPOP triplet energy (48.0 kcal/mole) accounts for the different behaviour of the two classes of bifluorophoric dyes used in this investigation.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.55
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.65
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  • 16
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 86 ; 70L ; 07.60 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we report on a differential absorption technique using a CO2 waveguide laser. The method is based on the measurement of the differential absorption between two different frequencies of the same selected CO2 laser line. The sensitivity of the technique depends strongly on the total pressure and has been estimated to be about a few tens of ppb or better over a 1 km path length in C2H4 diluted with air to a total pressure of a few tens of torrs. Its relative simplicity and high sensitivity at low total pressure enable this technique to be applied to gas detection either at high altitude or to local monitoring of a low pressure sample.
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  • 17
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 279-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The minimum absorption detectable by a tunable diode laser spectrometer utilising harmonic techniques is often limited by interference fringes generated by scattered light. The sensitivity of the spectrometer to absorption can be increased by applying a jitter modulation. In this paper, the theory of harmonic response for single- and two-tone modulation over optical fringes and Lorentzian absorption lines is developed and compared to experimental measurements. A simple analytic expression for the two-tone harmonic line shape is derived. This expression provides a physical understanding of the effects of the second modulation, and a means to unravel the effects of the second modulation on the linewidth and line shape. For a specific choice of the jitter frequency and phase, it is possible to simultaneously minimise the fringe signal and increase the harmonic absorption signal. The results of this investigation are applicable to trace gas detection using tunable diode lasers, and to other areas of spectroscopy and magnetic resonance where harmonic techniques are used.
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  • 18
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 79-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.50 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract By use of circularly polarized light we have exploited optical pumping within the Zeeman sublevels of the ground state to obtain optical bistability in sodium vapours with low threshold power (around 1 mW) and a wide tuning range (〉12 GHz). Experimental results are presented for different conditions of operation and compared to computer calculations, that include propagation effects and inhomogeneous broadening, based on a three-level atomic model that accounts for optical pumping.
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  • 19
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    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 06 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of fluctuations in the pulse duration of synchronously pumped modelocked pulse trains on excite and probe measurements is discussed. Relaxation times comparable with the pulse durations can be measured even when large pulse-to-pulse fluctuations in duration exist. The pump and probe pulse durations are assumed to be correlated. When the probe pulses are the second harmonic of the pump, or vice versa, the third harmonic must also be generated to permit deconvolution of experimental excite and probe data. When the pump and probe pulses have the same time dependence, the excite and probe curves consist of the desired response function convolved with the time-averaged second harmonic autocorrelation function which is easily measured. Deconvolution yields the relaxation time but fluctuations in pulse duration increase the root-mean-square voltage fluctuation at the output of the detector system and limit the accuracy with which the relaxation time can be calculated.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 36 ; 42.80 ; 52
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 21
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 211-213 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 06 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The use of the depth discriminination property of the confocal scanning microscope for surface profiling has been adapted to provide a method of high-resolution three-dimensional surface profilometry. Measurements on a semiconductor specimen demonstrate the technique; depth variations of the order of 0.1 μm are clearly resolved.
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  • 22
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 99-104 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A relation between spatial coherence function and source encoding intensity transmittance function is presented. Since the spatial coherence is depending upon the information processing operation, a strictly broad spatial coherence function may not be required for the processing. The advantage of the source encoding is to relax the constraints of strict coherence requirement, so that the processing operation can be carried out with an extended incoherent source. Emphasis of the source encodings and experimental demonstrations are given. The constraint of temperal coherence requirement is also discussed.
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  • 23
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 63-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two rival techniques used in the analysis of Bragg diffraction of two-dimensional light beams by thick unslanted phase gratings, namely Fourier plane wave decomposition and 2-D coupled-wave theory, are compared. The advantages and regions of applicability of each are discussed, and the conditions found under which they yield identical results. In particular, the results of plane-wave decomposition are used to provide quantitative conditions for validity of 2-D coupled-wave theory. These conditions are not easily derived using any other technique, and set quantitative limits to how narrow or fast-varying the incident distribution may be before 2-D coupled-wave theory fails. It is also shown that 2-D coupled-wave theory is inadequate when the parameterv 0, due to Kogelnik (1969), which is proportional to the product of coupling rate and grating thickness, is very large.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.65 ; 34 ; 42.55 ; 42.70 ; 78
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    Topics: Physics
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 36.20 ; 36.10 ; 02 ; 36 ; 42.80
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 33 ; 36 ; 36.10 ; 14 ; 32
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.70 ; 42.55 ; 42.80
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 52 ; 42.55 ; 42.80 ; 51
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 77 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The dielectric constant of a PbTe epitaxial layer has been measured by surface wave spectroscopy using an optically pumped far-infrared laser and the technique of attenuated total reflection.
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  • 30
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 35-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 72.40 ; 78.20
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Undoped tellurium single crystals show at low temperatures (2.2 K) strong photoeffect under submillimeter irradiation. Therefore, tellurium was used as a FIR-detector. For a comparison with other detectors signal-to-noise ratio, response time, and noise equivalent power were determined. Tests were carried out with HCN-laser radiation (λ = 337 μm,≈ν = 30 cm- t). The sensitivity of the Tc-photoconductor is comparable to that of a TGS-bolometer but lower than that of a Ge-bolometer. The Te-detector is much faster than the bolometers.
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  • 31
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 95-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 62
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The coupling constant of common or thin-layered-piezoelectric interdigital transducers for surface acoustic waves up to the highest frequencies can be determined in an optical way with reproducibility better than 3%. Being a nondestructive and noncontact method one can apply it in the technological process for fabricating uniform piezoelectric layered transducers.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.20 ; 81 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The changes in reflectivity of a silicon surface, irradiated by a green picosecond pulse, are probed during and following that pulse with a spatial resolution of 10 μm. The data indicate the development of a liquid phase, and a resolidification either into a single crystal or an amorphous phase. The latter has a characteristic ring-type pattern, and occurs only at locations where the incident picosecond laser fluence lies between 0.2 and 0.26 J/cm2. The reflectivity data appear to be in good quantitative agreement with a “simple heating” model, in which the electrons and phonons maintain a local thermodynamic equilibrium on a picosecond time scale.
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  • 33
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80 ; 78.20
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Radiation induced losses and the recovery behavior of several optical fibers have been determined by in situ steady state and by pulse measurements in a nuclear reactor. Agreement with the literature was found for Suprasil and Fibropsil core fibers in ionizing radiation, but our results on Suprasil-W core fibers show an appreciably higher radiation hardness of this material than reported elsewhere. Additionally, increased long term losses were observed, when the mixed radiation flux contained a noticeable content of neutrons.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Alnus ; Ammonium ; Carbon translocation ; Endophyte damage ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cloned plants of Alnus incana (L.) Moench were inoculated and grown without combined nitrogen for seven weeks. The effects of ammonium on the function and structure of the root nodules were studied by adding 20 mM NH4Cl (20 mM KCl=control) for four days. Nitrogenase activity decreased to ca. 50% after one day and to less than 10% after two days in ammonium treated plants, but was unaffected in control plants. The results were similar at photon flux densities of 200 and 50 μmol m-2 s-1. At the higher light level the effect was concentration dependent between 2 and 20 mM NH4Cl. The recovery was slow, and more than 11 d were needed for plants treated with 20 mM ammonium to reach initial activity. The distribution of 14C to the root nodules after assimilation of 14CO2 by the plants was not changed by the ammonium treatment. Microscopical studies of root nodules showed high frequencies of endophyte vesicles being visually damaged in nodules from ammonium-treated plants, but not in nodules from control plants. When nitrogenase activity was restored, visually damaged vesicles were again few, whereas young developing vesicles were numerous. The slow recovery, the 14C-translocation pattern, and the structural changes of the endophyte indicate a more complex mechanism of ammonium influence than simply a short-term reduction in supply of carbon compounds to the nodules.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Ammonium assimilation ; Glycine ; Nitrogen fixation ; Proplastid ; Purine synthesis ; Root nodule ; Ureide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Subcellular organelle fractionation of nitrogen-fixing nodules of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) indicates that a number of enzymes involved in the assimilation of ammonia into amino acids and purines are located in the proplastids. These include asparagine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.1), phosphoribosyl amidotransferase (EC 2.4.2.14), phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.95), serine hydroxymethylase (EC 2.1.2.1), and methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.5). Of the two isoenzymes of asparate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) in the nodule, only one was located in the proplastid fraction. Both glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.1.14) and triosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.1) were associated at least in part with the proplastids. Glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) and xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.37) were found in significant quantities only in the soluble fraction. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (EC 2.7.6.1) was found mostly in the soluble fraction, although small amounts of it were detected in other organelle fractions. These results together with recent organelle fractionation and electron microscopic studies form the basis for a model of the subcellular distribution of ammonium assimilation, amide synthesis and uredie biogenesis in the nodule.
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  • 36
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodules ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several mutants defective in nodulation were isolated from Rhizobium japonicum strains 3I1b110 and 61A 76. Mutants of class I do not form nodules after incubation with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] for 17 days, but will do so by 28 days. When host plants other than G. max are infected with several of these strains, there is no detectable difference in the time of nodulation or size of nodules as compared to the wild type. Two mutants of class I (i. e., SM1 and SM2) have been shown previously to be altered in the lipopolysaccharide portion of their cell wall. Mutants of class II are not slow to nodulate but form fewer nodules than the wild type on all the host plants tested. Mutants of class III are unable to form nodules. Some bacteriophage-resistant mutants, altered in cell surface structure, fall into this class. Two mutants of class III do not bind to soybean roots.
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  • 37
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 172-177 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Beggiatoa ; Nitrogen fixation ; Acetylene reduction ; Nitrate assimilation ; Microaerobic ; Isolation of marine strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four newly isolated marine strains of Beggiatoa and five freshwater strains were tested for nitrogen fixation in slush agar medium. All strains reduced acetylene when grown microaerobically in media containing a reduced sulfur source and lacking added combined nitrogen. The addition of 2 mmol N, as nitrate or ammonium salts, completely inhibited this reduction. Although not optimized for temperature or cell density, acetylene reduction rates ranged from 3.2 to 12 nmol·mg prot-1 min-1. Two freshwater strains did not grow well or reduce acetylene in medium lacking combined nitrogen if sulfide was replaced by thiosulfate. Two other strains grew well in liquid media lacking both combined nitrogen and reduced sulfur compounds but only under lowered concentrations of air. All freshwater strains grew well in medium containing nitrate as the combined nitrogen source. Since they did not reduce acetylene under these conditions, we infer that they can assimilate nitrate.
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  • 38
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 312-317 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhizobium japonicum ; Rhizobium leguminosarum ; Formate metabolism ; Formate dehydrogenase ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogenase ; Bacteroids ; Symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Formate metabolism supported nitrogen-fixation activity in free-living cultures of Rhizobium japonicum. However, formate0dependent nitrogense activity was observed only in the presence of carbon sources such as glutamate, ribose or aspartate which by themselves were unable to support nitrogenase activity. Formate-dependent nitrogenase activity was not detected in the presence of carbon sources such as malate, gluconate or glycerol which by themselves supported nitrogenase activity. A mutant strain of R. japonicum was isolated that was unable to utilise formate and was shown to lack formate dehydrogenase activity. This mutant strain exhibited no formate-dependent nitrogenase activity. Both the wild-type and mutant strains nodulated soybean plants effectively and there were no significant differences in the plant dry weight or total nitrogen content of the respective plants. Furthermore pea bacteroids lacked formate dehydrogenase activity and exogenously added formate had no stimulatory effect on the endogenous oxygen uptake rate. The role of formate metabolism in symbiotic nitrogen fixation is discussed.
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  • 39
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 333-337 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anabaena variabilis Kütz ; 14C-prelabeled blue-green algae ; Interaction respiration/photosynthesis ; CO2 exchange ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Prelabeled Anabaena variabilis Kütz. evolves 14CO2 in the light with KCN and DCMU (2,4-dichlorophenyl-1,1-dimethylurea) present, comparable to the dark control without inhibitors added. Double-reciprocal plots of CO2 release vs. light intensity with either KCN or KCN+DCMU present result in two straight lines intersecting at the ordinate. Apparently, reducing equivalents originating from carbohydrate catabolism are channeled into the photosynthetic electron-transport chain, competing for electrons from photosystem II. Under these conditions, the CO2 release is accompanied by a light-dependent oxygen uptake, presumably due to oxygen-reducing photosystem-I activity while ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase is inhibited by KCN. Comparing nine blue-green algae it was shown that only nitrogen-fixing species release substantial amounts of CO2 in the light with KCN or KCN+DCMU present. This release is particularly obvious with Anabaena variabilis Kütz. under nitrogen-fixing conditions, but small when the alga is grown with combined nitrogen. We conclude that nitrogen-fixing species share a common link between respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport. The physiological role may be electron supply of nitrogenase by photosystem I.
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 6-10 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhodospirillaceae ; Rhodopseudomonas globiformis ; Nitrogen metabolism ; Nitrogen fixation ; Glutamine synthetase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rhodopseudomonas globiformis strain 7950 grew with a variety of amino acids, urea, or N2 as sole nitrogen sources. Cultures grown on N2 reduced acetylene to ethylene; this activity was absent from cells grown on nonlimiting NH 4 + . Glutamate dehydrogenase could not be detected in extracts of cells of strain 7950, although low levels of an alanine dehydrogenase were present. Growth ofR. globiformis on NH 4 + was severely inhibited by the glutamate analogue and glutamine synthetase inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine. High levels of glutamine synthetase (as measured in the γ-glutamyl transferase assay) were observed in cell extracts of strain 7950 regardless of the nitrogen source, although N2 and amino acid grown cells contained somewhat higher glutamine synthetase contents than cells grown on excess NH 4 + . Levels of glutamate synthase inR. globiformis were consistent with that reported from other phototrophic bacteria. Both glutamate synthase and alanine dehydrogenase were linked to NADH as coenzyme. We conclude thatR. globiformis is capable of fixing N2, and assimilates NH 4 + primarily via the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway.
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  • 41
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    Theoretical chemistry accounts 60 (1982), S. 579-587 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen complexes ; Carbon monoxide complexes ; Electronic effects
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract MNDO method is used to study the interaction of nitrogen and carbon monoxide molecules with a proton, hydrogen atom, hydride ion, hydrogen molecule ion and hydrogen molecule. Predicted geometries and heats of reaction of different complexes are presented. The wave functions are analyzed in terms of ground state charge distributions and overlap populations. Electronic effects accompanying complexation are also discussed.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Drought stress ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Prosopis spp ; Semi-arid ; Tree legumes ; Water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The literature does not contain a field report of nodulation for the xerophytic tree legumes of the genus Prosopis despite their widespread occurrence in semi-arid regions of the world. A phraetophytically simulated greenhouse experiment was conducted with mesquite in a 3m deep soil column to determine if nodules would form in deper depths where moisture is more abundant. The upper 0.5m in the soil column was allowed to dry to 2200 kPa but the 3.2 m depth was maintained at soil moistures more positive than 70 kPa by water additions to the bottom of the soil column. Over 100 nodules and an acetylene reduction rate of 1.9 mg/h were observed at the 3.2m depth. Nodulation or acetylene reduction were not observed closer than 2.7m from the surface. Air temperatures during these assays exceeded 45°C. Leaf xylem water potentials were in the 2800–3500 kPa range.
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  • 43
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    Plant and soil 65 (1982), S. 383-396 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Frankia ; Microbial ecology ; Nitrogen fixation ; Purshia ; Revegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen fixing trees and shrubs may be useful in revegetation efforts. Speculation that insufficient endophyte populations in surface soils may limit non-leguminous symbiotic nitrogen fixation in marginal land was explored.Purshia tridentata andP. glandulosa seedlings were grown in greenhouse trials using ten soils from nativePurshia sites. Treatments include a control, an inoculated treatment, and six mmole nitrogen amendment. When inoculated with aP.tridentata crushed nodule inoculum, two of five non-nodulating soils and three sparsely nodulating soils produced well nodulated plants. Inoculation also increased nodule mass, total nitrogen, nitrogen content and shoot dry mass in plants from some of the soils. Of the three soils failing to produce nodulated plants when inoculated, one produced plants that responded well to nitrogen additions but failed to nodulate under low nitrogen conditions; another produced severely stunted plants indicating nutritional limitations on the host; and the third produced plants that were not nitrogen deficient. An application of nitrogen completely suppressed nodulation in all but one soil. The twoPurshia species were similar in nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth, although important exceptions exist that indicate species may differ in adaptability to certain soil conditions.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acridine orange ; Cochliobolus sativus ; Common root rot ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nuclear staining ; Roots ; Senescence ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Natural senescence of the root cortex was assessed by nuclear staining, for cultivars and chromosome substitution lines of spring wheat known to differ in (1) susceptibility to common root rot, (2) total rhizosphere populations and (3) ability to support growth of a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium. Together, three root rot susceptible wheat lines showed significantly more cortical senescence than did three resistant lines; the susceptible lines also support larger rhizosphere populations. The wheat line that supports growth of a nitrogen-fixing bacterium showed significantly less cortical death than did any other line. Substitution of chromosome pairs 5B or 5D between the parent cultivars Rescue and Cadet substantially altered the amount of root cortex death, which is thus genetically determined. It is suggested thatCochliobolus sativus and other weak parasites benefit from early natural senescence of the root cortex, and that the degree of susceptibility or resistance of wheat lines to common root rot is at least partly determined by differences in cortical senescence.
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  • 45
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    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 55-67 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Klebsiella ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Phyllosphere ; Rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The beneficial effect of spraying some highly active phyllosphere N2-fixing microorganisms on high and low yielding cultivars of rice plants as compared with that of urea applied at different doses are described. The dry weight, N-content, 1000 grain weight, and yield were remarkably increased in all cases with the application of phyllosphere microorganisms. The performance of two isolates KUP4 and KUPBR2 with IR-8 and IR-26 rice, was better than that of 52 kg urea-N per hectare. IR-579 rice leaves in association with some phyllosphere bacteria reduced acetylene at the rate of 664–816 nmoles/g leaf/h. In IR-26 rice the effect of application of bacterial suspension at three phases of plant growth corresponded very well with that of urea application in three split doses under identical conditions. Recommended fertilizer rates produced the same yield as the half dose plus bacterial spray in the cultivars Pankaj and Rupsail. Fertilizer application in Pankaj and Rupsail rice reduced nitrogenase activity and the beneficial effects of phyllosphere N2-fixation was reduced by 40–55%.
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  • 46
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 233-238 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Azospirillum spp. ; Azospirillum lipoferum ; Wheat yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seven isolates belonged toA. brasilense and 3 belonged toA. lipoferum. Isolates having more denitrifying capacity fixed less nitrogen in nitrogen free semi-solid malate medium. One strain ofA. lipoferum having high nitrogen fixing capacity with negative test for denitrification was tested as inoculant to supplement the nitrogen need of a wheat crop in field condition with different doses of N with and without the inoculant. While control without nitrogen yielded 1260 kg/ha the yield in inoculated treatment was 2070 kg/ha resulting in significant increase. In a treatment receiving 40 kg N/ha the grain yield was 2370 kg/ha as against yield of 3110 kg/ha in a similar treatment receiving fertiliser plus inoculant. Thus increase in yield was about 30%. Further the treatment receiving 80 kg N/ha yielded 2970 kg/ha as against yield of 4150 kg/ha in a treatment receiving inoculant alongwith the above dose of the fertiliser. Thus increase in yield due to application of inoculant was about 36%. Similarly, the uptake of N in different treatments was augmented due to inoculation of seeds with the culture.
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  • 47
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 293-297 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ecology ; Frankia ; Nitrogen fixation ; Water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Growth responses of Frankia isolates to decreasing water potential were monitored in systems where potentials were controlled by KCl, NaCl and Polyethylene glycol. The highest potential tested was −2 bar (basal medium). The general pattern emerging was that isolates fromAlnus glutinosa, A. viridis andComptonia peregrina showed declining growth at potentials below −2 to −5 bar. AMyrica gale isolate showed declining growth with decreasing potential. All isolates were more sensitive to decreases in potential in a matric controlled than an osmotic controlled system. They all showed approximately 50 percent growth reduction at −5 to −8 bar, and meagre growth at −16 bar after 35 days. The Comptonia isolate was the most vigorous at low potentials. Nitrogen fixation ability was monitored for two isolates. Highest specific activities were observed between −3 and −5 bar for the Myrica isolate and between −5 and −7.5 bar for theA. glutinosa isolate.
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  • 48
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 341-352 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizoplane ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aerobic and anaerobic N2-fixing bacteria developed in the rhizosphere of barley seedlings and exhibited N2ase activity when seedlings were grown in sterilized sand-nutrient cultures containing low levels of combined nitrogen. The source of the N2-fixing bacteria appeared to be the seed. Average daily rates up to 0.9 μmoles C2H4 h−1 g−1 dry root tissue were measured, but the intensity of the activity was affected by moisture levels and concentration of combined N in the rhizosphere. Removal and washing of the roots did not remove the activity, and roots remained active even after surface-sterilization. An unidentified aerobic N2-fixing bacterium was isolated from the rhizoplane of active barley roots. Inoculation of barley seedlings with the aerobic N2-fixing bacterium enhanced N2ase activity of excised roots 10-fold, with average rates of 0.9, 1.1 and 1.3 μmoles h−1 g−1 dry root assayed under pO2 of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04 atm respectively. The aerobic N2-fixing bacterium also exhibited N2ase activity when inoculated into the rhizosphere of oat, rice and wheat seedlings. Microscopic observations of sterilized live and stained barley roots suggest that the aerobic N2-fixing bacterium is an endophyte which infects root tissue and metamorphoses into vesicle-like structures.
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  • 49
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    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 251-253 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Competition of Rhizobium ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Vigna radiata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Competition of five strains of Rhizobium of the cowpea group, onVigna radiata (L) Wilcjeck variety ML 5, was tested in loamy clay and loamy sand soils. Strains RM 6 and RM 5 were effective nodulators in loamy clay soil, and strains MNH, M 20 and RM 6 were effective nodulators in loamy sand soil. Strains RM 6 and MNH predominated nodule formation in loamy clay and loamy sand soils respectively.
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  • 50
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    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 263-266 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Blue-green algae ; Nitrogen fertilisers ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of ammonium or nitrate-nitrogen on biological nitrogen fixation by an algal crust are compared. Nitrate-nitrogen up to 3.0 μmoles N g−1 sand/algal crust at 60% water holding capacity did not affect fixation, whereas an ammonium-nitrogen concentration of 0.2 μmoles N g−1 crust markedly depressed fixation. Consequences of these differential effects are considered.
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  • 51
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Agro-forestry ; Acetylene reduction ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Nematode root knots ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodule biomass ; Woody legume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The nitrogen fixation rate in a 4-year-old stand of the woody legumeLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. was estimated in the field at a rather dry site in Tanzania by use of an acetylene reduction technique. The diurnal mean value during April–May was 35 nmol C2H4 mg−1 (dry weight) nodules h−1, with a variation between 22±8 and 48±12 nmol C2H4 mg−1 (dry weight) nodules h−1 in early morning and at midday, respectively. The nodule biomass was determined by auger sampling to be 51±16 kg (dry weight) ha−1. Most of the nodules were found at the 10–30 cm soil depth level. A rough calculation of the amount of nitrogen fixed annually arrived at 110±30 kg ha−1. The results give strong support for the use ofL. leucocephala for soil enrichment in less humid areas of tropical Africa.
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 125-127 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Charcoal ; Garden pea ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fertilisation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Pisum sativum ; Wood charcoal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In a factorial pot experiment on garden peas investigating the effect of growing medium, inoculation, nitrogen fertilisation and charcoal addition, shoot growth was significantly better in John Innes potting compost than in 50/50 peat/sand compost and when receiving nitrogen fertilisation but was depressed by the presence of wood charcoal. In the peat/sand medium, root systems were smaller but carried more and larger nodules. The number of nodules was increased by inoculation but the addition of carbon decreased root size, nodule number and nodule size.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium toxicity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Stylosanthes hamata ; Stylosanthes humilis ; Stylosanthes scabra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of three solution aluminium concentrations (0, 25, and 100μM) on nitrogen fixation by well-nodulated plants ofStylosanthes hamata, Stylosanthes humilis andStylosanthes scabra are reported. Plants were inoculated with Rhizobium CB756 and grown for 21 days in an aluminium-free nutrient solution at pH 5.3 before imposition of the aluminium treatments. Nitrogen fixation was measured both by the increase in total nitrogen content of the plants and acetylene reduction in roots of plants harvested at 10 and 20 days after imposition of the aluminium treatments. Solution aluminium concentrations as high as 100μM, had no detrimental effect on nitrogen fixation in any species.
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  • 54
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    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 413-416 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Growth ; Nematicide ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Peanut ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of two granular nematicidesviz. oxamyl and fenamiphos, on the nodulation and growth of Rhizobium inoculatedArachis hypogaea L. was studied in glasshouse and field trials. In the glasshouse trial at the suggested rates of application shoot fresh weight was significantly reduced by oxamyl whilst root fresh weight was similarly affected by fenamiphos. In the field trial vegetative growth and plant emergence were significantly reduced by both nematicides. Nodulation at the higher rates of application was increased by both oxamyl and fenamiphos whilst oxamyl caused a significant increase in pod number at the highest rate of application.
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    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 321-329 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alginate ; A value ; Endomycorrhiza ; Glomus mosseae ; Inoculant ; Nitrogen fixation ; Rhizobium japonicum ; Soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This field study was undertaken to determine the effect of inoculation withGlomus mosseae on N2 fixation and P uptake by soybean. The inoculation withGlomus mosseae was achieved using a new type of inoculant, alginate-entrapped (AE) endomycorrhizal fungus. N2 fixation was assessed using the A value method. In P-fertilized plots, inoculation with AEGlomus mosseae increased the harvest index based on dry weight (+20%) and N content of seeds (+17%), the A value (+31%) and %N derived from fixation (+75%). Inoculation with AEGlomus mosseae decreased the coefficient of variation for the A value and for the dry weights of the different plant parts.
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 265-273 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Fertilizers ; Farmyard manure ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Potassium ; Phosphorus ; Yields of grain stover ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field trials were conducted during theKharif seasons of 1979 and 1980 to examine the effect of the nitrogen-fixing bacteriumAzotobacter chroococcum (isolate M4) on yields of maize and N-economy. Different levels of nitrogen and farmyard manure (FYM) were supplied to assess their interaction with Azotobacter inoculation. Seed inoculation without fertilization raised grain and stover yields significantly. FYM coupled with inoculation gave higher yields than either could singly. The financial gain due to an increase in grain yield upon applying per ha 80 kg N, 10×103 kg FYM and Azotobacter over the treatment 40N + FYM + Azotobacter was offset by the cost of the additional N; thus, the higher N-application was not economical. Azotobacter inoculation was economically most efficient at lower doses of fertilizer nitrogen which not only increased yields but resulted in a saving of fertilizer N when applied in combination with FYM.
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 275-280 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azotobacter chroococcum ; Fertilizers ; Farmyard manure ; Zea mays ; Maize ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen fixation ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Total nitrogen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The economic feasibility of using cultures of nitrogen fixing microorganisms in programmes to increase crop production, as a selfgenerating source of nitrogen, has been proved beyond doubtviz. Legume-Rhizobium symbiosis and blue green algal ‘fertilizer’ for rice. The extent to which the free living, N-fixing, aerobic, heterotropicAzotobacter chroococcum could replace the application of nitrogenous fertilizer to maize was investigatedin vivo. Total nitrogen uptake (kg ha−1) by maize after inoculation with Azotobacter combined with moderate applications of nitrogen fertilizer and farmyard manure was influenced significantly and resulted in a higher nitrogen concentration in grain and stover along with a higher yield.
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    Plant and soil 69 (1982), S. 391-399 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Associative nitrogen fixation ; Inoculation ; Nitrogen fixation ; Root exudate ; Soil bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Organic components leaked fromSorghum bicolor seedlings (‘root exudates’) were examined by recovering14C labelled compounds from root solutions of seedlings inoculated withAzospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter vinelandii orKlebsiella pneumoniae nif-. Up to 3.5% of the total14C recovered from shoots, roots, and nutrient solutions was found in the root solutions. Inoculation with Azospirillum and Azotobacter increased the amounts of14C and decreased the amounts of carbohydrates in the root solutions. When sucrose was added as a carbon source for the bacteria, the increase of14C in the solutions did not occur. Quantities of14C found in the root solutions were proportional to amounts of mineral nitrogen supplied to the plants. Bacterial growth also was proportional to nitrogen levels. When sorghum plants were grown in soil and labelled with14CO2, about 15% of the total14C recovered within 48 hours exposure was found in soil leachates.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Isotope techniques ; Nitrogen-15 ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nitrogen utilization ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Rhizobium ; Varietal comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Differences in N2-fixation byPhaseolus vulgaris bean cultivars were successfully evaluated in the field using15N isotope dilution technique with a non-fixing test crop of a different species (wheat). The Phaseolus cultivars could have been similarly ranked for N2-fixation capacity from either seed yield or total nitrogen yield, but the isotope method provided a direct measure of N2-fixation and made it possible to estimate the proportion of fixed to total nitrogen in the crop and in plant parts. Amounts of nitrogen fixed varied between 24.59 kg N/ha for the 60-day cultivar Goiano precoce to 64.91 kg N/ha for the 90-day cultivar Carioca. The per cent of plant nitrogen due to fixation was 57–68% for the 90-day cultivars and 37% for Goiano precoce (60-day cultivar). Fertilizer utilization was 17–30% of a 20 kg N/ha fertilizer application. 100 kg N/ha fertilizer application decreased N2-fixation without suppressing it totally. Differences in yield between the highest yielding (Carioca) and the lowest (Moruna) 90-day cultivars were also due apparently to varietal differences in efficiency of conversion of nitrogen to economic matteri.e. seed, as well as to differences in capacity of genotypes for N2-fixation.
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    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Phragmites communis ; Reed ; Rhizosphere ; Rice ; Roots ; Soil temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The relation of nitrogenase activity (ethylene evolution) to soil temperature or incubation temperature of roots was determined on two genera of swamp plants, namely rice (Oryza sativa) cultivated in tropical climate and reed (Phragmites communis) grown in temperate regions. For both intact rice plants and excised rice roots the optimum temperature was 35°C. On excised roots nitrogenase activity responded more sensitivity to changes in temperature. In contrast to intact rice plants no ethylene evolution occurred on excised roots at 17 and 44°C. On reed roots temperature optimum was between 26 and 30°C which is clearly lower than on rice (35°C). The temperature range in which nitrogen fixation occurred was, however, similar to that of rice, although on a lower level. The results suggest a higher potential of the tropics for associative N2 fixation, while in cooler climates the lower temperatures appear to be a major limiting factor.
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