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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 25 (1978), S. 145-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bird egg shell ; Ultrastructure ; Calcification ; Electron diffraction ; Microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The egg-shell of Japanese quail was studied by several techniques. Semithin sections (1μm thick) of non-decalcified shell were observed by normal and polarized light microscopy. Thin sections of non-decalcified shell, examined by transmission electron microscopy, permitted us to observe the forms and dimensions of crystals of calcite within different layers of the shell: mammilary layer, layer of cones, palissade layer and surface crystal layer. There appears to be two distinct zones in the layer of cones as well as in the superficial crystal layer. Electron microdiffraction revealed the orientation of calcite crystals in the columns. Some crystal defects (twins?) were described and the possibility of their artefactual formation during ultramicrotomy is discussed. Localization of Ca, Mg, P and S were made by X-ray microanalysis of semithin sections. This technique shows that shell membranes, and chiefly the true cuticle, are also mineralized but, in these layers, minerals are not crystallized. Otherwise the distribution of Mg is not uniform throughout the shell thickness; it is less concentrated in the external zone of the layer of cones. These results together with observation of developing shells by scanning electron microscopy allowed us to propose a scheme for shell organization of the quail egg. This organization was related with decalcification which occurs during hatching.
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  • 2
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    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 215-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Osteodentin ; Intracellular ; Ultrastructure ; Microanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Newly formed osteodentin obtained from the anterior extremities of fetal or young rat incisors was observed by means of electron microscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Cells related to osteodentin formation frequently showed membrane bound intracellular bodies containing varying amounts of fine, needle-shaped crystals, which were identified as apatite. The intracellular clusters of apatite crystals were extruded from the cells through membrane fusion or cellular degeneration. These extracellular clusters seemed to be gradually incorporated into the mineralizing collagenous matrix, which developed around them. Frequent occurrence of dense, dotshaped or filamentous profiles suggested that the dense bodies seen in the perinuclear regions or in the Golgi area were the sites of crystal formation. Energy dispersive X-ray point analysis showed that the intracellular or extracellular apatite clusters contained sulfur in a concentration higher than was present in the mineralizing collagenous matrix. Furthermore, wave dispersive X-ray line analysis showed that the concentration of sulfur was higher in the osteodentin matrix than in the dentin matrix. The sulfur detected is presumed to be contained in acid mucopolysaccharides, which were distributed more heavily in the osteodentin matrix than in the dentin matrix. On the basis of these data, it was concluded that the unique chemical and structural characteristics of the osteodentin result primarily from the incorporation of apatite clusters of intracellular origin and associated acid mucopolysaccharides.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Scanning cytophotometry ; Chromatin ; Chondrocytes ; Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules cartilagineuses des membres postérieurs deTriturus cristatus en régénération après amputation, ont été étudiées en microscopie électronique et par cytophotométrie à balayage. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la structure et à la distribution de la chromatine mais aussi à différents organites cytoplasmiques. Dans l'étude de cytophotométrie à balayage, la chromatine a été considérée à travers son constituant majeur, l'ADN, coloré par la réaction de Feulgen. Au cours de la régénération du membre, l'hétérochromatine initialement condensée, essentiellement accolée à la membrane nucléaire se décondense. Les vacuoles du cytoplasme, caractéristiques des animaux âgés par rapport aux animaux jeunes, disparaissent, les mitochondries et le reticulum endoplasmique rugueux deviennent plus abondants. Les caractéristiques nucléaires de l'activation cellulaire apparaissent précocement, précédent les modifications cytoplasmiques et conduisent à des cellules en tous points identiques aux cellules d'animaux jeunes en dehors de tout processus régénératif. Cette phase d'euchromatisation et de restructuration cytoplasmique est peut-être nécessaire à l'accroissement d'activité métabolique et à la division cellulaire qui suivent. Son déroulement peut expliquer tout au moins le ralentissement de la régénération observé chez les animaux âgés par rapport aux animaux jeunes.
    Notes: Summary Cartilaginous cells of aged newts (Triturus cristatus) were studied during hind limb regeneration. The electron microscope was used to study the structure and distribution of chromatin in the cell nuclei, while the DNA content of the chromatin was measured by means of a scanning cytophotometer. Changes in the ultrastructure of the cytoplasm during regeneration were also studied. It was observed that the structure and distribution of chromatin in the activated cell is greatly modified. In the non-activated cell of the aged newt, the chromatin is found highly condensed and distributed peripherally close to the nuclear membrane. In contrast, in the activated cells, the chromatin is much less condensed and is distributed throughout the nucleus. Moreover, cytoplasmic vacuoles, found only in the non-activated aged cells, disappear and an increase in the mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum is also observed. Changes in the nuclear structure are observed prior to the cytoplasmic modifications. It is interesting to note that the process of activation induces structural changes in the aged cells which make these cells appear to be structurally identical to the young cells. This process of rejuvenation takes 3–5 days in the newt. We suggest that these structural changes of the chromatin and cytoplasm in the aged cells are necessary to increase the metabolic activity which precedes cell division. It may also explain why regeneration takes a longer time in the aged animals than in the young ones.
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  • 4
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 42-44 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chick embryo ; Gastrulation ; Adenylate cyclase ; cAMP phosphodiesterase ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of adenylate cyclase (E.C. 4.6.1.1.) and cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) (E.C. 3.1.4.17.) in the ectoderm of the developmental stage 4 chick embryo was studied. Adenylate cyclase was localized in the lateral surfaces of the ectodermal cells. In the primitive streak cells the enzymatic activity was observed on all the lateral surfaces, whereas in the periphery of the blastoderm the reaction product was localized in the apical parts of the lateral plasma membranes only. cAMP PDE localized in the apical cytoplasm of the ectodermal cells, with highest activity in the globular projections.
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  • 5
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    Development genes and evolution 183 (1977), S. 233-248 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic architecture ; Ultrastructure ; Insect egg ; Pattern formation ; Yolk ; Cytoplasma-Architektur ; Ultrastruktur ; Insekten-Ei ; Musterbildung ; Dotter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Das Ei der ZuckmückeSmittia spec. wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt den Bau des Periplasmas und des Dotter-Endoplasma-Systems vor Bildung der Polzellen. 2. Das Periplasma, nach außen vom Oolemm und einer mehrschichtigen Eihülle begrenzt, besteht aus einer ribosomenreichen cytoplasmatischen Matrix, in die vor allem Mitochondrien und ER-Zisternen, wenig annulate lamellae und gelegentlich Golgi-Apparate eingelagert sind. Mikrotubuli wurden nur selten nachgewiesen. Öfters sind Anhäufungen einer dichten granulierten Substanz zu beobachten, die in ihrer Struktur dem Oosom-Material ähnelt. 3. Das Dotter-Endoplasma-System stellt ein Netzwerk aus Cytoplasma dar, in das Proteid-Dotterkugeln, Lipidtröpfchen sowie Glycogen-Anhäufungen eingelagert sind. Das Endoplasma, das sich zu 3–7 Plasma-Inseln erweitern kann und unmittelbar in das Periplasma übergeht, besteht wie dieses aus einer cytoplasmatischen Matrix und enthält die gleichen Zellelemente wie das Periplasma. Rosettenförmige Membran-Strukturen werden als “nuclear envelope organizing center” gedeutet. 4. Drei der sorgfältig analysierten Eier enthielten je 2 Kerne; sie lagen in Plasma-Inseln in der hinteren Eihälfte. 5. Sowohl im Periplasma wie im Dotter-Endoplasma-System sind alle Zellelemente unregelmäßig verteilt. Eine besondere Anordnung oder Zonierung ist nicht zu erkennen. 6. Die räumliche Verteilung der erfaßten Eikomponenten liefert keine Hinweise auf eine Funktion dieser Komponenten als Determinanten für die embryonale Musterbildung.
    Notes: Summary 1. Eggs of the midgeSmittia were investigated by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. This paper describes elements and architecture of periplasm and yolk endoplasm before the formation of pole cells. 2. The periplasm is coated externally by the oolemma and a multilayered egg shell. The periplasm consists of a cytoplasmic matrix rich in ribosomes; it contains mitochondria and ER cisternae, some annulate lamellae and an occasional Golgi complex. Microtubuli were demonstrated only rarely. Accumulations of a dense granulated substance resembling in its structure the oosome material were frequently observed. 3. The yolk endoplasm is a cytoplasmic network embodying proteid yolk particles, lipid droplets and accumulations of glycogen. The endoplasm is continuous with the periplasm and shows the same cell constituents. It may form between 3 and 7 cytoplasmic islands free of yolk particles. Rosette-shaped membranous structures in the yolk endoplasm are interpreted as nuclear envelope organizing centres. 4. Three carefully analysed eggs contained 2 nuclei each. both nuclei were situated in the posterior egg half. 5. Periplasm and yolk endoplasm are characterized by random distribution of cell elements. No zonation or special accumulations could be recognized. 6. The spatial distribution of the egg components studied did not indicate that any of these components could function as a determinant in embryonic pattern formation.
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  • 6
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    Development genes and evolution 181 (1977), S. 333-355 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Barnacle eggs ; Constriction rings ; Microfilaments ; Ultrastructure ; Peristalsis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The egg ofPollicipes polymerus, the common intertidal gooseneck barnacle, has been studied by electron microscopy. Constriction rings, similar to the contractile rings of cleaving cells and polar lobes, move unidirectionally from the animal to the vegetal pole of newly fertilized eggs. This is referred to as peristaltic constriction. The present paper describes the fine structure of the egg during first polar body formation and peristalsis. 2. During formation of the polar body, dense bodies are produced by the Golgi and extracellular plaques are observed. Thin microfilaments (40–60 Å) are in the egg adjacent to the polar body. 3. In eggs undergoing peristalsis, the appearance of extracellular spheres, flocculent material and filaments is observed. Intracellularly large numbers of multivesiculate bodies, glycogen granules, mitochondria and protein-carbohydrate and lipid yolk bodies are seen at the level of constriction. 4. Thin microfilaments are found in the cortical area of newly-fertilized eggs exclusively in peristaltic constriction rings. Filaments are oriented primarily in a meshwork, although circumferentially-oriented filaments are also found in rings near the vegetal pole. Microvilli extend into the space created between a constriction and the elevated egg membrane. 5. A model is proposed to explain the peristalsis in this species. It is suggested that information from a pacemaker region activates peristalsis by affecting filament polymerization and orientation. One function of peristalsis may be elongation of the egg from a sphere to an ovoid, although other possibilities such as elevation of the egg membrane, segregation of the lipid yolk to the vegetal pole and predetermination of the first cleavage plane are also discussed.
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  • 7
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    Development genes and evolution 192 (1983), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Digestive tract ; Endoderm ; Organ culture ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The self-differentiation potency of the endoderm of the chick embryo was investigated mainly by transmission electron microscopy. Endodermal fragments isolated from 4- to 6-day stomach or small intestine were cultured in the absence of mesenchyme and were able to differentiate in vitro into organ-specific epithelia. Endodermal fragments isolated from the stomach region differentiated into a pseudo-stratified epithelium with periodic acid Schiff-positive mucous granules in the apical cytoplasm, while those from the small intestinal region differentiated into a simple columnar epithelium with a striated border which was positive in alkaline phosphatase activity. These features are comparable with those of the mucous secretory epithelium of the normal embryonic stomach and the absorptive epithelium of normal embryonic small intestine, respectively. Next, the self-differentiation potencies were investigated of the upper and lower layers of the blastoderms, at stages 1–5 of Hamburger and Hamilton (H. and H.). Both stomach-type and small-intestine-type epithelia developed only when fragments of the lower layer isolated from the blastoderms older than stage 3 of H. and H. were cultured, suggesting that cells possessing the potency to differentiate into the stomach- and small-intestine-type epithelia exist in the definitive endoderm at the beginning of its formation.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Cytoskeleton ; Accessory nuclei ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oocytes of hymenopterans are equipped with peculiar organelles termed accessory nuclei. These organelles originate from the germinal vesicle (oocyte nucleus) and gather preferentially at the anterior pole. To gain insight into the mechanism of uneven (asymmetrical) distribution of accessory nuclei, the organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the oocytes of two hymenopterans Chrysis ignita and Cosmoconus meridionator has been studied. It is shown that during late previtellogenesis two networks of microtubules are present along the contact zone between the oocyte and enveloping follicular epithelium. The external one is associated with belt desmosomes connecting neighbouring follicular cells. The internal network is composed of randomly orientated microtubules and separates transparent, organelle-free periplasm from the endoplasm. All cellular organelles and the germinal vesicle are localized in the endoplasm. Accessory nuclei are accumulated in the anterior endoplasm; they always lie in direct contact with the subcortical network. Treatment with colchicine results in the disappearance of the periplasm as well as in the redistribution of cellular organelles including accessory nuclei. Presented findings suggest that subcortical microtubules play an important role in the positioning of accessory nuclei throughout the ooplasm.
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  • 9
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    Development genes and evolution 185 (1978), S. 235-248 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Liver ; Primary culture ; Ultrastructure ; Albumin synthesis ; Xenopus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic analysis of primary cultures derived from larvalXenopus liver has shown that these cells, although they form only two-dimensional aggregates, retain and presumably also develop structural characteristics typical of liver parenchyma cells, such as bile canaliculi with microvilli and epithelial junctional complexes. As judged from structural criteria, primary cultures contain 80–90% hepatocytes. In contrast to the intact tissue, primary cultures showed excessive development of microfilaments, however. Incorporation of labeled amino acids has revealed further that the capacity for protein synthesis is maintained in culture and that synthesis of liverspecific protein albumin is maintained in vitro, even in liver cultures derived from thyrostatic tadpoles. This latter result suggests that initiation of albumin synthesis in the larval liver is probably not dependent upon thyroid hormones but rather reflects the protodifferentiated state of this tissue.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Shell formation ; Free nerve endings ; Ultrastructure ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Biomphalaria pfeifferi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The mantle edge of the freshwater pulmonate snailsLymnaea stagnalis andBiomphalaria pfeifferi was investigated with histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The mantle edge gland, which is involved in shell formation, consists of the periostracal groove and the belt. This belt appears to be composed of various regions. In the area of the periostracal groove a number of subepithelial gland cell types occur; these release their products into the groove. Between the groove cells ciliated free nerve endings terminate; the corresponding perikarya occur in the subepidermal connective tissue. Also in the posterior belt region free nerve endings were observed between the epithelial cells; in addition, a particular type of subepithelial gland cell was found in this area. The epithelial cells of this part of the belt have the ultrastructural characteristics of ion and water transporting cells; they are probably involved in calcium deposition and resorption. The possible role of the free nerve endings and of the subepithelial gland cells is discussed.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 36 (1984), S. 550-555 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Enamel crystals ; Length ; Shape ; Apatite ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary An original method for fractionating and preparing isolated crystals of homogeneous size was developed. It was demonstrated that enamel apatite crystals are at least 100 µm long. The flexibility of the very long crystallites was demonstrated. Crystal curvatures, accounting for the irregular course of the prisms through the enamel thickness, were visualized and measured. It was shown that in the deep forming enamel layer, lateral branches may grow out of the crystals and crystal fusing often occurs, inducing the crystallites to assume pyramidal shapes with their wide bases pointing toward the dentino-enamel junction and one or two tops toward Tomes' processes. During the maturation process, the two tops of the still immature crystals also fuse so that the mature crystals acquire a rodlike aspect, with parallel faces and steplike graduations along thec axis, allowing a close contact between the crystals. These results support the hypothesis that the crystallites would be continuous from the dentino-enamel junction to the surface.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Festuca ; Frost damage ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tillers of Festuca arundinacea Schreb. were subjected to-8°C in a bath of methylated spirits for three-quarters of an hour. They were thawed at room temperature and some material taken from the shoot apical meristem and leaf blade for electron microscopy. Similar material was taken from control plants for electron microscopy. Nine tillers subjected to-8°C and thawed subsequently failed to regrow. Nine control tillers regrew. All the treated meristem cells and about half the treated leaf mesophyll cells were extensively altered. Their nuclei were contracted, organelles were swollen or partly disrupted, plasmalemma and nuclear membranes were broken or absent and vacuoles were sometimes disrupted. Strongly osmiophilic material accumulated in the vicinity of membranes. About half the leaf mesophyll cells differed from the control mesophyll cells only in having more spherosomes and narrower thylakoids. Parallels with other ultrastructural studies of stress damage and the indications the results give of possible primary damaging events are discussed.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes ; Ferns ; Spermatozoids ; Flagella ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes spermatozoids are spirals of about five turns. Keels link the elements of the microtubular ribbon with the plates of the lamellar layer (LL) which are uninterrupted, parallel and curved with an inner angle of about 150°. Electron-opaque filaments connect the microtubules of the multilayered structure (MLS) and the osmiophilic crest, the LL and the MLS-associated mitochondrion and the latter and the plasmalemma. The nucleus occupies the 2.5–3 posterior turns and has an inner honeycomb-shaped chromatin mass and an outer highly condensed chromatin mass with randomly scattered electron-transparent areas. The basal bodies of the ca. 50 flagella are bounded by a reticulum of granular material which forms a plug inside their proximal region; the proximal region of the flagellum has a 9 + 0 pattern. The axoneme has a 9 + 2 pattern.
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  • 14
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    Sexual plant reproduction 10 (1997), S. 368-373 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Egg-cell isolation (angiosperm) ; Micromanipulation ; Plumbagozeylanica ; Viable egg ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A protocol for isolating viable eggs in Plumbago zeylanica by mechanical dissection is reported. The optimum solution for isolation was 0.8 M mannitol + 10 mM MOPS + 10 mM CaCl2, (pH 4.5–5.0) with an osmolality of 860–940 mmol/kg. Eggs retain their viability for at least 24 h. Isolated eggs were true protoplasts without cell walls and could tolerate osmolality of 437 mmol/kg to 965 mmol/kg. Observation of the isolated eggs using transmission electron microscopy indicated that they were well preserved and reflected the ultrastructure of physiologically active cells, displaying features similar to those of in vivo egg cells. Notable differences include the absence of a filiform apparatus and the accumulation of dense particles in the plastids, which was most conspicuous in egg cells that were damaged during isolation.
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  • 15
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    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Apomixis ; Apospory ; Aposporous initial ; Aposporous embryo sac ; Ultrastructure ; Panicum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucellar ultrastructure of apomictic Panicum maximum was analyzed during the meiocytic stage and during aposporous embryo sac formation. At pachytene the megameiocyte shows a random cell organelle distribution and sometimes only an incomplete micropylar callose wall. The chalazal nucellar cells are meristematic until the tetrad stage. They can turn into initial cells of aposporous embryo sacs. The aposporous initials can be recognized by their increased cell size, large nucleus, and the presence of many vesicles. The cell wall is thin with few plasmodesmata. If only a sexual embryo sac is formed, the nucellar cells retain their meristematic character. The aposporous initial cell is somewhat comparable to a vacuolated functional megaspore. It shows large vacuoles around the central nucleus and is surrounded by a thick cell wall without plasmodesmata. In the mature aposporous embryo sac the structure of the cells of the egg apparatus is similar to each other. In the chalazal part of the egg apparatus the cell walls are thin and do not hamper the transfer of sperm cells. Structural and functional aspects of nucellar cell differentiation and aposporous and sexual embryo sac development are discussed.
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  • 16
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    Archives of microbiology 111 (1977), S. 207-224 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Host-parasite relationships ; Ultrastructure ; Papillae ; Infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mode of attack and the infection structures of the necrotrophic mycoparasite, Pythium acanthicum, as well as the responses of various fungal hosts to parasitism were studied using both electron and light microscopy. Many taxonomically distinct fungal hosts were used, though Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani and a basidiomycete identified as Corticium sensu lato were studied in greatest detail. Parasitism was by direct penetration of the fungal host without appressorium formation by the parasite. The host's cells responded to contact by P. acanthicum by forming papillae. The morphological features of the papillae varied with the particular host. In P. blakesleeanus they were comprised of vesicles and segments of cytoplasm entrapped in a fibrillo-granular matrix, while in R. solani and the Corticium basidiomycete they contained considerable amounts of electron-opaque and electron-translucent material. Evidence for both mechanical and enzymatic penetration of the host fungi by the parasite are presented. Details of host wall and septum penetration by the parasite are presented using time-lapse light microscopy with in vivo systems. Many of these stages of parasitism were examined ultrastructurally. Some comparisons of these mycoparasitic relationships are discussed in relation to what is known from the literature about phytoparasitic interactions.
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  • 17
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    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allomyces ; Phycomycete ; Ultrastructure ; Gametangial differentiation ; Autophagy ; Gamma bodies ; Multivesicular bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of gametangial development in Allomyces macrogynus was determined from longitudinal sections of gametophytic hyphae at stages of differentiation from vegetative apices at time zero to fully cleaved gametangia at about 150 min. Whereas vegetative hyphae show an apical clustering of mitochondria, cytoplasmic vesicles and microtubules, this arrangement was sharply altered in early development. Mitochondria were evenly redistributed, apical vesicles and microtubules disappeared, and autophagic vacuoles became prominent. Subsequently, electron-dense granules and microbody/lipid droplet complexes became evident and later, during gamete cleavage, developed into gamma bodies and side-body complexes respectively. Meanwhile cytoplasmic vesicles were involved in exit papilla formation. The significance of autophagic vacuoles and multivesicular bodies is discussed.
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  • 18
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    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gliding bacterium ; Simonsiella ; Oral cavity ; Electron microscopy ; Morphology ; Dorsal-ventral differentiation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of the aerobic, Gram-negative multicellular-filamentous bacteria of the genus Simonsiella were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The flat, ribbon-shaped, multicellular filaments show dorsal-ventral differentiation with respect to their orientations to solid substrata. The dorsal surface, orientated away from the substrate, is convex and possesses an unstructured capsule. The ventral surface, on which the organisms adhere and glide, is concave and has an extracellular layer with fibrils extending at right angles from the cell wall. The cytoplasm in the ventral region contains a proliferation of intracytoplasmic membranes and few ribosomes in comparison to the cytoplasm in other parts of the cell. Centripetal cell wall formation is asymmetrical and commences preferentially in the ventral region. Quantitative differences in morphology and cytology exist among selected Simonsiella strains. Functional aspects of this dorsalventral differentiation are discussed with respect to the colonization and adherence of Simonsiella to mucosal squamous epithelial cells in its ecological habitat, the oral cavities of warm-blooded vertebrates.
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  • 19
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    Archives of microbiology 115 (1977), S. 249-257 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chamaesiphon spp. ; Cyanobacteria ; Reproduction by budding ; Ultrastructure ; Nutritional properties ; DNA base composition ; Fatty acid composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two strains of unicellular cyanobacteria which reproduce exclusively by budding are described and assigned to genus Chamaesiphon.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanogenium tatii ; Ultrastructure ; Physiology ; Glycoproteins ; DNA-DNA Homology ; Taxonomy ; Archaebacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new coccoid methanogen, Methanogenium tatii, was isolated and characterized. The mesophilic isolate can grow on and produce methane from H2:CO2 and formate. For growth acetate is strictly required. The cell shape, the G+C content of 54 mol% and DNA-DNA homology data suggest it to be a Methanogenium species.
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  • 21
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    Archives of microbiology 138 (1984), S. 229-232 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Streptomyces torulosus ; Morphology ; Ultrastructure ; Verrucate spores ; Knobby ornamentation ; Sheath
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The type strain of Streptomyces torulosus Lyons and Pridham (1971) was studied by scanning- and transmission electron microscope. Spore chains were formed in spirals by aerial mycelium. The spores were connected by nozzles in which small channels could be observed. The knobby ornamentations of the spores arised on a thin fibrous sheath, enveloping the spore chains. These irregular blunt projections, called knobs, had varying diameters of 100 to 250 nm. The base of the knob, consisting of globose to flattened electron dense material, was sitting directly on the sheath. It was covered by several small vesicles of the same material. Each hollow vesicle beared a thin bowlshaped shell of electron transparent material. In general, the cupular bowls and their supporting vesicles became easily depressed on their base, but not detached from the surface of the spores. This type of knobby spore ornamentation was suggested to be designated as a verrucate spore type.
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  • 22
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    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 93-100 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Micromorphology ; Gram-negative hydrogen bacteria ; Flagellation ; Flagellar fine structure ; Pili
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cell morphology, the arrangement and fine structure of flagella and the piliation of the following Gram-negative aerobic hydrogen bacteria have been studied: Alcaligenes eutrophus, Alcaligenes paradoxus, Alcaligenes ruhlandii, Pseudomonas flava, Pseudomonas pseudoflava, Pseudomonas palleronii, Pseudomonas facilis, Aquaspirillum autotrophicum, Paracoccus denitrificans, Corynebacterium autotrophicum, and strains MA 2 and SA 35. The identity of the bacteria was examined by their substrate spectra and type of flagellation. Three types of flagellar fine structure were differentiated. The presence of pili was noted in strains of Alcaligenes paradoxus, Pseudomonas flava, P. pseudoflava, P. palleronii, and P. facilis.
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  • 23
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    Archives of microbiology 113 (1977), S. 293-302 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aminopterin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Polyploid ; Oxidative-fermentative yeast ; Ultrastructure ; Bioassay ; Synchrony
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a related brewing study detailed characteristics of fermentations displaying effective yeastaminopterin interaction were presented. Fermentative yeast types (certain Saccharomyces species and Selenotila intestinalis) proved effective aminopterin reactors whereas oxidative yeasts (certain Candida, Cryptococcus, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, and Trigonopsis species) proved ineffective reactors. In general effective reactors were polyploids characterized by the lack of film or pellicle formation and ineffective reactors the opposite. In stationary fermentations the Fleischmann 139 strain of S. cerevisiae proved a fair reactor. When aerated it proved an ineffective reactor and aminopterin or products there-of stimulated growth. Conversely aeration enhanced aminopterin activity of effective reactor yeasts. The positive effect of biotin on aminopterin activity and the negative effect of yeast extract, L-asparagine, adenine and thymine is shown and compared and contrasted with earlier reported studies. These findings supported by outside data suggest that oxidative yeasts (and bacteria) can readily elicit enzymes capable of inactivating aminopterin whereas fermentative types are lacking in this capability. Finally that past yeast-aminopterin studies were conducted with oxidative yeast types. Advantages of effective aminopterin reactor yeasts to be published elsewhere include improved ultrastructure using KMnO4−OsO4 fixation, a yeast bioassay procedure for detecting aminopterin in plasma and urine, and cell synchronization.
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  • 24
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    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 101-110 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Micromorphology ; Gram-negative ; Hydrogen bacteria ; Cell envelope ; Cytoplasmic inclusions ; Membranes ; Mesosomes ; Glycogen ; Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate ; Cell wall types
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fine structure of the cell envelope, of membrane systems and of cytoplasmic inclusions of Gram-negative aerobic hydrogen bacteria has been studied. The results have been tabulated, and three main groups could be recognized: Group 1: Alcaligenes eutrophus, A. paradoxus, A. ruhlandii, Pseudomonas facilis, P. flava, P. pseudoflava, P. palleronii, and Aquaspirillum autotrophicum; Group 2: “Corynebacterium” autotrophicum and strains MA 2 and SA 35; Group 3: Paracoccus denitrificans. Special structures related to the chemoautotrophic way of life of the hydrogen bacteria were not observed.
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  • 25
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    Archives of microbiology 117 (1978), S. 293-295 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides ; Intracytoplasmic membranes ; Membranes ; Ultrastructure ; Bacteriochlorophyll ; Chromatophores
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The photosynthetic bacterium,Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides, can be grown phototrophically (light, anaerobiosis), of chemotrophically (dark, aerobiosis). In the first case, it contains intracytoplasmic membranes with photosynthetic pigments. When shifted from phototrophy to chemotrophy these membranes disappear in an unknown fashion. In the present experiment, samples were taken for electron microscopy, cell density and bacteriochlorophyll determinations after shift from phototrophy to chemotrophy. The density of intracytoplasmic vesicles was measured on micrographs. During the first 2h growth is very slow and the ultrastructure remains unaltered. As growth resumes, the vesicles disappear at a rate which implies that they are not incorportated into the cytoplasmic membrane, nor actively digested, but remain intact and become increasingly diluted in the cytoplasm as the culture grows. The size of the vesicles was estimated to about 500 Å. The number of vesicles in phototrophically grown cells was calculated to about 575 per cell, and after 6h chemotrophic growth to about 100. The areas of the cytoplasmic and intracytoplasmic membranes are roughly calculated.
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  • 26
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    Archives of microbiology 118 (1978), S. 309-316 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Streptomyces melanochromogenes ; Sporogenesis ; Formation of sporulation septum ; Delimitation, separation, and release of spores ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Abstract The mode of spore differentiation in a strain of Streptomyces melanochromogenes was followed by analysis of ultrathin sections of sporulating aerial hyphae at various stages of sporogenesis. A special accent was laid on the formation of the sporulation septum and its alterations in the course of spore delimitation and separation. Distinct differences in formation and substructure have been observed between the cross walls of vegetative hyphae and the sporulation septa. Cross walls of vegetative hyphae are formed in a way typical for Gram-positive bacteria by a centripetal annular ingrowth of cytoplasmic membrane, on which wall material immediately is deposited. The development of the sporulation septa is characterized by the accumulation of amorphous material in addition to the newly synthesized wall layer inside the invaginating cytoplasmic membrane. This amorphous septal material will later be decomposed presumably by two lytic systems which cause the separation of the spores. The central region of the finished sporulation septum is perforated by microplasmodesmata. Spores are released by a break down of the surface sheath. The complete spores are enveloped by a twolayered cell wall and the spiny surface sheath.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrobacter hamburgensis ; Nitrite oxidoreductase ; Nitrate reductase ; Molybdenum iron-sulfur protein ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrite oxidoreductase, the essential enzyme complex of nitrite oxidizing membranes, was isolated from cells of the nitrifying bacterium Nitrobacter hamburgensis. The enzyme system was solubilized and purified in the presence of 0.25% sodium deoxycholate. Nitrite oxidoreductase oxidized nitrite to nitrate in the presence of ferricyanide. The pH optimum was 8.0, and the apparent K m value for nitrite amounted to 3.6 mM. With reduced methyl-and benzylviologen nitrite oxidoreductase exhibited nitrate reductase activity with an apparent K m value of 0.9 mM for nitrate. NADH was also a suitable electron donor for nitrate reduction. The pH optimum was 7.0. Treatment with SDS resulted in the dissociation into 3 subunits of 116,000, 65,000 and 32,000. The enzyme complex contained iron, molydbenum, sulfur and copper. A c-type cytochrome was present. Isolated nitrite oxidoreductase is a particle of 95±30 Å in diameter.
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  • 28
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    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 311-313 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Achlya ; Synaptonemal complexes ; Oömycetes ; Ultrastructure ; Gametangial meiosis ; Mycology ; Antheridium
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This is the first report of longitudinal sections of synaptonemal complexes in oömycetous fungi. These indicators of meiosis were observed in antheridial nuclei of Achlya ambisexualis E87. They were attached to a platelike structure at the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope. The lateral elements were separated from each other by an average distance of 160 nm. These results provide new ultrastructural evidence for gametangial meiosis in Oömycetes.
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  • 29
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    Archives of microbiology 116 (1978), S. 279-288 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Neurospora crassa ; Macroconidia ; Microcycle ; Heat ; Ultrastructure ; Nucleolus ; Proconidia ; Septa
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heat-shock of macroconidia of Neurospora crassa at 46°C followed by shift-down to 25°C determines premature conidiogenesis. The nuclei and cytoplasm of heat-treated, swollen conidia contain spots of a dense material especially concentrated around the nucleolus in short time treated ones. In the first proconidium apically budding on the enlarged tip of the premature conidiophore, small vesicles are peripherally spread. A few such vesicles are later seen lining the initially simple septum separating the proconidial units into conidia. The doubling of this interconidial septum is surface viewn as a thick annulus. Disarticulation of the conidial units intervenes along a septal furrow of electroluscent material. Interconidial continuity through the septal pores is transiently insured by a connective which is ruptured for final liberation of the conidia.
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  • 30
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    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrosomonas spec ; Ammonia oxidizing bacterium ; Polyhedral inclusion bodies ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Abstract Polyhedral inclusion bodies were observed in cells of a Nitrosomonas species. They were present in growing cells as well as in resting cells. In thin sections their size was about 130 nm in growing cells and about 185 nm in diameter in resting cells. The bodies were commonly located in the nucleoplasm. They appeared to be bounded by a nonunit membrane and had a granular substructure. In thin sections about 70% of the exponentially grown cells and about 20% of the resting cells of the investigated strain showed 1–7 respectively 1–3 inclusion bodies.
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  • 31
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    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Streptomyces thermoviolaceus ; Sporogenesis ; Spore ornamentation ; Cupular knobs ; Sheath ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Abstract The sporogenesis of aerial spores in Streptomyces thermoviolaceus corresponded to a common sporulation type in the genus. The sporulation septum was composed of an outer ring-shaped constriction wall and an inner interspace septum arising by the inwards growth of a double annulus. In mature spores the wall was composed of two layers, the outer one was part of the parent hyphal wall and septum material, the inner one was formed de novo. The spore chains were enclosed by the thin breakable sheath containing small rod-like elements. The ornamentation in the form of knobs, which were a characteristic feature of the species originated from the sheath. The knobs were hemispherical particles with an inner electron dense core and an outer electron transparent shell. The term “cupular knobs” was suggested for this type of tuberculate ornamentation. Frequently, the knobs became detached from the surface in which case the inner core separated easily from the shell.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Ultrastructure ; Nitrogen fixation ; Water stress ; Taxonomy ; DNA ; Plasmids
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    Notes: Abstract Two strains of desiccation-tolerant coccoid cyanobacteria, Chroococcus S24, a marine form, and Chroococcus N41, a cryptoendolith isolated from a hot-desert rock, have been characterized. The mol % DNA base compositions of the strains are 47.1 and 48.9% respectively. Plasmid DNA was not detected in either strain. The pigment contents and nutritional characteristics of the strains are identical. Both lack phycoerythrinoid pigments and, in culture, behave as slow-growing halotolerant marine forms with elevated requirements for Na+, Cl−, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Sucrose was the only carbon source of those tested that supported photoheterotrophic growth. Each strain synthesizes nitrogenase under anaerobic conditions but not in air. Morphologically the two strains are indistinguishable. They are considered to be independent isolates of the same cyanobacterial species. Chroococcus N41 was studied in detail with the electron microscope. When brought to equilibrium at matric water potentials of-168 MPa and lower (to-673 MPa=c0.12a w) the protoplast shrinks, but the cells maintain the same size and diameter as those at-2,156 kPa (MN medium; control); the sheath expands and remains attached to the cell wall outer membrane by fibrils. The cell wall, cell membrane, thylakoid membranes, cyanophycin granules and carboxysomes appeared intact in desiccated cells.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pinus sylvestris L. ; Aluminium ; Nutrients ; Mycorrhiza ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of aluminium chloride (AICI3) treatments (50 and 150 mg/l) on 3-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were studied in a sand culture during 2 growing periods in an open field experiment. Even by the end of the first growing period, a decline was observed in the concentrations of Ca, Mg and P within the needles, and of Ca and Mg in the roots. After the second growing period, increased N and K concentrations were observed in the needles of Al-treated seedlings. Both the needles and roots of Al-treated seedlings showed, after the second growing period, a decline in growth and increased concentrations of AI as the amount of AICI3 in the nutrient solution increased. Al-induced changes in needle structure were found to be symptomatic of a nutrient imbalance, particularly of Mg and P. Al-stress did not result in any observable changes in root anatomy or in the number of mycorrhizas. Scots pine proved to be rather resistant to Al-stress, indicating that direct Al-injuries are not likely in the field, though Al-stress may be a contributing factor in the formation of nutrient imbalances.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Endosperm ; Galactomannan ; Secretion ; Ultrastructure ; Trigonella
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mode of deposition (secretion) of galactomannan in the cells of the seed endosperm ofTrigonella foenum-graecum has been studied by electron microscopy. In cells which are just beginning to secrete galactomannan there are stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The intracisternal space (containing the enchylema) of the rough ER then swells, becomes vacuolated and forms a voluminous network, with “pockets” of cytoplasm entrapped within poculiform rough ER. The enchylema contains material which reacts with periodate-thiocarbohydrazidesilver proteinate in a very similar manner to the galactomannan already deposited in the cell wall. It appears that the galactomannan is formed in the intracisternal space of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and then expelled outside the plasmalemma. This mode of deposition contrasts with that of other plant cell wall polysaccharides whose secretion is mediated by Golgi vesicles.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Gills ; Epithelial cells ; Polychaeta
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of gill epidermal cells of Diopatra neapolitana and their relationship with blood spaces are described. The existence of a basal infolding complex, related to the blood spaces, is also reported. A possible involvement of these cells in osmoregulation and ion interchange, apart from their well-known role in respiration, is suggested.
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  • 36
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 305-309 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Impatiens ; Microspore mitosis ; Plastid distribution ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the unequal distribution of plastids in the developing microspores of Impatiens walleriana and Impatiens glandulifera which leads to the exclusion of plastids from the generative cell. During the development from young microspore to the onset of mitosis a change in the organization of the cytoplasm and distribution of organelles is gradually established. This includes the formation of vacuoles at the poles of the elongate-shaped microspores, the movement of the nucleus to a position near the microspore wall in the central part of the cell, and the accumulation of the plastids to a position near the wall at the opposite side of the cell. In Impatiens walleriana, the accumulated plastids are separated from each other by ER cisterns, and some mitochondria are also accumulated. In both Impatiens species, the portion of the microspore in which the generative cell will be formed is completely devoid of plastids at the time mitosis starts.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 557-564 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sinus gland ; Gammarus ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sinus gland of Gammarus oceanicus, like that of other crustaceans, is composed of three elements: neurosecretory axons, glial cells and stromal sheath. Five neurosecretory axon types are identified on the basis of granule diameter, shape, and electron density, and axon matrix density. Exocytosis appears to be the major release mechanism of neurosecretory material. The preterminal regions of neurosecretory axons contain axoplasmic reticulum and neurotubules. Their arrangement in the axon and relationship with one another suggest a transport function. Multilamellar bodies are found in the terminal regions of neurosecretory axons. They arise from mitochondria and may be involved in granulolysis.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fertilization ; Molluscs ; Spermatozoon ; Oocyte ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural investigation of the gametes and their interaction during the early events of fertilization in molluscs has been performed. A gamete binding event involving large numbers of sperm has been identified and examined in detail. The surface of the oocyte is projected into numerous microvilli which extend through the vitelline envelope. Tufts of fibrillar material radiate from the tips of these microvilli, forming a layer external to the vitelline envelope. The acrosomal vesicle of the mature spermatozoon contains two major components, which function differently during fertilization. The vesicle is indented at its adnuclear surface, constituting a preformed acrosomal tubule. This tubule does not elongate during the acrosome reaction. Completion of the reaction results in the formation of an extracellular coat, derived from one component of the acrosomal vesicle, on the anterior surface of the sperm. Sperm-egg binding is accomplished by an association of the extracellular coat on the reacted sperm and the fibrous tufts on the tips of the microvilli of the oocyte. Evidence that gamete membrane fusion occurs by fusion of the acrosomal tubule and a microvillus is presented. These observations provide a generalized pattern of molluscan fertilization.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 513-524 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Haemocytes ; Insects ; Haemolymph coagulation ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron-microscopic observations of the blood cells (haemocytes) of the stick insect Clitumnus extradentatus in vitro showed that two morphologically distinct cell types, the cystocytes and granular cells are involved in haemolymph coagulation. Both these cell types contain a variable number of electron-dense granules which upon release cause progressive coagulation and precipitation of the haemolymph. In the cystocytes this release is extremely rapid (30–60s) while in the granular cells it only occurs after 1–2min in vitro. The role of these cells in haemostasis is discussed together with the possible significance of the involvement of two cell types in the coagulation process.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Malpighian tubules ; Millipede ; Ultrastructure ; Tracers ; Formed bodies
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron-dense tracers ferritin, and iron-dextran, and the protein horseradish peroxidase, have been used to investigate the ultrastructural basis of permeability in the upper and lower segments of the Malpighian tubules of Glomeris marginata. All these materials were able to cross the basal lamina and enter the tubule lumen of the upper segment, and it was established that horseradish peroxidase was able to enter the channels which interrupt the apical junctions. In the upper segment, ferritin, iron-dextran, and horseradish peroxidase are all taken up and accumulated within intracellular vesicles. In the lower segment ferritin and iron-dextran enter the cells but become generally distributed over the cyptoplasm, as well as entering membrane-bounded vacuoles. The behaviour of horseradish peroxidase could not be assessed owing to the presence of endogenous peroxidase activity in the cells. After fixation by direct application of glutaraldehyde to the undissected tubules, the extracellular spaces contained large numbers of membrane-bounded vesicles. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the physiological activities of the tubules.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Alcian blue ; Alcian yellow staining ; Ultrastructure ; Bulinus truncatus
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurosecretory system of the freshwater snail Bulinus truncatus was investigated. With the Alcian blue-Alcian yellow (AB/AY) staining method at least 10 different types of neurosecretory cells (NSC) were distinguished in the ganglia of the central nervous system. The differences in staining properties of the NSC — with AB/AY the cells take on different shades of green and yellow — are borne out at the ultrastructural level: the NSC types contain different types of neurosecretory elementary granules. The neurosecretory system of B. truncatus is compared to that of Lymnaea stagnalis, the species which has received the most attention among the pulmonates. It appears from the comparison that the systems of both species show many similarities, although some differences are also apparent.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CSF-contacting subependymal cells ; Frog hypothalamus ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Autoradiography ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blue-green fluorescent subependymal cells with intraventricular processes were shown by the fluorescent histochemical method to be distributed from the preoptic recess to the infundibular recess of the frog hypothalamus. Electron microscopy revealed at least two types of CSF-contacting subependymal cells, type 1 containing large dense granules (about 100–200 nm in diameter) and type 2 containing small dense core vesicles (about 60–100 nm in diameter). Subsequent to fixation in permanganate solution, the small dense core vesicles in type 2 cells reacted with the fixative and consistently showed a dense content. However, the large granules in type 1 cells were mostly pale or less dense after this fixation. Two hours after intraventricular injection of 3H-dopamine, a large number of silver grains appeared only in the cytoplasm of intraventricular processes possessing dense core vesicles (type 2 cells). A few grains were also found in the perikarya. It is concluded that type 2 cells are catecholamine-storing cells. It is suggested that type 1 cells in the infundibular recess are peptidergic neurons which may secrete some hypothalamic regulating hormones of the anterior pituitary. Most of these cells in the preoptic recess belong to the neurosecretory cells of the preoptic nucleus, while some cells probably function similarly to those in the infundibular recess.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 335-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Flatworm ; Nerve-net ; Epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Synapse
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In addition to a submuscular and subepithelial nerve plexus an infra-epithelial nerve-net also occurs in Notoplana acticola. It contains naked nerve cells which lie between the bases of epithelial cells. Individual neurites occur separately or in small tracts. Synapses contain clear spherical vesicles and are polarized. Post-synaptic neurites tend to be flat and ribbon-like. Rhabdite and mucus secreting cells in the epithelium have synapses associated with them. Neurites ending on the rhabdites appear to originate in the subepithelial plexus. The “sensory-free nerve endings” of earlier workers are reinterpreted as being motor terminals on epithelial secretory cells.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 131-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Graft ; Ultrastructure ; Innervation ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pineal glands were grafted under the kidney capsule of mature male rats for periods of 20, 40, 60 and 100 days. Each grafted gland was then excised and divided into two halves. One half was processed for conventional electron microscopy and the other was fixed in aldehydes and then incubated in a zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide mixture at pH 4.4 (A-ZIO-4.4). During the forty days following the operation pinealocytes showed the typical ultrastructural features associated with cells with a high protein and/or peptide secretory activity. On the other hand, during this period, the number of granular vesicles decreased progressively. From day 40 on, the grafted pinealocytes lacked granular vesicles. During the second half of the experimental period the ultrastructure of the pinealocytes indicated that their secretory activity was considerably decreased. During the acute phase of the experimental period numerous structures regarded as the tip of growing axons as well as typical nerve fibres appeared around blood vessels and within the parenchyma of the grafted gland. In the transplanted tissue obtained 60 and 100 days after the operation the growth cones were scarce, whereas typical nerve endings became numerous. These endings contained small clear vesicles which reacted positively when the tissue was treated with A-ZIO-4.4. The secretory activity of the grafted pineal gland and the nature of the nerve fibres which innervate the graft are discussed. The authors wish to thank Mrs. E.M. Rodríguez de Calderón for her valuable help
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 205-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye ; Retina ; Squilla mantis ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the compound eye of adult specimens of Squilla mantis was investigated. The eye consists of about 3600–3700 ommatidia, each containing a dioptric apparatus formed by a lamellated corneal lens and a eucone-type crystalline cone. Each of the four cone cells give rise to a cylindrical process (crystalline thread) inserted between the retinula cells and extending down to the basement membrane. Two distal pigment cells completely encompass the distal part of the crystalline cone, becoming progressively smaller and forming roundish processes. At the level of the tip of the crystalline cone they split off into small pigment-containing processes, and a central process leads down to the basement membrane. About 12–16 proximal pigment cells surround the ommatidium and extend from the tip of the crystalline cone to the basement membrane. In addition to the two types of pigment cell, three other types of pigment-containing cells were identified, one of which possibly contains — on the basis of their ultrastructure — crystals of the respiratory pigment hemocyanin. The two other pigments are found respectively on the surface of the retina (green pigment) and beneath the surface and in the intraommatidial space (white pigment). The distal part of each ommatidium consists of retinula cells of about equal size. Further proximal an 8th small retinula cell is encountered. The fused, centrally located rhabdom, is built up of the microvilli (rhabdomeres) of the 7 large retinula cells, the 8th has no microvilli. The structure of the ommatidia was also examined in relation to light-dark adapted conditions (LA-DA). In DA the crystalline cone shortens and the rhabdom becomes longer by an approximately corresponding amount and the pigments of the distal pigment cells expand more distally. The number and type of special cytoplasmic inclusions, as well as the shape and size of the socalled perirhabdomal vacuoles, seems not to be changed by light or dark-adaptation. In the 7 large retinula cells, an unusual migration of pigment granules occurs under DA conditions (the 8th does not contain pigment granules). In DA, many of granules which are distributed around the rhabdom in LA, line up in rows, like strings of pearls, along the rhabdom, forming a dense pigment coat around it. The findings are compared with those of related studies and their functional implications for the vision of Squilla are discussed.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 361-371 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus luteum ; Gerbil (Meriones) ; Pregnancy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Corpora lutea from gerbils on days 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 of pregnancy were studied electron microscopically. Similarly, luteal tissue from animals on the day of parturition and one day postpartum was studied (gestation: 24 days ± 8–24h). Agranular endoplasmic reticulum increases in quantity through day 16 and thereafter is somewhat reduced. Granular endoplasmic reticulum and a population of small granules (type I) become abundant during late pregnancy and their possible role in the production and storage of relaxin is discussed. Luteal tissue undergoes a relatively rapid regression which begins on the day of parturition. Conspicuous in the regressing luteal tissue are large (type II) granules (possibly lysosomes), lipid droplets, leucocytic elements and macrophages. Functional correlates of these morphological findings are discussed.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 105-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human placenta ; Villous stroma ; Fixed stromal cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In human placental villi the connective tissue is constructed by mesenchymal cells, small and large reticulum cells and fibroblasts. During early pregnancy mesenchymal cells dominate; starting with the third month of gestation the reticulum cells are in the majority within the terminal villi, the fibroblasts within the stem villi. Ultrastructurally intermediary types of cells can be differentiated. Together with reticular and collagenous fibres the reticulum cells form the basic architecture of the villous stroma during the first 2/3 of gestation: the “reticular type of stroma”. This consists of a network of cells and fibres with fetal vessels fitted in between. The remaining interspaces form a fluid system of compartments in which Hofbauer cells are suspended. They are called stromal channels. During the last trimester these channels and the Hofbauer cells as well are progressively replaced either by voluminous masses of fibres (“fibrous type of stroma”, mainly in the stem villi) or by sinusoidal enlargements of fetal capillaries (“sinusoidal type of stroma”, mainly in the terminal villi).
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 181-193 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Accessory outer segment ; Photoreceptors ; Poecilia reticulata P. ; Ultrastructure ; Microtubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the accessory outer segment (AOS) — a ciliumlike structure emanating from the inner segment and running alongside the outer segment of photoreceptors — is described. The AOS occurs in both rods and cones of Poecilia reticulata. Its ultrastructure, including the arrangement of microtubules, which originate from the ciliary stalk, is the same in rods and cones. The cone-AOS is connected with the outer segment by a thin plasmabridge, whereas the rod-AOS lies embedded within the outer segment. The outer segment of the cone, in contrast to that of the rod, is separated from the pigment epithelium by a large extracellular space. An intimate contact, however, is secured by the AOS; its membrane is closely appositioned to the pigment epithelium membrane. The functional significance of the AOS and its possible occurrence in other vertebrate classes, are discussed.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aedes aegypti ; Midgut epithelium ; Ultrastructure ; Starvation ; Sugar diet
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach einer Hungerperiode von 5 bzw. 8 Tagen ist die Ultrastruktur der Epithelzellen im hinteren Abschnitt des Mitteldarmes weiblicher A. aegypti teilweise verändert. So wird beispielsweise eine drastische Reduktion des rauhen endoplasmischen Retikulum (rer) gemessen, das für die Synthese der Enzyme zur Blutverdauung verantwortlich ist. Einen ähnlichen Einfluß auf das rer hat eine gleich lang dauernde Fütterung der Mücken mit Zuckerwasser.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the epithelial cells in the posterior part of the midgut in female Aedes aegypti was partly changed after starvation periods of 5 or 8 days. Most obvious is a drastic reduction of the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer), which is responsible for the synthesis of enzymes for blood digestion. A similar influence on rer membranes is to be observed in mosquitoes fed on sucrose solution only, without additional blood meals.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insects ; Mid-gut ; Aging ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the mid-gut cells of aged female Nasonia vitripennis is described. The mid-gut is a shrunken and distorted organ in the aged animal. The individual cells are highly disorganised and the organelle components are altered. The small lipid droplets formed in the apical cell region do not coalesce to form the large central lipid inclusions characteristic of the young animal. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is reduced and some of the mitochondria enlarge. The mid- and apical cell regions also contain large numbers of cytolysosomes. The basal cell region is essentially unchanged, but the channels formed by the infolded basal plasma membranes are dilated. The changes observed are discussed in relation to previous observations on other insect species.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Steroid synthesizing cells ; Steroidogenesis ; Ovary ; Ultrastructure ; Echinodermata, Asterias rubens
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of cells showing characteristic features of steroid producing cells in the ovaries of the starfish, Asterias rubens, is described. The correlation between the appearance of these cells and steroid biosynthesis in ovarian tissue of A. rubens is discussed. The importance of the discovery of these cells in view of the biosynthesis of steroids and the phylogeny of Echinodermata is mentioned.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Bile duct ligation (rat) ; Cell membrane ; Intercellular junctions ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracturing
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    Notes: Summary The effect of bile duct ligation on the intercellular junctions of hepatocytes was investigated. The features and the arrangement of the bile canaliculi and the zonulae occludentes alter concomitant to the increase of the intracanalicular pressure. The lumen of the bile canaliculi enlarges and the microvilli disappear. The array of the zonulae occludentes becomes irregularly shaped, the number of strands diminishes and interruptions of the strands occur. With peroxidase a leakage in the bile-blood barrier is detected. Furthermore a disappearance of gap junctions between the hepatocytes after bile duct ligation is observed. The present investigation shows that the zonulae occludentes are mobile structures which are changed by increased unilateral pressure. Due to their ultrastructural alterations, a leakage of the permeability barrier between physiological compartments is found. We acknowledge the helpful criticism and discussion of Prof. H.D. Fahimi. We are indebted to Mrs. B. Brühl, M. Bürkle and Ch. Walenta for technical assistance, and to stud. med. Jon Greenberg for preparing the manuscript
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Mandibular glands ; Kalotermes ; Polymorphism
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les glandes mandibulaires de Calotermes sont étudiées dans les différentes castes. Elles présentent un dimorphisme sexuel chez les soldats et les sexués. Après la mue imaginale, les cellules glandulaires ont toujours une activité sécrétrice. De plus, chez les soldats femelles et les reines, elles contiennent de nombreuses formations cristallines d'origine mitochondriale. Le rôle de ces glandes (sécrétion de salive ou de phéromone) est discuté.
    Notes: Summary The mandibular glands of Kalotermes were examined in different castes. They showed sexual dimorphism in the soldiers and primary reproductives. Moreover, in female soldiers and queens, mandibular gland cells contained numerous crystalline structures of mitochondrial origin. The role of these glands (secretion of saliva or pheromone) is discussed.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 421-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lizard ; Eye ; Conus papillaris ; Capillaries ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The conus papillaris of Ophisaurus apodus consists of blood vessels and pigment cells. The capillary walls are formed by endothelial cells, scarce pericytes and basal laminae. The cell bodies are attenuated and the plasmalemma of their luminal and abluminal surfaces forms microvilli. The perivascular space is well developed, containing nerve fibers and their terminals. Similar localization and ultrastructure of avian pecten oculi and lacertilian conus papillaris suggest homology of these structures.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 175 (1977), S. 523-539 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sponge ; Gray cell ; Glycogen ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The gray cells of four orders of demosponges contain basophilic inclusions and glycogen. They are capable of synthesis and accumulation of glycogen and responsible for its transfer to sites of more intense metabolism (growth, bud, blastema). They do not occur in larvae; but all the phases of their differentiation from the flagellar cells of the larva have been demonstrated.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 145-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromuscular synapse ; Crustacean ; Ultrastructure ; Physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Physiological and ultrastructural studies were made of neuromuscular synapses in stomach muscles, especially two gastric mill muscles of the blue crab innervated by neurons of the stomatogastric ganglion. These muscles depolarized and contracted with application of glutamate, but not acetylcholine, whereas the dorsal dilator muscles of the pyloric region depolarized and contracted in acetylcholine, but not in glutamate. Large excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP's) of 5–20 mV were recorded in the gastric mill muscles. At low frequencies of activation, individual synapses released on average about 2 quanta of transmitter for each nerve impulse. Facilitation of EPSP's after a single nerve impulse could be detected for at least 10 s. Synapses were found on enlarged terminals of the motor axon; their contact areas ranged from 0.2 μm2 up to 3 μm2. Both electron-lucent, round synaptic vesicles and dense-cored vesicles occurred near these synapses. A possible correlation between contact area of a synapse and output of transmitter, is discussed.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 227-238 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insects ; Nasonia vitripennis ; Mid-gut ; Morphometry ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the mid-gut cells of female Nasonia vitripennis is described. The mid-gut consists of a uniform, single-cell epithelium. The cells of different gut regions were analysed using morphometric techniques in order to determine any differences in the components. The structure of the cells is described in the unfed animal, and after varying periods of feeding on host body-fluids. Tissues were sampled after 12 h and 24 h of feeding on host body-fluids and after 24 h feeding/24 h starvation. The cells were found to be complex and contain an organelle component that allows solute-transport and extensive lipid synthesis. A limited cytochemical analysis involving the lysosomal marker enzyme-acid phosphatase — and the respiratory enzyme — cytochrome oxidase was carried out.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reptilian scales ; Receptors ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary In gekkonids, the scales bordering the toes or the adjacent tissue possess subepidermal and intraepithelial receptors in addition to setae-bearing organs. The position of subepidermal lamellated corpuscles seems to be correlated with the size of the species. The larger the adult animal the more frequently is this type of receptor found laterally in the toe. This can be explained in connection with the vibration-sensitive function of lamellated receptors. Intraepithelial axon terminals were found close to the setae-bearing sensilla in one species only. They are surrounded by numerous tonofibrils and may function as receptors for mechanical (pressure-) stimuli.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 177 (1977), S. 459-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Exocrine pancreas ; Isolated cells ; Cell membrane ; Tight junctions ; Gap junctions ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze-fracturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the cell membrane and intercellular junctions was studied after isolation of exocrine pancreatic cells by tryptic digestion and mechanical treatment. The number and distribution of membrane associated particles does not change significantly when acinar cells in situ are compared to those after the isolation procedure. However, intercellular junctions undergo distinct alterations. Gap junctions in normal pancreatic cells are macular in shape and localized at the lateral parts of the cell membrane. In isolated acinar cells gap junctions are irregularly shaped, more extended, and frequently associated with tight junctions. Tight junctions form belt-like structures which are found to persist after isolation but subsequently become elongated and interrupted. Thus extensive macular areas of tight junctions develop. Further, the strands on the P-face and the grooves on the E-face of freeze-fracture replicas change in array, dissociate, and become loosely packed on large membrane areas. The present investigation shows that the intramembranous proteins of tight and gap junctions are mobile structures within the fluid membrane. The shape of their array is dependent on the form of the intercellular contact zone.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Atrioventricular node ; Rat ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The problem of development of the innervation of the rat atrioventricular node has been investigated by electron microscopy. Nerve bundles appear in relation to the node as early as the second postnatal day and vesiculated axons are seen throughout the entire node by the fourth day. Intimate contacts between nodal cells, axons and terminal varicosities are frequently observed. Use of the 5-hydroxydopamine tracer technique has enabled the identification of both cholinergic and adrenergic axons. It is concluded that the node has a dual innervation although cholinergic endings far outnumber those classified as adrenergic on the sixth postnatal day. These results are quite different to earlier findings made at the light microscope level and the discrepancies are discussed with respect to the histochemical techniques used. The suggestion that nodal differentiation is induced by nerves is considered in relation to the differences in cholinesterase activity exhibited by nodal cells during normal development and following neonatal sympathectomy.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Organ of Bellonci ; Sensory organ ; Synapses ; Ultrastructure ; Crustacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le pédoncule qui rattache l'organe de Bellonci des Isopodes au cerveau des Crustacés, a été étudié chez Sphaeroma serratum et Anilocra frontalis. Ce pédoncule se transforme progressivement, vers le cerveau, en un tractus ayant l'aspect d'un nerf. Il est alors formé par les pédicules issus du corps des cellules sensorielles de l'organe de Bellonci. Il se termine, au niveau de la medulla interne, par une zone d'aspect alvéolaire formée par les terminaisons dilatées des pédicules sensoriels. The authors are greatly indebted to Prof. J.J. Legrand, Director of the E.R.A. 230, Poitiers, France, for his support and critical reading of the manuscript We also thank Mrs C. Besse for her technical assistance, Mr. T. Bauvais and A. Martin, for photographic help, and Miss D. Decourt for typing the manuscript A ce niveau, trois types de connections ont pu être observés. Un premier est charactérisé par des synapses afférentes au cerveau avec, dans les terminaisons des pédicules sensoriels, des structures comparables aux rubans présynaptiques décrits par certains auteurs dans des photorécepteurs d'Arthropodes. Deux autres types comportent des fibres issues du cerveau, les unes avec de petites vésicules à contenu clair, les autres avec des vésicules plus grandes et à contenu moyennement dense aux électrons, fibres donnant des synapses efférentes aux cerveau avec l'organe de Bellonci. La fonction sensorielle de l'organe de Bellonci est confirmée sans que le rôle de l'organe puisse être précisé.
    Notes: Summary The peduncle linking the organ of Bellonci with the brain was examined in Sphaeroma serratum and Anilocra frontalis. This peduncle, in its extension to the brain, becomes a nerve-like tract with bundles of pedicles originating from the sensory cell bodies located in the organ of Bellonci. It ends at the level of the medulla interna in an alveolar region resulting from the swelling of the sensory pedicle terminations. At this level three types of connections have been observed. The first is characterized by afferent synapses to the brain with, in the sensory pedicle endings, structures similar to the presynaptic ribbons noted by some authors in photoreceptors of arthropods. The two other types include nerve fibres originating from the brain, one with small electron lucent vesicles, a second displaying larger vesicles with a core of medium density. These fibres form efferent synapses to the organ of Bellonci. The sensory differentiation of the organ of Bellonci in Isopoda is confirmed but its true role is not specified.
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    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptor ; Arthropod ; Spider ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anteromedial eye of the web-building spider, Argiope amoena has been examined with light and electron microscopy. The eye consists of a cornea, a lens, a vitreous body and a retina. The retina contains 400 to 500 bipolar photoreceptor cells and pigment cells which envelop the receptor cells. Microvilli extend laterally from the distal process of each receptor cell beneath the vitreous body. The microvilli interdigitate with those from neighboring processes to form rhabdoms. Multivesicular bodies occur in the rhabdomeric portion, and in an intermediate segment, between the rhabdomeric portion and the receptor cell body, are found mixed lamellar vesicular bodies and lamellar bodies. A single axon extends from the receptor cell. The site of origin of the axon from the cell varies depending on the location of the cell in the retina. The axon originates on the intermediate segment, or on the lateral surface or proximal end of the cell body. The axons join together in the postero-dorsal region of the eye and then extend to the first optic glomerulus as an ocellar nerve of about 3 mm in length. The pigment cells, whose cell bodies lie among those of the receptor cells or the axons, possess cytoplasmic prolongations which reach up to the vitreous body.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Innervation ; Fetal rat islets ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The fetal rat pancreas, explanted at 18 days of gestation and cultured up to ten days, contains numerous acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons. These nerves usually appear in small ganglia although single nerve cells are encountered. The axons of these intrapancreatic nerves appear to terminate only in the islet tissue and not on any exocrine components of the expiant. It is concluded that the fetal rat pancreas contains an islet-specific group of cholinergic neurons.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Coxal organs ; Water transport ; Geophilomorpha ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organs terminating at the coxal pores of the tug-legs of Geophilomorpha are not repugnatorial glands, but possess typical transport epithelia with deep apical and basal infoldings of the cell membranes, between which numerous large mitochondria are located. Many transport vesicles are found in the basal region but fewer in the apical cytoplasm. The apex is characterized by bundles of longitudinally oriented microtubules, sparse endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. Single neurosecretory axons with synaptoid areas are scattered among the cells. It is suggested that the coxal organs have a diuretic function in moist habitats and an antidiuretic effect in arid environments. The “switch-over” is evidently controlled by a neuroendocrine mechanism.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Annulate lamellae ; Spermatogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Human
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    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination of normal human testicular tissue revealed annulate lamellae (AL) in the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes and spermatids. AL of primary spermatocytes are encountered in the perinuclear region, parallel to the nuclear envelope and form single or multiple membranous profiles containing numerous annuli (500–600 Å in diameter) frequently associated with a fibrillar electron dense material. Spermatids contain numerous layers of AL either continuous with the nuclear envelope and caudal to the acrosome or peripherally positioned in the cytoplasm. Individual lamellae possess terminal dilations and display continuities with the endoplasmic reticulum. The interlamellar space in spermatid AL is entirely filled with a fine granular electron dense material. Additionally, the break-down of AL in spermatozoan residual bodies is indicated by a dilation of AL cisternae to form vacuoles following the dissolution of pore complexes.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 175 (1977), S. 499-522 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Audition ; Ultrastructure ; Amphibian ; Evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study characterizes the fine structure of the “opercularis” muscles of selected frogs and salamanders (Genera: Hyla; Desmognathus; Ambystoma). The “opercularis” muscle originates on the shoulder girdle and inserts on the opercular plate in the fenestra ovalis of the otic capsule. Each of the three genera used exhibits one of the major gross dispositions of this muscle found in amphibians. In each case the “opercularis” muscle contains large numbers of tonic fibers: 80% in Hyla; 90% in Desmognathus; 45% in Ambystoma. These fibers correspond to the class-5 tonic fibers of Smith and Ovalle (1973). The remainder of the fibers in the “opercularis” correspond to those in the class-3 “phasic” of Smith and Ovalle. The muscle from which the “opercularis” is derived (levator scapulae in Hyla, cucullaris in Desmognathus) is comprised of fibers which correspond to the class-2 phasic fibers of Smith and Ovalle. The fiber composition of the “opercularis” indicates that it is constructed to sustain contraction over long periods of time. This composition is supportive of the functional role in audition proposed for the muscle by Lombard and Straughan (1974). Evidence is presented that indicates that fiber size may be body size dependent and thus is an inappropriate criterion of fiber type identification.
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    Cell & tissue research 175 (1977), S. 551-562 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve plexus ; Vesicles ; Nerve cell bodies ; Ultrastructure ; Echinoids
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The basiepithelial nerve plexus of the Echinoid, Centrostephanus longispinus, contains strands of nerve fibres, which measure between 0.1 and 2.0 μm in diameter. Nonciliated epithelial supporting cells do not contribute to the plexus. Within the fibres different vesicular inclusions are found. By means of serial sectioning the structure of multipolar cell bodies within the plexus could be demonstrated.
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycogen ; Pyloric gland ; Ascidian ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary The pyloric gland of Styela clava contains large glycogen deposits that are digested by treatment with alpha amylase and depleted by 15 days starvation. The deposits are surrounded by cytoplasmic regions containing smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The cells also have rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi cisterns, lysosomes, microvilli, cilia, and lateral infoldings of the plasma membrane. The fine structure of the pyloric cells and the position of tubules between the absorptive epithelium and general circulation suggest that the gland functions as the vertebrate liver in carbohydrate metabolism. The pyloric cells of Styela do not appear to be excretory in a ‘renal’ sense, since there is no infolding of the basal plasmalemma and mitochondria are usually associated only with the glycogen deposits. However, a hepatic-like excretory role is consistent with current findings. In light of the phylogenic affinities of vertebrates and ascidians, it is possible that the pyloric gland is homologous to the liver.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Vitelline membrane ; Locusta migratoria ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic studies on developing follicles of Locusta migratoria show the vitelline membrane to be composed of two ultrastructurally distinguishable components: The vitelline membrane bodies (VMBs) and, in addition, fine granular material, cementing the VMBs together. VMBs form first in the oocyte-near zone within the oocyte-follicle cell space. Subsequently, the second vitelline membrane substance is secreted between the VMBs through apical protrusions of the follicle cells. The possible origin of the VMBs is discussed. Yolk uptake in Locusta seems to occur predominantly by pinocytosis. During oocyte development the oocyte membrane is enlarged by numerous microvilli and folds. In addition pinocytotic vesicles are pinched off. It is supposed that the latter loose their coat and eventually transform into large proteid yolk spheres.
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 309-318 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ascidian ; Gut ; Cell involution ; Ultrastructure ; Phagocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Degenerative changes in the digestive tract of zooids of Botryllus schlosseri were studied by light and electron microscopy. Three main processes occurred in the tissues: contraction, involution and phagocytosis. The contraction of epidermis and peribranchial epithelium in which cytoplasmic microfilaments probably participate, seemed to have a special role in compressing the underlying organs. During contraction most of the body cavities collapsed, the branchial walls disintegrated and the fragments were rapidly taken up by large phagocytes. The gut epithelium retained its apparent continuity longer, though isolated phagocytes infiltrated it to eliminate single cells. Cell degeneration came about chiefly either through swelling and lysis of cells or through loss of water and condensation of cytoplasm and nucleus. The fate of all regressed tissues was to be engulfed and digested by wandering phagocytes. However, it was also observed that numerous cells of different epithelia could act as fixed phagocytes by engulfing cell debris and entire cells into heterophagic vacuoles.
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  • 71
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 347-356 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blastocyst ; Ultrastructure ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Between days 8 and 11 of pregnancy spherical blastocysts from 0.3 to 10 mm in diameter were flushed from the uterine horns of Dutch Landrace pigs. A description of their ultrastructure is given, and the uptake of horseradish peroxidase and ferritin is demonstrated. The ultrastructure of the trophoblast was similar at all ages studied. The trophoblast which has many apical microvilli is able to take up and digest the macromolecules which were offered in the in vitro incubation medium. The hypoblast consists of flattened cells. In blastocysts 2 mm and larger, compact cells bearing microvilli are found below the embryoblast. Cell organelles indicating protein synthesis are found within hypoblast cells of such blastocysts. In the embryoblast, local concentrations of cell organelles are visible, indicating that differentiation has started. After the disappearance of Rauber's layer, which takes place when the blastocyst reaches a diameter of about 2 mm, superficial embryoblast cells develop short microvilli. The cells do not absorb ferritin or peroxidase but are dependent on the trophoblast for their food requirements. All cell layers in the blastocyst contain mitochondria that have characteristics of those found in steroidproducing cells. The significance of the uptake and digestion of macromolecules by trophoblast cells, the synthesis of protein by hypoblast cells and the possible synthesis of steroids is discussed with respect to the relationship between the cell layers of the blastocyst and in the context of conceptomaternal relationships.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 365-372 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscles ; Myofibrils ; Ultrastructure ; Exertion ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of muscle fibres from m. vastus lateralis of nine healthy males (mean age 26 years) was investigated. Four individuals constituted non-exercised controls while five subjects participated in a two-months eccentric muscular training program. Specimens from the controls showed a well-preserved, regular myofibrillar band pattern while changes in the myofibrillar architecture were constantly found in specimens taken after the training program. These changes consisted of Z-band alterations, Z-bands being out of register, extra sarcomeres, Z-band extensions and bisected Z-bands. Between the separated Z-band halves, thin and thick myofilaments as well as abundant glycogen particles and/or ribosomes, were observed. Type-2 (fast-twitch) fibres were predominantly affected. Contrary to the controls the trained individuals constantly showed a greater variation in sarcomere lengths in Type-2 fibres than in Type-1 fibres. It is concluded that muscular work of high tension can induce fine-structural alterations. When repeated over a long period of time, extreme tension demands seem to initiate reorganization in the muscle fibres, predominantly in the, ultrastructurally defined, Type-2 fibres. This adaptation probably results in a better stretchability of the muscle fibres, reduces the risk for mechanical damage and brings about an optimal overlap between actin and myosin filaments.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 393-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Smooth muscle ; Salamander, Amphiuma ; Ultrastructure ; Stereology ; Volume: surface area ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural and stereological examination was performed on stomach smooth muscle of the salamander Amphiuma. This tissue has very large cells, ranging up to 12×1500 μm when relaxed. The extracellular space is 31% of the tissue volume, and the tissue contains 84.6% water. These values are similar to those of other amphibian and mammalian gastrointestinal smooth muscle. The cells possess the usual smooth muscle organelles. Thick, thin and intermediate filaments are present, along with membrane-associated and cytoplasmic dense regions. There is a well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum and many microtubules. Caveolae are found in rows along the cellular surface; the caveolae increase the cellular surface area by about 70%. The ratio mean volume: surface area of the cells is 1.26 μm. This tissue appears to be typical of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, with the exception of the very large size of the cells.
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  • 74
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 619-628 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrotricha, freshwater ; Sperm, reduced ; Ultrastructure ; Spermatogenesis ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in Lepidodermella squammata are confined to the postparthenogenic phase of the life cycle and coincide with developmental changes in the bilateral female gonads. Male stages are bilateral but asynchronous, in the lateral abdomen anterior to the female gonads. Maximum observed sperm production is two packets per side, or 64 sperm. Sperm formation occurs more rapidly at 27° C than at 20° C (p〈0.001), requiring as little as 1 day. Two spermatogonial mitotic divisions produce a clone of four primary spermatocytes connected by bridges (stage 1). Centrioles are absent. Development occurs within a cyst. Meiotic divisions produce 16 spermatids (stage 2), each containing a dense, elongate, tapered nucleus. Cytoplasmic membranes enclose one end of the nuclear rod, excluding all other organelles. Completion of this process results in stage 3, a packet of 16 sperm associated with one dense sphere, a modified ‘residual body’ containing cytoplasmic debris. The residual body then disappears, leaving the sperm packet of stage 4. Each mature sperm is a dense nuclear rod with surrounding membranes, lacking acrosome, mitochondrion, centrioles, and flagellum. Function of sperm has not been demonstrated. The spermatozoa are of a reduced type not previously described.
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 629-636 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oocytes, primary ; Gastrotricha, freshwater ; Ultrastructure ; Synaptonemal complex ; X-body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six small cells are present in each of the bilateral gonads of parthenogenically reproductive Lepidodermella squammata. Early in the extended postparthenogenic phase of the life history, these cells undergo limited proliferation followed by differentiation. Primary oocytes of three types are present 0.3 days after deposition of the final parthenogenic egg: small oocytes with presynaptic nuclei; intermediate oocytes with nuclei containing synaptonemal complexes; and larger oocytes with a germinal vesicle. Oocytes persist without further development at least until day four of the postparthenogenic phase. Older isolated animals may contain and even deposit an enlarged egg, but successful progeny does not result. Oocytes are located at the anterior pole of each of the bilateral gonads, adjacent to developing male tissues producing sperm. More posterior cells in the gonad are initially undifferentated in the postparthenogenic phase. Dorsal and central cells first show specialization for secretory activity, and by day four contain peripheral layers of RER and central accumulations of polymorphic secretion droplets. The posterior and ventral cells produce secretion droplets that aggregate into an enlarging bilobed structure called the X-body. Two or three cells in each gonad contribute secretions to the X-body, which is intracellular in a secondary syncytium formed by the contributing cells. Functions for the postparthenogenic gametes and for the X-body are not yet demonstrated.
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  • 76
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 693-697 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intermediate filaments ; Microtubules ; Caveolae ; Bullfrog ; Arachnoid mater ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the bullfrog, the meninges surrounding the central nervous system include an arachnoid mater that contains layers of cells with abundant intermediate filaments (IFs) having unique organizational characteristics. This membrane contains an inner lamina of cells that resemble fibroblasts and an outer lamina of flattened cells that are almost filled with IFs. The IFs of the outer arachnoid are arranged in compact, arching bundles that lie parallel to the outer surface of the central nervous system. Thus, sections cut tangentially to the membrane reveal bending of filament bundles, whereas transverse sections do not. In some cells bordering the subdural space, bundles of filaments are organized into highly-ordered spiral arrays. Attachments to the numerous desmosomes and, apparently, to the nuclear envelope suggest anchoring of cytoplasmic structures by the IF system. Microtubules occur primarily near the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Numerous caveolae also are associated with the plasma membrane. The unusual abundance, organization, and cytoplasmic relations of IFs in the bullfrog arachnoid suggest that this membrane may serve as an important model for study of fundamental cytoskeletal relations and function.
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  • 77
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 277-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Swimbladder ; Teleost ; Cholinergic nerves ; Adrenergic nerves ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The general structure, ultrastructure and innervation of the swimbladder of the smooth toadfish, Tetractenos glaber, were examined with light-microscopic, fluorescence-histochemical, and transmission electron-microscopic techniques. The structure of the swimbladder is similar to that of other euphysoclists. Fluorescence histochemistry showed adrenergic fibres in both the secretory and resorptive areas of the swimbladder. Transmission electron microscopy revealed two morphologically distinct axon profiles type-I profiles containing many small, flattened vesicles; type-II profiles containing both large, granular vesicles and rounded, small clear vesicles in varying proportions. The gas-gland cells and surrounding muscularis mucosae are innervated by both type-I and type-II fibres. Type-I fibres also innervate pre-rete arteries. The rete- and gas-gland capillaries do not appear to be innervated. Arteries running to the resorptive area are innervated by type-I fibres. Both type-I and type-II profiles make contact with the muscularis mucosae in the resorptive area. Only type-I fibres innervate the radial dilator muscle in the oval sphincter region, whereas only type II fibres innervate the circular muscle of the oval sphincter. Type-I fibres took up α-methyl-noradrenaline, and could not be found after pre-treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. They are, therefore, assumed to be adrenergic. Type-II fibres were tentatively identified, by exclusion, as cholinergic.
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 537-547 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scale ; Regeneration ; Ultrastructure ; Cichlid ; Hemichromis bimaculatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scale regeneration has been studied in Hemichromis bimaculatus. The removed scale, which serves as a control, is covered by its surrounding scleroblasts as can be seen with scanning electron microscopy. Subsequently, during regeneration, a population of scleroblasts arises in the empty dermal pocket as shown with transmission electron microscopy. At first, an elongated papilla of regeneration forms, probably from the differentiation of dermal fibroblasts. A scale anlage composed of the osseous layer appears in the middle of the papilla, which becomes a regenerating bag. All the surrounding large scleroblasts are involved in scale formation, although later three populations of scleroblasts specialize according to their location around the scale. Superficial scleroblasts flatten when the final thickness of the osseous layer of the scale is attained; the deep scleroblasts are responsible for the formation of the basal plate whereas marginal scleroblasts increase the diameter of the osseous layer of the scale. During scale regeneration, scleroblasts are more numerous and larger than during scale ontogenesis. In particular, deep scleroblasts form a columnar epithelium when the basal plate is laid down, a feature which is not found during scale ontogenesis. Moreover, the regenerated basal plate exhibits an orthogonal “plywood” arrangement that is never seen in the embryonic scale where the “plywood” is of the intermediate type.
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  • 79
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    Keywords: Epididymis (marsupials) ; Ultrastructure ; Sperm maturation
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    Notes: Summary The ductus epididymidis of the tammar is lined by an epithelium composed of principal, mitochondria-rich, apical and basal cells, and intraepithelial leucocytes. The epithelium is structurally differentiated into 6 zones referred to as the initial segment, middle segment (3 subdivisions) and terminal segment (2 subdivisions). The occurrence of the initial, middle and terminal segments corresponds quite closely to the anatomical differentiation of the epididymis into a head, body and tail. The initial segment epithelium in the tammar is lower and has shorter and more slender stereocilia than in other mammals which have been described. Otherwise, the structure of the epithelium has similar characteristics in the tammar to that described in other mammals. Spermatozoa begin to develop the capacity for motility within the initial segment, but only show structural signs of maturation in the middle segment. The sperm head rotates through 90 degrees in the proximal subdivision of the middle segment. The cytoplasmic droplet is detached and spermatozoa develop the capacity for motility in the middle subdivision of the middle segment. The cytoplasmic droplets are phagocytosed by the epididymal epithelium of the middle segment. Sperm storage appears to be the main function of the terminal segment.
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Peptidergic neurotransmission ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Summary Three neuronal systems of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis were immunocytochemically investigated at the ultrastructural level with the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Preliminary electrophysiological and cell-filling investigations have shown that a cluster of neurons which reacts positively with an antiserum against the molluscan cardio-active peptide FMRFamide, sends axons to the penis retractor muscle. In this muscle anti-FMRF-amide (aFM) positive axons form neuro-muscular synapses with (smooth) muscle fibers. The morphological observations suggest the aFM immunoreactive system to be involved in peptidergic neurotransmission. In the right parietal ganglion a large neuron (LYAC) is penetrated by aFM positive axons which form synapse-like structures (SLS) with the LYAC. The assumption that the SLS represent the morphological basis for peptidergic transmission is sustained by the observation that iontophoretical application of synthetic FMRFamide depolarizes the LYAC. The axons of a group of pedal anti-vasopressin (aVP) positive cells run in close vicinity to the cerebral ovulation (neuro-)-hormone producing cell system (CDC system) Synapses or SLS between the two systems were not observed. The fact that (bath) application of arg-vasopressin induces bursting in the CDC, may indicate that the vasopressin-like substance of the aVP cells is released non-synaptically.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Photoperiods ; Pituitary gland, pars tuberalis ; Ultrastructure ; Phodopus sungorus
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    Notes: Summary Conspicuous cytological differences are found between specific secretory cells of the hypophysial pars tuberalis of Djungarian hamsters exposed to long and short photoperiods. The cells differ with respect to the shapes of perikarya and nuclei and show diverse amounts of secretory granules, lysosome-like bodies and glycogen.
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  • 82
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    Keywords: Pituitary gland, pars anterior (distalis) ; Gonadotrops ; Thyrotrops ; Ultrastructure ; Immunolabeling ; Teleosts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Pituitaries of the African catfish (Clarias lazera) were studied with immunocytochemical methods, at the light-microscopic and ultrastructural levels, for the characterization and localization of gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells. Two immunostaining procedures with the use of different markers were carried out: (i) with peroxidase-antiperoxidase, (ii) with protein A-gold. In routinely stained sections for light microscopy two types of basophils were identified in the proximal pars distalis: (1) large, round, purple cells, and (2) small, angular, light-blue cells. Both types were immunolabeled with antibodies against Clarias α,β-gonadotropin (GTH) and salmon G100-GTH. Only the large basophils were immunolabeled with anti-carp β-GTH, whereas the small basophils were the only cells immunolabeled with anti-human thyrotropin beta subunit (anti-h TSH-β). It was concluded that the large basophils represent the gonadotrops and the small basophils the thyrotrops. At the ultrastructural level the immunostaining of the GTH-cells was confined to three types of inclusions: (i) secretory vesicles, (ii) globules, and (iii) electron-dense, membrane-bound irregular masses. Especially the protein A- gold method, in combination with the use of a highly diluted homologous antiserum, resulted in a distinct localization of GTH. The presence of two types of nerve fibres, synaptically contacting the gonadotrops, is discussed with regard to the presence of a peptidergic (stimulatory) and an aminergic (inhibitory) control of GTH-secretion.
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 121-133 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Proximal tubule ; Tight junctions ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy ; Freeze fracturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of tight junctions of the renal proximal tubule was studied comparing the pars convoluta and pars recta of rat, golden hamster, rabbit, cat, dog and tupaia. Though some interspecies variations were observed, the convoluted portions of the proximal tubules revealed quite uniformly very leaky tight junctions with mainly 1–2 strands. Along the whole proximal tubule of the rabbit kidney including the pars recta only minor differences of the zonulae occludentes were found. By contrast, the tight junctions of the pars recta in other species were much more elaborate, especially in cat and tupaia, having up to 6 strands and an overall depth of more than 150 nm. The implications of these findings are discussed with special regard to the functional differences between the pars convoluta and pars recta of the proximal tubule.
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 227-240 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas (rat) ; Pancreatic duct ligation ; Cell membrane ; Intercellular junctions ; Ultrastructure ; Freeze fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Exocrine pancreatic tissue was investigated during various intervals after pancreatic duct ligation. Concomitant to the increase of the intraluminal pressure, alterations are found in the arrangement of the luminal membrane surface and the zonulae occludentes of the acinar cells. The zonulae occludentes exhibit a disarrangement of their strands. The number of strands diminishes and small interruptions as well as large discontinuities of the strands are observed in most regions of the acinar cells. Furthermore, gap junctions are found very infrequently between acinar cells. The ultrastructural alterations of the zonulae occludentes suggest a gradual adaptation to the increasing unilateral pressure. However, a leakage of the paracellular permeability barrier occurs which contributes to the known shunt between the compartments of the pancreatic juice and the interstitial space following pancreatic duct obstruction. The present investigation is a further example of alterations in the paracellular permeability and intercellular communication of epithelial cells under pathological conditions.
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 435-452 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Arthropod ; Spider (Argiope amoena) ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anterolateral eye, the posterolateral eye and the posteromedial eye of the web-building spider, Argiope amoena have been examined by light and electron microscopy. The dioptric apparatus of all three eyes is similar in structure, and consists of a cornea, a lens and a vitreous body. The retina contains monopolar receptor cells, the cell bodies of which are present beneath the vitreous body in all three eyes. Proximal processes of the receptor cells form rhabdoms beneath the cell body layer and then extend toward the first optic glomerulus as an ocellar nerve. Two distinct patterns of retinal organization are present in the three eyes. In one type the rhabdomic layer of the retina is backed by a pigmented layer. In the other type the rhabdomic layer is backed by a tapetal reflecting layer. Rhabdomic structure and cytoplasmic inclusions of the receptor cells differ greatly between the two types. The anterolateral eye possesses a single type of retina with the rhabdoms backed by the tapetum. Both the posterolateral and the posteromedial eye are similar in structure, each possessing beneath the common dioptric apparatus retinae of both types.
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 497-502 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: D2 glycoprotein ; Adrenal gland ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Cell adhesion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of the glycoprotein D2 in rat adrenal gland was investigated using immunohistochemical methods, and D2 localization in cultures of adult bovine chromaffin cells was studied by immunofluorescence. D2 was found to be situated on nerve fibers passing through the adrenal cortex and in the medulla zone, and also on the surface of all chromaffin cells. In addition, it was strongly expressed on the surface of glial (Schwann) cells. Cortical cells were unreactive to the antiserum. In cultures, all adrenalin and noradrenalin [dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH)-positive] cells were surface labelled for D2. A less frequent second cell type was recognized in vitro which was DBH negative but D2 positive. Such cells were presumed to be Schwann cells. These data are discussed in terms of the developmental origin of the cells and with regard to the putative functional rôle of D2 in cell adhesion phenomena.
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    Cell & tissue research 188 (1978), S. 19-33 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subfornical organ ; Circumventricular organ ; Coturnix quail ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the subfornical organ (SFO) of the Japanese quail has been studied by light and electron microscopy. The SFO is a small semiglobular bulge in the midline on the rostrodorsal wall of the third ventricle between the anterior commissure and tela choroidea. The organ consists of three main parts, anterior stalk, the corpus and the posterior stalk. The anterior stalk is covered by ependymal cells with a few cilia, but the corpus and posterior stalk are characterized by a distinctive lack of cilia and by flat or bulging cell surfaces, which have the appearance of cobble stones. The large bulbous protrusions in the ependymal surface of the posterior stalk suggest a secretory function into the ventricle. In the subependymal layer, there are a few parvocellular neurons that contain small mitochondria, moderately developed Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, dilated cisternae of rER and a few dense-cored granules of 100–120 nm in diameter. They appear to be secretory in nature. Two types of glial cells occur in the subependymal and internal layers. One is small and spindle-shaped with a dense nucleus and elongated cytoplasmic processes; it may be microglial. The other is a small polygonal cell with rounded nucleus and clear cytoplasm containing bundles of filaments; it may be a protoplasmic astrocyte. The neuropil contains three types of axons. The first contains dense-cored granules, 80 nm in diameter, and clear vesicles, 40–60 nm in diameter and is involved in axosomatic synapses. The second type contains dense granules, 120 nm in diameter, and clear vesicles, 40–80 nm in diameter, and shows axodendritic synapses. The third contains peptidergic granules about 100–120 nm in diameter and seems to belong to the organ-specific nerve cells. These axons terminate at the perivascular space of the blood capillaries, suggesting secretion into the blood.
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 203-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Astrocytes ; Development ; Phagocytosis ; Neuroplasticity ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies have demonstrated that astrocyte processes are responsible for a spontaneously occurring phagocytosis of boutons on cat spinal motoneurons during the second postnatal week. In the present investigation, the astrocytes and the astrocyte processes in contact with the motoneurons were studied qualitatively and quantitatively during the early postnatal period. It could be concluded that the cells responsible for the phagocytosis of boutons are immature astrocytes. These cells were present not only during the period of phagocytosis but also prior to this period. The type of process responsible for the phagocytosis was present not only during the period of phagocytosis but also prior to and after that period although the relative contribution of such processes to the glia-covered membrane area of the motoneurons was reduced in the older animals. On the basis of these results, the possible specificity of the immature astrocyte as the element responsible for the phagocytosis of boutons during normal development is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 435-440 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Sinus gland ; Synapses ; Palaemon ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of neurosecretory fibers, designated as Type 5 and Type 6 axons, in the sinus gland of the freshwater prawn, Palaemon, establish contact with other neurosecretory axons by means of synaptic junctions. This finding strongly supports the view that release of some neurohormones from the eyestalk may be regulated by neurosecretory neurons through synaptic transmission.
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  • 90
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 449-462 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ileum (Rat) ; Occluding junctions ; Freeze-fracture ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two kinds of occluding junctions are found between ileal epithelial cells of suckling rats: apical zonulae occludentes (ZO) and fasciae occludentes (FO) which are associated with the lateral plasma membranes of many epithelial cells. In unfixed preparations, glycerol treatment induces the further proliferation of extensive fasciae occludentes. Both kinds of junction have identical structural elements when visualized in freeze fracture replicas, although the arrangement of these elements differs. Zonulae occludentes consist of networks of branching and anastomosing linear ridges or rows of ∼10 nm particles with 20–30 nm spaces between the rows which form narrow belt-like structures around the apical region of adjacent cells. Fasciae occludentes, on the other hand, consist of similar linear ridges or rows of particles but the junction strands are often discontinuous, open ended and only occasionally intersect with each other. Several different fracture planes through the plasma membrane in the region of the occluding junctions have been observed and these provide further evidence that two components, one from each membrane, fused at the level of the extracellular space, form the junction sealing element. Furthermore, we present evidence which indicates a staggered rather than an in-register arrangement of these two components.
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 501-506 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Perivascular space ; Hormonerelease ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neural lobes from rats subjected to neurohypophysial hormone-releasing stimuli were examined electron microscopically following fixation in 4 % tannic acid in 2.5 % glutaraldehyde. This fixation allowed the delineation of the perivascular space in the neural lobe tissue. Measurement of the area of the perivascular space showed that it was significantly increased in the rats subjected to vagal stimulation and intraarterial calcium ions compared to the control rats. The rats which had been subjected to haemorrhage as a hormonereleasing stimulus did not show any significant change in the area of the perivascular space. The significance of these findings in relation to hormone release is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node (rat) ; Macrophages ; Dendritic reticulum cells ; Immune response to paratyphoid vaccine ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The reactivity of rat lymph node macrophages and reticulum cells has been studied in relation to the course of the immune response. Special attention was paid to the interdigitating cells (IDC) in the paracortex and the dendritic reticulum cells (DRC) in the germinal centre. Different types of macrophage predominate in the three different phases of the immune response. In the induction phase exudate macrophages predominate. They transform their morphology depending on the micro-environment in which they settle. These cells may contain Birbeck granules. Our experiments suggest, that these granules are immunologically specific organelles, associated with the induction of a primary humoral response. In the proliferation phase transitional cells between newly arrived macrophages and IDC predominate in the paracortex and the number of IDC decreases. In the memory phase IDC repopulate this thymus dependent area, indicating that the characteristic morphology of these cells results from the immune response in the T cell environment. The DRC are specifically related to the germinal centre, the morphological transformation of this peculiar reticulum cell occurs under the influence of the germinal centre reaction. The germinal centre reaction originates by tingible body macrophages (TBM).
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 25-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Esophageal epithelium ; Eel ; Seawater adaptation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The esophageal epithelium of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, was studied by light and electron microscopy. In freshwater-adapted eels, longitudinal folds of the mucosal surface are simple in form and lined by a stratified epithelium composed of mucous cells, filament and ribosome-rich cells. Mucous cells are numerous. The filament-rich cells form the outermost and the basal layers of the stratified epithelium and are scattered in the middle zone among the mucous cells. They are firmly bound to one another by many desmosomes and prominent interdigitations of plasma membrane. The distal free surface of the filament-rich cell has a fingerprint-like pattern of microridges. A small number of columnar cells occur at the apices of the folds. They are rich in mitochondria and their distal surfaces bear short microvilli. In seawater-adapted eels, irregularly meandering folds increase the surface area of the mucosa. The stratified epithelium is extensively replaced by a simple columnar epithelium free of mucous cells. The columnar cells resemble in many respects those found in freshwater-adapted eels. They are rich in mitochondria and their distal free surface were provided with short microvilli. However, prominent lateral intercellular spaces and elaborate interdigitations of cytoplasmic processes in the distal zone distinguish the former from the latter. Results are considered in connection with the changes in ion and water permeability of the epithelium after seawater adaptation.
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  • 94
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 77-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: AV-node ; AV-bundle ; Fenestrated capillary endothelium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The capillaries in the atrioventricular node and atrioventricular bundle of the heart (mammals) were investigated by thin sections and freezeetch replicas. Fenestrated endothelial cells were found to occur in all mammals examined in this study. These fenestrations (500±50 Å diameter) are bridged by a diaphragm and occur in relatively small sieve areas. In contrast to the AV-node and AV-bundle, the non-specialized myocardium is supplied by continuous capillaries. The presence of the fenestrated capillary in the conduction system of the heart may serve to increase both permeability and passive transport capacity.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 157-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Germ-free mice ; Macrophages ; Peritoneum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The reported work is the first direct ultrastructural comparison of resident peritoneal macrophages from germ-free and conventional animals. Three groups of mice were studied: germ-free (GF), conventionally-reared under isolation conditions (IC), and conventionally-reared in an open environment (OC). The macrophages from the three groups of animals are closely similar morphologically. Particularly noteworthy are the electron-dense, lysosome-like granules which are numerous in the macrophages of germfree mice and which provide a structural foundation for the presumed microbicidal capability of the phagocytes. Morphometric estimates showed that the “average macrophage” from GF mice is smaller and possesses a smaller, rounder nucleus, a smaller volume fraction of mitochondria and more lysosome-like granules per unit of cytoplasmic volume than the “average macrophage” from conventional mice. Moreover, granules and mitochondria are smaller, on average, in the GF phagocytes than in macrophages from conventional mice. The results suggest that peritoneal macrophages from the germ-free mouse represent, more truly than those from the conventional mouse, the nature of the fully differentiated but as yet unstimulated mononuclear phagocyte.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuroendocrine system ; Galleria ; Ultrastructure ; Reserpine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study concerns the influence of reserpine on the fine structure of peptidergic neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis of Galleria mellonella, and of neurons containing smaller dense-cored vesicles (presumed to be aminergic) localized in the same area of the brain. The drug, administered in doses of 125 μm and 250 μg per g of insect body weight, reduces both the amount and the electron opacity of the dense-cored vesicles with a diameter of 60–80 nm in the neuronal perikarya as well as their terminals. Simultaneously, this treatment evokes an abnormal accumulation of secretory granules within the perikarya of peptidergic neurosecretory cells belonging to three types. This accumulation of secretory material is followed by some changes in the fine structure of these cells. One (fourth) type of neurosecretory cells seems to be insensitive to reserpine action. Participation of the aminergic system in the regulation of the secretory activity of some populations of peptidergic neurosecretory neurons of the insect brain is postulated.
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  • 97
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 341-357 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Cell types ; Neonate ; Parturient ; Harp seal, Phagophilus groenlandicus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pars distalis of parturient harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) is divisible into three distinct zones based on the major cellular components of the different regions. A clear zonation is lacking in neonate seals, the medial “basophilic wedge” and the anterior gonadotrophic were small and difficult to identify. Five cell types were identified based on cytological characteristics: somatotrophs, mammotrophs, thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs and stellate cells; corticotrophs could not be identified, with any certainty, in any of the preparations, nor could the gonadotrophs be classified into LH, FSH, and ICSH cells. The pars intermedia enlarged during the early post-partum period and was large in the parturient females.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 391-407 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta (rat) ; Permeability ; Tracer ; Intercellular junctions ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of lanthanum chloride and horseradish peroxidase within the full-term chorioallantoic placenta of the rat was investigated 1 to 20 min after administration of these tracers into the maternal blood circulation. Both tracers rapidly penetrate trophoblastic layer I and diffuse into the interspace between layers I and II. They are localized in extensive infoldings and caveolae of the outer surface of layer II. The syncytial character of layer II is confirmed at this developmental stage of the placenta. There is no vesicular uptake or penetration beyond layer II until 20 min after tracer administration. Our results indicate that trophoblastic layer II is the main barrier in the chorioallantoic rat placenta preventing the permeation of macromolecules from maternal to fetal compartments. With freeze-fracturing, particulate structures of variable arrangement and size are found between adjacent cells of layer I. With goniometric analysis small gaps between the appositions of the membrane are observed. These structures are interpreted as tight and/or gap junctions during stages of assembly or disassembly.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 409-422 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Placenta (rat) ; Capillary ; Permeability ; Tracer ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of horseradish peroxidase and lanthanum chloride within the full term chorioallantoic placenta of the rat was examined after administration of these tracers into the umbilical artery. Both tracers rapidly traverse the capillary endothelium. Transendothelial channels, fenestrations and micropinocytotic vesicles provide the main pathways. Intercellular clefts which are either patent or interrupted by leaky intercellular junctions, also contribute to a rapid passage of low and high molecular weight substances. Deep channel-like invaginations, effecting an increase of the exchange area of layer III, are freely accessible to the tracers from the interspace between the capillary endothelium and trophoblastic layer III. The invaginations, however, are not in continuity with the interspace between layers II and III, verifying the syncytial character of layer III. Neither an uptake of the tracers nor a passage across layer III is observed. The main permeability barrier to feto-maternal transfer within the chorioallantoic placenta is localized in the syncytiotrophoblastic layer III. This layer controls the passage of low molecular weight substances and restricts the penetration of high molecular weight substances.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Axo-axonal synapse ; Neuromuscular synapse ; Motoneuron ; Ultrastructure ; Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A pair of antagonistic motoneurons, one excitatory and one inhibitory, innervates the distal accessory flexor muscle in the walking limb of the crayfish Pro- cambarus clarkii. The number and size of synapses formed by these two axons on the muscle fibers (neuromuscular synapses) and on each other (axo-axonal synapses) were estimated using thin-section electron microscopy. Although profiles of nerve terminals of the two axons occur in roughly equal proportions, the frequency of occurrence of neuromuscular synapses differed markedly: 73% were excitatory and 27% were inhibitory. However, inhibitory synapses were 4–5 times larger than excitatory ones, and consequently, the total contact areas devoted to neuromuscular synapses were similar for both axons. Axo-axonal synapses were predominantly from the inhibitory axon to the excitatory axon (86%), and a few were from the excitatory axon to the inhibitory axon (14%). The role of the inhibitory axo-axonal synapse is presynaptic inhibition, but that of the excitatory axo-axonal synapse is not known. The differences in size of neuromuscular synapses between the two axons may reflect intrinsic determinants of the neuron, while the similarity in total synaptic area may reflect retrograde influences from the muscle for regulating synapse number.
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