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  • Articles  (522)
  • maize  (312)
  • tomato  (212)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (522)
  • 201
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mid-parent heterosis and combining ability of European corn borer resistance in maize (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: diallel analysis ; host plant resistance ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; plant breeding ; Zea mays ; maize ; European corn borer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Success in breeding maize resistant to the European corn borer has been limited, with the exception of leaf feeding resistance. The inheritance of resistance to leaf, sheath-collar and ear damage in four maize germplasms and their six F1 crosses was evaluated by diallel analysis. Plants in a completely randomized design were artificially infested at the whorl, anthesis or full silk stage of plant development and were evaluated in the field for insect damage. A damage index based on size, number and location of lesions was calculated for each stage. Stowell's Evergreen (susceptible) had a mean damage index three to six times that of Maiz Amargo (resistant) at the whorl stage and the progeny plants were more resistant than the susceptible parent. Maiz Amargo and its crosses had significantly lower mean indices than Stowell's Evergreen for sheath-collar damage in Year 1 but not Year 2. Zapalote Chico, Maiz Amargo and their cross were significantly less damaged than other genotypes at the full silk stage. Heterosis values indicated an increase in resistance of crosses over the midparent average at all three stages of development. General combining ability (GCA) was highly significant for all types of damage, but specific combining ability was significant only for leaf damage. Based on estimates of GCA, Maiz Amargo was the best source of resistance to leaf and sheath-collar damage and both Zapalote Chico and Maiz Amargo would be good parents for ear damage resistance. Results suggest that resistance at different plant development stages can be combined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023774
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  • 202
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    Electronic Resource
    Nutritional disorders between potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus in soil (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: activity ratio ; ammonium phosphate ; chloride ; maize ; sandy loam ; soil extracts ; sulphate ; superphosphate ; unbalanced nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new soil testing procedure has been used to demonstrate the effect of an overfertilization by potassium during the preceding years. The total concentration of cations was governed by the amount of soluble anions and the proportion between the different cations was dependent on exchange reactions and is described by activity ratio. High activity ratio between potassium and calcium induced Ca-deficiency, which resulted in a restricted root functioning shown by periodic decreases of nutrient uptake rates and plant growth rate. P-deficiency restricted root growth, but although ammonium phosphate was most effective to increase P-concentration in soil extracts and P-absorption by plants, ordinary superphosphate gave the highest yield and the best utilization of the absorbed phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011066
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  • 203
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    Effects of environment on the uptake and distribution of calcium in tomato and on the incidence of blossom-end rot (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: blossom-end rot ; calcium ; greenhouse environment ; humidity ; root-temperature ; salinity ; tomato ; transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies of Ca uptake and distribution in relation to environmental variables were used to relate Ca status of tomato fruit to blossom-end rot (BER) incidence. Ca uptake was highly correlated with solar radiation and root temperature. The rate of Ca uptake decreased linearly with increasing salinity. High humidity reduced Ca import by the leaves but increased that by the fruit. While total plant dry weight was reduced more than fruit dry weight by salinity, total Ca uptake and the Ca content of the fruit were decreased similarly. Thus, the concentration of calcium in the fruit was substantially reduced by salinity. The distal half of the fruit contained less Ca than the proximal half. The lowest % Ca was found in the distal placenta and locular tissues, where BER first develops. The incidence of BER was often stimulated more by high salinity achieved with the addition of major nutrients than with NaCl. The cause of BER is usually an interaction between the effects of irradiance and ambient temperature on fruit growth and the effects of environmental stress on calcium uptake and distribution within the whole plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011081
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  • 204
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    Variability in nitrogen fixation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropped with maize (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 93-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: common bean ; maize ; intercropping ; nitrogen fixation ; 15N isotope ; 15N natural variation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thirty one selected bean lines were evaluated in the field for ability to support N2 fixation when intercropped with maize which received 0, 30 and 60 kg N ha−1 as ammonium sulphate. The amount of fixed N2 was estimated using the natural variation of 15N and wheat as the standard non-fixing crop. Nitrogen as low as 15 kg N ha−1 at sowing suppressed nodule weight and activity (acetylene reduction activity) but not nodule number, suggesting that the main effect of mineral N was on nodule development and function. 15N data revealed a high potential of the bean genotypes to fix N2, with the most promising ones averaging between 50–60% of seed N coming from fixation. Bean lines CNF-480, Puebla-152, Mexico-309, Negro Argel, CNF-178, Venezuela-350 and WBR22-3, WBR22-50 and WBR22-55 were ranked as good fixers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016337
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  • 205
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    Re-sorption of organic compounds by roots of Zea mays L. and its consequences in the rhizosphere (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 47-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; mathematical model ; re-sorption ; rhizosphere ; root exudates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The exudation of soluble carbon compounds from Zea mays roots was investigated over a 10 day growth period under sterile and non-sterile solution culture conditions. The results showed that plants grown in sterile static solution culture, where C was allowed to accumulate, released 8 times less C than plants grown under culture conditions in which the solutions were replaced daily. The increased C loss from plant cultures in which exudates were removed daily was attributable to, (a) the reduced potential for root re-sorption of previously lost C, and (b), increasing diffusion gradients between the root and the surrounding bathing solution increasing passive leakage of exudates from the roots. In treatments where C was removed daily from the root-bathing solution, 86% of the total C lost was of a soluble low molecular weight nature, whereas, in sterile and non-sterile static cultures, allowing the accumulation of C over 10 days, this was reduced to 67.5 and 48% respectively. The main C fluxes operating in a solution culture system (efflux and influx of C by both roots and microorganisms) were examined using a computer simulation model to describe movement of soluble sugar-C in both sterile and non-sterile conditions. In sterile static cultures where C was allowed to accumulate in solution over a 10 day growth period, 98% of the C exuded was re-absorbed by the plant. Where C was removed daily from the root-bathing solution this was reduced to 86%. The predicted patterns of C accumulation were similar to those found in the experiments. Simulations showed that the pattern of accumulation and final equilibrium concentrations were dependent on the rate of exudation, the spatial characteristics of exudation, solution volume, root growth rate and the presence of a microbial population. Simulations under non-sterile conditions showed that roots can compete with microorganisms for exudates in solution indicating the possible importance of re-sorption in a soil environment. The results clearly indicate that roots are capable of regulating the net amount of C released into a solution culture with the amount of C collected being highly dependent on the experimental conditions employed. The possible implications of soluble C influx on processes operating within the rhizosphere and in experimental systems is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010543
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  • 206
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    Estimates of the residual nitrogen benefit of groundnut to maize in Northeast Thailand (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 267-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: added nitrogen interactions ; groundnut ; maize ; nitrogen ; 15N-isotope methodology ; residual effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four cultivars of groundnut were grown in upland soil in Northeast Thailand to study the residual benefit of the stover to a subsequent maize crop. An N-balance estimate of the total residual N in the maize supplied by the groundnut was made. In addition three independent estimates were made of the residual benefits to maize when the groundnut stover was returned to the land and incorporated. The first estimate (Estimate 1) was an N-balance estimate. A dual labelling approach was used where 15N-labelled stover was added to unlabelled microplots (Estimate 2) or unlabelled stover was added to 15N-labelled soil microplots (Estimate 3). The nodulating groundnut cultivars fixed between 59–64% of their nitrogen (as estimated by the 15N isotope dilution method using non-nodulating groundnut as a non-fixing reference) producing between 100 and 130 kg N ha-1 in their stover. Although the following maize crop suffered from drought stress, maize grain N and dry weights were up to 80% and 65% greater respectively in the plots where the stover was returned as compared with the plots where the stover was removed. These benefits were comparable with applications of 75 kg N ha-1 nitrogen in the form of urea. The total residual N estimates of the contribution of the nodulated groundnut to the maize ranged from 16.4–27.5 kg N ha-1. Estimates of the residual N supplied by the stover and fallen leaves ranged from 11.9–21.3 kg N ha-1 using the N-balance method (Estimate 1), from 6.3–9.6 kg N ha-1 with the labelled stover method (Estimate 2) and from 0–11.4 kg N ha-1 with the labelled soil method. There was closest agreement between the two 15N based estimates suggesting that ‘apparent added nitrogen interactions’ in these soils may not be important and that N balance estimates can overestimate the residual N in crops following legumes, even in very poor soils. This work also indicates the considerable ability of local groundnut cultivars to fix atmospheric nitrogen and the potential benefits from returning and incorporating legume residues to the soil in the upland cropping systems of Northeast Thailand. The applicability of the 15N methodology used here and possible reasons for the discrepancies between estimates 1, 2 and 3 are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012532
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  • 207
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    Pleiotropic effects of male sterility genes in hybrid tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 149-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: general combining ability ; specific combining ability ; G.C.A ; S.C.A ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; male sterility ; pleiotropic effects ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The influence of seven recessive male-sterile alleles on early marketable yield, total marketable yield and average fruit weight in heterozygous F1 hybrid tomatoes was studied. Differences were found between nearisogenic F1 hybrid pairs, in the mutants ms-14, ms-17 and ms-18 for percentage of early marketable yield; in the mutants ms-17, ms-31 and ms-47 for average fruit weight; and in the mutants ms-14, ms-17 and ms-33 for total marketable yield. These differences may be attributed to pleiotropic effects of male-sterility alleles or genes highly linked to these alleles. The direction and the magnitude of the pleiotropic effect on a specific characteristic were found to be dependent on the general genetic background of the parental lines and the specific combining ability of the F1 hybrid. Interactions found in crosses between male-sterile and male-fertile female lines and parental lines suggest that male-sterility alleles affect the general combining ability of female lines. Such differences were demonstrated to be statistically significant for percentage of early marketable yield with mutant ms-18, for average fruit weight with mutants ms-47, and for total marketable yield with mutant ms-17 and ms-33. The absence of uniformity with respect to the pleiotropic effects and occasional deviations in the general combining ability are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021739
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  • 208
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    Variation in resistance of Mexican landraces of maize to maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais, in relation to taxonomic and biochemical parameters (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 227-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: resistance ; taxonomy ; maize ; maize weevil ; indigenous landraces ; phenolic acids ; life history components ; indirect selection ; Zea mays ; Sitophilus zeamais
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Accessions representing twenty eight landraces of maize were assessed for susceptibility to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais in standardized resistance tests. Susceptibility parameters such as weight loss of grain, number of insect progeny produced, the Dobie index of susceptibility, and oviposition on grain were found to vary significantly by genotype, with exceptional resistance found in accessions representing the Naltel, Chapalote and Palomero landraces. As in improved genotypes, susceptibility was negatively correlated to phenolic and protein content of the variety tested but positively correlated to moisture content. A detailed analysis of the phenolics revealed the presence of diferulate which may contribute to mechanical resistance of the seed by cross-linking of cell wall hemicelluloses. A canonical discriminant analysis of the resistance data suggests that most of the five landrace groupings are significantly different. The ancient indigenous and prehistoric mestisos groupings are sources of resistant genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040405
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  • 209
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    Regulators of ethylene biosynthesis or activity as a tool for reducing susceptibility of host plant tissues to infection by Botrytis cinerea (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 99 (1993), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: aminooxyacetic acid ; benzyladenine ; carbon dioxide ; cobalt ; 2,4-dinitrophenol ; eggplant ; French bean ; 2,5-norbornadiene ; potassium permanganate ; pepper ; (radical scavenger) ; rose ; salicylic acid ; Senecio ; tomato ; (uncoupler)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several compounds were tested for their ability to reduce development of grey mould on rose, tomato, pepper, eggplant, French bean andSenecio sp. Removal of ethylene from the atmosphere surrounding rose flowers, or leaves of tomato and pepper, by potassium permanganate, resulted in slower grey mould development. Inhibition of ethylene activity by 2,5-norbornadiene controlled disease on all crops but tomato. Carbon dioxide controlled grey mould on roses, but the potential for use of these agents is in doubt. Inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis such as aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), cobalt ion, the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol and the radical scavenger salicylic acid were differentially effective in controlling the disease in the various hosts. Fifty mM AOA reduced grey mould on rose flowers by up to 97% when flowers were partially aerated. AOA was not phytotoxic on the tested rose cvs Golden Times and Jaguar. Combinations of ethylene absorption, inhibition of ethylene activity and ethylene biosynthesis did not result in better control as compared with the disease reduction ability of the compounds alone, tested on the various hosts. Application of benzyladenine, which reduces the host responsiveness to ethylene, resulted in 39–99% grey mould reduction in rose flowers and in leaves of tomato andSenecio sp. but was not effective on pepper or eggplant. Manipulation of ethylene presence and of host plant susceptibility to grey mould is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974263
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  • 210
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    Host-size preference of the parasitoidAnisopteromalus calandrae [Hym: Pteromalidae] onSitophilus zeamais (Col.: Curculionidae) larvae with a uniform age distribution (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: host size preference ; parasitoid ; stored product ; maize ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La première génération d'Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) récoltée dans du maïs stocké commercialement en Caroline du Sud fut exposée, dans du maïs écossé, à un mélange de jeunesSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, de toutes tailles représentant une distribution d'âge uniforme. On a observé 87% de parasitisme sur les larves comportant un tunnel de 0,9 à 1,8 mm et 6% sur les prépupes et pupes pour cette distribution d'âge. Le taux de préférence était le plus élevé pour les grosses larves-hôte (1,6 mm de diamètre), moyen pour les autres larves de 0,9 à 1,8 mm, et le plus bas pour les pupes et les petites larves. On a discuté de la sélectivité des hôtes en utilisant les paramètres de Chesson (1983): préférence, αi, probabilité de parasitisme, Pi, et index d'électivité ɛi.
    Notes: Abstract First generationAnisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) collected from commercial stored maize in South Carolina were exposed to a mixture of all sizes of immatureSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, representative of a uniform age distribution, in shelled maize. Eighty-seven percent of parasitism is expected on larvae with tunnel diameters of 0.9 to 1.8 mm and 6% on prepupae and pupae, given this host-size distribution. Preference was greatest for large host larvae (1.6 mm diameter), intermediate for other larvae in the range 0.9 to 1.8 mm, and least for pupae and small larvae. Host-stage preference is discussed with respect to Chesson's (1983) parameters for preference, αi, probability of parasitism, Pi, and electivity index, ɛi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372557
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  • 211
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    Dryinid (Hym.: Dryinidae) parasitoids ofDalbulus leafhopper (Hom.: Cicadellidae) in Mexico (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Insect parasitoids ; Dryinidae ; Dalbulus ; maize ; teosintes ; Tripsacum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les connaissances relatives aux ennemis naturels des Cicadelles du genre Dalbulus [Hom.: Cicadellidae] sont encore limitées. Dans l'état du Jalisco, au Mexique, a été réalisée une étude sur les dryinides (petites guêpes), parasitoïdes de ces cicadelles. L'état du Jalisco abrite le plus grand nombre d'espèces deDalbulus et se trouve localisé dans la région d'origine deDalbulus ainsi que de ses plantes hôtes: maïs, téosinte (Zea) etTripsacum. Le dryinideGonatopus bartletti a été rencontré parasitantDalbulus maidis sur des plantes de maïs ainsi que sur le téosinte annuelZea mays spp.parviglumis: G. flavipes a été identifié parasitantD. elimatus sur le téosinte pérenne,Zea perennis; de plus, une nouvelle espèce,G. moyaraygozai, ainsi queAnteon ciudadi ont été observés en tant que parasites deD. quinquenotatus surTripsacum pilosum et surTripsacum dactyloides. Le parasitisme par des dryinides a été observé à des altitudes comprises entre 680 et 2 000 m s.n.m..Dalbulus maidis, espèce qui cause les pertes de rendement les plus importantes en Amérique latine, est parasité entre 680 m s.n.m. et 1 760 m s.n.m.. Les espèces deDalbulus associées à des plantes hôtes annuelles (maïs etZ. mays spp.parviglumis) ont été parasitées par des dryinides pendant la saison des pluies alors que les espèces deDalbulus associées à des plantes hôtes pérennes (Z. perennis etTripsacum) ont été parasitées par des dryinides pendant la saison des pluies et la saison sèche. La plus grande diversité d'espèces parasitantDalbulus spp. ainsi que la plus grande fréquence de parasitisme ont été rencontrées sur ces espèces pérennes, suggérant que ces plantes sont des réservoirs d'ennemis naturels deDalbulus spp.
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about the natural enemies of the leafhopperDalbulus spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Searches for its dryinid (wasps) parasitoids were made in Jalisco, Mexico. Jalisco contains the greatest number ofDalbulus species, and is considered to be near to the center of origin of this leafhopper genus and its host plants: maize, teosintes (Zea spp.) and gamagrasses (Tripsacum spp.). The dryinidGonatopus bartletti was found parasitizingD. maidis on maize and on annual teosinteZea mays spp.parviglumis. G. flavipes was found parasitizingD. elimatus on perennial teosinteZ. perennis; and a new speciesG. moyaraygozai andAnteon ciudadi parasitizingD. quinquenotatus onTripsacum pilosum andT. dactyloides. Parasitism by dryinids was found at altitudes of 680–2,000 m.Dalbulus maidis, the leafhopper species which causes the greatest losses in maize in Latin America, was found to be parasitized from 680–1,760 m. TheDalbulus species associated with annual host plants (maize andZ. mays spp.parviglumis) were parasitized by dryinids during the rainy season, while theDalbulus species associated with perennial host plants (Z. perennis andTripsacum) were parasitized by dryinids during both the rainy and dry season. The greatest diversity of dryinid parasitoids ofDalbulus spp. and the highest levels of parasitism were recorded from perennial plants, indicating that such species are reservoirs of natural enemies ofDalbulus spp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373137
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  • 212
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    Foliar urea fertilization of cereals: A review (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 209-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Wheat ; maize ; barley ; rice ; foliar urea ; grain yield ; breadmaking quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that there are several potential benefits of providing nitrogen to cereals via the foliage as urea solution. These include: reduced nitrogen losses through denitrification and leaching compared with nitrogen fertilizer applications to the soil; the ability to provide nitrogen when root activity is impaired e.g., in saline or dry conditions, and uptake late in the season to increase grain nitrogen concentration. Factors that influence the degree of foliar absorption in field conditions have not, however, been clearly defined and losses to the atmosphere and soil can occur. Foliar urea applications may also hinder crop productivity although the explanations for this vary, and include desiccation of leaf cells, aqueous ammonia and urea toxicity, biuret contamination and the disruption of carbohydrate metabolism. It has not yet been determined which one, or combinations, of these mechanisms are most important in field situations. When damage has not been severe, foliar urea applications have increased grain yield, particularly when applied before flag leaf emergence and when nitrogen availability is limiting. Increases in grain nitrogen content are often larger when applications of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil are reduced, and when the urea solution is sprayed either at anthesis or during the following two weeks. It is during this period that foliar urea sprays can be of greater benefit than soil applications with regard to nitrogen utilization by the crop. Increases in wheat grain nitrogen concentration following urea application can improve breadmaking quality. Responses in loaf quality may, however, be variable particularly when increases in grain nitrogen content have been large, and/or when the nitrogen: sulphur ratio in the grain is increased. These circumstances have lead to alterations in the proportions of the different protein fractions which influence breadmaking potential. To exploit the full potential benefits of foliar urea application to cereals, more needs to be known about the mechanisms, and thus how to prevent losses of nitrogen from the foliage, and to reduce the phytotoxic influences of sprays. More information is also required to exploit the reported effects that urea may have on limiting the development of cereal diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048783
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  • 213
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    The potential of alley cropping im improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia II. Maize production (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 17 (1992), S. 241-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; maize ; soybean ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Sesbania sesban ; Albizia falcataria ; Flemingia congesta ; Gliricidia sepium ; Cassia spectabilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Theee trials to evaluat the potential of alley cropping in maize production on the low fertility, acidic soils in Northern Zambia are described. Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania sesban, Albizia falcataria, Fleminga congesta, and Cassia spectabilis, were grown in alley crops with hybrid maize and soybean. All trials received recommended rates of P and K fertiliser; N fertiliser was applied at three rates as a subplot treatment. One trial received lime before establishment. Only in the limed trial was there a significant improvement in maize yields through alley cropping; when no N fertiliser was applied, incorporation of Leucaena leucocephala prunings resulted in an increase of up to 95% in yields, with a smaller improvement being produced by Flemingia congesta. There was a significant correlation between the quantity of prunings biomass applied and the proportional increase in maize yields over the control treatment. It is suggested that the lack of effect of most of the tree species on crop yields was due to low biomass production. An economic analysis showed that alley cropping with limed Leucaena was only profitable when fertiliser costs were high in relation to maize prices. However, lime is both expensive and difficult to obtain and transport for most small scale farmers in the region, and is therefore not a practical recommendation. It is suggested that future alley cropping research should focus on screening a wider range of tree species, including other species of Leucaena, for acid tolerance and higher biomass production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054150
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  • 214
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    Effect of VAM inoculum carry-over on the successive cropping of maize and mungbean (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 303-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cropping pattern ; Glomus mosseae ; inoculum ; maize ; mungbean ; VAM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study to determine the endomycorrhizal inoculum carry-over effect of the first crop [maize inoculated with Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe] on the succeeding crop (mungbean) was carried out in fumigated and nonfumigated acidic soil (pH 5.3) with moderate extractable P (Olsen 23 ppm). G. mosseae inoculation increased maize dry matter and grain yield over the uninoculated control in the nonfumigated soil. The maize inoculation failed to carry the effective inoculum over to the mungbean crop planted immediately after maize harvest and thus did not increase root colonization and grain yield of the succeeding crop. Fresh inoculation of the mungbean with G. mosseae increased grain yield over the uninoculated control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010607
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  • 215
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    Zinc-phosphorus interactions in two cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) grown in chelator-buffered nutrient solutions (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 163-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: apoplasmic zinc ; chelator-buffered nutrient solution ; free Zn2+ activity ; membrane leakiness ; phosphorus toxicity ; tomato ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Zinc-phosphorus interactions have been frequently studied using a diverse number of crop species, but attainment of reproducible Zn deficiencies, especially severe ones, has been hampered by the use of conventional hydroponic solutions wherein contaminating levels of Zn are often near-adequate for normal growth. We utilized novel, chelator-buffered nutrient solutions for precise imposition of Zn deficiencies. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Jackpot or Celebrity) seedlings were grown for 15 to 18 d in nutrient solutions containing 200, 600, or 1200 μM P, and 0 to 91 μM total Zn. Computed free Zn2+ activities were buffered at ≤10-10.3 M by inclusion of a 100-μM excess (above the sum of the micronutrient metal concentrations) of the chelator DTPA. At total added Zn=0, acute Zn deficiency resulted in zero growth after seedling transfer, and plant death prior to termination. Free Zn2+ activities ≤10-10.6 M resulted in Zn deficiencies ranging from mild to severe, but activities ≤10-11.2 were required to cause hyperaccumulation of shoot P to potentially toxic levels. Despite severe Zn deficiency (i.e. ca. 20% of control growth), tissue Zn levels were usually much higher than the widely reported critical value of 20 mg kg-1, which may be an artifact of the selection of DTPA for buffering free Zn2+. Across Zn treatments, increasing solution P depressed growth slightly, especially in Celebrity, but corresponding increases in tissue P (indicative of enhanced P toxicity) or decreases in tissue Zn (P-induced Zn deficiency) were not observed. The depressive effect of P was also not explained by reductions in the water-soluble Zn fraction. Within 40 h, restoration of Zn supply did not ameliorate high leakage rates (as measured by K+ efflux) of Zn-deficient roots. Similarly, transfer of Zn-sufficient plants to deficient solutions did not induce leakiness within 40 h. Foliar sprays of ZnSO4 almost completely corrected both Zn deficiency and membrane leakiness of plants grown in low-Zn solutions. Hence, maintenance of root membrane integrity appears to depend on the overall Zn nutritional status of the plant, and not on the presence of certain free Zn2+ levels in the root apoplasm.
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    Potential errors caused by roots in analyses of rhizosphere soil (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: exchangeable cations ; macronutrients ; maize ; micronutrients ; rhizosphere ; root composition ; soluble ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Roots contain high concentrations of many elements, and have the potential to interfere with measurements of chemical change in rhizosphere soil. To assess potential interferences, maize (Zea mays L.) roots (free of soil) and soil (free of roots) were extracted separately with several extractants commonly used to assess the status of soil nutrients. The maize roots were grown within filter envelopes which prevented direct contact with soil, but permitted passage of mineral nutrients and water from the adjacent soil. Water, ammonium acetate (pH 7), DTPA (pH 7.3), Morgan's solution (pH 4.8), and dilute HCl were used as extractants. Most elements were released readily into soluble forms from roots killed by freezing to lyse the cells. Significantly lower amounts were extracted from fresh roots, with the greatest differences between fresh and killed roots for the extractants H2O and DTPA, which were the mildest in terms of acidity and salt concentration. Extraction of P from the fresh roots by H2O and HCL was particularly low. Contamination of rhizosphere samples with root materials would almost certainly prevent the accurate measurement of water-soluble P, K, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Na in the slightly alkaline soil used in this experiment. Large errors would be likely also for P, Mn, and Cu extracted by ammonium acetate. The DTPA extractant is normally used only for micronutrient metals or heavy metals, and the small amounts of these elements released by roots should not contribute to significant error. With Morgan's solution, errors would likely be large only for P. Dilute HCl is a reasonably strong extractant for many elements in soil, and major errors from roots contained in rhizosphere samples are unlikely. The relatively high probability of errors in extractions of soluble elements from rhizosphere soil is unfortunate, because these elements are among the most readily available to plants and the most likely to be altered by the normal activities of roots.
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    Re-sorption of organic components by roots of Zea mays L. and its consequences in the rhizosphere (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; organic components ; re-sorption ; rhizosphere ; root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The re-sorption of carbon compounds from the rhizosphere was investigated using 14C-labelled glucose, mannose and citric acid. Uptake in roots of 5-day-old, intact Zea mays plants in sterile solution culture was determined over a period of 48 hours. Under optimal growth conditions significant re-absorption of glucose and mannose occurred with the uptake rates being 70.5 and 40.2 μg compound g-1 root DW h-1, respectively. For glucose and mannose approximately 25% of the 14C label taken up by the root was recovered inside the plant as low-MW compounds and 33% polymerized into high MW compounds. 42% was respired as 14C-CO2. Citric acid by comparison showed little accumulation within plant tissues (11.4%) with most being respired and recovered as 14C-CO2 in KOH traps (88%). The uptake rate for citric acid was 34.8 μg g-1 root DW h-1. Over the 48-hour period a net efflux (i.e. exudation) of labelled plus unlabelled C was observed at a rate of 608 μg C g-1 root DW h-1 (equivalent to 1520 μg glucose/mannose). Of the C released as root exudates, a minimum estimate of the amount of C taken back into the plant was therefore 9.5%. The two main C fluxes within the rhizosphere, namely release of C by the root and uptake by the microorganisms, have been well documented in recent years. It is now apparent however that a third flux term, re-sorption of C by roots, can also be identified. This may play an important but previously overlooked role within the rhizosphere, and further work is needed to determine its significance. A comparison between exudate release in static (permitting accumulation of C) and flowing culture (C removed as it is released) was also made with the respective rates being 15.36 and 45.18 mg C g-1 root DW in 2 days. The relative important of re-sorption in natural environments and laboratory experiments is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007881
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    Rapid methods for quantifying VAM fungal infections in maize roots (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 317-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bioassay ; maize ; root pigmentation ; vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Roots of maize (Zea mays cv W64A × W182E) infected by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi (Glomus versiforme (Karst) Berch or a Glomus species isolated from an alfalfa soil) exhibit a bright yellow pigmentation. The percentage of pigmented roots can be quantified by a rapid visual estimate or by a grid intersect method. Both methods gave similar estimates of VAM infection to those obtained using a grid intersect count on cleared roots stained with chlorazol black E. Thus for experimental or field evaluation where speed and quantity are important, the rapid visual estimate (less than one minute for each washed root system) yields reliable results. The yellow root intersect method takes longer (5–15 minutes per root system) but gives more reproducible results. The yellow root pigmentation is light sensitive However, root systems can be reliably assayed after 1 week when stored at 5°C in the dark or after 1 year if dried.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029083
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    Identification of tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon esculentum) by polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 62 (1992), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cultivar identification ; isoelectric focusing ; isozymes ; tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Isozyme analyses have been used for the definitive identification of many plant cultivars, but not for cultivated tomatoes. Six isozyme systems, namely alcohol dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase, esterase, phosphoglucoisomerase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase of tomato seed extracts were resolved by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels with a narrow pH gradient. Nine alcohol dehydrogenase phenotypes were distinguished which, with three acid phosphatase phenotypes, identified twelve of the seventeen cultivars. Fewer differences were found for the other isozymes. Since this method could differentiate between breeding parents and their progeny it is concluded that further investigations are warranted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037931
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    Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 63 (1992), S. 33-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; cucumber ; Cucumis sativus ; pepper ; Capsicum annuum ; lettuce ; Lactuca sativa ; mushroom ; Agaricus spp. ; carnation ; Dianthus caryophyllus ; chrysanthemum ; Dendranthema grandiflorum ; disease resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance. In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance. The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023910
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    Indexes of assessing N availability in sewage sludges (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: incubation ; maize ; N availability indexes ; N mineralization ; N uptake ; sewage sludges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Biological and chemical methods were used in an attempt to estimate N availability in sewage sludges. The two biological methods, i.e. maize plants grown in pots, and soil-sludge mixtures incubated at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 weeks, and the four chemical methods, i.e. autoclave, 0.5 M KMnO4, pepsin and 0.6 M HCl, were compared to determine N availability in twelve sewage sludges in a given soil. In the mineralization test, the aerobically treated sewage sludges gave higher mineralization rates than the anaerobically treated wastes. The simple correlation between available N, estimated from the plant N uptake during 6 weeks and N extracted by chemical methods showed that HCl and pepsin appeared to be the better single indexes. Prediction of availability of N in sewage sludges to plants in the growth chamber improved if N mineralized during the incubation period and extracted by several chemical methods were combined in a multiple regression analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012837
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    Role of cytokinin in enhanced productivity of maize supplied with NH4 + and NO3 − (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cytokinin ; field ; greenhouse ; maize ; nitrogen form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Supplying both N forms (NH4 ++NO3 −) to the maize (Zea mays L.) plant can optimize productivity by enhancing reproductive development. However, the physiological factors responsible for this enhancement have not been elucidated, and may include the supply of cytokinin, a growth-regulating substance. Therefore, field and gravel hydroponic studies were conducted to examine the effect of N form (NH4 ++NO3 − versus predominantly NO3 −) and exogenous cytokinin treatment (six foliar applications of 22 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) during vegetative growth versus untreated) on productivity and yield of maize. For untreated plants, NH4 ++NO3 − nutrition increased grain yield by 11% and whole shoot N content by 6% compared with predominantly NO3 −. Cytokinin application to NO3 −-grown field plants increased grain yield to that of NH4 ++NO3 −-grown plants, which was the result of enhanced dry matter partitioning to the grain and decreased kernel abortion. Likewise, hydroponically grown maize supplied with NH4 ++NO3 − doubled anthesis earshoot weight, and enhanced the partitioning of dry matter to the shoot. NH4 ++NO3 − nutrition also increased earshoot N content by 200%, and whole shoot N accumulation by 25%. During vegetative growth, NH4 ++NO3 − plants had higher concentrations of endogenous cytokinins zeatin and zeatin riboside in root tips than NO3 −-grown plants. Based on these data, we suggest that the enhanced earshoot and grain production of plants supplied with NH4 ++NO3 − may be partly associated with an increased endogenous cytokinin supply.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010976
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    Soil phosphorus levels needed for equal P uptake from four soils with different water contents at the same water potential (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 93-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anion exchangeable P ; buffer power ; diffusion coefficient ; growth chamber experiment ; maize ; mechanistic uptake model, P ; rates ; root length ; soil texture ; solution P
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil volumetric water contents, φ, at −33 kPa potential may vary with soil from 0.06 to 0.70. Because P diffusion depends on φ, most economic P fertilizer rates required for different soils may require adjusting according to their soil-water relationships. The objective of this study was, after experimentally verifying a mechanistic nutrient uptake model on a series of soils varying in θ at −33 kPa potential, to use the model to predict labile P levels needed for each of these soils to achieve equal P uptake by maize (Zae mays L.) and verify these predictions. Maize was grown in a pot experiment using four soils having θ of 0.13, 0.20, 0.26, and 0.40 at −33 kPa each at 0, 200, and 400 mg kg-1 of added P. When root parameters obtained experimentally were used, predicted P uptake with the uptake model agreed with observed P uptake, y=0.99x+9.08 (r2=0.98). When P uptake was plotted vs. soil solution P, Cli, the relation varied with soil. The higher the θ the lower the Cli needed for equal P uptake. A similar relation was found between P uptake and diffusible soil P, Csi. Differences between the two plots occurred because of differences among soils in buffer power, ΔCsi/ΔCli. The Csi vs. P added relation was used to calculate differences among soils in the Csi needed to obtain equal P uptake. The Csi values ranged from 1.3 to 4.0 mmol kg−1. The calculated values were used in a second pot experiments to verify the predictions. No significant difference (α=0.05) in P uptake occurred. The results of this research indicate that the mechanistic nutrient uptake model can be used to predict the degree of adjustments in Csi needed to obtain the most economic P fertilizer rates among soils varying in θ.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009133
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    Root-microbial effects on plant iron uptake from siderophores and phytosiderophores (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chelate ; iron ; maize ; nutrition ; oat ; phytosiderophores ; siderophores ; trace metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Collaborative experiments were conducted to determine whether microbial populations associated with plant roots may artifactually affect the rates of Fe uptake and translocation from microbial siderophores and phytosiderophores. Results showed nonaxenic maize to have 2 to 34-fold higher Fe-uptake rates than axenically grown plants when supplied with 1 μM Fe as either the microbial siderophore, ferrioxamine B (FOB), or the barley phytosiderophore, epi-hydroxymugineic acid (HMA). In experiments with nonsterile plants, inoculation of maize or oat seedlings with soil microorganisms and amendment of the hydroponic nutrient solutions with sucrose resulted in an 8-fold increase in FOB-mediated Fe-uptake rates by Fe-stressed maize and a 150-fold increase in FOB iron uptake rates by Fe-stressed oat, but had no effect on iron uptake by Fe-sufficient plants. Conversely, Fe-stressed maize and oat plants supplied with HMA showed decreased uptake and translocation in response to microbial inoculation and sucrose amendment. The ability of root-associated microorganisms to affect Fe-uptake rates from siderophores and phytosiderophores, even in short-term uptake experiments, indicates that microorganisms can be an unpredictable confounding factor in experiments examining mechanisms for utilization of microbial siderophores or phytosiderophores under nonsterile conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010169
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    Analysis of major tomato xylem organic acids and PITC-derivatives of amino acids by RP-HPLC and UV detection (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amino acids ; organic acids ; PITC-derivatisation ; RP-HPLC ; tomato ; xylem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Major amino acids and organic acids in xylem exudates of tomato plants were separated by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and quantified by UV detection. Before separation, amino acids were converted into their phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) derivatives. In a single run, Asp, Glu, Ser, Gln, His, Thr, Ala, Tyr, Val, Met, Cys, Ile, Leu, Phe, and Lys could be separated and detected down to the pmol level. Unresolved peaks were obtained for Asn and Gly and for Arg and Pro. For organic acid analysis, exudates were pre-treated by perfusion over a prepacked Adsorbex SCX cation exchange column, to eliminate exudate amino acids. Elution recoveries for organic acids were close to 100%. The exudate organic acids were separated by ion suppression RP-HPLC chromatography, and peaks could be resolved for L-malic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, citric acid and fumaric acid, down to the pmol level. UV signals for exudate ascorbic acid, and succinic acid were below the limits of detection. Determination of oxalic acid and tartaric acid was impossible, due to the presence of the exudate salt peak in the chromatogram. The results indicate the potential of the methods applied, and show the applicability of RP-HPLC analysis for the determination of both amino acids and organic acids in xylem exudates.
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    The effects of exotoxin (Thuringiensin) from Bacillus thuringiensis on Meloidogyne incognita and Caenorhabditis elegans (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; cucumber ; Meloidogyne incognita ; metabolites ; nematode ; Thuringiensin ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A partially purified preparation as well as two formulations of exotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (thuringiensin) were evaluated for nematicidal activity. The methods used in our evaluations included direct contact nematicidal assays, hatching tests, infection tests in seed pouches using the cucumber/root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) system, and greenhouse test using the root-knot nematode. While contact nematicidal activity was not observed against juveniles of M. incognita, 100% mortality occurred when the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, was used as the test organism. Nematode infection evaluations in the seed pouch assay showed reduced root galling at relatively high concentrations (〉10 mg kg-1). Greenhouse assays indicated significant reduction in the soil population. However, the degree of control in relation to the amount of material applied, as measured by the gall numbers, larvae from soil/roots, and plant growth parameters, was not considered adequate. Data on the plant response in relation to treatment with different formulations of the toxin are presented.
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    Effect of aluminium on the growth of 34 plant species: A summary of results obtained in low ionic strength solution culture (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 61-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; asparagus ; Arabidopsis ; bean ; cereals ; grass ; legume ; Nicotiana ; petunia ; relative tolerance ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The results from many experiments conducted over 5 years to determine the tolerance of 34 plant species (87 cultivars) to aluminium (Al) are summarised. All experiments were conducted in a temperature-controlled glasshouse using a low-ionic-strength solution culture technique. The activity of Al3+ (μM) at which top yields were reduced by 50% (AlRY50) was determined for each cultivar. The species Bromus wildenowii, Cynosurus cristatus, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum (cvs Warigal, Scout, Sonora-63), Avena byzantina, Arabidopsis thaliana, Lycopersicon esculentum and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia were all very sensitive to Al (AlRY50〈1). The species Poa pratense, Lolium perenne (NZ-derived cultivars), Lotus corniculatus, Avena sativa (cvs West, Carbeen, Camellia and Coolabah), Triticum aestivum (cvs Cardinal and Waalt), Allium cepa and Asparagus officinalis were sensitive to Al (AlRY50 1–2). The pasture grass species Lolium perenne (Australian and European and derived cultivars), Lolium hybridum and Lolium multiflorum, Dactylis glomerata (Apanui and Kara), Phalaris aquatica, Festuca arundinacea and the pasture legumes species Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens and Trifolium subterraneum were all moderately sensitive to Al (AlRY50 2–5). Other species that were also moderately sensitive included Triticum aestivum (cvs Atlas-66, BH146, and Carazinho), Avena sativa (cvs Swan and Blackbutt), Avena Strigosa, Petunia x and Phaseolus vulgaris (cvs Red Kidney, Black Turtle and Haricot). The most tolerant species (AlRY50〉5) were (in order of increasing tolerance) Phaseolus vulgaris (cvs Tendergreen, The Prince and Yatescrop), Cucurbita maxima, Dactylis glomerata (cv Wana), Paspalum dilatatum, Lotus pedunculatus, Ehrharta calycina, Medicago sativa, Holcus lanatus, Festuca rubra, Phaseolus lunatus and Agrostis tenuis. Agrostis tenuis was at least twice as tolerant as the next most tolerant species (AlRY50〉30 compared to 15.6).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011996
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    Inheritance studies of low-phosphorus tolerance in maize (Zea mays L.), grown in a sand-alumina culture medium (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: diallel ; low-P stress ; maize ; sand-alumina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inbred lines of maize selected as tolerant and intolerant to low-P stress using a sand-alumina culture medium were used to obtain F1 hybrids and advanced generations to be evaluated in diallel mating schemes and generation means analyses for the inheritance studies. Sand-alumina, a solid culture medium, which simulates a slow release, diffusion-limited P movement in soil solution was used in the inheritance studies. Tolerance to low-P stress conditions in maize seedlings is controlled largely by additive gene effects, but dominance is also important.
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    Can maize cultivars with low mineral nutrient concentrations in the grains help to reduce the need for fertilizers in third world countries? (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cultivars ; grains ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; tropical climate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An earlier study revealed considerable genotypic variation in grain N, P and K concentrations (GNC, GPC and GKC, respectively) in tropical maize. The expression of varietal differences in GNC, GPC and GKC, however, may depend on environmental conditions such as the N status of the soil. Two tropical maize hybrids (Suwan 2301 and CP 1) with comparable yielding capacity, but contrasting GNCs, GPCs and GKCs, were therefore grown at four levels of N in a field experiment at Farm Suwan (Thailand, latitude 14.5°N). Suwan 2301 exhibited a higher GNC than did CP 1 at all rates of N, but large differences in GPC and GKC were found only at high N fertilization. This was obviously due to individual grain yield responses of the cultivars to increasing rates of N fertilizer, demonstrating that grain nutrient concentrations are, at least in part, functions of the amount of grain carbohydrates which dilute a genetically and environmentally fixed amount of grain P and K. As compared to Suwan 2301, CP 1 accumulated less N, P and K in the grains at almost all levels of N fertilization, confirming our hypothesis that the cultivation of maize genotypes with low grain mineral nutrient concentrations may help third-world cash-crop farmers to reduce the need for scarce and costly mineral fertilizers. This finding has to be verified at reduced availability of soil −P, −K, and water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012016
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    A comparison between minirhizotron and monolith sampling methods for measuring root growth of maize (Zea mays L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: image processing ; methods ; maize ; minirhizotron ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Transparent plastic minirhizotron tubes have been used to evaluate spatial and temporal growth activities of plant root systems. Root number was estimated from video recordings of roots intersecting minirhizotron tubes and of washed roots extracted from monoliths of the same soil profiles at the physiological maturity stage of a maize (Zea mays L.) crop. Root length was measured by the line intercept (LI) and computer image processing (CIP) methods from the monolith samples. There was a slight significant correlation (r=0.28, p〈0.005) between the number of roots measured by minirhizotron and root lengths measured by the LI method, however, no correlation was found with the CIP method. Using a single regression line, root number was underestimated by the minirhizotron method at depths between 0–7.6 cm. A correlation was found between root length estimated by LI and CIP. The slope of estimated RLD was significant with depth for these two methods. Root length density (RLD) measured by CIP showed a more erratic decline with distance from the plant row and soil surface than the LI method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009378
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    Effect of salt stress on plant gene expression: A review (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 145-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; gene expression ; ice plant ; rice ; salt stress ; tobacco ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil salinity is an important agricultural problem, particularly since the majority of crop plants have low salt tolerance. The identification of genes whose expression enables plants to adapt to or tolerate salt stress is essential for breeding programs, but little is known about the genetic mechanisms for salt tolerance. Recent research demonstrates that salt stress modulates the levels of a number of gene products. Although the detection of gene products that respons specifically to salt stress is a significant finding, they must be identified, functions assigned, and their relation to salt tolerance determined. This article focuses on a few of the salt-responsive proteins and mRNAs that have been discovered and the methods employed to identify and characterize them.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012007
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    Changes in the levels of abscisic acid and its metabolites resulting from chilling of tomato fruits (1992)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 429-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Abscisic acid ; chilling ; dihydrophaseic acid ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; phaseic acid ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The 6,6,6-[2H]-analogues of abscisic acid (ABA), phaseic (PA) and dihydrophaseic (DPA) acids were used in GC-MS-SIM determination of free and total alkali hydrolyzable ABA, PA and DPA in the pericarp of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Pik Red) fruit. Determinations were made on breaker-stage fruit stored 1, 2, 3 or 4 weeks at 2.5°C or at 10°C, and after subsequent ripening for 1 week in darkness at 20°C. Two-fold increases in levels of ABA occurred after storage at low temperatures with a slightly but significantly greater increase in ABA level occurring with 2.5°C storage. These increases in ABA levels were not associated with the appearance of damage symptoms that occurred with storage at the chilling temperature (2.5°C). Differences in ABA metabolism were found resulting from storage at the two temperatures, 2.5 or 10°C. Significantly greater DPA levels were found after 10°C storage than after 2.5°C storage (2 weeks). Levels of ABA ester-conjugates increased with 20°C ripening only after 10°C storage while free ABA levels decreased after both storage temperature conditions. Levels of DPA conjugates also increased only after 20°C ripening following 10°C storage. A longer period of storage resulted in decreases of free DPA levels after 10°C storage but increased DPA levels were found after 2.5°C storage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00130652
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    Improving fertilizer recommendations for subsistance farmers in West Africa: The use of agro-economic analysis of on-farm trials (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 333-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; on-farm trials ; rice ; maize ; groundnuts ; Senegal ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A large number of zero, half and full rate fertilizer trials were conducted on-farm in Southern Senegal with rainfed lowland rice (n = 24), maize (n = 48), and groundnuts (n = 18). Trial sites were located according to farmer selected criteria: soil texture in the case of rice; compound garden versus outer field in the case of maize; and, previous cropping history in the case of groundnuts. Quadratic fertilizer response curves using all the cases explained only 16–29% of the variance. Subsequent stratification of the fields by soil organic matter, texture, and pH permitted the identification of fertilizer responsive and non-responsive fields. Response curves using only the tests conducted on soils without a limiting constraint explained 36 to 47% of the variance. At half rate fertilization levels VCR's of 3.8 (maize), 5.8 (rice) and 6.9 (groundnuts) resulted. Within productive fields, level of weed control, percent barrenness and final stand at harvest explained much of the remaining variation in yields for rice (82%), maize (61%) and groundnuts (76%) respectively. Response curves were then used in an economic analysis to address on-farm fertilizer allocation issues. Based on survey results and field trial data, partial budgets for small and medium-sized farms were developed. This analysis showed marginal rates of return of 400 and 165 percent to half and full rate fertilization, respectively. This type of fertilizer validation program, conducted on farmer-selected sites, improved targeting of recommendations, and helped to identify agronomic practices that should result in reduced economic risk and increased fertilizer adoption by farmers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050371
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    Alley cropping of maize with nine leguminous trees (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 17 (1992), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; maize ; nitrogen fixing trees ; soil degradation ; traditional farming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A maize-leguminous tree alley cropping system was studied on N-deficient soils in Hawaii to determine mulch effects on maize yields. Calliandra calothyrsus, Cajanus cajan, Cassia siamea, Gliciridia sepium, KX1 — Leucaena hybrid (L. pallida X L. diversifolia), L. leucocephala, L. pallida, L. salvadorensis, and Sesbania sesban were evaluated for green manure and yield of intercropped maize. S. sesban, G. sepium, L. pallida, and KX1 produced between 5 and 12 dry t/ha/yr green manure with nitrogen yields between 140 and 275 kg N/ha in 4 prunings. Maize yields responded linearly to nitrogen applied as green manure. Maize yield increased 12 kg for each kg of nitrogen applied. Additions of prunings from hedge rows were able to support maize grain yields at about 1800 kg/ha for two consecutive cropping seasons, while control plot yields averaged less than 600 kg/ha. Maize yields reflected the amount of nitrogen applied as green manure, regardless of tree species from which the nitrogen was derived. In March, maize yields decreased 34% in the row spaced 40 cm from the hedge, relative to the one spaced 110 cm away. In July, increasing the distance away from the hedge to 60 cm and coppicing the hedge earlier in maize growth, significantly improved grain yield. Grain yields decreased only 10% in the row closest to the trees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00053120
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    Cluster analysis of RFLP data from related maize inbred lines of the BSSS and LSC heterotic groups and comparison with pedigree data (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 60 (1992), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: coancestry coefficient ; genetic similarity ; maize ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In this study, 31 elite inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) were analyzed with 149 clone-enzyme combinations for their respective RFLP profiles. Objectives were (1) to determine the utility of RFLPs for estimation of genetic similarties among 16 inbred lines from the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) and among 15 inbred lines from the Lancaster Sure Crop (LSC) heterotic groups and (2) to compare genetic similarities based on molecular markers with those based on pedigree information. Coefficients of genetic similarity (GS) and coancestry (f) between pairs of lines from the same heterotic group were calculated from RFLP and pedigree data, respectively. For lines from the BSSS heterotic group, cluster analyses based on RFLP and pedigree data revealed similar associations. GS and f values were closely correlated (r=0.70) for related BSSS lines. For lines from the LSC heterotic group, considerable discrepancies existed between the GS and f values, especially for those pairs involving inbreds Va22 and Lo924. Effect of selection and/or erroneous pedigree records are discussed as possible explanations for the low correlation of GS and f values (r=0.07) for related LSC lines. RFLPs seem useful for investigation of relationships among maize inbreds, verification of pedigree records, and quantification of the degree of relatedness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029669
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    Resistance in Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum to the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) increases with plant age (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 64 (1992), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum ; greenhouse whitefly ; Trialeurodes vaporariorum ; resistance ; resistance test ; breeding ; life history components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In this study genetic variation for resistance to the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) of four genotypes of tomato (L. esculentum) and two subspecies of L. hirsutum was investigated. Resistance was quantified by the whitefly life history components adult survival, oviposition rate, pre-adult survival and developmental period, measured on plants inoculated with whiteflies in clip-on cages. The largest differences between species were found when life history components were measured on adult plants of about four months old. On L. hirsutum f. glabratum whiteflies had the lowest adult survival, oviposition rate and pre-adult survival. On L. hirsutum these components were intermediate whereas on all L. esculentum genotypes they were highest. The variation between plants was low compared to the variation within plants. These results indicate that single plant tests can be used to determine accurately genetic variation between individual plants in a segregating population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046048
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    Structural observations during androgenic microspore culture of the 4c1 genotype of Zea mays L. (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 65 (1992), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: androgenesis ; in vitro culture ; maize ; microspores ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The capacity of the maize genotype 4c1 to regenerate microcalli and embryos from cultured microspores has been examined by comparing various cold pretreatments and culture media, using microspores and pollen at different stages of development. Viability of cultured cells was tested with FDA and their development was traced with light and fluorescence microscopy using DAPI as a nuclear dye. It was found that a pre-incubation of dissected flowers floating in a liquid nutrient medium at 8°C during 10–14 days was most successful for the induction of cell division. Among the developmental stages tested only the microspores appeared to regenerate. Subculture at 25°C in the same liquid medium, supplemented with 0.1 mg/l TIBA, gave highest rates of microspore division, i.e. up to 70% at 4 to 6 days of culture. All pathways described earlier for maize androgenic embryogenesis were observed within the 4c1 genotype. Symmetric divisions occurred in cultured microspores but most frequently asymmetric divisions lead to the formation of microcalli within 12 days of culture. In at least 60% of all dividing microspores cells were derived from the generative nucleus. Microcalli further developed either into loose or compact calli. Compact calli formed embryo-like structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022200
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    Risk assessment of genetically modified crops. Potential of four arable crops to hybridize with the wild flora (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: beet ; maize ; potato ; oilseed rape ; risk assessment ; transgenic plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The proposed introduction of genetically modified organisms into the environment has caused public and scientific concern. In response to this concern governments have set up biosafety regulations. In this paper a step-by-step scheme is described by which the safety of genetically modified organisms can be assessed. The first step is to determine the level of safety concern for the unmodified organism. Important aspects of the safety concern of the unmodified organism are the potential to hybridize with the wild flora and the ability of the crop to run wild. These aspects have been investigated by a desk study for four agricultural crops (potato, beet, oilseed rape and maize). Maize and potato are genetically isolated from the wild flora. Beet and oilseed rape on the contrary can potentially hybridize with wild relatives in the Netherlands. The risk assessment of the latter two species should focus entirely on the effects of the introduced genetic material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023519
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    Root-soil contact of maize, as measured by a thin-section technique (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 119-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: image analysis ; maize ; nearest-neighbour distance ; root-soil contact ; soil compaction ; soil porosity ; thin-section technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The degree of root-soil contact was evaluated from thin sections for maize grown in pots with soil aggregates packed at three bulk densities. Root-soil contact was found to increase with bulk density of the soil. For soils with a porosity of 60, 51 and 44% (v/v), the average fraction of root-soil contact was 60, 72 and 87%, respectively. The frequency distribution of nearest-neighbour distances from points in a void to the nearest point of the soil matrix was measured. This was then used for a statistical test of a null hypothesis of random positioning of roots in voids. Where roots grew in larger pores or voids the degree of root-soil contact was greater than expected for random positioning of roots. Possible mechanisms of the observed preference of roots for proximity to the soil, and higher root-soil contact are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012849
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    Root-soil contact of maize, as measured by a thin-section technique (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 109-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: freeze-drying ; maize ; root-soil contact ; soil compaction ; soil porosity ; thin-section technique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In models of oxygen, water and nutrient uptake by plant roots, the degree of root-soil contact is an important parameter. An observation technique is required to evaluate to what extent root-soil contact depends on plant species, soil texture and structure. Thin sections for studying soil structure may be used for this purpose, provided that roots do not shrink during section preparation, and that all root cross sections are recognized. Maize was grown in pots with soil aggregates obtained by sieving and compacting to three bulk densities. Thin sections were made by freeze-drying samples before impregnating the soil with resin. Two checks were made on the validity of the method. Firstly, visual appearance of roots with intact epidermis, cortex and other tissues did not show signs of shrinkage. Secondly, the agreement was checked between root lengths obtained by washing duplicate soil samples and the number of root cross sections counted on horizonal and vertical thin sections. For the latter, the angle at which roots intersected the thin-section plane was determined from the shape of the cross sections. The frequency distribution of calculated angles was in agreement with the frequency distribution expected for a randomly oriented set of cylinders when an error term was included in the simulated measurements. Some results are presented for a field test of the thin-section method with barley on a calcareous marine sandy loam. Root hairs, apparently undamaged by sample preparation, are important for bridging the gap between roots and soil in this situation. According to the experience presented, the thin-section technique is suitable to derive the degree of root-soil contact, as influenced by species, soil texture and structure, in samples obtained from pot or field experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012848
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    Root-soil contact of maize, as measured by a thin-section technique (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 139 (1992), S. 131-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; nitrate uptake ; root-soil contact ; soil compaction ; soil porosity ; thin-section technique ; water uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Whilst adverse effects of soil compaction on plant growth are well known, experimental evidence also suggests that a very loose soil can adversely affect crop growth. We tested the hypothesis that poor root-soil contact in a loose soil is partly responsible for the existence of an optimum in the response curve of crops to soil compaction. In a pot experiment with maize at restricted nitrogen supply, five levels of soil compaction were compared and the percentage root-soil contact was measured in three of these. At the highest soil porosity tested, shoot growth was slightly slower than that at intermediate soil porosity. In the more compacted soil, shoot growth clearly lagged behind. Shoot fresh weight per unit root length decreased with increasing soil porosity over the whole range tested. In the most compacted soil, roots were mainly restricted to the upper zones of the pot and total root length was smaller than in less compacted soil. Water and nitrate uptake were highest at the intermediate pore volume and slightly lower at the highest soil porosity. Water absorption and nitrate uptake per unit root length decreased from compacted to loose soil with decreasing root-soil contact. This effect was more than proportional with the percentage root-soil contact and was in line with a correction value based on a transport model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012850
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    Effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens on the root exudates of two tomato mutants differently sensitive to Fe chlorosis (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 144 (1992), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: iron nutrition ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; rhizosphere microorganisms ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants with different Fe-mobilization properties are known to differ in the amount and kind of Fe-reducing and Fe-chelating compounds exuded by their roots. Although rhizosphere bacteria are known to affect the exudation of organic compounds by the plant roots, their effect on the root exudates of plants differing in Fe-mobilization properties is not known. We studied the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens, on the exudation of sugars and organic and amino acids by roots of an iron chlorosis-resistant (T3238FER) and a chlorosis-susceptible (T3238fer) tomato mutant. Under sterile conditions two tomato mutants grew equally well and did not differ in the total amount of sugars and organic acid exuded by their roots. More amino acids, however, were exuded by the roots of T3238FER than T323fer. Mutants differed in the amount of oxalic acid and the amino acids Ala, Asp, Gaba, Gln, Gly, His, Hyl, Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, Pro, and Val exuded by their roots into sterile rooting media. Addition of P. fluorescens to the rooting medium did not affect the growth of T3238FER but stimulated the root growth of chlorosis-susceptible T3238fer, reduced the amounts of glucose, arabinose and fructose but increased the amount of sucrose, reduced the amounts of fumaric, malic and oxalic acid but increased the amounts of citric and succinic acid in the rooting media of both mutants. P. fluorescens resulted in the following changes in the amino acids in the rooting media: reduced the amounts of Gly, Leu, and Lys in T3238FER, and of Asp, Gln, Hyp, and Ile in T3238fer, and increased the amounts of Cys, Glu, His, Hyp, Ile, Phe and Tyr in T3238FER and of Ala, Glu, His, Phe, and Ser in T323fer—in cases more than 40-fold. These differential effects of P. fluorescens in altering the pattern of organic and amino acids compounds with some Fe-chelating properties detected in the rooting medium of these two mutants may indicate that the differences in Fe-chlorosis susceptibility of these tomato mutants may be the result of, or modified by, the interactions between plant roots and rhizosphere microorganisms. We postulate that the Fe-chlorosis susceptibility in plants may be the product of the interactions between soil microorganisms and plant roots, and may not be solely related to the plant per se.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012873
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    Heterosis for leaf photosynthesis, grain yield and yield components in maize (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: photosynthetic efficiency ; infra-red gas analyser ; heterosis ; biomass productivity ; Zea mays L. ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary One of the primary avenues of improving the biological efficiency of crop plants is through the improvement of the leaf and canopy photosynthetic rates. However, the question whether the superiority of hybrids in respect of productivity potential could be traced, in retrospective fashion, to the photosynthetic parameters should be answered first. Once established and standardized, such indices could be streamlined in innovative breeding to predict the heterotic combinations for final yield formation. To answer this question, the photosynthetic rate and other components of photosynthetic efficiency were monitored among eight inbred stocks of maize (selected for variable photosynthetic rate from a previous study) and their all possible one-way crosses. The results demonstrated extensive heterosis in respect of photosynthetic rate and other photosynthetic indices which, in turn, was also realized in terms of higher biomass productivity and yield. Nonetheless, high leaf photosynthesis alone did not result in higher grain yield. On the contrary, component interaction among the photosynthetic indices like photosynthetic rate, leaf area/plant, number of leaves and chlorophyll content on one hand and the complementary gene action on the other, could be held responsible for higher yields in hybrids. Since the components of photosynthetic efficiency can predict heterosis for biomass and grain yield upto a reasonable extent, judicious incorporation of such indices in selection parameters for applied genetic protocols can add yet another dimension to the strategies for future yield improvements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026807
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    The impact of genotype x soil texture interaction on the efficiency of selection for yield in maize (Zea mays L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1992), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: population improvement ; maize ; Zea mays ; honeycumb selection ; adaptability ; stability ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study was undertaken to investigate the implications of genotype x soil texture interaction on response to selection in maize. Mass honeycomb selection for yield was applied for 11 cycles from the F2 of the single cross maize hybrid F68×NE2 in a field B with silty-clay-loam soil texture. Response to selection compared to the original single cross hybrid was estimated both in absence of competition and under solid stand in the selection field B and in a nearby field A differing in soil texture (clay-loam). A strong crossover type of interaction occurred both under solid stand and in the absence of competition in the two tests the improved population outyielded the hybrid in field B in the two densities, but lagged behing the hybrid in field A. The results suggest that interaction between genotype and soil texture might affect efficiency of selection detrimentally unless provision is taken for parallel selection early in the crop improvement program in fields differing in soil texture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00035547
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    Variation among maize (Zea mays L.) accessions of Bendel State, Nigeria. Multivariate analysis of agronomic data (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 66 (1992), S. 65-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cluster analysis ; principal component analysis ; accession ; landraces ; Zea mays ; maize ; dendrogram ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two multivariate techniques were used to characterize 30 maize accessions collected from three ecological zones of Bendel State, Nigeria. Differentiation of the 30 accessions into five distinct groups was achieved with the unweighted variable group method of the average linkage cluster analysis of 34 agronomic characters. Four of the taxonomic groups contained at least three accessions each, while a fifth group contained only one. The single accession contained in the fifth group was characterised by very early maturity, deeply pigmented leaves and ear husks and short statured plants. Clustering of the accessions into different phenetic groups followed substantially along geographical and traditionally trading routes. A few cases of overlapping of accessions from different geographical locations were obtained. Principal component analysis revealed that days to 50% tasseling and silking, number of nodes/plant, ear length, ear weight, leaf width, and kernel colour were the principal discriminatory characters that differentiated the accessions. Sixty-four percent of the total variation among the 34 characters were accounted for by the first five principal components while the first and second components accounted for 26 and 14 respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023509
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    Penetrometer resistance, root penetration resistance and root elongation rate in two sandy loam soils (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; mechanical stress ; penetrometer ; root growth ; sandy loam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root penetration resistance and elongation of maize seedling roots were measured directly in undisturbed cores of two sandy loam soils. Root elongation rate was negatively correlated with root penetration resistance, and was reduced to about 50 to 60% of that of unimpeded controls by a resistance of between 0.26 and 0.47 MPa. Resistance to a 30° semiangle, 1 mm diameter penetrometer was between about 4.5 and 7.5 times greater than the measured root penetration resistance. However, resistance to a 5° semiangle, 1 mm diameter probe was approximately the same as the resistnace to root penetration after subtracting the frictional component of resistance. The diameter of roots grown in the undisturbed cores was greater than that of roots grown in loose soil, probably as a direct result of the larger mechanical impedance in the cores.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010420
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    Old tree root channels in acid soils in the humid tropics: Important for crop root penetration, water infiltration and nitrogen management (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cassava ; Guelph permeameter ; leaching ; maize ; methylene blue ; rice ; rooting depth ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under high rainfall conditions on acid soils with shallow crop root systems the rate of N leaching is high. A simple model predicts nitrogen uptake efficiency as a function of the amount of rainfall in excess of evapotranspiration, rooting depth and degree to which N leaching is retarded in comparison with water transport. Field observations on acid soils in S.E. Nigeria and S. Sumatera (Indonesia) showed that this model should be amended to include the role of old tree root channels. Crop roots can follow these channels, which are coated with partly decayed organic matter, into the acid subsoil. Measurements of water infiltration with a Guelph permeameter and a methylene blue dye showed that such channels form the major infiltration sites during rainstorms. Implications for nitrogen use efficiency and cropping pattern are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010715
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    Effects of limestone and gypsum application to a Malaysian ultisol on soil solution composition and yields of maize and groundnut (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; groundnut ; gypsum ; limestone ; magnesium ; maize ; soil solution ; ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted on an Ultisol in Malaysia to assess changes in soil solution composition and their effects on maize and groundnut yields, resulting from limestone and gypsum application. The results showed that soil solution Ca in the lime treatment remained mainly in the zone of incorporation, but in the gypsum treatment some Ca moved into 15–30 cm zone. Al3+ and AlSO4 + were dominant Al species in the soil solution of nil treatment. Liming decreased Al3+ and AlSO4 +, but increased hydroxy-Al monomer activities. However, gypsum application resulted in an increase of AlSO4 + activity and in a decrease of Al3+ activity. Relative maize and groundnut yields were negatively correlated with Al3+, Al(OH)2+ and Alsum activities. Likewise, relative yields were negatively correlated with Al concentration and the Al concentration ratio and positively correlated with soil solution Mg concentration and Ca/Al ratio.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010716
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    Mobilization of cadmium and other metals from two soils by root exudates of Zea mays L., Nicotiana tabacum L. and Nicotiana rustica L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; extraction method ; iron ; maize ; manganese ; nickel ; root exudate ; tobacco ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soluble root exudates were collected from three plants (Nicotiana tabacum L., Nicotiana rustica L. and Zea mays L.), grown under axenic and hydroponic conditions, in order to study their metal-solubilizing ability for Cd and other cations (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn). Nicotiana spp. and Zea mays L. root exudates differed markedly in C/N ratio, sugars vs. amino acids ratio and organic acids content. Metals from two soils were extracted with either root exudate solutions, containing equal amounts of organic carbon, or distilled water as control. In the presence or absence of root exudates, the solubility of Fe and Mn was much higher than of the four other metals tested. Root exudates increased the solubilities of Mn and Cu, whereas those of Ni and Zn were not affected. Root exudates of Nicotiana spp. enhanced the solubility of Cd. The extent of Cd extraction by root exudates (N. tabacum L. N. rustica L. Zea mays L.) was similar to the order of Cd bioavailability to these three plants when grown on soil. An increase in Cd solubility in the rhizosphere of apical root zones due to root exudates is likely to be an important cause of the relatively high Cd accumulation in Nicotiana spp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010399
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    Inheritance of a gene for resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) from Lycopersicon peruvianum Mill (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Dominant gene ; ELISA ; genetics ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lycopersicon peruvianum ; tomato ; TSWV ; virus resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) derived from the cultivar ‘Stevens’ was studied. Five TSWV isolates, which differ in geographic origin and elicit different symptoms on tomato, were used to screen the resistant parent plants. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to distinguish healthy and infected plants. Two susceptible advanced breeding lines were crossed with four F4 plants of a ‘Stevens’ × ‘Rodade’ obtained from South Africa (SA). There were no differences in the progeny responses of the four SA parents to TSWV. The inheritance of TSWV resistance was found to be a single dominant gene. The SA, F1, and the backcrosses to the resistant parent were found to have eight out of 612 plants infected four months after the inoculations, which indicates a 98.7% penetrance of the resistance gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025356
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    Variation and covariation of silage maize digestibility estimated from digestion trials with sheep (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Breeding ; heritability ; in vitro digestibility ; in vivo digestibility ; maize ; silage maize ; variation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variation and covariation for agronomic and digestibility traits of silage maize are reported from a compilation of 22 years of experiments with standard sheep. Genotype effects of DOM and DCF were highly significant, even when genotypes were nested in earliness groups or brown-midrib hybrids discarded (Table 2). The genetic variance of crude fiber content was low, but the variance of the DCF was high. The genetic variance of DOM was about 4 times lower than genetic variance of DCF, but broad sense heritability of DOM was higher because of lower residual variance (Table 3). Genetic correlations between grain or crude fiber content and DOM had similar absolute values, 0.65, so each of these two traits was an important but not the unique determinant of silage maize quality. There was no correlation between DCF and grain or crude fiber content. Yield was not related to DOM or DCF within each group of earliness, allowing some quality improvement without agronomic drift (Table 4). Except for late hybrids, most of DOM differences between groups of earliness came from lowering of minimum value, while maximum values were similar. It was the contrary for DCF, with similar minimum values for all groups (Table 5). There was no obvious correlation between year of registration of hybrids and DOM or DCF, but extra new variation seemed obtained only for low values (Figs 1, 2; Table 6). IVDOM according to the APC process was a poor predictor of DOM, especially when brown-midrib hybrids and earliness effects were discarded; but because heritability of this trait was similar to DOM heritability, such enzymatic processes could probably be used to avoid drift towards poor DOM with hybrids bred for higher stalk strength.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025362
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    Phosphorus availability under alley cropping and mulched and unmulched sole cropping systems in Costa Rica (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 137 (1991), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alley cropping ; beans ; Erythrina ; Gliricidia ; humid tropics ; isotopically exchangeable P ; maize ; mulching ; phosphorus cycle ; P desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus availability was measured in soils under five cropping systems: alley cropping with Erythrina poeppigiana, alley cropping with Gliricidia sepium, sole cropping with Erythrina poeppigiana mulch applied, sole cropping with Gliricidia sepium mulch applied, sole cropping with no mulch. The following parameters were measured: 1) plant-available soil P assessed by P uptake of maize and bean bioassay plants; 2) phosphate desorbable by anion exchange resin; 3) adsorption of added P into isotopically exchangeable and non-exchangeable pools. In the bioassay, P uptake of beans declined in the order: mulched sole-cropped〉unmulched sole-cropped〉alley-cropped soils. For maize the relative uptake was: mulched sole-cropped〉unmulched sole-cropped = alley-cropped soils. These results suggest trees had not incorporated a significant quantity of P into the system after seven years and, probably, there was a decrease in available soil P due to the sequestration of P in the tree biomass. Potentially resin-desorbable P was higher in alley-cropped and mulched sole-cropped soils than in unmulched sole-cropped soils. The adsorption and desorption of added P into and from exchangeable and non-exchangeable pools did not differ between alley-cropped and unmulched sole-cropped soils. Crop yield and crop N, P and K uptake were all higher in the alley crops than in the unmulched sole crop. The supply of P to the crop under alley cropping seems to be dependent on P cycled and released from the mulch. The P cycle in alley cropping appears to be self-sustaining at least under conditions of moderate P fertiliser input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011206
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    A statistical analysis of the influence of Striga hermonthica on maize yields in fertilizer trials in Southwestern Kenya (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fertilizer trials ; Kenya ; maize ; Striga hermonthica ; sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The adverse effect of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica on yield of maize was studied in a fertilizer trial in Southwestern Kenya. In two years of experimentation (1987 and 1988), the weed had a highly significant, negative impact on maize yields. The spotty incidence of Striga disturbed the fertilizer trials. Inclusion of the degree of Striga infestation in a regression model caused an increase in the fraction of experimental variation that could be explained by the model. Several methods were tested to combat Striga. Hand-pulling reduced Striga incidence and increased grain yields during the following growing season. No clear effect was obtained from the trap crop sunflower, although such an effect may have been concealed by the success of hand-pulling. Application of mineral fertilizers or farmyard manure did not significantly reduce Striga infestation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011801
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    Manganese deficiency in maize affects pollen viability (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; manganese deficiency ; pollen viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L. cv. G2) was grown with 0.55 mg L−1 (sufficient), or 0.0055 mg L−1 (deficient) manganese in sand. Manganese-deficient plants developed visible deficiency symptoms and showed poor tasseling and delayed anther development. Compared to Mn-sufficient plants, Mn-deficient plants produced fewer and smaller pollen grains with reduced cytoplasmic contents. Manganese deficiency reduced in vitro germination of pollen grains significantly. Ovule fertility was not significantly affected by Mn. But in Mn-deficient plants seed-setting and development was reduced significantly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011816
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    A field comparison of lime requirement indices for maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 127-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium and acid saturation ; exchangeable aluminium and acidity ; lime requirement indices ; maize ; relative crop yields ; seasonal effects ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Due, in part, to the relative paucity of published comparisons based on field generated data, there is still poor agreement regarding the relative merits of lime requirement indices based on exchangeable Al and those based on pH. The objective of this study was to compare such indices using results obtained from long-term field experiments. Data were obtained over 22 site-years from lime trials conducted on clay (Typic Haplorthox) and sandy loam (Plinthic Paleudult) soils differing widely in organic carbon content. Relative maize (Zea mays L.) yields were used to compare the prognostic value of soil pH with indices obtained using exchangeable Al and exchangeable acidity (Al+H). Both within and across soils, pH proved to be markedly inferior to Al based indices. Exchangeable acid saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity, a readily obtained and popular index of lime requirement in some countries, proved as effective as less easily acquired indices based on exchangeable Al per se. The findings reported are consistent with those of many glasshouse studies and support the viewpoint that indices based on Al or acid saturation should replace pH as a measure of lime requirement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010725
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    Xylem exudate yield from detopped maize plants as an estimator of root pruning (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bleeding rate ; maize ; root pruning ; root-study methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Current methods of studying roots are either labour intensive or require expensive equipment. In 1986 and 1987 root pruning treatments were given to maize plants grown indoors. In both years the amount of xylem exudate collected from plant stumps shortly after root pruning increased with the dry weight of roots attached to the plant. The measurement of xylem exudation is presented as an alternative for conventional laborious root-study methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012046
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    Interactions between iron nutrition and Verticillium wilt resistance in tomato (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 281-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: iron ; resistance ; tomato ; Verticillium dahliae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between Fe nutritional status and Verticillium wilt disease in tomatoes possessing single gene resistance to Race 1 of Verticillium dahliae was investigated using hydroponic culture media. Iron limiting conditions increased the sensitivity of resistant tomatoes to the pathogen as expressed by wilting and chlorosis. Distance of fungal vascular invasion was approximately the same in both Fe replete and Fe limited treatments. Comparison of near-isolines revealed that the magnitude of disease expressed in Fe deficient Pixie II (resistant) was considerably less than that expressed by the susceptible Pixie variety. Infection of tomato did not enhance the severity of low-Fe stress as quantified by root peroxidase activity and chlorophyll content of young leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012047
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    Influence of adenine, isopentyl alcohol and Azotobacter chroococcum on the vegetative growth of Zea mays (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; plant growth-regulating substances ; plant hormones ; substrate dependend-cytokinin production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of pretested cytokinin precursors, adenine (ADE) and isopentyl alcohol (IA), and a cytokinin producing bacterium, Azotobacter chroococcum added to soil, on the vegetative growth of maize (Zea mays L.). The combination of 2.0 mg ADE kg-1 soil, 13 mg IA kg-1 soil, plus an inoculum of A. chroococcum was the most effective in enhancing the vegetative growth of maize compared with the application of ADE plus IA, ADE plus A. chroococcum, or ADE, IA or A. chroococcum alone. The dry weight of root and shoot tissues was increased up to 5.57- and 5.01-fold, respectively, in comparison to the controls; however, the root/shoot ratios were similar. The increases in shoot height, internodal distance, stem and leaf width over the controls under the optimum treatment were: 2.07-, 2.81-, 1.46-, and 2.11-fold, respectively. The improvement in plant yield was primarily attributed to A. chroococcum production of cytokinins in the rhizosphere.
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    Salinity tolerance of normal-fruited and cherry tomato cultivars (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 136 (1991), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Maas-Hoffman model ; non-linear regression ; salt-tolerance ; selection ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The salinity tolerances (NaCl) of 8 normal-fruited tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and 4 cherry tomato cultivars (L. esculentum var.cerasiforme) were determined by yield-substrate EC response curves, according to the Mass-Hoffman model, modified by van Genuchten and Hoffman (1984). The same model was used to determine the response curves of leaf dry-weight, stem dry-weight, and plant height against substrate EC and also between yield and leaf concentrations of Cl- and Na ions. According to the salinity-threshold (maximum EC-value without yield reduction) and slope (yield decrease per unit EC increase) parameters, determined from the yield-EC response curves, the cherry tomato cultivars were more salt-tolerant than the normal-fruited ones. However, on the basis of vegetative growth characters-EC response curves, cherry tomato cultivars and normal-fruited ones were similarly affected by NaCl. The ranking of the cultivars by their salinity tolerance, determined from the plots of yield vs. leaf concentrations of Cl- and Na ions, was the same as that evaluated from the yield vs. substrate EC plots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02150056
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    The effect of soil aggregate size on early growth and shoot-root ratio of maize (Zea mays L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aggregate size ; carbon allocation ; maize ; shoot-root ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Shoot dry mass and leaf area of 16-d old maize plants decreased as soil aggregate size in greenhouse pots increased in diameter from 0.075–0.5 to 4–8 mm. Root length was also much greater on the finer aggregate beds, due primarily to increased growth of second-order laterals. In a subsequent experiment in which shoot dry matter again decreased with increasing aggregate size, it was found that a similar change in root morphology as noted in experiment I resulted in increased root dry mass as aggregate size increased. The associated change in shoot-root ratio was significant eight days after emergence. This change was due to a change in allocation of fixed carbon rather than allocation of seed reserves. Neither transpiration rate per unit leaf area, nor net assimilation rate were affected by aggregate size. Likewise nutrition could not account for the differences in shoot or root growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012245
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    Genetic variation for traits relating to nitrogen content of maize stalks (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; genetic variation ; nitrate accumulation ; N use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The objective of this research was to obtain information about expression of genes controlling N concentration in the lower stalk internodes of maize at silking stages and in two other stages during the grain filling period. The inheritance of nitrate-N concentration, total N concentration, and the nitrate-N/total N ratio in the lower stalk internodes was measured in an eight-line diallel cross experiment and in an experiment involving segregating generations. The results show that the parameters examined, particularly nitrate-N concentration, are genetically controlled and that maize plants differ in this respect. Moreover, the magnitude of the general combining ability effects in relation to the size of specific combining ability obtained from the diallel analysis and the mean squares of the analysis of variance of generation means indicated additive heritability of nitrate-N concentration and other N-related traits in maize stalks. These findings suggest to us that a cyclic selection program in maize should be effective in modifying the level of N-related traits concentration in the stalks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021320
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    Overcoming unilateral breeding barriers between Lycopersicon peruvianum and cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon peruvianum ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; bud-pollination ; cross-incompatibility ; interspecific hybridization ; gene introgression ; reciprocal cross
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Treatment of Lycopersicon peruvianum stigmas with an artificial medium analogous to stigmatic exudate allowed pollen germination and growth on immature pistils. Growth of Lycopersicon esculentum pollen tubes to L. peruvianum ovules, an otherwise incompatible cross, was achieved following such treated bud-pollinations. No plantlets were recovered, although a few embryos from this cross at the globularity heart stage of development were excised at 22 days after pollination, indicating the presence of crossing failures as severe as in the reciprocal cross. Hybrid plants were obtained from the reciprocal cross, using as pollen parent an L. peruvianum line selected for congruity with L. esculentum. Bud pollinations to L. peruvianum, using these interspecific F1 hybrids as the pollen parent, allowed viable embryo development and plantlet recovery. Resulting backcross plants, which possess approximately 1/4 L. esculentum genome in a L. peruvianum cytoplasm, may facilitate further introgression of the L. esculentum nuclear genes into in foreign cytoplasm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145624
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    Evaluation of environments for preliminary testing of maize for yield and stover digestibility (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; prediction ability ; discrimination ability ; yield ; digestibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The identification of environments suitable for selection should enable plant breeders to test reliably a larger number of genotypes with given resources. This research was undertaken to evaluate discrimination ability (DA) and prediction ability (PA) of eight environments involving two locations. Eckartsweier (Eck) 1 and Voelkenrode (Voe); 2 yer. 1984 (84) and 1985 (85); and two harvests, silage harvest (I) and later (II). It was based on dry matter yield of plant (PDMY), ear (EDMY) and stover (SDMY) and on in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) of stover of 12 inbred lines and their 66 diallel crosses in maize (Zea mays L.). Linear regression coefficient of the performance of genotypes in an environment on that averaged across all environments and its degree of determination were used as measures of the DA and PA of environments, respectively. In hybrids, the DA of environments differed significantly for all traits except SDMY and ADL. Environment Eck851 showed better PA (≥0.63) than other environments for PDMY, EDMY, IVDOM, NDF, and ADF. Among the 12 two-environment combinations. EckI was a better predictor for PDMY, EDMY, IVDOM and NDF (PA≥0.80). The more productive environments showed better DA and PA for PDMY and FDMY than less productive ones. For IVDOM and NDF the first harvest provided better discrimination and prediction than the second harvest. In inbred lines the DA of environments differed significantly for EDMY only. In the present study, PA and DA seemed to be functions of the environments, PA was improved by combining two environments, and some environments seemed to be suitable for preliminary selection of genotypes for such diverse traits as yield and digestibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145626
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    Reaction of Lycopersicon cultivars and wild accessions to tomato leaf curl virus (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Bemisia tabaci ; Lycopersicon ; resistance ; tomato ; tomato leaf curl virus ; tomato yellow leaf curl virus ; whitefly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary 1201 tomato cultivars, breeding lines and accessions of Lycopersicon species were screened for tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) under field and laboratory conditions during summer seasons of 1986 to 1989. Two lines of L. hirsutum (PI 390658 and PI 390659) and 2 lines of L. peruvianum (PI 127830 and PI 127831) were resistant to TLCV infection. These accessions did not produce any leaf curl symptoms either in field or after inoculation by whitefly Bemisia tabaci with TLCV. Adult whiteflies died within 3 days after releasing on resistant accessions (PI 390658, PI 390659, PI 127830), whereas the whiteflies survived upto 25 days on susceptible tomato cultivars. Under field conditions 0–4 and 5–25 adult whiteflies were observed on resistant and susceptible cultivars respectively. Hybridization was effected using the popular tomato cultivars Arka Sourabh, and Arka Vikas, as the female parents and the resistant Lycopersicon wild species as the pollen parents, to incorporate the resistant gene(s) into the edible tomatoes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041741
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    Description of isogenic lines, except for one, or two, monogenically controlled morphological traits in tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 56 (1991), S. 121-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; near-isogenic lines ; morphological traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Isogenic lines, except for one, or two, monogenically controlled morphological traits, obtained in tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., are listed and briefly described. Twelve spontaneous or induced mutations, involving 10 loci, were obtained in one of 6 varieties respectively. We have pairs of isogenic or near-isogenic lines, formed by the mutant line and its parental variety. Near-isogenic lines were created by backcrossing; depending on the lines, 3 to 7 backcrosses were carried out. Nineteen loci and 21 alleles (there is a set of 3 alleles at one locus) are involved. Twenty six recurrent backcross parents were used. At the end of the backcrossing program, for each case, we formed trios: one line μ/μ with the mutant trait (μ for mutant), one sister line +/+ obtained from the same backcross program as the mutant line, and the recurrent parent +/+. In some cases, for the same variety and the same mutant allele, we have sets of 2 or 3 mutant lines and the corresponding sister lines +/+. Ninety one trios (3 of them are incomplete) are available. Furthermore, 15 lines were created with one or the other of 5 combinations of 2 mutant alleles. The material described here is available for scientific research.
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    Influence of different P sources on the efficiency of several tropical endomycorrhizal fungi in promoting the growth ofZea mays L. (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 30 (1991), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Rock phosphate ; single superphosphate ; P uptake ; VAM fungi ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of inoculation with fourteen endomycorrhizal species belonging to the generaGigaspora, Scutellospora, Glomus, Acaulospora andEntrophospora on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated under glasshouse conditions in an unsterilized tropical virgin soil using two P sources with different solubility. In both P treatments the population of indigenous mycorrhiza species was not affected and growth of maize was enhanced. Introducing VAM species additionally modified the growth pattern of maize. Using a low-grade rock phosphate (Patos de Minas) from Brazil all endophytes with exception ofGigaspora margarita, Scutellospora verrucosa, Scutellospora gregaria, Entrophospora colombiana andGlomus pallidum improved shoot dry weight. In the treatment with single superphosphate, dry matter production was not significantly enhanced byGigaspora margarita, Gigaspora gigantea, Scutellospora verrucosa, Scutellospora reticulata, Scutellospora gilmorei andGlomus manihotis. When rock phosphate was added root fresh weights were enhanced only by three endophytes (Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora gigantea andAcaulospora rehmii); with single superphosphate none had a significant effect. The percentage of P in shoots was almost equal in non-inoculated and inoculated plants and yield responses did not always follow the pattern of P uptake. Mycorrhizal root infection was always highest in the treatment with single superphosphate and in most cases a correlation with plant growth was found. The present results show that introduced vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza species differently promote growth of maize according to their adaptability to the P source and to their capability to compete with native VAM endophytes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048825
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    Intercropping Acacia albida with maize (Zea mays) and green gram (Phaseolus aureus) at Mtwapa, Coast Province, Kenya (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 193-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Acacia albida ; intercropping ; maize ; green gram ; coastal lowlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-term agroforestry demonstrations/trials using Acacia albida and other nitrogen fixing multipurpose trees/shrubs were initiated in mid-1982 to assess soil and crop productivity at a coastal lowland site characterized by low soil fertility, weed problems and consequent poor crop yields. Growth performance (height and diameter at breast height, dbh) of Acacia albida under eight densities rotationally intercropped with maize (Zea mays) and green gram (Phaseolus aureus), crop grain yields, soil fertility changes and weed control were assessed for a 5-year period (May 1982 to March 1987). A parallel-row systematic spacing field layout was used. Intercropped Acacia albida mean hight and dbh were 140 and 24% respectively higher than tree-only controls by the fifth year. Growth rate was low during the first year but increased in subsequent years to mean height and dbh of 9 m and 10 cm respectively by March 1987. While differences in dbh were significant, those between stand heights were not. Crop yields, especially under higher tree densities, declined considerably due to unexpected shade which also caused significant reductions in weed biomass. Soil fertility levels remained unchanged during the experimental period relative to the initial status, and differences between the intercropped Acacia albida plots and the tree — or crop — only control appeared not to be significant. We conclude that an understanding of the mechanism regulating leaf fall/retention phenomena of Acacia albida is crucial towards determining the intercropping potentials of the species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115735
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    Fate of benzyladenine metabolites extracted from tomato shoots in biological systems (1991)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Benzyladenine metabolites ; metabolism ; tomato ; soybean callus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The metabolism of radioactive metabolites of BA, obtained from tomato shoots, and purified by chromatographic techniques, was studied in rootless tomato shoots and soybean callus. There is apparently a great deal of interconversion between BA, BAR and BARMP. From the present results it is not possible to determine whether BARMP is formed directly from BA or whether BAR serves as an intermediate in its production. Irrespective of the metabolite applied, the principal metabolite formed in all instances had a retention time of 51 min following HPLC separation. This metabolite was itself not metabolized to any great extent by either tomato shoots or soybean callus. In contrast to tomato shoots this metabolite was not formed when a radioactive metabolite tentatively identified as BAR, was applied to soybean callus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024958
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    Influence of root temperature on the potassium requirements of young tomato plants (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 133 (1991), S. 227-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: critical-concentration ; potassium ; root temperature ; shoot: root ratio ; tomato ; utilization-efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of low root temperature on the growth and K requirements of young tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Sonatine) plants was investigated. When K was supplied in solution at high concentration (5 mM), lowering the temperature of the root system from 25° to 15°C reduced the relative growth rate so that after ten days plant dry weight was 60% and leaf area 44% of that of controls maintained at 25°C. Shoot: root dry weight ratio was initially increased by cooling, but declined to 84% of controls after ten days. In spite of these changes in shoot: root ratio the concentration of K in whole plants, expressed on the basis of tissue water, was stable throughout the experiment and was significantly higher than that of controls. Further, the critical concentration of K for shoots (the concentration in the shoot associated with 90% maximum growth) was also increased at root temperatures of 15° and 30°C compared with 24°C. It is suggested that the higher concentration of K at low root temperature may reflect a real increase in requirement for the element at the physiological level. Preliminary measurements of the solute potential demonstrated a less osmotically active sap in leaves of root-cooled plants, thus there may be a greater reliance on K as an osmoticum in these individuals. When supplies of K limited growth, root-cooling had no effect on any of the parameters determining the efficiency of its use; the minimum concentration to which roots could deplete the solution of K was identical for cooled and control plants and at the same stage of visible deficiency there was no significant difference in the efficiency ratio (mg DW, mg-1 K) or utilization efficiency (mg DW mM -1 K), in spite of large differences in the partitioning of dry matter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009195
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    Contribution of the VA mycorrhizal hyphae in acquisition of phosphorus and zinc by maize grown in a calcareous soil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcareous soil ; copper ; hyphal transport ; iron ; maize ; manganese ; phosphorus ; VA-mycorrhiza ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was carried out to test whether the mechanism of increased zinc (Zn) uptake by mycorrhizal plants is similar to that of increased phosphorus (P) acquisition. Maize (Zea mays L.) was grown in pots containing sterilised calcareous soil either inoculated with a mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe or with a mixture of mycorrhizal fungi, or remaining non-inoculated as non-mycorrhizal control. The pots had three compartments, a central one for root growth and two outer ones for hyphal growth. The compartmentalization was done using a 30-μm nylon net. The root compartment received low or high levels of P (50 or 100 mg kg−1 soil) in combination with low or high levels of P and micronutrients (2 or 10 mg kg−1 Fe, Zn and Cu) in the hyphal compartments. Mycorrhizal fungus inoculation did not influence shoot dry weight, but reduced root dry weight when low P levels were supplied to the root compartment. Irrespective of the P levels in the root compartment, shoots and roots of mycorrhizal plants had on average 95 and 115% higher P concentrations, and 164 and 22% higher Zn concentrations, respectively, compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. These higher concentrations could be attributed to a substantial translocation of P and Zn from hyphal compartments to the plant via the mycorrhizal hyphae. Mycorrhizal inoculation also enhanced copper concentration in roots (135%) but not in shoots. In contrast, manganese (Mn) concentrations in shoots and roots of mycorrhizal plants were distinctly lower, especially in plants inoculated with the mixture of mycorrhizal fungi. The results demonstrate that VA mycorrhizal hyphae uptake and translocation to the host is an important component of increased acquisition of P and Zn by mycorrhizal plants. The minimal hyphae contribution (delivery by the hyphae from the outer compartments) to the total plant acquisition ranged from 13 to 20% for P and from 16 to 25% for Zn.
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    Nitrogen transfer from nodulating soybean to maize or to nonnodulating soybean in intercrops: the 15N dilution method (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; intercropping ; maize ; N-depleted soil ; 15N dilution method ; N transfer ; soybean ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1985, 1986 and 1988, maize (Zea mays L.) was monocropped or intercropped with nodulating or nonnodulating soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). In addition, nodulating soybean and nonnodulating soybean were each monocropped and grown as a mixture. In 1985 and 1986, treatments were grown at 0 and 60 kg N ha−1 and in 1988, the treatments were grown without N fertilizer, on N-depeted soil and on non-N-depleted soil. 15N enriched N was applied to soil in all the aforementioned treatments to test for N transfer from nodulating soybean to non-N2-fixing crops by the 15N dilution method. The 15N dilution method did not show the occurrence of N transfer in 1985 and 1986, but the N sparing effect was evident from the total N uptake of nonnodulating soybean, dwarf maize and tall maize, in 1986. In 1988, maize and nonnodulating soybean seed yields and seed N yields were higher on non-N-depleted soil than on N-depleted soil. On N-depleted soil, the 15N dilution method indicated N transfer from nodulating soybean to maize and to nonndulating soybean. At a population ratio of 67% nodulating soybean to 33% nonnodulating soybean, N transfer was also seen on non-N-depleted soil in 1988.
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    Phosphate stress response in hydroponically grown maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; phosphate ; phosphatase ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The long-term response of hydroponically grown maize plants to variations in the phosphate concentration in the growth medium was studied. There was a 5-week lag period before any differences between experimental and control groups could be seen. After this period, the plants grown without phosphate devoted a higher percentage of their total mass to roots than did the controls. The roots of the phosphate-free plants were longer and less bushy than those of the control plants. Plants grown without phosphate showed an increase in the amount of acid phosphatase extractable from the external surfaces of the roots by a high salt solution. These phosphate stress responses were induced by 5 μM phosphate but not by 25 μM phosphate.
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    Genetic differences in growth within and between Lycopersicon species (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 57 (1991), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; curve fitting ; genotypes ; growth analysis ; relative growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Growth analyses were carried out on 88 accessions of five Lycopersicon species. Experiments were conducted in a climate room at 19/14° C day/night temperature which was irradiated at 20 W/m2 for eight hours per day. Large differences in plant weights between wild species and the cultivated tomato were observed from 44 to 84 days after sowing. The increase in plant dry weight could be described by a second order polynomial function. When compared at a standardized plant weight of one gram, the relative growth rates (RGR) of the wild and cultivated accessions ranged from 5.3 to 11.8% and 8.5 to 12.2% per day respectively, limiting the use of wild species as sources for strong growth. When expressed at plant weights of one and three g large differences in decrease of the RGR were observed within L. esculentum. The modern hybrid tomato cultivars were among the fastest growing genotypes, with a relatively slow decrease in RGR.
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    Field aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on maize kernels (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1991), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: corn ; maize ; Zea mays L. ; aflatoxin ; resistance ; lfy gene ; Aspergillus flavus ; Aspergillus parasiticus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries spores are commonly used as inoculum for screening maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation on grain. Occasionally, A. parasiticus Speare is also used for this purpose. However, only limited data are available on whether one species is as effective as the other for identifying aflatoxin-resistant genotypes. Our objective was to determine relative aflatoxin accumulation on kernels of maize containing the leafy (Lfy) gene in response to A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin production by A. flavus and A. parasiticus on grain of seven maize synthetics containing the Lfy gene, viz., A619, A632, Mo17, B73, HY, Wf9, and 914, was examined in three environments in Louisiana. Ears were doubly inoculated at 14 and 21 days after mid-silk by atomizing over external silks a 2 ml suspension containing 2.0×107 spores ml-1 of either A. flavus or A. parasiticus. All genotypes responded similarly in the three environments to both the fungal species. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 production did not differ in the three environments. The seven genotypes did not differ in levels of aflatoxin accumulation in response to either A. flavus or A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin production by A. flavus was detected in maize samples from all three environments, but aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus was found only in samples from Winnsboro, where moisture stress occurred. Mean B1 and B2 production by A. flavus from the three environments was, respectively, four and one-half times and two times more than that by A. parasiticus.
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    Polyamine-induced prolongation of storage in tomato fruits (1991)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 10 (1991), S. 283-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; fruit ; polyamines ; postharvest storage ; shelf life ; fruit softening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mature green tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) of cv. ‘Rutgers’ and the line ‘Alcobaca-red’ were vacuum infiltrated with solutions of polyamines, their precursors and metabolites, and other compounds which might affect ripening and/or storage duration. Putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane), spermidine, spermine, diaminopropane, γ-aminobutyric acid and methionine were found to increase the storage life of these fruit after vacuum infiltration of the test compounds and storage of fruit in darkness. Polyamines probably play a role in the normal ripening/overripening process and may prove commercially valuable in the extension of fruit shelf life.
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    Response of early maturing maize (Zea mays, L) variety to potassium and zinc fertilization in the Nigerian savanna (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 23 (1990), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nigerian savanna ; maize ; potassium ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A three year field study was conducted at five locations in the Nigerian savanna to evaluate the response of early maturing maize variety to varying rates of K and Zn with a view to establishing the K and Zn requirements for maize production in this zone. Treatments consisted of 4 × 3 factorial combinations of 4 levels of K and 3 levels of Zn. Responses to K and Zn fertilization were sporadic and were obtained only in soils of the Southern Guinea savanna and in the soil formed on sedimentary sandstone. There seem to be no problem at present in soils of the Northern Guinea and Sudan savannas where leaching is less intense. It is inferred from this study that K and Zn deficiences are incipient in the high rainfall soils and in the sandstone derived soils. For these soils, 50 kg K/ha and 2–5 kg Zn/ha is suggested as adequate for an early maturing maize crop. Soil data showed that K and Zn responses can be expected when available K and Zn levels fall below 0.1 meq/100 g and 2 ppm respectively.
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    Residual effect of long-term applications of farmyard manure to silage maize (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 26 (1990), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Long-term manure trial ; residual effect ; model test ; nitrogen availability ; maize ; Italian ryegrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sluijsmans and Kolenbrander developed a simple model to describe the availability of animal manure, assuming a readily available, an easily decomposable and a slowly decomposable N fraction. We tested this model on data from an experiment in which farmyard manure had been applied for eleven successive years to silage maize [Zea mays L.] grown on a light sandy soil. The residual effects of this FYM were then measured by growing Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum Lamk.] in the 12th year. The measured uptake of N by the grass of the FYM residues was then compared with the computed values. The measured amounts of N taken up agreed fairly well with the calculated amounts for applications of 50 and 100 t FYM per ha per year. If the rates of manure application are adjusted to crop requirement, the model shows that the potential, long-term release of N from the residual N fraction of FYM will not exceed 20 kg N per ha. For cattle slurry with a smaller residual fraction, the release will be at most 10% of the total annual N application.
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    The significance of the magnesium to manganese ratio in plant tissues for growth and alleviation of manganese toxicity in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 205-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum L. ; magnesium-manganese interaction ; magnesium: manganese ratio ; manganese toxicity ; tomato ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Results are reported for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. var. Ailsa craig) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mara) which demonstrate that increasing concentrations of Mg in the plant raises plant tolerance to Mn toxicity. Water culture experiments with tomato show that under conditions of high Mn supply (200 µM, Mn), not only does increasing Mg application (0.75 mM to 15 mM) depress Mn uptake, but the higher Mg concentrations in the shoot counteract the onset of Mn toxicity when the concentrations of Mn in the shoot are also high. The ratio of Mg: Mn in the tissues is a better indicator of the appearance of toxicity symptoms than Mn concentration alone. Toxicity symptoms were observed when the Mg:Mn ratio in the shoot tissue was from 1.13 to a value between 3.53 and 6.54. The corresponding Mg: Mn ratio in the older leaves was from 0.82 to between 2.27 and 3.51. For wheat grown in soil, analyses of leaves revealed that growth could be expressed by the following relationship: Y=A+B exp(-kX), where Y=growth, X=Mg:Mn ratio, A, B and k=constants. Growth was significantly reduced when the Mg:Mn ratio fell below 20:1. From a measurement of this ratio it is therefore possible to predict the appearance of Mn toxicity and its influence on growth.
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    Zinc deficiency and pollen fertility in maize (Zea mays) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 221-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; pollen fertility ; Zea mays L. ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Zinc deficiency decreased pollen viability in maize (Zea mays L. cv. G2) grown in sand culture. On restoring normal zinc supply to zinc-deficient plants before the pollen mother cell stage of anther development, the vegetative yield of plants and pollen fertility could be recovered to a large extent, but the recovery treatment was not effective when given after the release of microspores from the tetrads. If zinc deficiency was induced prior to microsporogenesis it did not significantly affect vegetative yield and ovule fertility, but decreased the fertility of pollen grains, even of those which visibly appeared normal. If the deficiency was induced after the release of microspores from the tetrads, not only vegetative yield and ovule fertility but pollen fertility also remained unaffected.
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    Effect of sub-optimal root zone temperatures at varied nutrient supply and shoot meristem temperature on growth and nutrient concentrations in maize seedlings (Zea mays L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 126 (1990), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; nutrient concentration ; nutrient availability ; root growth ; root zone temperature ; shoot growth ; shoot meristem temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize seedlings were grown for 10 to 20 days in either nutrient solution or in soils with or without fertilizer supply. Air temperature was kept uniform for all treatments, while root zone temperature (RZT) was varied between 12 and 24°C. In some treatments the basal part of the shoot (with apical shoot meristem and zone of leaf elongation) was lifted up to separate the indirect effects of root zone temperature on shoot growth from the direct effects of temperature on the shoot meristem. Shoot and root growth were decreased by low RZT to a similar extent irrespective of the growth medium (i.e. nutrient solution, fertilized or unfertilized soil). In all culture media Ca concentration was similar or even higher in plants grown at 12 as compared to 24°. At lower RZT concentrations of N, P and K in the shoot dry matter decreased in unfertilized soil, whereas in nutrient solution and fertilized soil only the K concentration decreased. When direct temperature effects on the shoot meristem were reduced by lifting the basal part of the shoot above the temperature-controlled root zone, shoot growth at low RZT was significantly increased in nutrient solution and fertilized soil, but not in unfertilized soil. In fertilized soil and nutrient solution at low RZT the uptake of K increased to a similar extent as plant growth, and thus shoot K concentration was not reduced by increasing shoot growth rates. In contrast, uptake of N and P was not increased, resulting in significantly decreased shoot concentrations. It is concluded that shoot growth at suboptimal RZT was limited both by a direct temperature effect on shoot activity and by a reduced nutrient supply through the roots. Nutrient concentrations in the shoot tissue at low RZT were not only influenced by availability in the substrate and dilution by growth, but also by the internal demand for growth.
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    Interactions between water-stress and different mycorrhizal inocula on plant growth and mycorrhizal development in maize and sorghum (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; sorghum ; spore production ; VAM fungi ; water-stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were inoculated with a range of VAM fungi and grown under water-stressed and unstressed conditions. There was considerable variation amongst the inocula in their effects on plant growth. Inoculation with Glomus clarum produced the biggest plants in each host, with Glomus monosporum and Acaulospora sp. giving the least growth overall. Root infection produced by the different inocula also varied, but levels were not correlated with effects on plant growth. Water-stress reduced plant growth, with the effects not being altered by mycorrhizal infection. VAM infection levels were not affected by water-stress. Spore production from most inocula was reduced by water-stress, both in total spore numbers and in terms of spores per gram plant weight. Sporulation of G. clarum, G. epigeum and G. monosporum were affected less by stress than were the other inocula. Spore production was in general greater on sorghum than on maize, but the host effect varied amongst the inocula.
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    Effect of organic soil amendments on the incidence of stalk rot of maize (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fusarium moniliforme ; Macrophomina phaseolina ; maize ; organic amendment ; stalk rot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five organic materials, Calopogonium sp. leaves, rice straw, mixed wood saw dust of Terminalia sp. Triplochyton sp. and Kaya sp., fresh guinea grass and poultry manure were added to soil with a recent history of high stalk rot of maize caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium moniliforme. The two stalk rot organisms reacted differently to the organic amendments. All the amendments produced significantly less Fusarium stalk rot disease than the unamended control. Amendment of soil with fresh Calopogonium leaves was almost ineffective in controlling the incidence of Macrophomina phaseolina. Organic amendment with poultry manure increased the disease casued by M. phaseolina. The other amendments appeared to be equally effective in checking the disease. Increased microbial population due to amendment may play some role in disease suppression.
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    Genetic variation of the rate of leaf appearance in maize: Possible yield prediction at the early stage (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 237-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; genetic variation ; prediction ; dry matter yield ; early vigour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Evidence of genetic variation for early vigour is presented using maize line × tester crosses. The leaf appearance rate and associated variance components are affected by a physiological stress attributable to the transition to autotrophic nutrition by the plant. At this stage, specific combining ability plays an important role in the total genetic variation. It is concluded that differing genetic controls exist in early and late material, and that this difference is also manifested in leaf initiation and elongation rates. The ground coverage rate, as a component of plant development, is genetically correlated to total dry matter yield. The genetic correlations vary according to the growth stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027223
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    Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy analysis of digestibility traits of maize stover (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 73-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; forage ; digestibility ; near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is emerging as a potentially useful tool in breeding plants for quality traits. Information is lacking, however, on its use in forage maize (Zea mays L.). The objectives of the present investigation were to evaluate the prediction of digestibility traits of maize stover using NIRS technique and to study the effect of laboratory (Lab) and NIRS assays on the estimates of variation and covariation. Twelve inbred lines, 66 diallel crosses among them and eight hybrid checks were evaluated at silage and grain harvests for 2 years at two agro-climatically diverse locations in the Federal Republic of Germany. Standard methods were used for Lab analysis of in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). In NIRS evaluation, calibration equations were developed by modified stepwise regression. The standard error of calibration was 2.5, 1.7, 1.4 and 0.4 for IVDOM, NDF, ADF and ADL, respectively. The coefficient of multiple determination was high (≥0.9) except for ADL. The validation statistics (standard error and correlation coefficient) were similar. In the diallel crosses, the estimates of variation (heritabilities in broad and narrow sense, genotypic and error coefficients of variation), generally, did not vary appreciably and consistently in the comparisons between Lab and NIRS methods particulary at silage harvest. Simple and rank correlations between Lab and NIRS analyses were positive and significant. These correlation coefficients based on the mean performance of the diallel crosses at silage harvest were 〉0.9 and at least 16 hybrids were common between the two analyses, among the upper one-third or lower one-third (22) hybrids. The study showed that NIRS analysis should be useful in maize breeding programmes wherein a large number of genotypes need to be evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028963
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    Dosage effects of y gene on grain yield and other agronomic traits in maize (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; corn ; yield ; kernel weight ; shelling percentage ; plant height ; ear height ; husk weight ; cob weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary White-endosperm (y y y) maize (Zea mays L.) is vital to the maize dry-milling industry. However, a substantially greater acreage in the U.S.A. is planted to yellow (Y Y Y) than white maize. Data on comparative performance of yellow and white maize is scanty, and results are inconclusive. This field study was conducted to provide information on dosage effects of y gene on grain yield, 500-kernel (K) weight, shelling percentage, plant and ear height, and cob weight. Yellow x yellow, yellow x white, and white x white endosperm crosses were made among five yellow and five white endosperm lines of Mo14W × Oh7B parentage. In the material studied, the genetic complement of the white-endosperm parent Mo14W varied from 12.50% to 87.50% across 15 treatments. The effect of Mo14W dosages among treatments was removed through analysis of covariance. If differences among treatment means existed, they were attributed to the y gene. A test of parallelism among regression coefficients (Ho. β1=β2=---β15=βc) indicated that these regressions coefficients for plant height, ear height, 500-K weight, and husk weight showed parallelism across yellow x yellow, yellow x white, and white x white crosses. Differences in plant height were significant in 3 out of 5 comparisons each between Y Y vs. y y, Y y vs. y y, and Y Y vs. Y y. Differences in ear height were significant in 1 of 5 Y Y vs. y y comparisons, in 3 of 5 Y y vs. y y comparisons, and in 1 of 5 Y Y vs. Y y comparisons. Differences in 500-K weight were significant in 4 of 5 Y Y vs. y y, in 2 of 5 Y Y vs. Y y and in 1 of 5 Y y vs. y y comparisons. Differences in husk weight were significant in all the Y Y vs. y y comparisons, in 4 of 5 Y y vs. y y comparisons, and in 1 of 5 Y Y vs. Y y comparisons. An increase in the y gene dosage caused, in general, a significant decrease in grain yield, 500-K weight, plant height, ear height, and husk weight. Shelling percentage was decreased but not appreciably. The Y y combination had a heterotic effect on plant height, ear height, and cob weight. An implication of the findings of this study is that it would be difficult to breed for high-yielding white maize if one used this y gene source. At this time, this is the only source (chromosome 6) available for white-endosperm maize. Non-parrallelism among regression coefficients was noted for shelling percentage, grain yield, and cob weight. Non-parallelism was observed in shelling percentage of the yellow x yellow crosses, cob weight of the yellow x white crosses and in grain yield of both yellow x yellow and yellow x white crosses. In general, an increase in mean Mo14W dosage resulted in increased grain yield. Mo14W dosages generally reduced cob weight in the yellow x white crosses. Shelling percentage increased as the mean Mo14W dosages increased for the yellow x yellow crosses. An increase in Mo14W dosages resulted in an increase in 500-K weight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028962
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    Generation means analysis of right-censored response-time traits: Low temperature seed germination in tomato (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; cold tolerance ; seed germination ; genetic analysis ; missing data ; response-time data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In studies to determine the inheritance of response-time traits, such as time to seed germination, some viable individuals may fail to respond during an experiment. If these right-censored observations are ignored, sample means and variances will be underestimated. This is illustrated using data from time to seed germination at 9°C for Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) fast germinating PI 120256, slow-germinating T3 and their reciprocal F1, F2 and backcross progeny. This paper presents methods to detect and to accommodate right-censored data in generation means analysis. Genetic interpretations derived from corrected and uncorrected estimates of generation means and variances are compared. Correction for right-censoring increased estimates of environmental and phenotypic variances, and decreased heritability estimates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023656
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    Organic matter contributed to soil by plant roots during the growth and decomposition of maize (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 107-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aseptic ; 14C-labelled ; carbohydrate ; decomposition ; root exudate ; maize ; monosaccharides ; root lysate ; sandy loam sonication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays var. Caldera) plants were grown under sterile and not sterile conditions in soil in an atmosphere continuously enriched with14CO2 for 36 days. At harvest the above ground parts of the maize were cut off and the roots were separated from the soil by washing with water. The soil was dispersed using ultrasonics and separated into soluble clay silt and sand fraction. Roots were included in the coarse sand fraction. 25% of the total label present in the soil ≡ 5.5% of that in the soil-plant system, was water soluble. Very little label was present in the clay and silt fractions (5% in each) and most (65%) was in the sand fraction as root material. Rapid extraction of soil after the removal of roots without ultrasonic treatment released soluble matter which amounted to 〈0.5% of the total activity in the soil-plant system. Isolated roots steeped in water released about 18% of their activity. Much of the soluble fraction may therefore be root lysate. The soil and roots accounted for 22% of the total activity in the soil-plant system. Glucose accounted for 89% of the sugars in the soluble fraction of the soil. 78% or more of the14C present in glucose, arabinose and xylose constituents of the root-soil mixture occurred in the coarse and fine sand fractions, which also included root material. For mannose and galactose the value was 70% and for rhamnose, 50%. After reinoculation of the soil-root mixture and decomposition for 56 weeks, the water soluble material obtained on fractionation of the soil decreased to less than 1% of the total activity. A much greater proportion, 25%, was present in the clay fraction as a result of decomposition.
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    Screening legume green manures as nitrogen sources to succeeding non-legume crops (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 128 (1990), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: buried bag incubation ; leguminous green manures ; maize ; N mineralization ; N supplying potential ; N uptake ; Oxisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A buried bag incubation technique was proposed to monitor N release from soil and decomposing green manure. The technique would facilitate not only the screening of legumes as sources of N but also measurement of the N supplying capacity of soils. Several tropical legumes were incorporated into field plots followed either by maize (Zea mays L.) or by bare fallow. Soil samples from the plow layer containing the incorporated green manure were placed in low density polyethylene bags and buried within the plow layer under the maize crop for in situ incubation. Periodic withdrawal of the bags was accompanied by fallow soil profile sampling. Above ground N accumulation by maize was equally well correlated to N release measured by either method although the bag technique required much less labor. Supplemental experiments suggested that N accumulation in the bags was reduced due to inadequate O2 diffusion but only when O2 demand was high and soil water potential was high. The results show that in situ bag incubation alone or together with fallow soil sampling can be used to estimate the N supplying potential of soil and leguminous residues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011119
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    Field evaluation of several chemical indexes of soil nitrogen availability (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; nitrogen availability tests ; soil nitrate ; UV absorbance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The ability of several chemical soil N availability indexes to predict the N supplying capability (NSC) of soils to maize in the field was evaluated in 49 field experiments over 3 years in Pennsylvania. Two recently proposed indexes based on the amount of NH4 + released by treating soil with 2 M KCl at 100°C for 4 hr or with a pH 11.2 phosphate-borate buffer for 8 min were not good predictors of NSC (r=0.484 and 0.254, respectively). The absorbance of a 0.01 M NaHCO3 extract at 260 nm was also poorly correlated with field-measured NSC (r=0.412). The pre-sidedress soil NO3 − test (PSNT), the soil NO3 − concertration in the surface 20 cm of soil at planting, and the UV absorbance at 200 nm of a 0.01 M NaHCO3 extract of at planting soils were all moderately well correlated with NSC (r=0.672, 0.750, and 0.737, respectively). The latter two indexes are very simple, rapid, and inexpensive to perform and offer the possibility of improving the prediction of NSC in heavily manured fields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009929
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    Vertical distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in sandy soil under maize (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 95-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Belonolaimus longicaudatus ; Criconemella sphaerocephala ; maize ; Meloidogyne incognita ; nematode ; Paratrichodorus minor ; plant-parasitic nematodes ; Pratylenchus brachyurus ; sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Distribution of plant-parasitic nematode species at soil depths of 0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, and 30–45 cm was examined in two maize fields in Florida during 1987 and 1988. Soil type in both fields was an Arredondo fine sand, consisting of 94–96% sand at all three depths. On most sampling dates, more than 50% of the Belonolaimus longicaudatus collected occurred at the 0–15 cm depth. Only 20–30% of Criconemella sphaerocephala were present at this depth, and the depth distribution of this nematode differed in the two fields. The greatest densities of Pratylenchus brachyurus often occurred at 15–30 cm. Vertical distributions of Meloidogyne incognita and Paratrichodorus minor were erratic and showed marked seasonal variation. For all species examined except B. longicaudatus, a diagnostic soil sample collected 15 cm deep would recover only a minority of the nematode population present in the soil profile.
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    Genotypical differences among graminaceous species in release of phytosiderophores and uptake of iron phytosiderophores (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; chlorosis resistance ; cucumber ; genotypical differences ; grasses ; iron mobilization ; iron uptake ; maize ; microorganisms ; oat ; phytosiderophores ; rice ; root exudates ; root growth ; rye ; sorghum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Graminaceous species can enhance iron (Fe) acquisition from sparingly soluble inorganic Fe(III) compounds by release of phytosiderophores (PS) which mobilize Fe(III) by chelation. In most graminaceous species Fe deficiency increases the rate of PS release from roots by a factor of 10–20, but in some species, for example sorghum, this increase is much less. The chemical nature of PS can differ between species and even cultivars. The various PS are similarly effective as the microbial siderophore Desferal (ferrioxamine B methane sulfonate) in mobilizing Fe(III) from a calcareous soil. Under the same conditions the synthetic chelator DTPA (diaethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) is ineffective. The rate of Fe(III)PS uptake by roots of graminaceous species increases by a factor of about 5 under Fe deficiency. In contrast, uptake of Fe from both synthetic and microbial Fe(III) chelates is much lower and not affected by the Fe nutritional status of the plants. This indicates that in graminaceous species under Fe deficiency a specific uptake system for FePS is activated. In contrast, the specific uptake system for FePS is absent in dicots. In a given graminaceous species the uptake rates of the various FePS are similar, but vary between species by a factor of upto 3. In sorghum, despite the low rate of PS release, the rate of FePS uptake is particularly high. The results indicate that release of PS and subsequent uptake of FePS are under different genetic control. The high susceptibility of sorghum to Fe deficiency (‘lime-chlorosis’) is most probably caused by low rates of PS release in the early seedling stage. Therefore in sorghum, and presumably other graminaceous species also, an increase in resistance to ‘lime chlorosis’ could be best achieved by breeding for cultivars with high rates of PS release. In corresponding screening procedures attention should be paid to the effects of iron nutritional status and daytime on PS release as well as on rapid microbial degradation of PS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011260
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    Sterol content and efficiency of ion uptake by roots of maize genotypes (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 181-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; sterols ; sulphate uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data of compartmental analysis of sulphate were compared with the sterol content of roots of differently yielding maize genotypes. In conditions of steady state nutrient supply, sterol content was significantly correlated only with sulphate efflux (ϕco). This increased at increasing concentration of sterols in the roots. Influx to cytoplasm (ϕoc) was evaluated after sulphate deprivation leading to an induced rate of sulphate uptake. This was negatively correlated with sterol content, which was lower in the high than in the low yielding genotypes. When the highest yield genotype was grown at different sulphate concentrations, influx, efflux, root content of sulphate and sterols were positively correlated with the concentration of sulphate in the nutrient medium. Sterol content in roots appears to be controlled by both the genetic settlement and the nutritional status in maize. Low sterol content is connected with a high efficiency of sulphate utilization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011266
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    Variation and inheritance of response to acetochlor among maize inbred lines and hybrids (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 45 (1990), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; acetochlor ; heterosis ; susceptibility ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The variation of response to acetochlor was studied in a two-year experiment carried out by subjecting 18 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines to three herbicide rates (0, 2.5 and 5 l a.i./ha). In both years some inbred lines consistently exhibited an evident susceptibility, with symptoms consisting of the seedling curling up below the soil surface and causing impaired field emergence. The results were poor plant density and lower grain yield in comparison to control. In contrast, other lines showed a satisfactory level of tolerance. Then, to gather data on the inheritance of response to acetochlor, four tolerant inbreds (T) and four susceptible inbreds (S) were crossed to obtain four T×T, four S×S, four S×T and the corresponding four T×S two-way hybrids. These hybrids were studied together with parental lines by applying the same herbicide rates used in the previous trial. The S×S hybrids showed susceptibility to the herbicide and the T×T were tolerant, whereas the S×T and the T× S hybrids showed a tolerance very close to that of the T×T hybrids. No difference was found between S×T and the corresponding T×S hybrids as to herbicide response. On average, the 16 hybrids exhibited greater tolerance than the eight parental lines, with each hybrid group being more tolerant than its parental line group. These results indicate that tolerance to acetochlor is prevailingly dominant, that action of extranuclear genes should be ruled out, and that the level of plant vigour can affect herbicide reactiveness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033280
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    Taxonomy of Mexican landraces of maize, Zea mays, based on their resistance to European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 119-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; resistance ; taxonomy ; germplasm ; indigenous land races
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The resistance to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), of thirty-seven indigenous landraces of Mexican maize was examined. The relationship of resistance and existing taxonomy of maize according to Wellhausen et al., (1952), was subjected to numerical analyses. Variables examined were: seedling DIM-BOA content, the extent of leaf feeding damage by early instar larvae both in the field and in the laboratory, the extent of plant breakage and stalk tunneling by late instar larvae, plant height, and the extent of fungal damage by Gibberella zeae and Ustilago maydis. Significant differences in resistance among the major taxonomic groupings were reflected in the existing taxonomy of maize (Wellhausen et al., 1952). The most resistant landrace grouping was Wellhausen et al.'s Prehistoric Mestizos. Eighty-five percent of a series of modern inbred lines, pools, and Argentine landraces were found to have affinities with one of the more susceptible groupings, the Ancient Indigenous Races, based upon analysis of the resistance data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022305
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    Field aflatoxin contamination of maize genotypes of broad genetic base (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; corn ; Aspergillus flavus ; Aspergillus parasiticus ; aflatoxin ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) grain prior to harvest with aflatoxin frequently occurs in the southern U.S.A. and sources of resistance are needed. Maize from twelve genotypes (varieties) crossed to two testers was analyzed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination at Baton Rouge, LA and Tifton, GA in 1987. Variety Philippines had the lowest amount of AFB1 at Baton Rouge and one of the lowest amount of AFB1 at Tifton. In the combined analysis of variance, the location x treatment x tester x variety interaction was significant. This interaction was analyzed and a stability variance (σ1 2) statistic calculated. Mean AFB1 accumulation and stability of AFB1 production were examined simultaneously, i.e., variety ranks for AFB1 and σ1 2 were summed. The most desirable (lowest rank sum) variety across locations, testers, and treatments (inoculation and control) was St. Charles White, followed by Delta Prolific White, and Hopi. The most inconsistent AFB1 accumulation, along with high AFB1, was on Fino, Atkinson, USAWI, Navajo, and Michoacan-21. The ranks of varieties between the inoculation and control treatments were different (rs=−0.51 for Baton Rouge and 0.29 for Tifton). The rs (rank correlation coefficient) for the control treatments between Baton Rouge and Tifton was 0.60 (P〈0.05) and that for the inoculation treatments was −0.20. The varieties identified in this study as having relatively low concentration of AFB1 should be useful to maize breeders in reducing AFB1 contamination in field maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022888
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    Effects of CO2 enrichment on young plant growth of 96 genotypes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) (1990)
    Springer
    Euphytica 51 (1990), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; CO2 enrichment ; genotype x CO2 interaction ; growth analysis ; relative growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The early growth of 96 genotypes of tomato was studied at 320 ppm CO2 and at 750 ppm CO2 in separate climate rooms. Plants were harvested at 40 and 55 days after sowing. Fresh and dry weights were determined. Large differences between genotypes were found for average plant fresh and dry weights and for relative growth rates. The average overall growth enhancement by CO2 enrichment was 2.3. Two genotypes showed significant genotype x CO2 interaction. The consequences of these results for tomato breeding are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022451
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    Influence of phosphate status on phosphate uptake kinetics of maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cmin ; depletion curve ; flowing solution culture ; Glycine max L. ; Imax ; Km ; maize ; phosphate uptake kinetics ; soybean ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To obtain plants of different P status, maize and soybean seedlings were grown for several weeks in flowing nutrient solution culture with P concentrations ranging from 0.03–100 µmol P L-1 kept constant within treatments. P uptake kinetics of the roots were then determined with intact plants in short-term experiments by monitoring P depletion of a 3.5 L volume of nutrient solution in contact with the roots. Results show maximum influx, Imax, 5-fold higher in plants which had been raised in solution of low compared with high P concentration. Because P concentrations in the plants were increased with increase in external P concentration, Imax was negatively related to % P in shoots. Michaelis constants, Km, were also increased with increased pretreatment P concentration, only slightly with soybean, but by a factor of 3 with maize. The minimum P concentration, Cmin, where net influx equals zero, was found between 0.06 and 0.3 µmol L-1 with a tendency to increase with pretreatment P concentration. Filtration of solutions at the end of the depletion experiment showed that part of the external P was associated with solid particles. It was concluded that plants markedly adapt P uptake kinetics to their P status, essentially by the increase of Imax, when internal P concentration decreases. Changes of Km and Cmin were of minor importance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009256
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    Effects of potassium deficiency on water relations and photosynthesis of the tomato plant (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 127 (1990), S. 137-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth, photosynthesis ; potassium ; stomata ; tomato ; transpiration ; water potential ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potassium deficient (−K) and potassium sufficient (+K) plants were exposed to four days of water stress. Well watered −K and +K plants had comparable rates of transpiration. But +K plants had a larger leaf area and depleted the soil moisture to a greater extent on day 1 of stress. For days 2 and 3 their transpiration rate, leaf water potential and relative water content fell below those of −K plants. Well watered −K plants had a significantly lower rate of photosynthesis than +K plants. Photosynthesis of −K plants was more sensitive to reduction in plant water potential than that of +K plants. Reduction of photosythesis in −K leaves was due to impairment of photosynthetic capacity and not to stomatal closure. Growth was significantly reduced in −K plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010846
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    Alley cropping Sesbania sesban (L) Merill with food crops in the highland region of Rwanda (1990)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 10 (1990), S. 169-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Alley cropping ; highland agroforestry ; maize ; pole bean ; Sesbania
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Food production in the densely populated Rwandan highlands is impeded by soil erosion and loss in fertility. Alley cropping leguminous shrubs with food crops on contours is purported to minimize the problem and to provide wood and forage. This study reports the effect of Sesbania prunings plus moderate levels of N and P on bean (Phaseolus sp) and maize (Zea mays) yields in alley cropping. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-split plots. Main plots were alley width: 2, 4, 6 and 8 m. Phosphorus (P) at 0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha occupied the subplot and nitrogen (N) at 0, 30 and 60 kg/ha were assigned at the sub-sub plot level. No P was applied to maize during the second cropping season. Crop yield in kg/ha included the land space taken by hedgerows. Bean yield in 6 m alleys (1100 kg/ha) was about twice that in 2 m alleys (500 kg/ha). Bean responded to N and P. Optimum alley width and N for bean yield were 6 m and 30 kg/ha, respectively. Cuttings from alley hedgerows provided stakes for climbing beans. Maize responded to N but not to residual P. The highest maize yield came from 8 m alleys with 40 kg/ha, but yields from 8 and 6 m alleys with the same N treatment were not significantly different. Maize plants in middle rows were significantly taller than plants in rows adjacent to hedgerows. Maize rust development showed significant alley width and row position effect. There were significantly fewer uredinia in the Sebania alleys relative to the control plots without shrub hedgerows. Rust development on maize in middle rows was significantly greater than development in border rows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115365
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  • 300
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    Soil fertility changes and response of maize and beans to green manures of leucaena, sesbania and pigeonpea (1990)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 12 (1990), S. 197-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Agroforestry ; green manure ; leucaena ; sesbania ; pigeonpea ; soil fertility ; maize ; beans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three multipurpose tree species (MPTS)-leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), sesbania (Sesbania sesban var. nubica) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) were pruned at a height of 60 cm above the ground every two months, and resulting plant biomass was incorporated into the soil as green manure. For comparison, maize (Zea mays) stover was also incorporated into some plots, while some other plots were left fallow. Varying quantities of plant biomass which were incorporated into the soil over a period of 12 months caused large changes in major soil plant nutrients, and it substantially improved soil fertility. To test for improved soil fertility, test crops of maize and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were grown on the plots after six biomass incorporations of 4806, 13603, 16659 and 7793 kg. ha−1yr−1 for pigeonpea, sesbania leucaena and maize, respectively. Responses of the test crops indicated that sesbania and leucaena green manures improved maize stover, cobs and grain yields; and bean haulms and grain yields by 77.6% when compared to fallow plots. Residual effects of green manures still resulted in significant (P 〈 0.05) yield differences in the test cropin the third testing season. Economic significance of green manures in increasing food crop yields to small scale farmers is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123474
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