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  • Articles  (107)
  • ozone  (65)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Rat
  • phosphorus
  • Springer  (107)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (97)
  • Technology  (10)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Three-Dimensional Model Study of the Impact of AVOC and BVOC Emissions on Ozone in an Urban Area of the Eastern Spain (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: Three-dimensional model ; anthropogenic emissions ; BVOC ; photochemistry ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study concentrated on the effects of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) emissions on ozone (O3) in an area of the Eastern Spain on June 12, 1997, a day characterised by sea breeze. Simulation of meteorology was performed with the three-dimensional model ADREA-I. Comparisons of the model results with observations have revealed overall a good agreement in temperature and wind velocity. Two runs were performed with UAM-IV for the photochemical calculations. The first simulated the effects of the anthropogenic emissions only (run A) and the second the combined effects of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, (run B). Comparisons of the model O3 concentrations with measurements showed a general agreement with the experimental data. Discrepancies between the calculated results and the observations during the early morning hours could be attributed to inaccuracies in nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the anthropogenic emissions inventory. Comparisons between runs A and B yielded differences up to 30% in the morning, over inland areas. It was deduced that the inclusion of BVOC in total emissions could result in an increase or decrease of tropospheric O3, depending on the available amounts of anthropogenic emissions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006466900711
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A New All Season Passive Sampling System for Monitoring Ozone in Air (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: ozone ; passive sampler ; air pollutant ; atmosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A new all season passive sampling system for monitoring O3 in the atmosphere has been developed in the laboratory and validated in the field. The unique features for this system include a newly designed passive sampler and a rain shelter, which allow the passive sampler to be installed in the field facing downwards. An equation associated with meteorological parameters is used to calculate the passive sampling rates. This system has been extensively tested in the lab (temperature from –18 to 20°C, relative humidity from 13 to 81%, and wind speed from 0.5 to 150 cm/s) and validated in the field in climates of all seasons. The accuracy of the ozone concentrations in the atmosphere obtained with the use of the new passive sampling system was higher than 85% compared to those obtained with continuous ozone analyzers. The new ozone passive sampling system can be used to measure ambient O3 concentrations ranging from 3 ppb to 1000 ppb based on one-day exposure and 0.1 ppb to 140 ppb for a monthly exposure period. It is also reasonable to conclude that the new passive sampling system can be used for eight-hour exposure study because of the low field blanks and high sampling rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006497117066
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Signal-transfer modeling for regional assessment of forest responses to environmental changes in the southeastern United States (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 5 (2000), S. 125-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: cluster analysis ; eastern deciduous forest ; geographic information system ; global change ; Monte Carlo simulation ; nitrogen deposition ; ozone ; scaling up ; site index ; southern pine forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Stochastic transfer of information in a hierarchy of simulators is offered as a conceptual approach for assessing forest responses to changing climate and air quality across 13 southeastern states of the USA. This assessment approach combines geographic information system and Monte Carlo capabilities with several scales of computer modeling for southern pine species and eastern deciduous forests. Outputs, such as forest production, evapotranspiration and carbon pools, may be compared statistically for alternative equilibrium or transient scenarios providing a statistical basis for decision making in regional assessments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019005510316
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sources, sinks, and fluxes of nutrients (N + P) in a small highly modified urban estuary in southern California (2000)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 4 (2000), S. 125-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; macroalgae ; estuary ; anthropogenic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Our objective was to begin to investigate sources, sinks, and flux rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in Famosa Slough, a small (12 ha) highly modified urban estuary in San Diego, California, U.S.A. The hydrology of Famosa Slough has been modified by culverts that dampen tidal influence and seasonal runoff from two urban watersheds, each of which has been implicated as a nutrient source that generates nuisance algal blooms. In 1995 and 1996, the ranges of nutrients measured in the water column were extremely wide; upper values exceeded those in other estuaries identified as eutrophic. Average dissolved inorganic nitrogen ranged from 2 to 250 μM, while dissolved inorganic phosphorus ranged from 〈1 to 15 μM. Nutrient content of the water changed rapidly both spatially and temporally depending on the tides and rainfall. While tidal water dominated this system, especially in the dry season, our results indicate that Famosa Slough's small watershed, not the larger watershed of the San Diego River, was the major source of nutrients during rainfall. Sediment nutrients were also high (∼3 mg N g dry wt−1 and 0.600 mg P g dry wt−1). Short-term flux studies suggest that the large accumulations of opportunistic green macroalgae commonly found in this estuary, and possibly the sediments, may act as a large and rapid sink for nutrients during times of high nutrient supply. We suggest that small, shallow estuaries in urban settings may have more complex and rapid nutrient dynamics than those found in larger systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011359311384
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultraviolet radiation in urban ecosystems with consideration of effects on human health (2000)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 4 (2000), S. 193-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: ozone ; radiation measurements ; skin cancer ; urban environments ; urban trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Excess exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun, particularly the ultraviolet B (UVB), is cited as a cause or contributing factor for deleterious effects on human health, including skin cancers and cataracts. Rates of skin cancer have increased greatly in recent years, and increased UVB caused by reductions in stratospheric ozone may be responsible for some of the increase in rates, though quantified estimates of the effect of the UVB changes on health have low certainty. UVB exposure also affects the function of the immune system, and the potential resulting effects on infectious diseases and immunizations are a concern. Epidemiological considerations suggest that peoples' routine exposure to UV in urban areas can be significant in adverse health effects, particularly for young children. Projected trends of ozone indicate that agreements to limit ozone-depleting substances are slowing the UVB increase, but high levels will continue and apparently impact health to the middle of the current century. Urban trees greatly reduce ultraviolet irradiance in their shade when they obscure both the sun and sky. Where trees or other structures obscure only the sun, leaving much of the sky in view, UVB irradiance will be greater than suggested by the visible shade. Since air pollutants influence the UVB above the canopy, and the overlying atmosphere is usually more polluted in urban than rural areas, additional above-canopy monitoring of UV in urban areas is needed for comparison to existing rural monitoring sites. Such monitoring would facilitate the development of computer models of urban effects on UV, which are needed for epidemiological investigations, public education, and urban planning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012210710900
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of Paired-Pulse Responses in the Dentate Gyrus: Effects of Normal Maturation and Vigilance State (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 128-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Vigilance states ; Paired-pulse ; Dentate gyrus ; Dentate granule cells ; Evoked response ; Rat ; In vivo studies ; Perforant path ; Maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the effect of normal development and vigilance state on the modulation of dentate granule cell activity in the freely moving rat at 15, 30, and 90 days of age across three vigilance states: quiet waking, slow-wave sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep. Using paired-pulse stimulation, the paired-pulse index (PPI) was obtained for the dentate evoked field potentials elicited by the stimulation of the medial perforant path. Although significant differences in PPI values were observed during development, no significant vigilance state related changes were obtained. Preweaning infant rats, i.e., 15-day old, exhibited significantly less early (interpulse intervals, IPI= 20–50 ms) and late (IPI = 300–1000 ms) inhibition, and less facilitation (IPI = 50–150 ms) when compared to the 90-day old adult rats during all three vigilance states. PPI values obtained from the 30-day old group fell intermediate between the 15- and 90-day old animals. These changes in PPI values provide a quantitative measure of changes in the modulation of dentate granule cell excitability during normal maturation. They can now can be used to evaluate the impact of various insults, such as prenatal protein malnutrition or neonatal stress, on hippocampal development. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8717Nn, 8719La, 8719Nn
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.261
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Left Ventricular Contractility is Impaired Following Myocardial Infarction in the Pig and Rat: Assessment by the End Systolic Pressure–Volume Relation Using a Single-Beat Estimation Technique and Cine Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 484-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Heart ; Left ventricle ; LV contractility ; ESPVR ; Pig ; Rat ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The end systolic pressure–volume relation (ESPVR) has been shown to be a relatively load independent measure of left ventricular (LV) contractility. Recently, several single-beat ESPVR computation methods have been developed, enabling the quantification of LV contractility without the need to alter vascular loading conditions on the heart. Using a single-beat ESPVR method, which has been validated previously in humans and assumes that normalized elastance is constant between individuals of a species, we studied the effects of myocardial infarction on LV contractility in two species, the rat and the pig. In our studies, LV pressure was acquired invasively and LV volume determined noninvasively with magnetic resonance imaging, at one week postinfarction in pigs and at 12 weeks postinfarction in rats. Normalized systolic elastance curves in both animal species were not statistically different from that of humans. Also, the slope of the ESPVR $$\left( {E_{es} } \right)$$ decreased significantly following infarction in both species, while the volume-axis intercept $$\left( {V_0 } \right)$$ was unaffected. These results indicate that a single-beat ESPVR method can be used to measure the inotropic response of the heart to myocardial infarction, and that the basis for this method (i.e., constant normalized elastance) is applicable to a variety of mammalian species. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Uv, 8761Lh, 8719Hh, 8719Rr, 8719Ff
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.289
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantifying Coevolution of Nonstationary Biomedical Signals Using Time-Varying Phase Spectra (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 1101-1115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Time–frequency analysis ; Coherence ; Cross correlation ; Nonstationary persistent signals ; Central pattern generator ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present a novel time-varying phase spectrum (TVPS) method to quantify the dynamics of coevolution of two persistent nonstationary coupled signals. Based on the TVPS, an instantaneous intersignal phase shift is defined within the primary frequency range in which the two signals are highly correlated. The TVPS is estimated using a fixed-window method or an adaptive-window method. In the latter method, the window length changes dynamically and automatically as a function of change in frequency of the signals. The effects of altering window types and lengths on the accuracy of the estimation of the primary phase shift is assessed by analyzing synthesized linear chirp signals with decaying amplitude and constant relative phase shift or decaying amplitude and changing relative phase shifts. The methods developed are also used for determining the evolution of the primary phase shift among ventral root activities during fictive locomotion in an in vitro rat spinal cord preparation. The analyses indicate that the TVPS method in conjunction with the determination of the primary frequency range, allows determination of both the evolution of the coupling strength and the evolution of the phase shift between two persistent nonstationary rhythmic signals in the joint time–frequency domain. An adaptive window reduces the estimation bias and the estimation variability. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 0230-f, 8780Tq
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.1313775
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of an Ozone Forecasting Model for Non-Attainment Areas in the State of Ohio (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 62 (2000), S. 91-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: forecasting ; non-attainment ares ; ozone ; time series model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ground level ozone is responsible for the formation ofsmog, and for a variety of adverse effects on bothhuman and plant life. High concentrations of groundlevel ozone occur during the summer months. This paperdescribes the development of a model to forecast themaximum daily concentration of ozone as a function ofthe maximum surface temperature, for ozonenon-attainment regions in Ohio. The model wasdeveloped by statistical analysis of existing data.Site-specific models were developed initially. Theverification and evaluation of the performancecriteria of the model at each site were explored bycomparing the model with an independent datasetcollected from that site. A generalized statewidemodel was developed from the site-specific models. Theperformance criteria of this model were verified andevaluated by employing the same independent datasetsemployed for the site-specific models. An exceedencemodel to predict the occurrence of ozone exceedencesover 100 ppb has also been presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006206024052
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using Bacterial Growth on Insects to Assess Nutrient Impacts in Streams (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 63 (2000), S. 431-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: aquatic bacteria ; benthic macroinvertebrates ; bioindicator ; eutrophication ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; stream pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combination field and laboratorystudy was conducted to evaluate the ability of arecently developed bioindicator to detect detrimentalnutrient conditions in streams. The method utilizesbacterial growth on aquatic insects to determinenutrient impacts. Field investigations indicated thatelevated concentrations of nitrate and phosphate wereassociated with growth of filamentous bacteria oninsect body surfaces, and that there was a significantreduction in the density of major insect taxa in thenutrient-enriched stream reaches. Laboratoryinvestigations confirmed a strong linkage betweenbacterial growth and reduced survival of insects. Survival was examined for insects with bacterialinfestation ranging from 0% to greater than 50%coverage of the body surface. A threshold forcatastrophic mortality occurred at about 25% bodycoverage; there were few survivors above that amount. Based on these findings, the diagnostic endpoint forthe bioindicator is 25% body coverage by bacterialgrowth, a level that signifies major impacts and isalso easy to detect visually. This study providesadditional evidence that the insect-bacteriabioindicator is a reliable tool for assessing nutrientimpacts on stream macroinvertebrate communities. Thebioindicator should prove useful for identifyingnutrient-impacted sites as well as monitoring thesuccess of management actions to improve water quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006211929599
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urban Air Pollution Monitoring with DOAS Considering the Local Meteorological Situation (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 119-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: DOAS ; Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ; urban air quality ; monitoring ; vertical distribution ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of ozone, NO2 and SO2, measured with a DOAS system 70 m above ground level in the city of Graz were compared with data from conventional ground stations. The dependence of vertical trace-gas distributions on stability categories and time of the day or year was investigated. Concerning the maximum ozone concentrations in summer, the DOAS data are representative for the ground-level situation. In average, the concentrations 70 m above ground are more than twice the ground-level concentrations. It has been shown that beside the reaction with NO, dry deposition is an important sink for ozone near the surface. The DOAS NO2-concentrations are representative for ground-level conditions in summer, except for the morning maximum of NO2. In winter the DOAS NO2-concentrations amount for 73% of the ground level values in average. Concerning the slow reacting trace gas SO2, the DOAS data are always representative for the ground-level conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006445115249
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grey Box and Component Models to Forecast Ozone Episodes: A Comparison Study (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 313-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: ozone ; air pollution management ; time-series model ; cyclostationarity ; Kalman filter ; short-term forecasting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For the purpose of short-term forecasting of high ozone concentration episodes stochastic models have been suggested and developed in the literature. The present paper compares the quality of forecasts produced by a grey box and a component time-series model. The summer ozone patterns for three European urban areas (two continental and one mediterranean) are processed. By means of forecast performance indices according to EC and WHO guidelines, the following features of the models could be found: The grey box model is highly adaptive and produces forecasts with low error variance that increases with the time horizon of forecast. The component model is more 'stiff' that results in a higher forecast-error variance and poorer adaption in detail. The forecast horizon, however, could be enlarged with this model. The accuracy of predicting threshold exceedance is similar for both models. This can be understood from the assumption of a cyclical time development of ozone that was made for both models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006496205139
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of environmental stress on forest crown condition in Europe. Part I: Hypotheses and approach to the study (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 317-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; acidification ; air pollution ; critical load ; defoliation ; drought ; meteorological stress ; N deposition ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the first in a series of four,describing the hypothesis and approach of acorrelative study between observed data on crowncondition in Europe, monitored since 1986 at asystematic 16 × 16 km grid, and site-specificestimations of various natural and anthropogenicstress factors. The study was based on the hypothesisthat forests respond to various natural andanthropogenic stress factors, whose contributiondepend on the geographic region considered. In view ofthis hypothesis, major stand and site characteristics,chemical soil composition, meteorological stressfactors (temperature and drought stress indices) andair pollution stress (concentrations and/ordepositions of SOx, NOy, NHx andO3) were included as predictor variables. Theresponse variables considered were actual defoliationand changes/trends in defoliation for five major treespecies. The spatial distribution of the averagedefoliation during the period 1986–1995 shows highdefoliation in Central Europe and in parts ofScandinavia and of Southern Europe. There are,however, sharp changes at country borders, which aredue to methodological differences between countries.The spatial distribution of the calculated trends showa distinct cluster of large deterioration in parts ofCentral and Eastern Europe and in Spain and a ratherscattered pattern of positive and negative trends for most of Europe, indicating that other factors than airpollution only have a strong impact on defoliation.The limitations of the study are discussed in view ofthe quality of the considered response and predictor variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005157509454
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Criteria for Evaluation of Smog Forecast Systems (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 60 (2000), S. 1-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air pollution modelling ; forecast ; model evaluation ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Forecasts of air quality provide information to the general public during periods with high levels of air pollution. Criteria for testing the validity and reliability of forecast systems are discussed. As the objectives of a forecast may widely differ (providing information to the public or triggering short-term emission reduction measures) there is not a single evaluation procedure. It is recommended to use a set of performance indicators. The strong year-to-year variability in occurrence of smog episodes makes it necessarily to use several years of data in the evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006138226145
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compound Monitoring. Ozone Induced Artefact Formation (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 89-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) ; ozone ; artefact ; passive sampling ; active sampling ; scrubber ; formaldehyde ; acetaldehyde ; benzene ; toluene ; styrene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Assessment of population exposure to VOC in ambient atmospheres is receiving heightened interest as the adverse health effects of chronic exposure to certain of these compounds are identified. Active (pumped) and passive samplers are the most commonly used devices for this type of monitoring. It has been shown, however, that these devices, along with all other preconcentration techniques, are susceptible to ozone interference. It is demonstrated that this interference occurs even at low ozone concentrations and that it may result in the under-estimation of population exposure. A convenient and effective ozone scrubbing method is identified and successfully applied and validated for both active and passive samplers for a range of VOC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006420412523
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  • 16
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    Nitrogen and Phosphorus Levels in Sediments from Tropical Catatumbo River (Venezuela) (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: eutrophication ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; river ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations were determined in sediment samples along the bed of Catatumbo river in both Colombian and Venezuelan territories until the river outlet in Maracaibo lake. Total phosphorus was determined by digestion with HCl followed by analysis using the ascorbic acid method and total nitrogen was done using the standard microkjeldahl method plus nitrate-nitrite. Ammonium, orthophosphate and nitrate were determined using standard methods after extraction steps. The mean concentrations along the river bed were found in an interval of 0.035 and 1.492 mg g-1 dry sed. for nitrogen and 0.027 and 1.039 mg g-1 dry sed. for phosphorus at 95% confidence level. The mean molar ratio N/P in the river bed was 4.42 and 3.46 for river outlet zones in the lake, which indicates that nitrogen is the limiting nutrient. For comparison with previous results of lake sediments from sites near the river outlet it was concluded that Catatumbo river is a significant source of nutrients to the Maracaibo Lake system because sediment nutrients concentrations from Catatumbo river were higher than the ones in Maracaibo Lake. Statistic studies showed significant differences between countries, zones and similar behaviour in the river bed as related to the affluent rivers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005189710803
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  • 17
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    Effects of environmental stress on forest crown condition in Europe. Part II: Estimation of stress induced by meteorology and air pollutants (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 335-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidity ; air pollution ; ammonia ; atmospheric deposition ; base cations ; deposition model ; drought ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; sulphur ; temperature stress ; water balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In order to assess the relationship betweenenvironmental stress and crown condition of foresttrees monitored since 1986 in Europe, estimates ofstress factors, including temperature stress, droughtstress and air pollution stress, were derived with thebest data, methods and models currently available.This paper presents information on the methods used toderive such stress factors, and on the overall ranges,the temporal trends, the spatial distribution and thereliability of the calculated stress factors. Thetemperature stress indices did not show much temporalvariation between 1985 to 1995. As expected spatialpatterns were north-south orientated, going fromcolder northern regions to warmer southern regions.The calculated relative transpiration showed a morecomplex pattern, coinciding to a large extend withpatterns of rainfall and temperature. Potential aciddeposition decreased between 1986 and 1992, butremained fairly constant after 1992. The strongdecrease was mainly the result of the decrease inSOx deposition, and to a small decrease inNOy deposition. Highest levels of the S and Ndeposition were calculated in Central and WesternEurope. Base cation deposition was largest in coastalareas and in southern Europe. This is mainly due tosoil dust, Sahara dust and sea salt. Base cationdeposition can compensate almost entirely for thepotential inputs in the south of Europe, whereas incentral Europe it equalled about 25% of thepotential acid input. A comparison between sitespecific modelled deposition and deposition derivedfrom throughfall data showed that the total aciddeposition is usually overestimated by the model,whereas the total nitrogen deposition isunderestimated, especially at plots with high nitrogenloads. There is, however, a significant correlationbetween measured and modelled data for all S and Ndeposition, thus allowing their use in a statistical analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005182226292
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  • 18
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    Identification of New Drinking Water Disinfection by - Products from Ozone, Chlorine Dioxide, Chloramine, and Chlorine (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 123 (2000), S. 95-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: chloramine ; chlorine ; chlorine dioxide ; disinfection by-products ; drinking water ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Many drinking water treatment plants are currently using alternative disinfectants to treat drinking water, with ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramine being the most popular. However, compared to chlorine, which has been much more widely studied, there is little information about the disinfection by-products (DBPs) that these alternative disinfectants produce. Thus, it is not known if the DBPs from alternative disinfectants are safer or more hazardous than those formed by chlorine. To answer this question, we have set out to comprehensively identify DBPs formed by these alternative disinfectants, as well as by chlorine. The results presented here represent a compilation of the last 8 years of our research in identifying new DBPs from ozone, chlorine dioxide, chloramine, and chlorine. We also include results from recent studies of Israel drinking water disinfected with both chlorine dioxide and chloramine. Over 200 DBPs were identified, many of which have never been reported. In comparing by-products formed by the different disinfectants, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramine formed fewer halogenated DBPs than chlorine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005265509813
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    Electronic Resource
    Towards a Science-Based Integrated Ozone-Fine Particle Control Strategy (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 123 (2000), S. 195-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air quality standards ; control strategies ; fine particles ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Epidemiology studies relating health effects to ambient levels of ozone and fine particles have led to the modification of standards in the United States for these pollutants (substitution of an 8-h standard for ozone at 80 ppbv, and addition of 24-h and annual standards for fine particles). The interrelationships of these pollutants in the atmosphere suggest the need for an integrated, science-based strategy for their control. Secondary ozone formation has been controlled through emission controls on VOC and NOx precursors. Fine particles are secondary products largely resulting from the oxidation of precursors (SO2, NOx, and VOCs). The key intermediates in both types of secondary process are free radical species and the photochemically labile compounds that produce them in the atmosphere. However, due to the complex and nonlinear nature of the processes, reductions in precursors may lead to unexpected changes in ozone and fine particle formation rates. For example, reduction in NOx emissions may reduce ozone and nitric acid levels, but lead also to increased rates of sulfate formation in clouds and increased ammonia availability for neutralization of acidic sulfate aerosols. Reductions of SO2 may reduce aerosol sulfate levels in the summer, but have no effect in other seasons. Reductions in VOCs may reduce ozone levels in urban core areas, but not elsewhere. An integrated, regionally and seasonally specific, emission reduction strategy is needed to cost-effectively reduce both ozone and fine particle levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005246703821
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    External Phosphorus Load Estimates and P-Budget for the Hydroelectric Reservoir of Bort-les-Orgues, France (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 91-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: eutrophication ; external load ; mass balance ; P-export coefficient ; phosphorus ; reservoir
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents two methods used to estimate the externalphosphorus load for the hydroelectric reservoir ofBort-Les-Orgues (in France's `Massif Central' region). The Pload calculated from export coefficients (150 t yr-1) agreedwith field measurements taken during a one-year survey carriedout from March 1996 to February 1997 (121 t yr-1). Exportcoefficients represent a good option for estimating phosphorusloads of other reservoirs in the region of Bort-Les-Orgues,provided that they display similar characteristics. Theseexternal load estimates are greater than the maximum permissibleload for a mesotrophic lake calculated from the OECD equations(40 t yr-1); thus, a yearly reduction of about 60 t shouldideally be achieved. This target, however, is probably tooambitious, and measures to reduce both point and non-pointsources must be implemented for the reservoir to tbe mesotrophic.Moreover, Bort-Les-Orgues is a tourist area. As such, thepresence of algal blooms (a regular occurrence on the lake) dueto an excess of P in the lake's water inflow could actuallyexert a negative impact on regional economy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005186122618
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    Effects of Ethylene diurea as a protective antiozonant on beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv Lit) exposed to different tropospheric ozone doses in Catalonia (NE Spain) (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: AOT40 ; beans ; ethylene diurea (EDU) ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A study to evaluate the effects of ethylene diurea (EDU) as a protective antiozonant for beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) submitted to different ambient ozone concentrations was performed in three stations of the rural Network for Air Quality Monitoring (Catalonia, NE Spain). The highest ozone concentrations were accompanied by significant reductions in fruit yield, number of fruits and shoot biomass. These reductions were lower in plants treated with EDU. The results showed toxic ozone effects on sensitive species such as beans and a protective antiozonant effect of EDU. The intensity of the EDU protective effect differed among the different stations characterised by different meteorological conditions and O3 concentrations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005138120490
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    Effects of Environmental Stress on Forest Crown Condition in Europe. Part III: Estimation of Critical Deposition and Concentration Levels and Their Exceedances (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 363-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidity ; air pollution ; ammonia ; AOT40 ; critical levels ; critical loads ; N deposition ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; Simple Mass Balance model ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The stress by air pollution at the systematicPan-European 16 × 16 km2 forest (crown) condition monitoring network, is discussed by comparingsite-specific estimates of critical and presentconcentration and deposition levels for S and Ncompounds and ozone. Results indicate that theexceedance of critical levels, related to directabove-ground impacts, decrease going from O3 〉SO2 〉 N compounds. Critical N loads related toeffects on the forest understorey are exceeded atapproximately 25% of the plots, located mainly inWestern and Central Europe. Critical N loads relatedto effects on trees are hardly ever exceeded, but mostlikely, this is an under estimate. Critical aciddeposition levels are exceeded at approximately 30%of the plots with a low base saturation, where acidinputs may release toxic Al. This is especially thecase in Central and Eastern Europe, where presentloads are high and in boreal forest in SouthernScandinavia where critical loads are low. Although theuncertainties in the calculated exceedances is large,the spatial pattern, which is most important for acorrelative study, seems reliable, implying that thecritical load concept is suitable for regional risk assessments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005134310362
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    Distributions of Mercury and Phosphorous in Everglades Soils From Water Conservation Area 3A, Florida, U.S.A. (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 133-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Everglades ; mercury ; mobility ; peat ; phosphorus ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soils in the southern half of Water Conservation Area3A are mostly peats with some organic-rich marls. Mercury contents of 64 surface samples over a500 km2 area average 28.7 ng cc-1 (209 ppb drysediment), which is typical of organic-rich soils. High Hg contents in Everglades fish are therefore notcaused by anomalously high soil Hg. Hg contents showno systematic lateral variation, consistent withdeposition from well-mixed atmospheric sources ratherthan nearby point sources or runoff from canals.Cores from 9 sites contain more Hg and P at or nearthe surface than at 20–30 cm depth. Hg and P contentsof individual cores correlate well and define separatebackground and anomalous populations. The subsurfacedistribution of P is determined largely by uptake bysawgrass and other plants. The correlation between Pand Hg suggests that, although atmospheric Hgdeposition has undoubtedly increased in recentdecades, postdepositional mobilization of Hg may beimportant in Everglades soils. This finding, togetherwith recent direct measurements of atmospheric Hgdeposition, indicates that previous estimates of Hgdeposition rates based on Everglades peat cores, whichassumed that Hg is immobile in peat after deposition,have yielded large overestimates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005214908516
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    What Should Be the Implications of Uncertainty, Variability, and Inherent “Biases”/“Conservatism” for Risk Management Decision-Making? (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 95-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Uncertainty ; variability ; risk assessment ; risk management ; ozone ; clean air act ; social policy ; analysis of benefits and costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a challenge from a pair of lifelong technical specialists in risk assessment for the risk-management community to better define social decision criteria for risk acceptance vs. risk control in relation to the issues of variability and uncertainty. To stimulate discussion, we offer a variety of “straw man” proposals about where we think variability and uncertainty are likely to matter for different types of social policy considerations in the context of a few different kinds of decisions. In particular, we draw on recent presentations of uncertainty and variability data that have been offered by EPA in the context of the consideration of revised ambient air quality standards under the Clean Air Act.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006910428080
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    Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on phenanthrene biodegradation in four soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 43-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; phenanthrene ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phenanthrene mineralization rates were found to vary widely among four soils; differences in soil nutrient levels was one hypothesis to explain this variation. To test this hypothesis, phenanthrene mineralization rates were measured in these soils with, and without, added nitrogen and phosphorus. Mineralization rates either remained unchanged or were depressed by the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus. Phenanthrene degradation rates remained unchanged in the soil which had the highest indigenous levels of nitrogen and phosphorus and which showed the largest increase in phosphorus levels after nutrients were added. The soils in which degradation rates were depressed had lower initial phosphorus concentrations and showed much smaller or no measurable increase in phosphorus levels after nutrients were added to the soils. To understand the response of phenanthrene degradation rates to added nitrogen and phosphorus, it may be necessary to consider the bioavailability of added nutrients and nutrient induced changes in microbial metabolism and ecology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008359606545
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    Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 55 (1999), S. 319-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: bromate ; dry deposition ; Gulf of Mexico ; neuston ; ozone ; sea-surface microlayer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Substantial amounts of NOx (∼146 000 t/y) and total hydrocarbons (∼294 000 t/y) are released to the marine atmosphere by the large number of oil and gas operations over Federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Under appropriate meteorological conditions these emissions react to form ozone (0–54 μg/m3 over-water) which can affect the marine environment. Using a dry deposition model, this work examines the amount of ozone derived from oil and gas offshore operations and deposited in the sea surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and assesses its impact on the neuston of the sea-surface microlayer. Surface integrated estimates of ozone deposited from oil and gas operations over the sea surface ranges from 400 kg to 1800 kg which results in sea surface concentrations of ∼15 μg/m3. This estimate and the actual toxic ozone levels suggest no acute, toxic impacts to the neuston. However, indirect effects may occur through changes to the pelagic foodwebs and organic carbon pathways. Another potential pathway for ozone impacting the environment is through the production of bromate. Based on the concentrations and time scales (11–139 days) only sublethal effects appear to occur, but uncertainties associated with this assessment need to be further studied. From an ecological perspective, the environmental impacts and risks of NOx and VOC discharges from offshore platforms need to be assessed for neuston and other components of the marine ecosystem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005951127641
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    Agricultural Chemicals in the Alluvial Aquifer of a Typical County of the Arkansas Delta (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 58 (1999), S. 151-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: GIS ; ground water vulnerability ; leaching index ; nitrate ; pesticide ; phosphorus ; potassium ; statistical analysis ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Statistical methods and a Geographic Information System (GIS) were used to investigate potential indicators of ground water vulnerability to agricultural chemical contamination in a representative area of the Mississippi River alluvial aquifer. A total of 47 wells were sampled for analysis of nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, and 13 pesticides commonly-used in the area. Ten soil and hydrogeologic variables and five ground water vulnerability indices were examined to explain the variations of chemical concentrations. The results showed that no individual soil or hydrogeologic variables or their linear combinations could explain more than 25% of the variation of the chemical concentrations. A quadratic response surface model with the values of confining unit thickness, slope, soil permeability, depth to ground water, and recharge rate accounted for 62% of the variation of nitrate, 43% of P, and 83% of K, suggesting that the interactions among soil and hydrogeologic variables were significant. Observed trends of decreasing nitrate and P concentrations with increasing well depth and/or depth to ground water seemed to correlate with carbonate equilibrium in the aquifer and more reduced environment with depth. In view of uncertainties involved, it was recognized that the limitations associated with input data resolution used in GIS and the formulation of leaching indices limited their use for predicting ground water vulnerability. Misuse of pesticides could be another factor that would complicate the relationships between pesticide concentrations and the vulnerability indices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006023731801
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    The Global Exposure of Forests to Air Pollutants (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 5-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; ozone ; forests ; nitrogen deposition ; pollution climate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The tall, aerodynamically rough surfaces of forests provide for the efficient exchange of heat and momentum between terrestrial surfaces and the atmosphere. The same properties of forests also provide for large potential rates of deposition of pollutant gases, aerosols and cloud droplets. For some reactive pollutant gases, including SO2, HNO3 and NH3, rates of deposition may be large and substantially larger than onto shorter vegetation and is the cause of the so called "filtering effect" of forest canopies. Pollutant inputs to moorland and forest have been compared using measured ambient concentrations from an unpolluted site in southern Scotland and a more polluted site in south eastern Germany. The inputs of S and N to forest at the Scottish site exceed moorland by 16% and 31% respectively with inputs of 7.3 kg S ha-1 y and 10.6 kg N ha-1 y-1. At the continental site inputs to the forest were 43% and 48% larger than over moorland for S and N deposition with totals of 53.6 kg S ha-1 y-1 and 69.5 kg N ha-1 y-1 respectively. The inputs of acidity to global forests show that in 1985 most of the areas receiving 〉 1 kg H+ ha-1 y-1 as S are in the temperate latitudes, with 8% of total global forest exceeding this threshold. By 2050, 17% of global forest will be receiving 〉 1 kg H-1 ha-1 as S and most of the increase is in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Forests throughout the world are also exposed to elevated concentrations of ozone. Taking 60 ppb O3 as a concentration likely to be phytotoxic to sensitive forest species, a global model has been used to simulate the global exposure of forests to potentially phytotoxic O3 concentrations for the years 1860, 1950, 1970, 1990 and 2100. The model shows no exposure to concentrations in excess of 60 ppb in 1860, and of the 6% of global forest exposed to concentrations 〉 60 ppb in 1950, 75% were in temperate latitudes and 25% in the tropics. By 1990 24% of global forest is exposed to O3 concentrates 〉 60 ppb, and this increases to almost 50% of global forest by 2100. While the uncertainty in the future pollution climate of global forest is considerable, the likely impact of O3 and acid deposition is even more difficult to assess because of interactions between these pollutants and substantial changes in ambient CO2 concentration, N deposition and climate over the same period, but the effects are unlikely to be beneficial overall.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005249231882
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    Observations on Gaseous and Aerosols Components of the Atmosphere and Their Relationships (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 113 (1999), S. 175-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aerosol ; ammonia ; composition ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of sulphur dioxide, ozone, ammonia, and soluble inorganic components of the atmospheric aerosol were made at a site in central southern England. Ammonia, ozone, and nitrate aerosol in winter were shown to exhibit significant diurnal variation. Ozone showed a typical diurnal variability, the magnitude of which was dependent upon wind speed. The lower night-time ozone concentrations at lower wind speeds were attributed to depletion inside nocturnal boundary layers by dry deposition. Ammonia, in contrast, showed a different behaviour, whereby the diurnal cycle was more pronounced at higher wind speeds, indicating that the cycle was unlikely to be the result of dry deposition at night. Ammonia concentrations showed a temperature dependence and the diurnal cycle of ammonia at this site appears to be the result of a temperature-driven emission signal. Of the total reduced nitrogen, NHx (NHx = NH3 + NH4 + aerosol), the phase was dominant and it is likely that more than 60% of the boundary layer NHx is in this phase. The loss term of ammonia by reaction with acid sulphate aerosol is likely to be greater than that by dry deposition on a UK scale. Nitrate aerosol showed a positive correlation with sodium aerosol, once the effect of mutual correlations with sulphate and ammonium were removed. This correlation effect, in combination with evidence of a marine-oriented directional dependence of nitrate aerosol, and negative non sea-salt chloride aerosol from the same ‘marine’ sector, shows the potential importance of the formation of sodium nitrate aerosol from reaction of dinitrogen pentoxide, or possibly nitric acid or nitrogen dioxide with sodium chloride aerosol. It is likely that this provides the major route of nitrate into rain, not the scavenging of nitric acid vapour. Aerosol sulphate, nitrate, and ammonium have been measured at Harwell since 1954. Sulphate aerosol increased up until 1976 and has declined subsequently. Nitrate aerosol has increased over the whole period, whereas ammonium aerosol follows a similar pattern to that of sulphate, but with an equivocal direction of trend after 1976. Sulphate, nitrate and ammonium aerosol all show a similar statistically significant seasonality. A historical inventory of ammonia emissions shows a clear correlation with ammonium aerosol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005024410887
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    Environmental Limitations to O3 Uptake - Some Key Results from Young Trees Growing at Elevated Co2 Concentrations (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 299-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; carbon dioxide ; oak ; beech ; modelling ; soil moisture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Elevated carbon dioxide concentrations and limited water supply have been shown to reduce the impact of ozone pollution on the growth and physiology of Quercus petraea in a long-term factorial experiment. These responses can be explained by observed reductions in stomatal conductance, and thus potential ozone exposure of 28% and 40% for CO2 and drought treatments respectively. However, parameterisation of a stomatal conductance model for Quercus robur and Fagus sylvatica grown under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations in a separate experiment has demonstrated that elevated CO2 also reduces the responsiveness of stomata to both saturation deficit (LAVPD) and soil moisture deficit (ψ) in beech, and to a lesser extent, in oak. Season-long model simulations of ozone fluxes suggest that LAVPD and ψ conductance parameters derived at ambient CO2 concentrations will lead to these fluxes being underestimated by 24% and 2% for beech and oak respectively at 615 ppm CO2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005224823550
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    Effects of Tropospheric O3 on Trembling Aspen and Interaction with Co2: Results from an O3-Gradient and a Face Experiment (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 311-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; carbon dioxide ; FACE ; aspen ; greenhouse gases ; climate change ; gradients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Over the years, a series of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones differing in O3 sensitivity have been identified from OTC studies. Three clones (216 and 271[(O3 tolerant] and 259 [O3 sensitive]) have been characterized for O3 sensitivity by growth and biomass responses, foliar symptoms, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, epicuticular wax characteristics, and antioxidant production. In this study we compared the responses of these same clones exposed to O3 under field conditions along a natural O3 gradient and in a Free-Air CO2 and O3 Enrichment (FACE) facility. In addition, we examined how elevated CO2 affected O3 symptom development. Visible O3 symptoms were consistently seen (5 out of 6 years) at two of the three sites along the O3 gradient and where daily one-hour maximum concentrations were in the range of 96 to 125 ppb. Clonal differences in O3 sensitivity were consistent with our OTC rankings. Elevated CO2 (200 ppm over ambient and applied during daylight hours during the growing season) reduced visible foliar symptoms for all three clones from 31 to 96% as determined by symptom development in elevated O3 versus elevated O3 + CO2 treatments. Degradation of the epicuticular wax surface of all three clones was found at the two elevated O3 gradient sites. This degradation was quantified by a coefficient of occlusion which was a measure of stomatal occlusion by epicuticular waxes. Statistically significant increases in stomatal occlusion compared to controls were found for all three clones and for all treatments including elevated CO2, elevated O3, and elevated CO2 + O3. Our results provide additional evidence that current ambient O3 levels in the Great Lakes region are causing adverse effects on trembling aspen. Whether or not elevated CO2 in the future will alleviate some of these adverse effects, as occurred with visible symptoms but not with epicuticular wax degradation, is unknown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005276824459
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    Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Supply on Hexadecane Biodegradation in Soil Systems (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: biodegradation ; hydrocarbon ; nitrogen ; nutrient ratios ; phosphorus ; soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The biodegradation of hexadecane (C as hexadecane-C) was assessed under 34 different external nitrogen (N supplied as NO3-N) and phosphorus (P supplied as PO4-3-P) supply conditions in order to determine how different nutrient formulations affected nutrient limitation conditions during degradation. CO2 production yields indicated that shifts in N and P supply levels resulted in variable biodegradation responses due to shifts in the limiting-nutrient (e.g., from N to P). For example, the estimated maximum fractional CO2 yield ratio was 0.24 (mg CO2-C produced mg-1 hexadecane-C) for P-limited nutrient formulations (P:hexadecane-C〈0.01), whereas the yield ratio was more than two times greater when the system was not P- limited. Similar effects were observed for N-limited (N:hexadecane- C〈0.15) versus non-N-limited formulations. The relative bioavailability of natural soil-N and soil-P also was examined. In the soil studied, background soil-N was 96.3% organic-N and was found to be largely nonbioavailable. In contrast, high CO2 yields were observed even when no external P was supplied. An iterative mathematical procedure indicated that the Olsen soil-P subfraction (inorganic soil-P plus soluble organic soil- P) best approximated bioavailable soil-P for this soil. Our results indicate that both N and P additions affect biodegradation yields, but that stoichiometrically inappropriate nutrient mixes produce suboptimal CO2 yields. We also found that the bioavailable fractions of soil-N and soil-P should be incorporated into estimating the most suitable nutrient formulations for a given contamination scenario.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005091427942
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    The Relative Sensitivity of Different Mediterranean Plant Species to Ozone Exposure (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 273-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Mediterranean ; woody species ; ozone ; critical levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An experimental study was performed in open-top chambers to assess the relative O3-sensitivity of the following Mediterranean woody plants: Quercus ilex ssp. ilex, Quercus ilex ssp. ballota, Olea europaea ssp. sylvestris, Ceratonia siliqua and Arbutus unedo. Assessment of O3 ‘sensitivity’ was based on the development of O3-induced visible injury and the extent of the reduction in relative growth rate induced by O3. Two-year-old seedlings were exposed in open-top chambers to charcoal filtered air (CFA), Non-filtered air (NFA) or Non-filtered air supplied with 40 ppb O3 from 09:00 to 18:00 hours (NFA+40). No clear relationships were found between the development of visible injury and effects on plant growth or accumulated biomass. Olea europea ssp. sylvestris and Quercus ilex ssp. ballota appeared to be the most O3-sensitive tree species screened; a ten month exposure to ambient O3 levels (AOT40 = 12.4 ppm.h) caused reductions in height and/or stem growth. Further research is needed to characterise the physiological, biochemical and anatomical characteristics that may underlie the ‘sensitivity’ of certain Mediterranean species to O3
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    Observation and Confirmation of Foliar Ozone Symptoms of Native Plant Species of Switzerland and Southern Spain (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 227-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; pollution ; Switzerland ; Spain ; native species ; symptoms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Tropospheric ozone is considered as the major pollutant of concern to the health and productivity of forests in the eastern United States and has more recently become of increasing concern within the forests of southern Europe. Recent observations have clearly demonstrated foliar injury symptoms to be occurring on many tree and native plant species within remote forested areas. Several plant genera (and a few species within genera) found in both the forests of Switzerland and the southern coastal region of Spain exhibit field symptoms typical of ambient ozone exposures. Ozone exposures for many species have been conducted under controlled CSTR conditions and within open-top chambers within the study areas. Results have confirmed that the O3-like foliar symptoms as observed under natural forest and open grown conditions for many native tree, shrub, and herbaceous species in Spain and Switzerland are caused by exposures to ambient O3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005275431399
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    Changes in Free-Radical Scavengers Describe the Susceptibility of Pinus Ponderosa to Ozone in Southern Californian Forests (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pinus ponderosa ; ozone ; ascorbate ; tocopherol ; glutathione ; antioxidants ; oxidative stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Damage of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Ex P. and C. Laws, in the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California is a well-known example for ozone-phytotoxic effects in forests. In October 1997, needles were collected at the severely impacted Dogwood plot, where pines showing severe crown thinning (‘symptomatic’) and asymptomatic ones grow together. Visible chlorosis was not or only mildly developed on the sampled current year's (c) and previous year's (c+l) needles at the time of collection. In sun exposed needles of symptomatic trees, but not in needles which were dark adapted overnight, significantly lower glutathione contents were found compared to asymptomatic trees. In asymptomatic trees sun-exposed and dark adapted needles contained 85 to 90% of the glutathione pool in the reduced state, whereas in sun exposed needles of symptomatic trees a significantly higher proportion of oxidised glutathione was observed (〉20%). The redox state of the ascorbate pool remained unaffected, but needles of asymptomatic trees showed a significant decrease of total ascorbate upon darkening. Tocopherol contents were not significantly different between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The results indicate oxidative alterations in needles of symptomatic trees. Since these changes are detectable before severe visual symptoms appear on the needles, they represent initial physiological damage and might be useful for an early risk assessment of ozone phytotoxic potential on pine trees in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005200220921
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    Foliar Symptoms and Growth Reduction of Ailanthus altissima Desf. in an Area with High Ozone and Acidic Deposition in Italy (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 267-272 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidic deposition ; Ailanthus altissima Desf. ; bioindicators ; foliar symptoms ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Since 1985, severe defoliation and foliar symptoms have been observed on Ailanthus altissima Desf. ramets located at a site where high ozone concentration (up to 128 nl l-1), strongly acidic drizzle and dew (to pH 1.4) were recorded. The behaviour of plants growing in an open field (directly exposed to the pollutants), and below the canopy of an old stone pine stand was compared. Compared to the below-canopy trees, the open field trees show a variety of foliar symptoms (diffuse yellowing, apical, marginal and spot-like necrosis and interveinal bronzing and stippling), defoliation and much less vegetative vigour. Experimental treatments with acidic mist caused the same necrosis observed in the field, but failed to reproduce bronzing and stippling. Since then, stipple and bronzing have been observed again at a variety of locations in the same area as well as throughout Italy, while necrosis has only seldom been recorded. Recently, surveys on symptoms have been supported by anatomical analysis by mean of light microscope and by experiments in fumigation chambers. On the whole, the results led us to suspect ozone sensitivity. These findings suggest that the symptoms observed since 1985 in the surveyed area were probably caused by the combined effects of both strongly acidic episodes and exposure to high ozone levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005212517712
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    Growth of Mature Beech in Relation to Ozone and Nitrogen Deposition: an Epidemiological Approach (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 357-364 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Fagus sylvatica ; stem increment ; ozone ; nitrogen deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Stem increment of mature Fagus sylvatica L. from 57 plots in Switzerland was analysed with respect to environmental factors using multilinear regression. Nitrogen (N) deposition was positively correlated with stem growth, with an increase by 41.8% (confidence interval 38.9-44.2) per 10 kg N ha-1 a-1. There was a negative relationship between ozone (O3) dose and diameter increment. The fit was better for maximum rather than average exposure values. Coefficients indicated growth changes of -22.5% (14.3-28.6 confidence interval) and -35.1% (17.8-47.3) respectively per 10 ppm hours. These changes exceed the -6.1% found in experiments with beech seedlings. This difference is mainly attributed to the fact that the seedling data are calculated for a single season's exposure whereas the stem increment data extend over four years, representing the product of four annual reductions. Increased sensitivity of mature trees compared to seedlings, however, is also suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005209831728
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    Chemical Composition of Air, Soil and Vegetation in Forests of the Silesian Beskid Moutains, Poland (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 141-150 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Norway spruce ; ozone ; nitrogenous air pollutants ; nutrients ; forest health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For the first time concentrations of trace nitrogenous (N) air pollutants, gaseous nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous acid (HNO2), ammonia (NH3), and fine particulate nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4), were measured in the montane forests of southern Poland. Determinations were performed in two forest locations of the Silesian Beskid Mountains in the western range of the Carpathian Mountains, and in an industrial/urban location in Karowice, Poland. The measurements performed in summer 1997 with honeycomb denuder/filter pack systems showed elevated concentrations of the studied pollutants. These findings agree with the low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios and the results of 15N analyses of soil and moss samples. High concentrations of N air pollutants help to explain previously determined high levels of NO3 and NH4 deposition to Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) canopies in these mountains. Ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) were elevated and potentially phytotoxic. Deficiencies of phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) in Norway spruce foliage were found while concentrations of other nutrients were normal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005263028673
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    Visible Ozone Injury on Forest Trees in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 255-260 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; ecosystem ; visible injury ; foliar symptoms ; elevation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract During the summer of 1991 ozone injury trend plots in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA, consisting of mature black cherry, sassafras and yellow-poplar were established near three ozone monitors, ranging in elevation from 597-1265 m. Beginning in mid-August 1991-1993, three exposed branches each from the upper- and mid- to lower-crown of each tree were collected and evaluated for ozone injury. Of the trees examined, 63%, 52% and 36% exhibited some amount of foliar injury in 1991, 1992 and 1993, respectively. Ozone injury across species was the greatest at Cove Mountain in all three years of the study. Overall, across sites and years, 11, 12 and 11% of all leaves examined exhibited visible injury for black cherry, sassfras and yellow-poplar, respectively. The percentage of injured leaves per branch was greater in the mid- to lower-canopy for black cherry, across all sites. Trees for each species that exhibited the greatest or least amounts of visible injury did so in all three years of the study, indicating a differential sensitivity within each species population. No significant ozone exposure-tree response relationships were observed with any variable tested. These data indicate that ozone concentrations are high enough to cause visible symptoms to selected trees within Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA.
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    Passive Ozone Monitoring for Forest Health Assessment (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 339-344 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; passive monitor ; indigo ; forest health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical levels of tropospheric ozone, established for the protection of crops and other plants, are now reported as being exceeded over large forested areas, giving rise to the need for an extensive monitoring program to confirm ambient levels within the forest and to detect related forest health effects. The requirement for an inexpensive monitor that can be used in remote locations prompted the development of the Can Oxy PlateTM passive ozone monitor and a monitoring protocol by the air pollution research group of the Canadian Forest Service, Forest Health Network. The monitors underwent initial trials in 1996 and operational trials during 1997 that involved two 2-3 week mid summer exposures in the canopy at selected forest health monitoring plots across Canada, and at adjacent forest openings. In both trials monitors were also co-located with the nearest instrumental ozone monitor. This allowed for the production of a field calibration for quality assurance assessment under field conditions. Results from 1996 indicate highly significant correlations with accumulated ambient ozone concentrations from the instrumental monitors at the co-located sites (r=0.88, p=0.0002). However, no such relationship was found between these sites and the forest plots which were up to 200 kilometres away. This may indicate spatial heterogeneity in ozone exposure between the continuous air quality monitoring sites and the forest plots. This information, together with our knowledge that strong gradients of ozone exposure are found within the canopy, underlines the importance of in situ monitoring of ozone exposure of forest health plots at risk to ozone effects.
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    Tropospheric Ozone in Alpine Forest Sites: Air Quality Monitoring and Statistical Data Analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 116 (1999), S. 345-350 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; mountain forests ; multivariate statistical techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Plants represent one of the major sinks for tropospheric ozone that, at high concentrations, can affect plants' physiological activity with consequent serious damage. A research project has been promoted by the Lombardy Foundation for the Environment to investigate the effects of air pollution on forest ecosystems. The areas of study are located on the southern slopes of the Italian Alps in two valleys, only 10 km apart, selected because of their different plant injury: Val Gerola and Val Masino. Air quality (O3, NOx, SOx, VOC) and meteorological parameters were monitored during four summer seasons (1994-97) using automatic sampling devices providing hourly mean values for each variable. Data analysis showed very different ambient ozone concentrations at the two sites, with average concentration values observed in the more damaged valley (Val Gerola) twice those measured at the other site. Multivariate data analyses have been used to interpret the observed differences in long-term O3 exposure between the two sites and to identify possible underlying processes.
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    Transport of Phosphorus and Fractionation of Residual Phosphorus in Various Horizons of a Spodosol (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 109 (1999), S. 303-312 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: adsorption ; citrus ; fractionation ; leaching ; phosphorus ; Spodosol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The retention and transport of P by three horizon samples (A, E, and Bh) of a Spososol (Oldsmar sand: sandy, silicious, hyperthermic Alfic Arenic Haplaquods) were evaluated using a batch-equilibration and leaching column techniques with application of P in rates equivalent to 25 and 100 kg P ha-1. Adsorption coefficient (K) values followed the order: Bh 〉 A 〉 E. Adsorption of P by the E horizon soil sample was negligible (M = 4 μg g-1 soil) as compared to that of either A or Bh horizon samples, e.g., 303 and 479 μg g-1, respectively. The leaching column study with application of P equivalent to 100 kg ha-1 showed 39, 68, and 98% of applied P were leached from the Bh, A, and E horizons, respectively, with eight pore volumes of leachate. Elution curves showed the peak P elution at the second pore volume (equivalent to 3.7 cm of water addition). After leaching with eight pore volumes, the residual P in the soil was present primarily in non-occluded Fe and Al-P forms in the A and Bh horizons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005081313400
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    Flow-driven Diameter Response in Rat Femoral Arteries Perfused In Vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 26 (1998), S. 526-533 
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    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Rat ; Artery: femoral ; Arterial diameter ; Vasomotion ; Shear stress ; Flow-dependent constriction ; Step flow ; Oscillating flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of flow and flow changes on arterial diameter were investigated in vitro on isolated rat femoral arteries. Segments of femoral arteries were excised, mounted on microcannulas, and perfused with Tyrode's solution (37°C). Perfusion pressure was kept constant at 90 mm Hg. The mean external diameter after equilibration at a transmural pressure of 90 mm Hg was 720 ± 50 μ m (n=12). Vessels were then constricted with norepinephrine (1 μM in the superfusion solution) to 77% ± 13% of the resting diameter; acetylcholine was used to check endothelial function. The external diameter was measured continuously using video microscopy. The arteries were subjected to two different types of flow variations: (a) step changes in flow (increase and decrease, n=6) and (b) low-frequency sinusoidal flow variations (frequencies ranging from 0.002 to 0.1 Hz, n=11). Flow ranged from 0 to 800 μ l/min (shear stress ranging from 0 to 15 dyn/cm2). All measured vessels constricted as flow increased. Flow steps induced exponential-like contractions (flow increase) or relaxations (flow decrease) with mean characteristic time constants 31 ± 4 and 22 ± 2 s, respectively. Sinusoidal flow oscillations induced sinusoidal diameter oscillations with a time delay. An increase in the frequency of the flow led to a decrease of both the amplitude of the flow-induced diameter oscillations and the phase shift between flow and diameter. The dynamic diameter response to flow changes could be characterized by a first-order low-pass filter with a time constant of 22 s. © 1998 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC98: 8745Hw
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    Imputing Unmeasured Explanatory Variables in Environmental Epidemiology With Application to Health Impact Analysis of Air Pollution (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 5 (1998), S. 99-105 
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    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: structural measurement error ; generalized estimating equations ; longitudinal data ; environmental epidemiology ; spatial prediction ; clustered data ; nonlinear mixed-effect models ; air pollution ; respiratory morbidity ; ozone ; sulphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of a reconsideration of earlier work that finds an association between daily hospital admissions for respiratory distress and daily concentrations of sulphate (lag 1) as well as daily maximum concentrations of ozone (lags 1 and 3). These associations are found even after clustering the data by hospital of admission and accounting for the effects of temperature. We use an adaptation of their generalized estimating equation technique for clustered data, that daily data being for southern Ontario summers from 1983 to 1988. Like them, we adjust for daily maximum temperatures. However, unlike the earlier work returned to ours includes daily average humidity as a potential explanatory variable in our model. Our analysis also differs from theirs in that we cluster the data by census subdivision to reduce the risk of confounding pollutant levels with population size within regions. Moreover, we log-transform the explanatory variables and then high-pass filter the resulting data. We also deviate from the earlier analysis by taking account of measurement error incurred in using surrogate measures of the explanatory variables. To do so we use new methodology designed for our study but of potential value in other applications. That methodology requires a spatial predictive distribution for the unmeasured explanatory variables. Each day about 700 missing measurements for each of these variables can then be imputed over the geographical domain of the study. With these imputations we get a measure of imputation error through the covariance of the predictive distribution. Along with the predictive distribution we require an impact model to link-up with the predictive distribution. We describe that model and show how it uses the imputed measurements of the missing values of the explanatory variables. We also show how through that model, uncertainty about these values is reflected in our analysis and in commensurate uncertainties in the inferences made. Apart from its substantive objectives, our analysis serves to test the new methods with the earlier results serving as a foil. The reassuring qualitative agreement between our findings and the earlier results seems encouraging.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009610720709
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    A Suggestion of a Simple Transfer Function for the Use of Ozone Monitoring Data in Dose-response Relationships Obtained Using Open-Top Chambers (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 61-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: canopy resistance ; ozone ; ozone concentration gradient ; ozone monitoring ; transfer function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A simple relationship for transforming ozone monitoring data from different measurement heights to the level relevant to response functions obtained using open-top chambers is suggested. The transfer function was tested using measurements at different heights above the ground (1.1, 2 and 10 m) over a field crop of oat. Only daytime conditions with ozone concentrations above 30 ppb at 10 m height were considered. The agreement between the measured and the calculated ozone concentration at plant height was good, with the exception of situations with very low wind speeds. Thus, the transfer function offers an opportunity to make corrections for the vertical ozone concentration gradient in estimations of yield loss due to ozone. Required input data are monitoring height, stand height of the crop and wind speed. The canopy resistance to ozone uptake, rc, for cereals was set to 75 s m-1 based on published data. Using the present data set, a typical daytime value of rc was found to be 80 s m-1. Considering only situations with Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) 〉700 mole m-2 s-1, a typical value was around 60 s m-1.
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    Spatial and Temporal Variabilities in Nitrogen and Phosphorous in the Nakdong River System, Korea (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 37-60 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: behavior ; distribution ; Nakdong River ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; spatial ; temporal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) species and relevant hydrographic parameters were determined in main stream and tributary waters of the Nakdong River system during the periods of May through October 1994. During the entire period, the total N (TN) and total P (TP) concentrations in surface waters were found within the ranges of 0.4–7.0 (N=241) and 0.02–1.536 mg L-1 (N=241), respectively. To help derive meaningful interpretations of temporal and geographical variabilities in the nutrient bahavior, the entire data were evaluated for each individual parameter after employing several different grouping schemes. The results of this comparative analysis can be expressed in terms of: (1) high summer/fall ratios for most of nutrient species; and (2) low summer/fall ratios for most of nutrient-to-nutrient ratios and relevant hydrographic parameters. Interestingly, while the former case was found to be more significant in tributary waters than main stream waters, such geographical dependence was not strongly evident for the latter case. A z-statistic test, conducted to check the significance of temporal (between summer and fall) and spatial (between tributary and main stream regions) differences, confirm that the observed variabilities are in most cases strong enough for most of variables studied – nutrient species, their ratios, and relevant hydrographic parameters. In addition, comparison of nutrient species between dissolved and particulate phases reveals several interesting features. Unlike dissolved nutrient species, the concentrations of particulate N or P (PN or PP) exhibited quite extraoridanry behavior. While PN appears to be rather minor component of the total N budget for the Nakdong river, PP seems to make rather strong contributions to its total P budgets with its strong input from tributary waters during rainy summer season. Through an application of correlation analysis, relationships between different parameters were investigated for both before and after the grouping of data sets. The overall picture of this analysis showed that nutrient species were strongly correlated with each other, while the strongest correlations were among such hydrographic parameters as DO, BOD, COD, and conductivity. This analysis was further conducted to more deliberately divided data groups. The results of analyses on these sub-grouped data sets indicate that the occurrences of significant corelations were common from tributary waters relative to main streams for both (1) between different nutrient species and (2) between nutrient and hydrographic parameters. Using the line of evidence gathered from the statistical tests and from the correlation analysis, we conclude that the environmental health of the Nakdong river system is affected by the combined effects of various factors and processes.
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    Leaching of Nutrients, Organic Carbon and Iron from Finnish Forestry Land (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 239-250 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Finland ; forested catchments ; iron ; leaching ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; organic carbon ; peatland ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study provides an assessment of the spatial variability of the long-term leaching of nutrients, total organic carbon (TOC) and iron (Fetot) from 22 forested catchments (0.69-56 km2), distributed across all but the northenmost areas of Finland. The natural, unmanaged Kruunuoja catchment is located in a national park, while the other catchments represent Finnish forestry land. The average leaching of Ptot (4.2 kg km-2 yr-1) from the Kruunuoja catchment was small compared to the catchments representing forestry land (on average 10 kg km-2 yr-1). Moreover, P fertilization was the most important predictor for the spatial variation in Ptot leaching (r2=0.45). Leaching of TOC, Fetot and N compounds was not closely related to forestry practices. Median C/N ratio in the study streams was high (range 34-66). The average inorganic N proportion and leaching of Ptot were lowest in the Kruunuoja catchment (7.3 % and 2.8 kg km-2 yr-1, respectively) and highest in the southernmost Teeressuonoja catchment (54 % and 100 kg km-2 yr-1, respectively) located in the highest N deposition area. The most important forestry practices since the 1960's have affected about 2.4 % of the area of study sites per year (cf. 2% in the entire country in 1991). Moreover, the mean annual runoff from the catchments (230-430 mm yr-1) agrees with the mean annual runoff from Finland (301 mm yr-1). Consequently, the results of the study catchments can be used to estimate average total annual leaching from Finnish forestry land: 2,700 t of Ptot, 48,000 t of Ntot, 110,000 t of Fetot and 1.5 million t of TOC.
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    A Computational Analysis of FXa Generation by TF:FVIIa on the Surface of Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1998)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 26 (1998), S. 28-36 
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    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Mathematical model ; Tissue factor ; Wall shear rate ; FXa generation ; TF:FVIIa ; Rat ; Vascular ; Smooth muscle ; Factor X ; Coagulation ; Clot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A computational model was developed to investigate the contribution of classical mass transport and flow parameters to factor X (FX) activation by the tissue factor–factor VIIa complex (TF:VIIa) on one wall of a parallel-plate flow chamber. The computational results were compared to previously obtained experimental data for the generation of factor Xa (FXa) by TF:VIIa on the surface of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. In this study, the complete steady-state convection–diffusion equation was solved using the commercial software package, FLUENT (Fluent Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire). A user-defined subroutine interfaced with FLUENT implemented the surface reaction which was modeled using classical Michaelis–Menten reaction kinetics. The numerical solutions were obtained for 12 cases which used combinations of three wall shear rates and four reaction rates. The numerically obtained fluxes for a given reaction rate displayed a wall shear rate dependence which ranged from classical kinetic reaction control (no dependence) to pure diffusional control (maximum dependence). The experimental data, however, were not represented by numerical data generated using a single reaction rate. The three numerically obtained fluxes which corresponded most closely to the experimental fluxes were determined using three different V max values. This finding supports the hypothesis that there may be a direct effect of flow on the TF:VIIa complex or the cell membrane. © 1998 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC98: 8722-q, 8710+e
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    Estimation of Nutrient Atmospheric Deposition to Long Island Sound (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 521-538 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmosperic deposition ; Long Island Sound ; modeling ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Anthropogenic nutrient sources (especially nitrogen and phosphorus) released into the Long Island Sound (LIS) causes excessive phytoplankton growth resulting in hypoxic conditions. Atmospheric deposition (both wet and dry deposition) has significant effect on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Two dry deposition monitoring sites were established along the north shore of LIS in February 1991. Wet and dry deposition samples were collected since then. A dry deposition velocity model, based on the characteristics of the water surface, was used to estimate the loading as well as the seasonal variability (dynamics) of nutrients in atmospheric deposition to LIS. The average nitrogen flux from each site was 6.64 kg (as-N) ha-yr-1. The total atmospheric nitrogen loading was estimated to be 2240 metric tons yr-1 which correcponds to 2.5% of the estimated total nitrogen loading to the Sound from all sources. The average phosphorus flux was 37.44 g (as-P) ha-yr-1. The total atmospheric phosphorus loading to the Sound was estimated to be 12.62 metric tons yr-1. The results show that wet deposition was the predominant source of atmospheric contribution to the Sound.
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    Soil and Minespoil Fill as Media for Renovation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Domestic Wastewater (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 361-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: alternative on-site wastewatertreatment and disposal systems ; fill material ; low pressuredistribution systems ; minespoil ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; wastewater renovation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Development of Appalachian coal mining regions of the USA has been severely hampered by lack of domestic waste disposal technologies suited to fills. The suitability of on-site wastewater treatment and disposal systems (OSWTDS) in fill material is uncertain due to the effects of surface mining on soil physical properties. This research was conducted to evaluate the potential for renovation of N and P present in domestic wastewater by fills produced from mining operations. Nitrogen and P were chosen because of their potential adverse environmental impacts. Soil-fill (a mixture of Jefferson, fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludult and Muskingom, fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrept soils) and minespoil (spoil)-fill (blasted rock material associated with the Taggart Marker and Low Splint Bench coal seams of the Upper Middle Wise Formation) were used in this study. Septic tank effluent (STE) and sand filter effluent (SFE) were applied to spoil-fill columns at four loading rates (0, 5.4, 10.8, and 21.6 L m-2d-1) and spoil-fill columns at one loading rate (21.6 L m-2d-1) for a period of 20 wk. Renovation of wastewater was assessed by determining the concentration of N and P present in column leachate. Reduction of inorganic N (NO3 - + NH4 +), based on N/Cl ratios, ranged from 14.9 to 32.1% after the varying application rates of STE and SFE passed through the soil columns. However, leachate NO3 --N concentrations were still above the 10 mg-1 drinking water standard. The quantity of P emerging from the spoil-fill columns (3.0 mg P L-1) was higher than anticipated and may be related to the indigenous P present in the minespoil. Sorption of P in the soil-fill column decreased with increased STE and SFE application (reductions ranged from 99.1 to 74.4%). Results from this study indicate that there is potential for renovating wastewater in OSWTDS in selected soil-fill areas in reclaimed minelands.
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    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of Tobacco Cultivars as Bioindicators and Biomonitors of Ozone Phytotoxical Levels in Catalonia (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 107 (1998), S. 347-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Bel-B ; Bel-C ; Bel-W3 ; Catalonia ; colorimetry ; ozone ; phytotoxicity ; tobacco cultivars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted from May to October 1995 to assess ozone (O3) phytotoxicity in Catalonia (NE Spain) by determining a percentage value of leaf area injured by ozone on three tobacco cultivars, Bel-W3, Bel-C and Bel-B as bioindicators. Colorimetric parameters were also determined in an effort to have an objective assessment of ozone injury. The study was conducted simultaneously on eight sites where ozone levels and several meteorological parameters were continuosly monitored. Two sets of plants were used at each site. The first one was composed of six plants of each cultivar which were changed every two weeks while the second one involved two plants of each cultivar which were kept in the plots throughout the whole experimental period. Open Top Chambers were also used to test the response of the three cultivars to ozone under controlled conditions. The ozone levels correlated well with ozone injury on the Bel-W3 cultivar but not as well on the other two cultivars. The ozone levels did not fully account for all the observed injury. The response of tobacco plants to ozone concentrations and therefore its biomonitoring capacity depended also on different environmental conditions linked to stomatal behaviour such as temperature, humidity, wind or altitude. These environmental conditions had some effects on the intensity of Ozone injury. Ozone concentrations accumulated over a threshold of 60 ppb (AOT60) when VPD was below 1 KPa. Correlated well with the ozone injury and best explained the intensity tobacco injury symptoms. For large plants growing throughout the whole period of study, Bel-C was the best indicator cultivar for AOT60 over the 3 days prior to the last ozone injury assessment. The colorimetric parameters were indicators of seasonal changes but they were not good ozone damage indicators. It is concluded that tobacco cultivars were good bioindicators but meteorological and other environmental factors need to be considered in there use as biomonitors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005020326229
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  • 52
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    Phenolic Pattern of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as an Indicator of Chronic Ozone Stress (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 106 (1998), S. 355-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bean ; chemometrics ; hydroxycinnamic acid ; leaf polyphenolics ; open-top chamber ; ozone ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; phenolic fingerprint
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract From sowing till emergence of the fourth trifoliolate leaf, beans were exposed for seven hr a day to four ozone concentrations in open-top chambers: filtered air (FA), non-filtered air (NF), non-filtered air plus 30 ppb ozone (NF+) and non-filtered air plus 60 ppb ozone (NF++). Controls in ambient air of open plots (AA) were also available. The free polyphenolic pool of the first trifoliolate leaf was systematically investigated using HPLC. The groups of phenolics to which the three main chromatographic signals belonged were identified as hydroxycinnamic acid derivative for peak No 1 and flavonoids for peaks Nos 4 and 6. The metabolic regulation of phenolic accumulation could be recognized as different clusters based on specific phenolic patterns that reflected some of the tested atmospheric conditions. The comparison of AA and NF conditions revealed a ‘chamber effect’. FA and NF atmospheres gave rise to almost the same phenolic equilibriums dominated by a hydroxycinnamic acid derivative (about 53% of the total phenolics). Ozone addition was associated with a regular reduction of the percentage of peak No 1: about 40% for NF+ and 19% for NF++. Therefore, the significant decrease of the vacuolar storage of this phenolic compound (from 23 mg g-1 dry weight for NF to about 3 mg g-1 dry weight for NF++) can be regarded as a useful tool for monitoring long-term exposure to elevated ozone concentrations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005050805136
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  • 53
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    Hydrology and Chemistry of the Choptank River Basin (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 387-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Chesapeake Bay ; Choptank River ; iron ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; river water chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Choptank River basin is a coastal plain catchment dominated by agriculture (52% of land use). We summarize an 11 year data set of discharge and chemistry from a gauged subbasin. Discharge exhibited seasonal variations driven by seasonal evapotranspiration. There were double seasonal maxima of pH, NH4 +, NO3 -, total N, Fe, and total P concentrations in late spring and fall as the saturated zone rose and fell within the soil. Significant interannual variability in discharge was the result of rainfall variation. There were positive nterannual trends in NO3 - concentrations and negative interannual trends in NH4 + and PO4 3- concentrations. These data were combined to estimate N and P export coefficients of 3-11 kg N ha-1 yr-1 and 0.14-0.66 kg P ha-1 yr-1, driven primarily by interannual variations in discharge. These export coefficients are low compared to other coastal plain watersheds dominated by agriculture and may be responsible for the small anthropogenic effects in the Choptank estuary compared to other Chesapeake drainages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005001525063
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  • 54
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    Cost-Effective Nutrient Reductions to the Baltic Sea (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 10 (1997), S. 341-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Baltic Sea ; eutrophication ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; cost effective
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Due to eutrophication caused by heavy loads of nitrogen and phosphorus, the biological conditions of the Baltic Sea have been disturbed: large sea bottom areas without any biological life, low stocks of cods, and toxic blue green algaes. It is recognized that the nitrogen and phosphorus loads to the Baltic Sea must be reduced by 50% in order to restore the sea. The main purpose of this paper is to calculate cost effective nitrogen and phosphorus reductions to the Baltic Sea from the nine countries surrounding the Baltic Sea. The results show a significant difference in minimum costs of decreasing nitrogen and phosphorus loads to the Sea: approximately 12 000 millions of SEK per year and 3 000 millions of SEK respectively for reductions by 50%. It is also shown that a change from a policy of cost-effective nutrient reductions to a policy where each country reduces the nutrient loads by 50% increase total costs for both nitrogen and phosphorus reductions by about 300%. The results are, however, sensitive to several of the underlying assumptions and should therefore be interpreted with much caution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026497515871
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  • 55
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    Factors Regulating the Flux of Phosphate at the Sediment - Water Interface of a Subtropical Calcareous Lake: a Simulation Study with Intact Sediment Cores (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P flux ; microbial activity ; redox ; simulation ; Lake Kinneret ; sediment ; accumulative P release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different factors which interactively control the flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the sediment-water interface (SWI) of Lake Kinneret were studied seasonally. The influence of pH, Eh and microbial activity on SRP flux at the SWI was investigated by manipulating the conditions in the overlying water of intact sediment cores. The calculated diffusive SRP flux out of the sediment was lower in cores sampled during winter and spring than during the period of amixis. Potential SRP release, as measured in the absence of microbial activity, was strongly enhanced upon the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions indicating P release from iron(III)-bound phosphorus. In spring and summer cores, an enhanced SRP flux from sediments at pH 7 in comparison to pH 8 indicated P release from carbonate-bound P which sedimented previously as result of high pH values during the algal spring bloom. Microbial uptake at the SWI was the most important sink for SRP and no net-flux occured under oxic conditions. The higher net-flux of P under anoxic conditions was linked to carbon limitation of the bacteria at the SWI.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018335305539
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  • 56
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    Bottom sediments in a humic lake with artificially increased calcium content: sink or source for phosphorus? (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; phosphorus ; fractionation ; release ; humic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lake Flosek (north-eastern part of Poland) is a small shallow and without outflow lake which has been limed in 1970. The concentration of Ca was increased from 3-4 mg L-1 to 17 mg L-1 in the water and from 0.2-0.3% dry weight to 0.9-1.7% dry weight in sediments (5 cm upper layer) due to CaCO3 addition to the lake. In the spring-summer seasons of 1992 and 1993, an experimental study was conducted in Lake Flosek to assess the capacity of bottom sediments to uptake and release mineral phosphorus. The rate of phosphorus exchange between sediments and near-bottom water was experimentally measured under conditions of high (100%), and of reduced (10%) oxygen saturation in near-bottom water. To determine the component of sediments responsible for the uptake of most phosphorus, the proportions of phosphorus forms in sediments were analysed. Sediments of Lake Flosek showed a slight tendency to release phosphates. The rate of this process was similar under high (100%) and low (10%) oxygen saturations ranging from - 0.161 to + 0.200 mg P m-2 d-1. This is much lower (by 1-2 orders of magnitude) than reported from other harmonic, non-humic lakes. In the total phosphorus pool, the highest content of phosphorus was found in the organic and residual phosphorus fractions (over 70% of the total phosphorus in sediments). The largest part of the readily extractable phosphorus was found in the fraction bound to Al and humic substances (41%). Both these fractions determine a weak exchange of phosphorus between sediments and water. No difference in P-release related to P-fraction compound was found in the cores taken from three sites in the lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018395524195
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  • 57
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    Sediment Accumulation of Nutrients (N, P) in the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; organic matter ; cluster analysis ; Gulf of Finland ; estuaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m-2 a-1 of N and 1.7 g m-2 a-1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a-1 of N and 6 100 t a-1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018399625103
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  • 58
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    Benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon, nutrients and oxygen in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Adriatic Sea ; nutrients ; benthic fluxes ; carbon ; nitrogen ; silicon ; phosphorus ; budgets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic N, Si and P nutrients, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic C (DIC), and O2 from sediments in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic, Italy) were measured monthly in the period September 1995 – August 1996 using in situ incubated light benthic chambers. The highest efluxes of DIC, NH4 +, PO4 3−, Si(OH)4, and NO3 − influxes encountered in late summer — early autumn were the consequence of degradation of benthic microalgae, and in autumn mostly of sedimented phytoplankton. High NO3 − efflux was observed in spring. Only NH4 + and Si(OH)4 fluxes were significantly correlated with temperature. This correlation suggests that the rate of downward input and the quality and quantity of sedimentary organic matter (autochthonous and allochthonous) were superimposed on the temperature fluctuations. High DIC, NH4 + and Si(OH)4 effluxes observed in July 1996 were due to the late spring — early summer degradation of sedimentary organic matter produced by benthic microalgae, while the autumn phytoplankton bloom was quickly reflected in enhanced benthic fluxes due to higher temperature. Significant correlations between NH4 +, PO4 3− and Si(OH)4 fluxes suggested their parallel regeneration and utilization at the sediment-water interface. The nutrient fluxes were linked to O2 consumption, suggesting that aerobic oxidation processes were important at the sediment-water interface in the Gulf. The N, P and Si nutrients released from sediment pore waters are probably utilized in benthic microalgal and bottom-water primary production. This indicates that pelagic and benthic communities in the central part of the Gulf of Trieste function relatively independently of each other.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406870
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  • 59
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    Trophic modifications in Lake Como (N. Italy) caused by the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 633-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: zebra mussel ; Dreissena polyrnorpha ; phosphorus ; trophic state ; recovery ; take Como
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A large scale study on the western basin of Lake Como (N. Italy) was started in 1995 to examine the effects of the zebra mussel colonization which began in early '90. Our results have been related to '91–92 data (pre-Dreissena period), before the maximum colonization of zebra mussel. In spring and summer of the post-Dreissena period total phosphorus, P-PO4, nitrate and chlorophyll values decreased, while ammonium and tranparency increased at every sampling station. Zebra mussel does not modify the trophic state of this sub-basin but it plays an important role in nutrient cycling. The entire population can filter epilimnetic craters 2.1 times per year and can produce 2.9 × 104 t y of pseudofaeces which are transferred to sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406902
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  • 60
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    EFFECTS OF O3 AND SOIL ACIDIFICATION, ALONE AND IN COMBINATION, ON GROWTH, GAS EXCHANGE RATE AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT OF RED PINE SEEDLINGS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 355-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: chlorophyll content ; gas exchange ; growth ; ozone ; redpine ; soil acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract One-year-old seedlings of red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. and Zucc.) were grown in typic red-yellow forest soil (Typic Hapludults) artificially adjusted to pH (H2O) 3.15, 3.60 or 3.90 by adding H2SO4 solution to the soil (pH 4.60), and exposed to ozone (O3) at 150±10 ppb (nl⋅L-1) for 8 h a day, 6 days a week, for 16 weeks from June 5 to October 5, 1994. The control seedlings were exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF) and grown in the soil without the additional supply of H+ as H2SO4 solution during the same period. No significant interactive effects of O3 and soil acidification were observed for the determined seedling parameters in this study. However, O3 caused a reduction in needle dry weight, net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll contents in the needle tip or on whole-needle weight basis, and stimulated rates of dark respiration and photorespiration. There were no significant effects of O3 on chlorophyll contents in the needle middle and basal parts, transpiration rate or water use efficiency (WUE). On the other hand, the seedlings grown in the soil adjusted to pH 3.60 or 3.90 showed a reduction in needle dry weight, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll contents in all the needle parts and WUE, and an increase in the rates of dark respiration and photorespiration. The transpiration rate of the seedlings was not significantly affected by soil acidification. All the seedlings grown in the soil adjusted to pH 3.15 died during the first 4 weeks. Soil and needle analysis suggested that high concentrations of Al and low Ca/Al ratios in the acidified soil were stressors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026428627983
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  • 61
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    Factors regulating the flux of phosphate at the sediment — water interface of a subtropical calcareous lake: A simulation study with intact sediment cores (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P flux ; microbial activity ; redox ; simulation ; Lake Kinneret ; sediment ; accumulative P release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different factors which interactively control the flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the sediment water irterface (SWI) of Lake Kinneret were studied seasonally. The influence of pH, Eh and microbial activity on SRP flux at the SWI was investigated by manipulating the conditions in the overlying water of intact sediment cores. The calculated diffusive SRP flux out of the sediment was lower in cores sampled during winter and spring than during the period of amixis. Potential SRP release, as measured in the absence of microbial activity, was strongly enhanced upon the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions indicating P release from iron(III)-bound phosphorus. In spring and summer cores, an enhanced SRP flux from sediments at pH 7 in comparison to pH 8 indicated P release from carbonate-bound P which sedimented previously as result of high pH values during the algal spring bloom. Microbial uptake at the SWI was the most important sink for SRP and no net-flux occured under oxic conditions. The higher net-flux of P under anoxic conditions was linked to carbon limitation ofthe bacteria at the SWI.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406880
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  • 62
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    Sediment accumulation of nutrients (N, P) in the eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; organic matter ; cluster analysis ; Gulf of Finland ; estuaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m−2 a−1 of N and 1.7 g m−2 a−1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a− of N and 6 100 t a−1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406887
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  • 63
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    Effects of O3 and soil acidification, alone and in combination, on growth, gas exchange rate and chlorophyll content of red pine seedlings (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 355-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: chlorophyll content ; gas exchange ; growth ; ozone ; red pine ; soil acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract One-year-old seedlings of red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. and Zucc.) were grown in typic red-yellow forest soil (Typic Hapludults) artificially adjusted to pH (H2O) 3.15, 3.60 or 3.90 by adding H2SO4 solution to the soil (pH 4.60), and exposed to ozone (03) at 150±10 ppb (nl·L−1) for 8 h a day, 6 days a week, for 16 weeks from June 5 to October 5, 1994. The control seedlings were exposed to charcoal-filtered air (CF) and grown in the soil without the additional supply of H+ as H2SO4 solution during the same period. No significant interactive effects of O3 and soil acidification were observed for the determined seedling parameters in this study. However, O3 caused a reduction in needle dry weight, net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll contents in the needle tip or on whole-needle weight basis, and stimulated rates of dark respiration and photorespiration. There were no significant effects of O3 on chlorophyll contents in the needle middle and basal parts, transpiration rate or water use efficiency (WUE). On the other hand, the seedlings grown in the soil adjusted to pH 3.60 or 3.90 showed a reduction in needle dry weight, net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll contents in all the needle parts and WUE, and an increase in the rates of dark respiration and photorespiration. The transpiration rate of the seedlings was not significantly affected by soil acidification. All the seedlings grown in the soil adjusted to pH 3.15 died during the first 4 weeks. Soil and needle analysis suggested that high concentrations of Al and low Ca/Al ratios in the acidified soil were stressors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407472
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  • 64
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    Benthic Fluxes of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, Nutrients and Oxygen in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 305-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Adriatic Sea ; nutrients ; benthic fluxes ; carbon ; nitrogen ; silicon ; phosphorus ; budgets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic N, Si and P nutrients, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic C (DIC), and O2 from sediments in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic, Italy) were measured monthly in the period September 1995 - August 1996 using in situ incubated light benthic chambers. The highest efluxes of DIC, NH4+, PO43-, Si(OH)4, and NO3- influxes encountered in late summer - early autumn were the consequence of degradation of benthic microalgae, and in autumn mostly of sedimented phytoplankton. High NO3- efflux was observed in spring. Only NH4+ and Si(OH)4 fluxes were significantly correlated with temperature. This correlation suggests that the rate of downward input and the quality and quantity of sedimentary organic matter (autochthonous and allochthonous) were superimposed on the temperature fluctuations. High DIC, NH4+ and Si(OH)4 effluxes observed in July 1996 were due to the late spring - early summer degradation of sedimentary organic matter produced by benthic microalgae, while the autumn phytoplankton bloom was quickly reflected in enhanced benthic fluxes due to higher temperature. Significant correlations between NH4+, PO43- and Si(OH)4 fluxes suggested their parallel regeneration and utilization at the sediment-water interface. The nutrient fluxes were linked to O2 consumption, suggesting that aerobic oxidation processes were important at the sediment-water interface in the Gulf. The N, P and Si nutrients released from sediment pore waters are probably utilized in benthic microalgal and bottom-water primary production. This indicates that pelagic and benthic communities in the central part of the Gulf of Trieste function relatively independently of each other.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018398231038
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  • 65
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    Seasonal Changes in Cystoseira Myrica and Phosphorus Input at Two Sites of the Red Sea Egyptian Coast (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Cystoseira myrica ; Red Sea ; coral reefs ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Elevated phosphate concentrations at Safaga and Quseir, Red Sea, Egyptian coast, wererelated to some ecological and nutritional aspects of the macro-alga Cystoseira myrica during1985. The results obtained were compared with those recorded for a non-polluted control site atGhardaqa. Chemical analysis of surface seawater samples revealed that the concentrations of dissolvedphosphate at Safaga and Quseir were 3 and 20 times as much as that at Ghardaqa, respectively.The standing crop of C. myrica showed two peaks in spring and autumn. Maximum biomass yield(491 g m-2) and number of individuals (127 m-2) of C. myrica were recorded in the spring at theGhardaqa site. Quseir C. myrica samples contained significantly higher protein-N, total-N andtotal-P values but lower carbohydrate values than the Safaga and Ghardaqa samples (LSD at 1%level). Tissue N:P molar ratios for C. myrica, Laurencia papillosa and Ulva lactuca collected fromGhardaqa ranged from 68-98, compared to 30-59 for the same species collected at thephosphorus polluted sites at Safaga and Quseir. The carbon levels and the C:N ratios of C. myricaexhibited no significant variations in the three studied sites. However, the C:P ratios of Ghardaqaplants were significantly higher than those of Safaga and Quseir.
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    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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  • 67
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    Seasonal changes inCystoseira myrica and phosphorus input at two sites of the Red Sea Egyptian Coast (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Cystoseira myrica ; Red Sea ; coral reefs ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Elevated phosphate concentrations at Safaga and Quseir, Red Sea, Egyptian coast, were related to some ecological and nutritional aspects of the macro-algaCystoseira myrica during 1985. The results obtained were compared with those recorded for a non-polluted control site at Ghardaqa. Chemical analysis of surface seawater samples revealed that the concentrations of dissolved phosphate at Safaga and Quseir were 3 and 20 times as much as that at Ghardaqa, respectively. The standing crop ofC. myrica showed two peaks in spring and autumn. Maximum biomass yield (491 g m−2) and number of individuals (127 m−2) ofC. myrica were recorded in the spring at the Ghardaqa site. QuseirC. myrica samples contained significantly higher protein-N, total-N and total-P values but lower carbohydrate values than the Safaga and Ghardaqa samples (LSD at 1% level). Tissue N:P molar ratios forC. myrica, Laurencia papillosa andUlva lactuca collected from Ghardaqa ranged from 68–98, compared to 30–59 for the same species collected at the phosphorus polluted sites at Safaga and Quseir. The carbon levels and the C:N ratios ofC. myrica exhibited no significant variations in the three studied sites. However, the C:P ratios of Ghardaqa plants were significantly higher than those of Safaga and Quseir.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404756
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    Phosphate-enhanced movement of arsenic out of lead arsenate-contaminated topsoil and through uncontaminated subsoil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; lead ; phosphorus ; heavy metal ; mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Past use of lead arsenate insecticides has resulted in elevated concentrations of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) in topsoils of many existing and former deciduous tree fruit orchard sites throughout the world. Application of phosphate (PO4)-containing fertilizers to these soils can increase soil As solubility, phytoavailability and downward mobility. A laboratory soil column experiment was conducted to determine if As released by phosphate additions to a topsoil artificially contaminated with lead arsenate (1.65 mmol total Pb/kg; 1.10 mmol total As/kg) would be appreciably resorbed by the underlying uncontaminated subsoil. Treatments were a factorial combination of topsoil amendment with monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 0 or 16.67 mmol PO4/kg), and amount of leaching (1, 5 and 10 pore volume displacements (PVD) with distilled water under saturated flow conditions). Soil As decreased in the topsoil with increasing amount of leaching and increased in the subsoil. Addition of MAP substantially increased loss of topsoil As, promoted As transport into and through the subsoil, and increased dissolved As concentrations in the column leachates. After 10 PVDs, 95% of the initial soil As remained in the −MAP columns, while 56% of the initial soil As remained the +MAP columns. Dissolved Pb concentrations were 〈0.05μmol/L in all column leachates. The data are consistent with a mechanism of PO4-enhanced release of As in the topsoil and subsequent promotion of As movement through the subsoil by continuing competition of dissolved As and PO4 for ion adsorption sites. The experimental results indicate that use of PO4-containing fertilizers on lead arsenate-contaminated soils has the potential to greatly enhance downward movement of soil As.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404759
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    Trophic Modifications in Lake Como (N. Italy) caused by the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena Polymorpha) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 633-640 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: zebra mussel ; Dreissena polymorpha ; phosphorus ; trophic state ; recovery ; Lake Como
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A large scale study on the western basin of Lake Como (N. Italy) was started in 1995 to examine the effects of the zebra mussel colonization which began in early '90. Our results have been related to '91-92 data (pre-Dreissena period), before the maximum colonization of zebra mussel. In spring and summer of the post-Dreissena period total phosphorus, P-PO4,, nitrate and chlorophyll values decreased, while ammonium and transparency increased at every sampling station. Zebra mussel does not modify the trophic state of this sub-basin but it plays an important role in nutrient cycling. The entire population can filter epilimnetic waters 2.1 times per year and can produce 2.9 × 104 t/y of pseudofaeces which are transferred to sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018380515534
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    Phosphate-Enhanced Movement of Arsenic Out of Lead Arsenate-Contaminated Topsoil and Through Uncontaminated Subsoil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: arsenic ; lead ; phosphorus ; heavy metal ; mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Past use of lead arsenate insecticides has resulted in elevated concentrations of lead (Pb) andarsenic (As) in topsoils of many existing and former deciduous tree fruit orchard sites throughoutthe world. Application of phosphate (PO4)-containing fertilizers to these soils can increase soil Assolubility, phytoavailability and downward mobility. A laboratory soil column experiment wasconducted to determine if As released by phosphate additions to a topsoil artificially contaminatedwith lead arsenate (1.65 mmol total Pb/kg; 1.10 mmol total As/kg) would be appreciably resorbedby the underlying uncontaminated subsoil. Treatments were a factorial combination of topsoilamendment with monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 0 or 16.67 mmol PO4/kg), and amount ofleaching (1, 5 and 10 pore volume displacements (PVD) with distilled water under saturated flowconditions). Soil As decreased in the topsoil with increasing amount of leaching and increased inthe subsoil. Addition of MAP substantially increased loss of topsoil. As, promoted As transportinto and through the subsoil, and increased dissolved As concentrations in the column leachates.After 10 PVDs, 95% of the initial soil As remained in the -MAP columns, while 56% of the initialsoil As remained the +MAP columns. Dissolved Pb concentrations were 〈0.05 µmol/Lin all column leachates. The data are consistent with a mechanism of PO4-enhanced release of Asin the topsoil and subsequent promotion of As movement through the subsoil by continuingcompetition of dissolved As and PO4 for ion adsorption sites. The experimental results indicatethat use of PO4-containing fertilizers on lead arsenate-contaminated soils has the potential togreatly enhance downward movement of soil As.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022196704677
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    Bottom sediments in a humic lake with artificially increased calcium content: Sink or source for phosphorus? (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; phosphorus ; fractionation ; release ; humic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lake Flosek (north-eastern part of Poland) is a small shallow and without outflow lake which has been limed in 1970. The concentration of Ca was increased from 3–4 mg L−1 to 17 mg L−1 in the water and from 0.2–0.3% dry weight to 0.9–1.7% dry weight in sediments (5 cm upper layer) due to CaCO3 addition to the lake. In the spring-summer seasons of 1992 and 1993, an experimental study was conducted in Lake Flosek to assess the capacity of bottom sediments to uptake and release mineral phosphorus. The rate of phosphorus exchange between sediments and near-bottom water was experimentally measured under conditions of high (100%), and of reduced (10%) oxygen saturation in near-bottom water. To determine the component of sediments responsible for the uptake of most phosphorus, the proportions of phosphorus forms in sediments were analysed. Sediments of Lake Flosek showed a slight tendency to release phosphates. The rate of this process was similar under high (100%) and low (10%) oxygen saturations ranging from - 0.161 to + 0.200 mg P m−2 d−1. This is much lower (by 1–2 orders of magnitude) than reported from other harmonic, non-humic lakes. In the total phosphorus pool, the highest content of phosphorus was found in the organic and residual phosphorus fractions (over 70% of the total phosphorus in sediments). The largest part of the readily extractable phosphorus was found in the fraction bound to AI and humic substances (41%). Both these fractions determine a weak exchange of phosphorus between sediments and water. No difference in P-release related to P-fraction compound was found in the cores taken from three sites in the lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406885
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    Mesoscale trajectory modeling for the Brisbane airshed (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 2 (1997), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: trajectories ; pollutant transport path ; airshed ; ozone ; Brisbane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The main objective of this research is to identify the possible pollutant transport trajectories from the source to the receptor and to identify the location of areas of high pollution potential for ozone. In order to identify the regions which would most probably be affected by ozone and its precursors, a mesoscale trajectory model is developed and forward air‐parcel trajectories originating from Brisbane city are estimated. Eight trajectories per day, starting at 00, 03, 06, 09, 12, 15, 18 and 21 hours, are calculated for one complete calendar year. The probability distribution of trajectories shows seasonal and diurnal characteristics and prevailing transport routes of air pollution. Computer‐driven trajectories indicate that air parcels are concentrated in a region between mountainous ranges in the West and islands in the East. This study identifies potential pollutant transport paths and zones of high concentrations that would assist planners in selecting appropriate areas for future industrial and urban development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019013428121
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    Phosphorus Retention and Release Characteristics of Sewage-Impacted Wetland Sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 100 (1997), S. 163-179 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: iron ; natural wetlands ; phosphorus ; retention ; sediments ; sewage ; sorption-desorption ; wetlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sediment deposited in traps positioned along a sewage-impacted wetland receiving phosphorus (P)-retaining reactants from natural wetland water was fractionated into different particle sizes, and the amount of P retained in these particle sizes was investigated. Subsamples of the sediments collected from different sites along the wetland system were also equilibrated with water at different water:sediment ratios and equilibration periods to investigate the extent of P released from these sediments under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Results obtained showed that most of P deposited in sediments is in fine fractions (〈16 µm), particularly in sediments collected from confluence sites where water inflow from the natural wetland provides P-retaining reactants and from sites immediately below these confluence sites (postconfluence sites). The extent of P release from sediments depended on the aerobic-anaerobic conditions of the sediments, equilibration period, water:sediment ratio and the position of sites within the wetland. The rate of P released from sediments associated with an increase in equilibration period tended to be higher under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. Water:sediment ratio was found to be a more important factor in controlling the release of P from sediments under anaerobic than aerobic conditions. The amount of P released from the confluence and postconfluence sites was higher than that from other sites over a range of equilibration periods and water:sediment ratios under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018340028411
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    K-12th grade students as active contributors to research investigations (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 5 (1996), S. 255-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Bio-indicators ; ozone ; student researchers ; remote sensing ; environmental monitoring discovery learning ; scientific inquiry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract TheEarth Day: Forest Watch Program at the University of New Hampshire utilizes morphological and anatomical measurements made on branch and needle samples from eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), collected by K-12 students throughout New Hampshire and Maine. White pine is considered to be a bio-indicator species for ozone exposure. A University research project which monitors the response of white pine to elevated levels of tropospheric ozone has been developed by the authors, who incorporate student-made measurements such as needle length, occurrence of diagnostic foliar symptoms, needle retention, and cellular levels of damage, into an on-going project which characterizes conifer response to a variety of air pollutants. The research team compares classroom measurements with laboratory spectral reflectance measurements made on student-collected branch samples, and infers state-of-health conditions in white pine from the two-state area. These state-of-health data are, in turn, compared with State-monitored tropospheric ozone measurements on a yearly basis, resulting in change-over-time analysis of both regional ozone levels and relative levels of tree health. Based on the work to data (1991–1996), student-derived data have been found to correlate well with spectral parameters and with spatial patterns of summer ozone levels, suggesting that student measurements represent an accurate and reliable source of data for research scientists. Specific examples of student datasets and comparisons with reflectance data and how these can be used for Landsat data verification are presented, along with a discussion of the importance of being able to assess the accuracy of student data. Research scientists need to recognize the tremendous potential for access to reliable data represented by student data-collection programs such asEarth Day:Forest Watch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01677123
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    Fractionation of heavy metals and phosphorus in suspended sediments of the Yamuna river, India (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 43 (1996), S. 117-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: geochemistry ; metals ; phosphorus ; fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Yamuna river is the largest tributary of the Ganges river system. It originates in the Himalayas and flows through a varied geological terrain encompassing a large basin area. Metals Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu in different chemical fractions of suspended sediments such as exchangeable, carbonates, Fe−Mn oxides, organics and residual fractions were studied. Phosphorus associated with different chemical forms are discussed. The metals are mostly associated with residual fractions in the sediments followed by organics, Fe−Mn oxides, exhangeable and carbonates. Intensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture in the basin affects the high inorganic phosphorus content in sediments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398602
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    Ozone concentrations at a rural mountain site of Northwestern Turkey (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 91 (1996), S. 219-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: photooxidants ; rural ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Average ozone concentrations at a remote site in the Uludag Mountain of Northwestern Turkey was 29 ppb for a 12 month period. Only 11% of the time 1-h average values exceed 50 ppb. The US Air Quality Standard of 0.12 ppm was not exceeded. The diurnal variations of O3 and NO2 were 27 and 2.3 ppb respectively, during summer 1993, indicating the impact of urban and industrial sources. Highest O3 concentrations were observed under southerly and northerly winds, suggestive of the transport of photochemically produced oxidants from Bursa city and industries and a power plant located downwind of the sampling site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666259
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    Monitoring ambient ozone with a passive measurement technique method, field results and strategy (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 91 (1996), S. 335-350 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: passive samplers ; ozone ; diffusion tubes ; air quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A low-cost, accurate and sensitive passive measurement method for ozone has been developed and tested. The method is based on the reaction of ozone with indigo carmine which results in colourless reaction products which are detected spectrophotometrically after exposure. Coated glass filters are mounted in a short polystyrene badge-type vessel in which the diffusion path is restricted by a Teflon membrane filter. From wind tunnel experiments good concentration-independent linearity has been found. The detection limit of the method is about 23 ppbv for 1 hour exposure. Tests with interfering oxidants, such as peroxyacetyl nitrate and NO2, indicated no significant effects for common ambient conditions. No humidity effect was found when the relative humidity varied from 20 to 80%. The uptake rate of the sampler is dependent on wind velocity. In general an average air velocity of approximately 0.5 m/s is necessary to ensure a stable collection rate of ozone. This implies the necessity to measure wind speed during exposure or to place the samplers in the wind stream of a small fan. The method is suitable for hourly to daily mean measurements of ambient ozone. Under field conditions an accuracy of 11 ± 9% (40 experiments) was established in comparison to a continuous UV photometric monitor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666268
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    Recent trends in beech tree health in southern Britain and the influence of soil type (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1293-1298 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Tree health ; Fagus sylvatica ; soil type ; forest decline ; climate ; ozone ; crown thinness ; crown architecture ; crown chlorosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The health of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) at sixteen sites of high nature conservation value in the U.K. has been assessed annually since 1987. Survey results show that, from 1987–1992, beech health (as measured by crown thinness) deteriorated markedly at many sites, but a substantial recovery was seen in 1993 and 1994. However, results from a crown architecture assessment indicate that beech health has continued to decline steadily throughout the study period. Tree health is related to soil type, with health being worse on poorly drained, acidic soils. An involvement of climate and perhaps also ozone is suggested given the deterioration in health after the dry summers and high ozone concentrations of 1989 and 1990. These results support earlier findings that climate, in particular the severe drought of 1975/76, had long term effects on canopy development of trees at some of the sites.
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    Effects of ozone on calcareous grassland communities (1995)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1527-1532 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; calcareous grassland ; critical level ; species composition ; biomass ; open-top chambers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A system of 16 open-top chambers was used to investigate the effects of a range of ozone concentrations typical of those found in southern Britain on the species composition of calcareous grassland communities. Two experimental approaches were adopted: the first involved the use of artificial communities of species typical of calcareous grasslands, whilst the second involved semi-natural chalk grassland swards transplanted from the field. Elevated ozone had little effect on total biomass of the artificial communities, but did significantly alter the species composition. The proportion of forbs decreased linearly with increased ozone exposure above 40ppb. Species composition was stable in the transplanted swards receiving filtered air, whilst there was a shift towards what appeared to be a more calcareous grassland community in the swards treated with higher ozone exposures. Thus, both experiments provide evidence that ambient levels of ozone in southern Britain can cause changes in species composition of semi-natural calcareous grassland communities.
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    Effects of ambient air pollution on wheat and rice yield in Pakistan (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1311-1316 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pakistan ; air pollution ; ozone ; nitrogen dioxide ; rice ; wheat ; filtration ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Open-top chambers ventilated with ambient or chiarcoal-filtered air were used to assess the impact of air pollution on the yield of local cultivars of wheat and rice, at a site on the outskirts of Lahore. At this location, 6-h mean O3 concentrations reach 60 ppb in certain months, and annual mean NO2 concentrations are 20–25 ppb. The experiments showed significant yield reduction in two successive seasons which ranged from 33% to 46% in wheat and from 37% to 51% in rice. The major yield parameter affected was the number of ears or panicles per plant, although there was also evidence of small effects on 1000 grain weight and on the number of grains per ear/panicle. These results have significance in terms of the maintenance of agricultural yields as pollution emissions rise in south and south-east Asia.
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    Bioindication of ozone in Estonia by using the tobacco variety Bel W3 (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1515-1519 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioindication ; ozone ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The presence of tropospheric ozone was monitored by estimating necrotic flecks on the leaves of the ozone-sensitive tobacco variety Bel W3 in Estonia in 1990 and 1991. The indicator and control plants (variety Samsun) were planted in four localities (Käsmu, northern Estonia; Tartu, central Estonia, with two sites and Kooraste, southern Estonia). The percentage of the leaf area covered with necrotic flecks (necrotic index of the leaf) was determined individually for each leaf from mid-June until the end of September. The mean daily increment of the necrotic index for the period between two observations (typically 6–14 days) was calculated for each plant (NIIplant) and for the site (NIIsite). The latter parameter indicates the variability of ozone episodes during the vegatation period. Ozone damage to leaves displayed an irregular pattern throughout the vegetation period, the values of NIIsite ranging from 0 to 0.3 (Kooraste, 1990) and 0.9 to 2.8 (Käsmu, 1991). The average NIIsite for the vegetation period was highest in northern Estonia (0.77 in 1990 and 1.47 in 1991) and lowest in southern Estonia (0.07 in 1990). High ozone damage in Käsmu can be explained by the close location (70–80 km) of the experimental site to major thermal power plants of Estonia and cities (Tallinn and Helsinki). Higher ozone damage in all the observed sites in 1991 as compared to 1990 can be accounted for different conditions for ozone formation.The number of sunny hours was 27% higher in 1991. In July the difference in sunny hours was almost twofold. It is concluded that ozone damage to plants is likely to occur in sunny summers in Estonia.
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    Clover Sweden — A national three-year study of the effects of tropospheric ozone on Trifolium subterraneum, L. (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1503-1508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; visible injury ; clover ; leaves ; AOT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In 1992 a cooperative project, Clover Sweden, was initiated. The aim was to study if subterranean clover could be used as a bioindicator in the different climate zones in Sweden by studying the impact of ambient ozone concentrations on this species in different parts of the country during three consecutive summer seasons. Plants of subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum, L., were exposed to ambient air at 24 sites from north to south Sweden. The project was designed to be compatible with the international programme, ICP Crops within the UNECE and the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution. The results showed that subterranean clover is a useful bioindicator of ozone in all agricultural areas of Sweden, with the exception for very cool and rainy summers resulting in poor growth of the plants. In 1992, and especially in 1994, ozone injury was detected at almost all sites in Sweden, reflecting the higher ozone levels of those summers as compared to 1993, when ozone concentrations were generally low and not much injury was detected. Typical injury was chlorotic and bifacial necrotic lesions on parts of the leaf surface. It is concluded that at mean ozone concentrations of 25 ppb (24 h mean) and 30 ppb (7 h mean) there is a potential risk for injury on 10% of the leaves. When % injured leaves was plotted against AOT (Accumulated exposure Over a Threshold) using different thresholds, it became obvious that a threshold of 20 ppb ozone should be used in order to fully protect from leaf injury under Swedish conditions.
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    Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) leaf injury, photosynthesis and stomatal functions under elevated ozone levels (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1533-1538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bush bean ; ozone ; open-top chamber ; leaf injury ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; photosynthetic rate ; stomatal conductances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Three bush bean cultivars (Lit, Groffy and Stella) were grown under four levels of ozone exposure (ambient air+50 ppb O3 ambient air+25 ppb O3, ambient air and charcoal filtered air) in open- top chambers. Number and leaf injury statistics showed significant reduction in the number of healthy leaves as the level of O3 increased. The area based leaf injury percentages of the cvs. Lit, Groffy and Stella were 69.8, 57.9 and 71.1% at the highest O3 level, 24.1, 19.6 and 30.3% at the 2nd highest O3 level, and 4.5, 0.7 and 5.6% at the ambient air, respectively. The plants grown in the filtered air revealed no injury symptoms. The stomatal conductances were found to decrease gradually in each cultivar as the O3 level increased. At the highest O3 level, Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements on the 2nd leaf from the top on 24th day of exposure resulted in significantly the highest Fv/Fm values, the lowest f0 and the highest Fm values whereas the 4th leaf showed the smallest Fm and correspondingly the smallest Fv/Fm values. This is an indication of photosystem II damage after accumulation of a high ozone dose in the 4th leaf. The photosynthetic rate of the 2nd leaf measured on 30th day of exposure was comparatively higher at the highest exposure but the data taken from the same leaf on 40th day of exposure showed significantly lower photosynthetic rate than the plants in ambient air. Both chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic measurements indicated that ozone stressed leaves experience a stimulation of photosynthesis (possibly due to increased assimilate demand) prior to irreversible damage. Bush bean leaves need to accumulate a critical ozone dose(an AOT40 of presumably 〉 18 ppm-h) for reduction of the photosynthetic capacitys.
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    Direct and indirect air pollution effects on materials including cultural monuments (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 153-165 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollutants ; effect on materials ; acidification ; cultural monuments ; sulphur dioxide ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; economic calculations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Damage caused to materials exposed in the atmosphere constitutes one of the most important direct effects of acidifying air pollutants. Systematic field and laboratory investigations performed in the recent decade in many countries have contributed to a considerable increase in the knowledge on the mechanisms of the effects of pollutants, on the quantification of damage and on the assessment of the cost of damage. Beside the very important role of SO2 for several materials also studies of the direct or synergistic effect of NOx and O3 have contributed to the understanding of the complex pollution effects. Even if there are still considerable gaps of knowledge it seems that NOx and O3 may contribute in an important way to the deterioration of several materials also in indoor environments which are important for i.a. electronic equipment, storage conditions and museums. Important knowledge has been gained from the International Cooperation Project within UK ECE which is an extensive field exposure on 39 test sites. Dose-response relations have been obtained after 4-year exposure showing the effect of dry and wet deposition on corrosion of several material groups. Also the effect of micro- and mesoclimate on corrosion of building materials like plaster and bricks in different positions on buildings and locations within an urban area has been subject to systematic studies. Results from the studies are used i.a. for assessment of so called acceptable corrosion levels and for mapping areas where the levels are exceeded at different pollution scenarios, as well as for calculation of economic damage. Based on model studies for some city areas tentative calculations of damage cost have been performed for the European region. The indirect effects consist of increased corrosion due to water and soil acidification which are of importance in geologically sensitive areas. Structures which are in contact with soil and water represent a very great capital investment and are of vital importance to the community.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483697
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    The relative tolerance of some Eucalyptus species to ozone exposure (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1405-1411 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Air pollution ; Eucalyptus ; forests ; ozone ; ozone tolerance ; phytotoxin ; smog ; stress ; trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Surface ozone (O3) concentrations have proved to be difficult to control and regional (03) concentrations appear to be increasing in many parts of the world. Eucalyptus species are widely used as plantation trees in many regions that have Mediterranean, warm temperate and subtropical climates. An increased knowledge of the effects of tropospheric O3 on Eucalyptus trees may assist in the management of these plantations. The present study was set up to evaluate injury and measure growth reduction caused by O3 in eight Eucalyptus species. Seven month old saplings were exposed to diumally varied concentrations of 26 or 172 nil−1 (03) (7h mean) 7h day−1, 5 days in every 14 days, for 18 weeks. The plants were grown in open top field chambers fitted with rain excluders. Significant differences were found between the responses of different species. There was no visible injury or dry weight reduction in E. globulus. However O3 exposure caused a 30% weight reduction and 90% leaf injury in E. microcorys. E. gomphocephala also experienced a 30% weight reduction but no significant leaf injury. Hence Eucalyptus plantations in regions with the potential for photochemical smog formation, such as some of the rapidly developing industrialising nations in Asia and South America, will need to consider O3 tolerance when selecting plantation trees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477178
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    Ozone effects on dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence during plant development of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1461-1466 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; growth ; senescence ; biomass partitioning ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In closed-chamber fumigation experiments dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of wheat were studied, analysing the effects of ozone during different stages of plant development. Ozone causes enhanced leaf senescence, leading to a loss of green leaf area and, consequently to a decreased supply of assimilates, affecting (in increasing order of severeness) stem, ear and grain productivity because of reduced storage pools for translocation. Leaves of plants before shooting stage were most sensitive but the lack of green leaf area after ear emergence had the most pronounced effects on grain yield. Measurements of photochemical capacity showed that evidence for negative ozone effects could be found in changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaf sections not yet showing visible ozone injury. Negative effects on photosynthesis were more distinct with increasing accumulated ozone dose, with increasing age of leaf tissue and with increasing ozone sensitivity of the cultivar. The changes in chlorophyll fluorescence are most likely to be explained by a decreased pool size of plastoquinones caused by ozone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477187
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    Multivariate imputation in cross-sectional analysis of health effects associated with air pollution (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 2 (1995), S. 191-212 
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    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: multivariate interpolation ; kriging ; respiratory morbidity ; air pollution ; sulphates ; nitrates ; ozone ; Ontario Health Study ; environmental monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We demonstrate a recently developed spatial interpolation methodology in a study of the chronic effects of air pollution on respiratory morbidity. Our study uses data from the Ontario Health Study, a large survey of households in Ontario conducted for the province by Statistics Canada. The interpolation procedure imputes unobserved vectors of air pollution concentrations for individual Public Health Units, from those observed at a few fixed air pollution monitoring sites. We use logistic regression methods to assess the significance of air pollution levels based on the imputed values after modelling the relationship between binary health responses and assorted covariates such as measures of life style. Our findings prove negative; no significant relationship between chronic respiratory morbidity and air pollution is found. The imputation methodology is seen to be promising and might well be used in other such analyses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00456664
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  • 88
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    Effect of infra-red low-power laser irradiation on regeneration of myelinated axons (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 273-277 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Ga-As laser ; Myelinated fibre regression ; Rat ; Sciatic nerve
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the regeneration of myelinated axons under the effect of laser irradiation at various wavelengths and energy densities. Laser irradiation at 890 nm with an energy dose of 0.33 J cm−2 as well as He-Ne laser irradiation failed to change the number of regenerating myelinated axons in distal nerve stumps on the 30th day after cutting the nerve. An increase of dose delivered to the skin to 9.33 J cm−2 resulted in a 49% decrease in the number of myelinated axons. A 24% suppression of nerve regeneration was also registered using 1220 nm wavelength laser (dose 0.98 J cm−2). This phenomenon is likely to be attributed to the stimulating effect of laser irradiation of the near-infra-red range on proliferation of fibroblasts and scar formation. 1220 nm of 7.2 J cm−2 dose effected neither the growth nor the myelinization of axons in distal nerve stumps on the 20th day following nerve damage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133620
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  • 89
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    Deterioration of copper and bronze caused by acidifying air pollutants (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2701-2706 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: copper ; bronze ; field exposure ; material degradation. 3d roughness measurements ; dose-response-functions ; ozone ; sulfur dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The ‘ICP on effects on materials’ was launched in 1985, within the framework of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution with the aim to find an approach for clearing the main gaps in the knowledge about material degradation caused by environmental impacts. The project was organized as a staggered8 year's material exposure programme accompanied by an extensive measuring programme for environmental parameters. During the evaluation of the 4 years data set it took shape that the most efficient parameters for quantifying the material degradation are the mass loss and especially for copper the corrosion volumes. Bronze already reacts extremely sensitive on low SO2 concentrations. The starting corrosion rate for copper is suprisingly high. A strong impact of chloride on the formation of pin holes for sheltered copper could be detected without showing high mass loss. At simultanous presence of ozone the corrosive action is catalysed by it's oxidation power and leads to severe mass loss. Based upon the 4 years data set for most of the materials preliminary dose-response-functions have been prepared. For the first time a synergetic effect of SO2 and ozone has been demonstrated in a field exposure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186242
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  • 90
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    Results from the UN/ECE ICP-Crops indicate the extent of exceedance of the critical levels of ozone in Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1473-1478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; crops ; critical levels ; visible injury ; yield ; artificial neural networks ; Trifolium subterraneum ; Phaseolus vulgaris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The experiments of the United Nations/Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE) International Cooperative Programme on effects of air pollution and other stresses on crops and non-wood plants (ICP-Crops) are designed to investigate the effects of ambient ozone pollution on crops and non-wood plants. Each year, participants from approximately 17 European countries conduct a series of coordinated experiments to determine which species develop visible injury following ozone episodes and whether the biomass or yield of sensitive species is reduced. In 1993, ozone injury was only seen at two thirds of sites but in 1994 injury was detected at almost all sites. This coincides with generally higher ozone concentrations measured in that year. Injury was seen on crops including subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), soybean (Glycine max), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) at experimental sites and in some cases, in commercial fields. The application of ethylenediurea (EDU) to some crop species reduced the level of visible injury. At some sites, the yield of EDU-treated bean plants was greater than that of untreated plants where the critical level of ozone for yield reduction was exceeded. Preliminary analysis of ozone concentrations in the days preceding injury indicated a sequential ozone concentration effect. The results are discussed in relation to Level I and Level II mapping of exceedance of the short- and long-term critical levels for ozone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477189
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  • 91
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    Gradients of ozone at a forest site and over a field cropconsequences for the AOT40 concept of critical level (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2033-2038 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: AOT40 ; barley ; ozone ; ozone concentration gradient ; spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ozone concentrations were measured at a wind-exposed edge of a 60 year-old 15–20 m tall Norway spruce forest in south-west Sweden and simultaneously over a barley field 5 km away for 27 days, At the forest site, measurements were performed at 3 and 13 m height 15 m in front of the forest edge, at 3 m height 15 m into the forest, and at 3 and 13 m height 45 m into the forest. Measurements at 3 m were made with three replicate tubes separated by 10 m. Differences between replicates were small. At 13 m height, the concentration (24-hr-average) 45 m into the forest was 95% of that in front of the forest edge. The average concentration at 3 m height did not vary strongly with the distance into the forest, but was 86% of that at 13 m in front of the forest edge. For AOT40 (Accumulated Exposure Over Threshold 40 ppb ozone), the differences between different positions were larger. At the 13 m level the AOT40 (day and night) was 88% of that in front of the forest 45 m into the forest. The AOT40 at 3 m was 71% of that at 13 m outside the forest. At the crop site, the ozone concentration at 1.1 m (0.1 m above the canopy), was 78% of that at 9 m (06.00–22.00). The AOT40 at 1.1 m above the ground, however, was only 50% of that at 9 m, indicating that serious errors can arise if ozone monitoring data are used uncorrnected in dose-response relationships based on measurements performed at plant height. The ozone concentration for the whole period differed very little between 9 m height at the crop site and 13 m height at the forest site outside the forest during daytime conditions (06.00–22.00). Night-time (22.00–06.00) values were only 21% at the crop site of those at the forest site due to the stronger night inversion development in the agricultural environment compared to the wind exposed forest edge. The results suggest that variations in topography and vegetation are important to consider when combining ozone monitoring data with dose-response functions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186133
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  • 92
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    Estimation of the uncertainty in crop loss predictions through statistical modelling of the AOT40 levels for ozone (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1491-1496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; AOT40 ; linear modelling ; spatial correlation ; uncertainty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ozone critical levels in Europe are defined in terms of an accumulated exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb, AOT40. For agricultural crops, for example, the critical level is an AOT40 of 5300 ppb.h during daylight in May to July in the year with the highest cumulative exposure in the last five years. In a region of the size of the UK, however, the worst case year is not the same over the whole region and maps become difficult to interpret. Prediction of crop losses on the basis of a single year out of five also wastes potentially valuable information. An alternative approach estimates the distribution of aggregate exceedances over a threshold by means of a compound Poisson model for episodes of raised ozone concentration with linear modelling techniques used to allow direct incorporation of covariate information. The use of spatial and environmental covariates, along with temporal and spatially correlated random effects, is explored using data from the UK ozone monitoring network. The model produces results similar to those from other mapping methods. By combining this model with a crop loss relationship, crop losses of 5–15% for the UK are predicted but the errors range between 2% and 6% indicating that fine detail in crop loss mapping is unlikely to be very accurate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477192
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    Long term in situ measurements of gas exchange in a Norway spruce canopy at ambient and elevated ozone levels using a light weight chamber system — System designs and first results (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1413-1418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Age classes ; branch cuvette ; chamber design ; CO2 ; gas exchange ; ozone ; Picea abies ; photosynthesis ; transpiration ; twigs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The gas exchange system is computer controlled and is designed to measure and control 14 temperature regulated chambers enclosing spruce twigs for several months with minimum ozone absorption. The system is mounted on sun exposed single year classes of a Norway spruce stand in western Jutland, Denmark. Since July 1994 the temperature control system has been in function. Results show that 95% of the temperature measurements inside the cuvettes are within the range −2 to +3 °C of the ambient temperature. Gas exchange measurements show that the current year shoots have a higher net photosynthesis than the older shoots. The net photosynthesis in current year needles on sunny days is significantly reduced by the 6 h daily 30–40 ppb ozone addition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477179
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    Effects of air pollution on the searching behaviour of an insect parasitoid (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1425-1430 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: insects ; parasitoid ; ozone ; nitrogen dioxide ; sulphur dioxide ; searching behaviour ; natural enemy control ; Asobara tabida ; Drosophila subobscura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To assess the impact of air pollutants on the population dynamics of herbivores, the effects of pollutants on their natural enemies including predators, parasites, and pathogens must be evaluated in addition to direct effects and indirect effects mediated via the host plant. Insect parasitoids are an important group of such natural enemies providing many examples of partial or complete biological control of pest species. This study examined the effects of air pollutants (ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) on the searching behaviour of insect parasitoids. A series of experiments comprising short-term, closed chamber fumigations of O3, SO2, and NO2 (100 nl l−1) of the braconid parasitoid (Asobara tabida) and aggregated distributions of its host larvae (Drosophila subobscura) was set up. Analysis of chamber results showed that the proportion of hosts parasitised and the searching efficiency of the parasitoids were both significantly reduced with O3 fumigation, but not with NO2 or SO2 fumigations. O3 fumigation reduced percentage parasitism by approximately 10%. Parasitoids were able to avoid patches with no hosts, both in filtered air controls and when exposed to pollutants. However in the O3 and NO2 treatments they appeared less able to discriminate between different host densities, suggesting that pollutants may interfere with the olfactory responses of the parasitoids. These results indicate the potential for air pollutants, particularly O3, to negatively influence the searching behaviour of parasitoids, and hence reduce the efficiency of natural enemy control of many pest species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477181
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    Effects of gaseous air pollutants on aphid performance on Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1431-1436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Conifers ; Cinara pilicornis ; Cinara pinea ; Schizolachnus pineti ; ozone ; SO2 ; NO2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Aphids are frequently found on conifers, but mass outbreaks are seldom reported. On trees stressed by air pollutants the natural resistance can be broken and insect attack combined with pollution stress may promote plant damages. To evaluate effects of air pollution on conifer aphids Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings have been exposed to gaseous pollutants (O3, SO2 and NO2) in growth chambers. The studied aphid species were Cinara pilicornis Hartig on Norway spruce, C. pinea (Mordv.) and Schizolachnus pineti Fabr. on Scots pine in SO2 fumigations and S. pineti in O3 and NO2 fumigations. C. pilicornis nymphs had peaked dose response to SO2 concentration. Both the first and third instar larvae of C. pilicornis showed highest mean relative growth rate (MRGR) at 100 ppb SO2 concentration. MRGR of C. pinea peaked at 50 and 150 ppb SO2 The response of S. pineti was more inconsistent During fumigation the peak MRGR of S. pineti was at 100 ppb and after exposure at 50 ppb SO2. MRGR of S. pineti nymphs was not significantly affected during fumigation or after the end of fumigation experiment by 100 ppb O3 or 100 ppb NO2 or the mixtures. The results suggest that SO2 affects more distinctively on aphid performance on conifers than O3 or NO2. Especially stem-feeding aphids on spruce can exploit physiological disturbance of host plant under pollution stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477182
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    Growth responses and foliar sensitivities of native herbaceous species to ozone exposures (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1437-1442 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; native flora ; premature senescence ; growth ; foliar symptoms ; seed production ; Malva sylvestris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on open-top chamber studies investigating the effects of different O3 exposures on native herbaceous plant species. Plants were grown up from seeds, potted into natural soils and exposed to near-ambient O3 levels during one growing season. A wide range of visible symptoms was apparent during the exposures. Species such as Rumex obtusifolius, Senecio vulgaris or Sonchus asper showed leaf colorations (e.g. reddish pigmentation) that probably indicate a non-specific stress response. In other species especially of the genera Malva and Cirsium the symptoms produced by O3 appeared to be similar to those characteristic for O3-specific foliar injury (stippling, flecking). In almost all species tested, O3 caused premature leaf senescence, which was sometimes associated with premature leaf abscission. However, earlier senescence did not necessarily result in changes in plant growth. Of all species tested, Malva sylvestris was found to be the most sensitive in terms of growth reduction and lower seed production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477183
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    Ozone sensitivity of Phaseolus vulgaris in relation to cultivar differences, growth stage and growing conditions (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1455-1460 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris ; ozone ; ethylene diurea (EDU) ; pod yield ; visible injury ; developmental stage ; cultivar differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Exposure of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Lit to ambient ozone caused a 14% pod yield reduction in 1994. This yield loss was assessed by comparing plants that were protected against ozone by treatment with EDU (ethylenediurea) with unprotected plants, both cultivated in pots with a continuous water supply. The plants had experienced an AOT40 of 8135 ppb.h during their growth. However, plant response to ozone depends on a large number of environmental and plant-specific conditions. Visible injury increased mainly after flowering and was much less severe on soil-grown bean cultivars (Lit, Stella and Groffy) not receiving additional water. Ozone fumigations in closed chambers before or after flowering proved that the growth stage during which the plants are exposed also plays a very important role with regard to injury development. Plants seem to be more susceptible during the generative growth stage and the relative cultivar sensitivity was related to the developmental stage during fumigation. However with regard to yield effects the timing of the ozone exposure seems to be less important.
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    Mt. Brocken, a site for a cloud chemistry measurement programme in Central Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1979-1984 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric pollution ; cloud chemistry ; cloud water acidity ; ozone ; trajectory analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We present results from the Brocken Cloud Chemistry Measurement Project (BROCCMON) which started in 1991. Since 1992 the full programme is running, based on continuous measurements (e.g. trace gases, meteorology, liquid water content), cloud water sampling and analysis and intensive measurement campaigns. The observed high variability of cloud water composition we explain with cloud dynamic and microphysical behaviour of clouds and differences in the air mass characteristics. During the measurement period 1992–1994 we observed an increase in cloud water acidity (by a factor of 3) and we found photochemical conditions typically for summersmog situations. Our preliminary data also show that an understanding of tropospheric ozone balance would be incomplete without consideration of chemical processes within clouds. A long-term goal of our programme is to establish a cloud chemistry climatology which is representative for the region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186124
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    Effects of ozone on birch (Betula pendula Roth.) clones (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1331-1336 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Betula pendula ; clones ; ozone ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Saplings of five birch clones (Betula pendula Roth.) were exposed to ozone doses 1.2–1.7 × higher than the ambient under field conditions during growing seasons 1991–1993. The clones were also fumigated with 40 ppb – 150 ppb ozone in three chamber experiments.The effects of nitrogen supply on ozone responses were studied using field fumigation system and three levels of nitrogen supply (low, medium, high). The ozone-sensitivity was clone-spesific. Even low ozone exposure decreased the biomass production of the most sensitive clone, whereas the most tolerant clone showed unaffected growth rate. In all clones, ozone fumigation accelerated autumn senescence of leaves, increased ultrastructural injuries, especially in chloroplasts, and increased diffusion resistance and stomatal density of leaves. Ozone-induced changes in the tissue and fine structure of leaves were interpreted as enhanced senescence. The plants receiving high nitrogen supply were more resistant to ozone than the plants under lower nitrogen availability. Significant interactions between ozone and nitrogen supply were found in growth and leaf anatomical parameters. The ozone sensitivity and the growth rate of birch clones seem to be related to biochemical and ultrastructural changes of chloroplasts, as reduced growth rate of the most sensitive clone was accompanied by lower contents of Rubisco small subunit and chlorophyll, and lower net photosynthesis. Fast enlarging and young mature leaves without acclimation were more sensitive to ozone fumigation than the leaves emerging under ozone stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477166
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    Air pollution effects on hospital admissions: a statistical analysis of parallel time series (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 1 (1994), S. 325-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: Administrative health records ; air pollution ; estimating equations ; hospital admissions ; longitudinal count data ; overdispersion ; ozone ; serial correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A statistical model for longitudinal count data is used to examine the potential adverse health effects of ambient air pollution. Daily respiratory admissions to 164 acute care hospitals in Ontario are obtained for the period 1983 to 1988. Estimates of ozone levels in the vicinity of each hospital are determined from air pollution monitoring stations maintained by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. Generalized estimating equation methods are used to make inferences about the regression and overdispersion parameters. The admission data display little evidence of serial correlation and extra Poisson variation. However, admission rates vary considerably among hospitals. This latter source of variation needs to be taken into account in examining the effects of air pollution on respiratory health status.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00469429
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