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  • Other Sources  (4,324)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (2,591)
  • ASTRONOMY  (1,733)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • 1980-1984  (4,324)
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Keywords
Years
Year
  • 101
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    High-efficiency power conversion options for flywheel energy storage systems (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The impact of efficiency on the power system and how efficiency is affected by component types is discussed. Some ac and dc bus configurations are described along with prototype systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 349-367
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  • 102
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    Advanced high-power transfer through rotary interfaces (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A roll-ring design that is uniquely suited for rotary signal/power transfer in space applications is described. Two high-power configurations of the roll ring were developed. Present lab-proven hardware is available with power transfer capability of 2 kW at 200 amps and higher power units with 100-kW capability are in the design stage. Theoretical analysis indicated that power levels of kW are possible.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 341-348
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  • 103
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    Reaction wheels for kinetic energy storage (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In contrast to all existing reaction wheel implementations, an order of magnitude increase in speed can be obtained efficiently if power to the actuators can be recovered. This allows a combined attitude control-energy storage system to be developed with structure mounted reaction wheels. The feasibility of combining reaction wheels with energy storage wwheels is demonstrated. The power required for control torques is a function of wheel speed but this energy is not dissipated; it is stored in the wheel. The I(2)R loss resulting from a given torque is shown to be constant, independent of the design speed of the motor. What remains, in order to efficiently use high speed wheels (essential for energy storage) for control purposes, is to reduce rotational losses to acceptable levels. Progress was made in permanent magnet motor design for high speed operation. Variable field motors offer more control flexibility and efficiency over a broader speed range.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 329-340
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  • 104
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    The multipurpose composite flywheel (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The twin disk composite flywheel shows that the techniques that were developed at Rocketdyne to successfully design, fabricate, and test high-speed rotating machinery (turbopumps) for rocket engines could be used to develop advanced flywheels. This flywheel not only demonstrates that successful mating of metal flywheel characteristics (high torque and ruggedness) and composite flywheel characteristics (lightweight and high energy density) can be achieved, but the unique design lends itself to easy adaptation to other configurations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 233-242
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  • 105
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    Magnetically suspended reaction wheel assembly (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The magnetically suspended reaction wheel assembly (MSRWA) is the product of a development effort funded by the Air Force Materials Laboratory (AFML) at Wright Patterson AFB. The specific objective of the project was to establish the manufacturing processes for samarium cobalt magnets and demonstrate their use in a space application. The development was successful on both counts. The application portion of the program, which involves the magnetically suspended reaction wheel assembly, is emphasized. The requirements for the reaction wheel were based on the bias wheel requirements of the DSP satellite. The tasks included the design, fabrication, and test of the unit to the DSP program qualification requirements.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 265-279
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  • 106
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    Summary results of the DOE flywheel development effort (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The technology and applications evaluation task focuses on defining performance and cost requirements for flywheels in the various areas of application. To date the DOE program has focused on automotive applications. The composite materials effort entails the testing of new commercial composites to determine their engineering properties. The rotor and containment development work uses data from these program elements to design and fabricate flywheels. The flywheels are then tested at the Oak Ridge Flywheel Evaluation Laboratory and their performance is evaluated to indicate possible areas for improvement. Once a rotor has been fully developed it is transferred to the private sector.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 181-191
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  • 107
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    Westinghouse programs in pulsed homopolar power supplies (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This document details Westinghouse's ongoing study of homopolar machines since 1929 with the major effort occurring in the early 1970's to the present. The effort has enabled Westinghouse to develop expertise in the technology required for the design, fabrication and testing of such machines. This includes electrical design, electromagnetic analysis, current collection, mechanical design, advanced cooling, stress analysis, transient rotor performance, bearing analysis and seal technology. Westinghouse is using this capability to explore the use of homopolar machines as pulsed power supplies for future systems in both military and commercial applications.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 141-156
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  • 108
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    Comparative energy storage assessment item (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: This analysis, a Space Station application study, rediscovered Integrated Power and Attitude Control (IPAC) and found the approach to have lower initial and resupply weight and lower initial and resupply cost than either battery/CMG or regenerative fuel cell/CMG systems. Preliminary trade studies were performed comparing (IPAC) with equivalent independent electrochemical power and control moment gyro (CMG) control approaches. Technologies considered to have adequate status for an initial Space Station were: (1) nickel cadmium batteries (NiCd batteries), (2) regenerative fuel cells (RFC), (3) Skylab class CMG's, and (4) state of the art IPAC using metal wheels and ball bearing suspension (SOA-IPAC). An advanced IPAC (ADV-IPAC) employing composite rotor material and magnetic suspension was included in the comparisons to illustrate a possible range of performance and cost of inertial systems. The candidates were compared on the basis of initial weight and cost and on the basis of resupply weight and cost for a 15 year mission. Thus, SOA-IPAC would appear to be an attractive approach for the initial Space Station and possible technology improvements would further the appeal for the initial and/or growth Space Station.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 91-99
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  • 109
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    European development experience on energy storage wheels for space (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: High speed fiber composite rotors suspended by contactless magnetic bearings were produced. European industry has acquired expertise in the study and fabrication of energy storage wheels and magnetic suspension systems for space. Sufficient energy density performance for space viability is being achieved on fully representative hardware. Stress cycle testing to demonstrate life capability and the development of burst containment structures remains to be done and is the next logical step.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 65-73
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  • 110
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    Dynamics and controls working group summary (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The technology status of the dynamics and controls discipline as it applies to energy storage wheel systems was evaluated. No problems were identified for which an adequate solution could not be proposed. Design issues that influence control were addressed. The dynamics and control aspects associated with the energy storage system concept and its various constituent parts, and the control tasks attendant to large, manned spacecraft are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 39-48
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  • 111
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    A summary of the 1983 Integrated Flywheel Technology Workshop (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of flywheels to perform the functions of attitude control and/or energy storage on a variety of space missions was studied. Integrated Flywheel Technology was discussed. The four primary objectives are: (1) determine the potential of flywheels for energy storage system applications and for combined energy storage and attitude control concepts; (2) assess the state of the art (SOA) in integrated flywheel technology through a review of government sponsored programs; (3) identify those technology areas which are in critical need of development to meet projected space mission requirements; (4) scope a program for the coordinated development of the required technology.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 49-64
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  • 112
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    Electrical/electronics working group summary (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The electrical/electronics, technology area was considered. It was found that there are no foreseeable circuit or component problems to hinder the implementation of the flywheel energy storage concept. The definition of the major component or technology developments required to permit a technology ready date of 1987 was addressed. Recommendations: motor/generators, suspension electronics, power transfer, power conditioning and distribution, and modeling. An introduction to the area of system engineering is also included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 29-38
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  • 113
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    Electromechanical/electromagnetics working group summary (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The component and system technology issues associated with suspension and power conversion systems for the flywheel were discussed. The development of the technology consists of three major steps and encompasses a complementary mix of analytical efforts and hardware development for validation of design approaches and concept implementations. The major elements included: (1) studies to determine the optimal system configuration considering gimballed and nongimballed wheel concepts and incorporating the best 1984 component technology. These studies must also address the impact of rotor configuration on other elements of the system such as motor/generators and magnetic suspension systems to permit the selection of the optimal configuration for the demonstration phase; (2) focus the development program on integration and demonstration of a complete system which includes the rotor, suspension, and power conversion subsystems which emphasis efficiency; (3) conduct a technology program on motor/generators, suspension systems, gimbals, and sensors to take advantage of known technological advances.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 25-28
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  • 114
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    Rotating assembly working group summary (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The feasibility of a fail safe flywheel system was demonstrated. Three of the major advantages of flywheel systems are: longer operational life, higher electrical efficiency, and higher system energy density. The use of composite material flywheels is important to realize these advantages. Rotor design and dynamics, rotor materials and fabrication, safety, nondestructive testing, and systems operation loads and environment, are outlined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center An Assessment of Integrated Flywheel System Technol.; p 7-24
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  • 115
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    The Base Engine for Solar Stirling Power (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A new concept in Stirling engine technology is embodied in the base engine now being developed at Stirling Thermal Motors, Inc. This is a versatile energy conversion unit suitable for many different applications and heat sources. The base engine, rated 40 kW at 2800 RPM, is a four-cylinder, double-acting variable displacement Stirling engine with pressurized crankcase and rotating shaft seal. Remote-heating technology is incorporated with a stacked-heat-exchanger configuration and a liquid metal heat pipe connected to a distinctly separate combustor or other heat source. High efficiency over a wide range of operating conditions, long life, low manufacturing cost and low material cost are specifically emphasized. The base engine, its design philosophy and approach, its projected performance, and some of its more attractive applications are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 197-213
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  • 116
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    Deployment of a Secondary Concentrator to Increase the Intercept Factor of a Dish with Large Slope Errors (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The testing of a hyperbolic trumpet non-imaging secondary concentrator with a parabolic dish having slope errors of about 10 mrad is reported. The trumpet, which has a concentration ratio of 2.1, increased the flux through a 141-mm focal aperture by 72%, with an efficiency of 96%, thus demonstrating its potential for use in tandem with cheap dishes having relatively large slope errors.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 170-178
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  • 117
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    Subatmospheric Brayton-cycle Engine Program Review (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A solar energy powered electrical generator utilizing a Subatmospheric Brayton cycle engine is examined. The generator consists of a subatmospheric, Brayton-cycle engine and a permanent magnet (PM) alternator. The electrical power is generated by an alternator driven directly by the Brayton-cycle engine rotating group. Features that enhance reliability and performance include air foil bearings on both the Brayton-cycle engine rotating group and the PM alternator, an atmospheric-pressure solar receiver and gas-fired trim heater, and a high temperature recuperator. The subatmospheric Brayton-cycle engine design is based on that of the gas fired heat pump engine.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 122-126
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  • 118
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    Near-term Brayton Module Status (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The integration of subsystem components and the testing of a Parabolic Dish Module (PDM) to convert solar energy to grid compatible electric power is examined. System components are selected on a basis of current and projected performance efficiencies, technology readiness, future production probabilities and prices, current cost and availability. Potential for a near-term, 8 kW derivative of the PDM is adjudged to be superior to that of a 20 kW system. The PDM is suited to both grid connected and standalone applications, and it may be fired by solar, fossil, or solar/fossil hydrid means.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 113-121
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  • 119
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    United Stirling's Solar Engine Development: the Background for the Vanguard Engine (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development and testing resulting in the Vanguard engine and some of the characteristics of the Stirling engine based power conversion unit are described. The major part of the solar engine development is concentrated to the three different areas, the receiver, the lubrication system and the control system. Five engines are on test within the solar project. The function of the components are validated in actual solar tests.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 95-101
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  • 120
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    Parabolic Dish Stirling Module (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, manufacture, and assembly of a commercially designed parabolic dish Stirling 25 kWe module is examined. The cost, expected performance, design uniquenesses, and future commercial potential of this module, which is regarded as the most technically advanced in the parabolic dish industry is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 94
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  • 121
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    Continuing Research at Solar Steam, Incorporated (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design and manufacture of two solar dish systems are discussed. A 30 foot diameter glass dish was designed, tested, and abandoned due to poor cost effectiveness during mass production. A 40 foot diameter glass dish that uses a single post wind abatement support carriage is under development.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 83
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  • 122
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    Advanced Solar Power Systems (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Advanced Solar Power System (ASPS) concentrator uses a technically sophisticated design and extensive tooling to produce very efficient (80 to 90%) and versatile energy supply equipment which is inexpensive to manufacture and requires little maintenance. The advanced optical design has two 10th order, generalized aspheric surfaces in a Cassegrainian configuration which gives outstanding performance and is relatively insensitive to temperature changes and wind loading. Manufacturing tolerances also have been achieved. The key to the ASPS is the direct absorption of concentrated sunlight in the working fluid by radiative transfers in a black body cavity. The basic ASPS design concepts, efficiency, optical system, and tracking and focusing controls are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 68-80
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  • 123
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    Vanguard Concentration (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, manufacture, and performance of a solar parabolic dish/stirling engine system are investigated. The commercialization of the system is discussed based on ease of fabrication, assembly, and cost effectiveness. The various components contributed from government and related industries are evaluated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 109
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  • 124
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    A Transmittance-optimized, Point-focus Fresnel Lens Solar Concentrator (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of a point-focus Fresnel lens solar concentrator for high-temperature solar thermal energy system applications is discussed. The concentrator utilizes a transmittance-optimized, short-focal-length, dome-shaped refractive Fresnel lens as the optical element. This concentrator combines both good optical performance and a large tolerance for manufacturing, deflection, and tracking errors. The conceptual design of an 11-meter diameter concentrator which should provide an overall collector efficiency of about 70% at an 815 C (1500 F) receiver operating temperature and a 1500X geometric concentration ratio (lens aperture area/receiver aperture area) was completed. Results of optical and thermal analyses of the collector, a discussion of manufacturing methods for making the large lens, and an update on the current status and future plans of the development program are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 25-37
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  • 125
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    Analysis of inclined growth of silicon sheet (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A general-purpose finite element program was developed for analysis of silicon sheet growth in inclined configurations. This program will be used to study parametric sensitivity of various growth geometries with respect to thermal control and growth rate, dopant segregation, thermal stress and interface morphology and instability.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 571-573
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  • 126
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    Stress and buckling analysis (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An analysis is presented of elastic stress and buckling behavior due to thermal stresses in silicon ribbon. Thermal profiles for reducing stresses and improving flatness in wide ribbon are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 525-543
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  • 127
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    Silicon dendritic web growth (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Technological goals for a silicon dendritic web growth program effort are presented. Principle objectives for this program include: (1) grow long web crystals front continuously replenished melt; (2) develop temperature distribution in web and melt; (3) improve reproductibility of growth; (4) develop configurations for increased growth rates (width and speed); (5) develop new growth system components as required for improved growth; and (6) evaluate quality of web growth.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 473-481
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  • 128
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    Temperature-stress modeling (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Temperature-stress modeling for silicon dendritic web growth is described. Temperature/stress fields near growth front are examined. The effects of lateral temperature gradients are also explored.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 483-490
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  • 129
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    Pulsed excimer laser processing for cost-effective solar cells (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The goal was to demonstrate the cost effectiveness feasibility of fabricating 16% efficient solar cells on 125 mm diameter Cz wafers using pulsed excimer laser for junction formation, surface passivation, and front metallization.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 437-446
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  • 130
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    Modeling of the silane FBR system (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Development of a mathematical model for fluidized bed pyrolysis of silane that relates production rate and product properties (size, size distribution, presence or absence of fines) with bed size and operating conditions (temperature, feed concentration, flow rate, seed size, etc.) and development of user oriented algorithm for the model are considered. A parameter sensitivity study of the model was also developed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 259-273
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  • 131
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    A fluidized-bed reactor for silane pyrolysis (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The silane decomposition in a fluidized bed reactor was studied. The process feasibility and operating windows were determined. Long duration tests were conducted and silicon purity was demonstrated. A high purity linear was installed in the fluid bed reactor; the FBR product was melted and single crystallized. Product purity improvements are noted.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 247-249
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  • 132
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    Comprehensive silicon solar-cell computer modeling (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A comprehensive silicon solar cell computer modeling scheme was developed to perform the following tasks: (1) model and analysis of the net charge distribution in quasineutral regions; (2) experimentally determined temperature behavior of Spire Corp. n+pp+ solar cells where n+-emitter is formed by ion implantation of 75As or 31P; and (3) initial validation results of computer simulation program using Spire Corp. n+pp+ cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 313-323
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  • 133
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    Polymerizable ultraviolet stabilizers (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Polymerizable ultraviolet stabilizers were examined. The objective was to synthesize polymerizable UV monomers, and to incorporate polymerizable UV stabilizers (benzotriazoles) into polymers.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 137-143
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  • 134
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    Micromolecular modeling (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A reaction kinetics based model of the photodegradation process, which measures all important rate constants, and a computerized model capable of predicting the photodegradation rate and failure modes of a 30 year period, were developed. It is shown that the computerized photodegradation model for polyethylene correctly predicts failure of ELVAX 15 and cross linked ELVAX 150 on outdoor exposure. It is indicated that cross linking ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) does not significantly change its degradation rate. It is shown that the effect of the stabilizer package is approximately equivalent on both polymers. The computerized model indicates that peroxide decomposers and UV absorbers are the most effective stabilizers. It is found that a combination of UV absorbers and a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) is the most effective stabilizer system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 129-135
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    Silicon surface passivation by silicon nitride deposition (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Silicon nitride deposition was studied as a method of passivation for silicon solar cell surfaces. The following three objectives were the thrust of the research: (1) the use of pecvd silicon nitride for passivation of silicon surfaces; (2) measurement techniques for surface recombination velocity; and (3) the importance of surface passivation to high efficiency solar cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 333-345
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    Inertial Energy Storage for Spacecraft (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The feasibility of inertial energy storage in a spacecraft power system is evaluated on the basis of a conceptual integrated design that encompasses a composite rotor, magnetic suspension and a permanent magnet (PM) motor/generator for a 3-kW orbital average payload at a bus distribution voltage of 250 volts dc. The conceptual design, is referred to as a Mechanical Capacitor. The baseline power system configuration selected is a series system employing peak-power-tracking for a Low Earth-Orbiting application. Power processing, required in the motor/generator, provides potential alternative that can only be achieved in systems with electrochemical energy storage by the addition of power processing components. One such alternative configuration provides for peak-power-tracking of the solar array and still maintains a regulated bus, without the expense of additional power processing components. Precise speed control of the two counterrotating wheels is required to reduce interaction with the attitude control system (ACS) or alternatively, used to perform attitude control functions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The 1983 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop; p 3-22
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    Recent Advances in Design of Low Cost Film Concentrator and Low Pressure Free Piston Stirling Engines for Solar Power (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The free piston Stirling-linear alternator was shown to be scalable to power levels of tens of kilowatts in a form which is simple, efficient, long lived and relatively inexpensive. It avoids entirely the vexing problem of high pressure shaft, and its control requirements are not severe nor do they represent a significant threat to durability. Linear alternators have demonstrated high efficiency and moderate weight, and are capable of delivering 3 phase power from single machines without great increases of cost or complexity. There remains no apparent impediments to the commercial exploitation of the free piston engine for solar electric power generation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 179-196
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  • 138
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    White Cliffs: Operating Experience (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The fourteen dish white cliffs solar power station area is remote and subject to extreme environmental conditions, solution of the associated problems required careful and thoughtful attention and the application of resources. Notwithstanding the wide range and harshness of conditions, the difficulties caused by remoteness and the lack of a technological base and the need for relatively rapid demonstration of success, the project has had a very positive outcome. Qualitative and quantitative information and lessons are now available to enable considerable simplifications to be made for a new system, reducing both hardware and operation and maintenance costs. Experience and lessons are presented, particularly in relation to: system performance in various environmental conditions; design philosophies for collectors, the array, control systems, engine and plant; operation and maintenance strategies and cost reducing possibilities. Experience so far gives encouragement for the future of such paraboloidal dish systems in appropriate areas.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 146-158
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  • 139
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    Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) Performance Analysis of High Temperature Energy Storage Subsystem (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The 1982 milestones and lessons learned; performance in 1983; a typical day's operation; collector field performance and thermal losses; and formal testing are highlighted. An initial test that involves characterizing the high temperature storage (hts) subsystem is emphasized. The primary element is on 11,000 gallon storage tank that provides energy to the steam generator during transient solar conditions or extends operating time. Overnight, thermal losses were analyzed. The length of time the system is operated at various levels of cogeneration using stored energy is reviewed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 137-145
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  • 140
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    Brayton Module Development Overview (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Advanced Gas Turbine (AGT) and the Subatmospheric Brayton Cycle (SABC) engines are under development. The AGT is developed for automotive applications while the SABC is developed for a gas fired heat pump application. Trade studies of the AGT, the SABC and other existing gas turbins are conducted in combination with various concentrators. The recommendation from these studies is to use the SABC for near term module development while following the AGT development for later advanced application. A preliminary design is completed at the module.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 110-112
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  • 141
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    Testing of the United Stirling 4-95 solar Stirling engine on test bed concentrator (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objectives with the testing, test set-ups, component designs, and the results of the testing of the solar Stirling engine in a parabolic dish system are presented. The most important tests are characterization of receivers, full day performance of complete system, cavity and aperture window test including influence from windeffects, control system tests, radiator system tests and special temperature measurements with infrared camera. The influence on performance of flux distribution depnding on concentrator alignment, and the optimum receiver operating criteria when balancing flux and temperatures on cooled receiver surface while avoiding flux on uncooled surfaces are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 102-108
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  • 142
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    On Solar Thermal Electric Power Capacity Sizing (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The commercialization of parabolic dish/generator modules are investigated. Design analysis indicates that a 10 sq m/ three kilowatt generator configuration is simple and easy to maintain, manufacturing is easily adaptable, the demand is already established, the unit is cost effective and the hardware is readily available.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 81
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  • 143
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    Non-doe-sponsored Domestic Dish Activities (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The parabolic dish development activities being undertaken within the private sector of the United States were addressed. The primary emphasis of these non-DOE-sponsored activities is the development of commercial products that can penetrate the market in the near term. The exchange of information between these activities and the complementary DOE-sponsored work directed toward developing advancements in technology is considered to be of major importance. The experiences and problems encountered in the private sector serve as inputs that will help guide in the planning of the DOE program. In turn, a principal objective of the DOE program is the transfer findings of its technological development activities to the private sector. Activities in the private are characterized by their diversity in terms of both product design and marketing approach. The differences in the design concepts and the sizes of the dish concentrators under development are particularly noteworthy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 67
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  • 144
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    Advanced Solar Receivers (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Low thermal efficiencies in solar receivers are discussed in terms of system design. It is recommended that careful attention be given to the overall thermal systems design, especially to conductive losses about the window and areas of relatively thin insulation. If the cavity design is carefully managed to insure a small, minimally reradiating aperture, the goal of a very high efficiency cavity receiver is a realistic one.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 50-56
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  • 145
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    Current Status of an Organic Rankine Cycle Engine Development Program (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The steps taken to achieve improved bearing life in the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) engine being developed for use on solar parabolic dishes are presented. A summary of test results is given. Dynamic tests on the machine shaft and rotors of the ORC engine are also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 48
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  • 146
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    Parabolic Dish Concentrator (PDC-2) Development (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design of the Parabolic Dish Concentrator (PDC-2) is described. The following five subsystems of the concentrator are discussed: (1) reflective surface subsystem, (2) support structure subsystem, (3) foundation, (4) drive subsystem, and (5) electrical and control subsystem. The status of the PDC-2 development project is assessed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 5th Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal Power Program; p 16-24
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  • 147
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    Reduction to Outside the Atmosphere and Statistical Tests Used in Geneva Photometry (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-25
    Description: Conditions for creating a precise photometric system are investigated. The analytical and discriminatory potentials of a photometry obviously result from the localization of the passbands in the spectrum; they do, however, also depend critically on the precision attained. This precision is the result of two different types of precautions. Two procedures which contribute in an efficient manner to achieving greater precision are examined. These two methods are known as hardware related precision and software related precision.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center. Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 108-123
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  • 148
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    Light Scattered from Polished Optical Surfaces: Wings of the Point Spread Function (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: Random figure errors from the polishing process plus particles on the main mirrors in a telescope cause an extended point spread function (PSF) declining approximately as the inverse square of the sine of the angle from a star from about 100 micro-rad to a right angle. The decline in at least one case, and probably in general, proceeds as the inverse cube at smaller angles where the usual focal plane aperture radius is chosen. The photometric error due to misalignment by one Airy ring spacing with an aperture of n rings depends on the net variance in the figure. It is approximately 60/(n+1)(3) when using the data of Kormendy (1973). A typical value is 6 x 10 to the -5th power per ring of misalignment with n = 100 rings. The encircled power may be modulated on a time scale of hours by parts per thousand in a wavelength dependent manner due to relative humidity effects on mirror dust. The scattering according to an inverse power law is due to a random walk in aberration height caused by a multitude of facets and slope errors left by the polishing process. A deviation from such a law at grazing emergence may permit monitoring the dust effects.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 222-242
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  • 149
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    Photometry with Multi-anode Microchannel Arrays (mamas) and Charge Injection Devices (cids) (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: The characteristics of two kinds of detectors are summarized with emphasis on those aspects that would affect their use in high accuracy astronomical photometry. The first type, the multianode microchannel arrays (MAMA), are a family of pulse counting array detectors. Components and operation principles are reviewed and quantum efficiency, noise characteristics, and dynamic range characteristics are described. The second type, charge injection devices (CID), are discussed in reference to their applicability to photometric detection at optical wavelengths.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 203-215
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    The Use of Self-scanned Silicon Photodiode Arrays for Astronomical Spectrophotometry (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: The use of a Reticon self scanned silicon photodiode array for precision spectrophotometry is discussed. It is shown that internal errors are + or - 0.003 mag. Observations obtained with a photodiode array are compared with observations obtained with other types of detectors with agreement, from 3500 A to 10500 A, of 1%. The photometric properties of self scanned photodiode arrays are discussed. Potential pitfalls are given.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 182-192
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    Far IR Observations of the Magellanic Clouds (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: Several Large Magellanic and Small Magellanic Cloud H II regions were observed at 50 and 100 microns. Observations were made on three flights of the Kuiper Airborne Observatory using a six channel detector system. Fully sampled maps were made simultaneously at both wavelengths. The integrated properties of the H II regions are listed and interpretations of the results regarding stellar formation are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Airborne Astron. Symp.; p 272-276
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    Far Infrared Emission from Galaxies (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: The relationship between far infrared sources and star formation is discussed. It is argued that the relationship of star formation to compact nuclear sources and the relative importance of these fundamentally different types of activity in the most luminous galaxies is still unclear. Although there is evidence for a general correlation between far infrared emission and the amount of interstellar matter present, there are also indications of significant deviations from a simple stochastic model.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Airborne Astron. Symp.; p 247-254
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  • 153
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    High Sensitivity, High Angular Resolution Far-infrared Photometry from the KAO (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: Most of the luminosity of embedded sources is reemitted in the far-infrared continuum. Measurements in the far-infrared are essential to understand the energetics of the interstellar medium, and of star formation regions in particular. Measurements from the KAO, are made in diffraction limited beams that sample a spatial scale considerably smaller than that given by IRAS. The KAO instrument technology has matured to the point that the single scan limiting flux of IRAS at 100 micro can be reached in a diffraction limited beam in a single typical KAO observing leg. The far-infrared photometer system and selections of recent observations are presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Airborne Astron. Symp.; p 180-185
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    Multi-spectral Observations of the Star Formation: the Role of Far Infrared Photometry (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: The study and analysis of complex astrophysical process requires a multispectral approach employing many of the tools of modern astronomy. The study of the interaction of early type stars with the interstellar medium is an example of this point. Two examples of multi-spectral studies of individual objects are reviewed. The predominent theme is the combination of high resolution far infrared photometry, radio images and millimeter-wave spectroscopy with the radio sensitive to the ionization, the millimeter-wave lines showing the structure and excitation of the gas and the far infrared providing a picture of the energetics of the dust which connects the star to the interstellar medium. Multispectral observations of FIRSSE and IRAS objects are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Airborne Astron. Symp.; p 114-126
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    Far Infrared and Submillimeter Observations of the Giant Planets (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: Far infrared measurements of the effective temperatures of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune were made. The measurements presented here cover the range from 35-1000 micrometers in relatively narrow bands. The observations at lambda 350 micrometers were made at the 3m NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) of the Mauna Kea Observatory; those at lambda 350 micrometer were made on the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO). All observations of Saturn were made when the ring inclination to Earth was 1.7 deg assuring an unambiguous measurement of the flux from the disk itself. Mars was used as the calibration reference. The results represent a consistent set of calibration standards. In these measurements, it is assumed that sub b(lambda = 350 micrometers) = T sub (lambda 350 micrometers). Measurements have been made of roughly 50% of the total flux emitted by Jupiter, 65% by Saturn, and 92% by Uranus and Neptune. These measurements therefore permit a considerable reduction in the uncertainties associated with the bolometric thermal outputs of the planets. The effective temperatures (T sub e) and the ratios of emitted to absorbed solar radiation were calculated.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Airborne Astron. Symp.; p 81-86
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    Extreme Limb Profiles of the Sun at Far Infrared and Submillimeter Wavelengths (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: Limb intensity profiles at 30, 50, 100, and 200 microns, determined from Kuiper airborne observatory (KAO) observations of the occultation of the solar limb during the total eclipse of July 31, 1981, are presented. Significant but gradual limb brightening was found at the longer wavelengths consistent with the 6000 K temperature-plateau structure of the model chromospheres of Vernazza, Avrett, and Loeser. The 100 and 200 micrometers limbs are extended significantly further above the visible limb than the Vernazza, Avrett, and Loeser model predicts. These results show that the solar chromosphere is strongly perturbed from gravitational-hydrostatic equilibrium to heights as low as 1000 km. These profiles can serve as a powerful diagnostic for modeling the temperature and density of chromospheric structure free from the assumption of gravitational-hydrostatic equilibrium.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Airborne Astron. Symp.; p 58-62
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    Exploration of the Solar System by Airborne Astronomy (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: The contributions of airborne astronomy to the knowledge of our solar system are reviewed, beginning in 1967 when planetary observations became a vigorous part of NASA's airborne astronomy initiatives using aircraft outfitted with 30 cm diameter telescopes for infrared observations at altitudes between 12 and 15 km. These early facilities and their successor, the Kuiper airborne observatory (KAO), profoundly influenced many areas of planetary science by providing optimized platforms for the conduct of certain types of remote sensing experiments that were incompatible with both ground-based and spacecraft environments. Specific topics reviewed include energy balance in the outer planets, the composition and structure of planetary atmospheres, and planetary ring systems.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Airborne Astron. Symp.; p 39-57
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    The Beginnings of Airborne Astronomy, 1920 - 1930: an Historical Narrative (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: The emergence of airborne astronomy in the early twentieth century is recounted. The aerial expedition to observe the solar eclipse on September 10, 1923, is described. Observation of the total solar eclipse of January 24, 1925, is discussed. The Honey Lake aerial expedition to study the solar eclipse of April 28, 1930, is also described. Four major accomplishments in airborne astronomy during the period 1920 to 1930 are listed. Airborne expeditions were undertaken at every logical opportunity, starting a continuous sequence of airborne astronomical expeditions which was to remain unbroken, except by World War II, to the present day. Although the scientific returns of the first ten years were modest, they did exist. Interest in, and support for, airborne astronomy was generated not only among astronomers but also among the public. Albert Stevens, arguably the true father of airborne astronomy, was to become interested in applying his considerable skill and experience to the airborne acquisition of astronomical data.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Airborne Astron. Symp.; p 9-25
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  • 159
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    Photodiodes for Astronomical Stellar Radiometry (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: The theory of photodiodes and their application to radiometric measurements is reviewed. Some suggestions concerning photodiode detectors for use in stellar radiometric measurements are given. Quantum efficiency, linear response characteristics, and noise current values of silicon photodiodes are considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 193-202
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    Time Series Photometry with a CCD Camera (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: Time series observations of a field in the cluster NGC 4755 with a CCD camera are used to show that differential photometry between stars on the CCD frame is limited in accuracy mostly by photon statistics, over a 5 magnitude range. Scintillation noise appears to be almost entirely suppressed. The maximum accuracy possible is limited by the storage capacity of the CCD to about 0.001 mag.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 177-181
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    Ccds: Their Cause and Cure (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: Charge coupled devices (CCDs) have opened new horizons in the optical astronomy. Most of the presently existing astronomical CCD systems are oriented and designed primarily for work on faint objects. The use of CCDs for high precision work on bright objects remains to be explored. Issues and problems specific to (CCDs) are covered in detail. The important structural characteristics of CCDs are that they are integrating, self scanned, photon counting (one selection for each detected photon), solid state devices. The typical physical sizes are of the order of 1 - 3 cm, and typical raster formats of 500x500 pixels (TI), 320x512 (RCA), 385x576 (GEC), 800x800 (TI), and 1500x1500 (GEC) should be available soon. Typical (and optimal) operating temperatures are around -100 C, with liquid N2 as the most common coolant. Some CCDs are physically warped. This causes focus variations across the surface, which amount to a spatially variable PSF. Other relevant properties of CCDs as detectors and a comparison with some other astronomical detectors are given.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 152-176
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    A CCD System for Photometry of Direct and Spectroscopic Images (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: A charge-coupled device (CCD) for direct imagery at the focus of a ground-based telescope and for high dispersion spectroscopy of stars is evaluated. The CCD is an RCA SID 53612 thinned, buried channel array of 512x320 30-micron square pixels that are back-illuminated and refrigerated to about -60 C in a rugged, RF-shielded vacuum housing. The double-correlated sampling (integrator) readout system, the Z80 microprocessor readout control system, and the data collection system are described. The readout noise is 120 electron-hole pairs (ehp) per pixel per readout, the thermal dark current is 50 ehp/pixel/sec, and the scale of the 12-bit analog-to-digital converter is 25 ehp/AD unit. Unique features of this system are compared to other astronomical implementations of the same model of CCD.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 137-151
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    Gain Instabilities in Photomultipliers: How Accurate are Photon Counting Measurements? (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: Experiments performed on five commercially available photomultiplier tubes indicate that gain instabilities can be an important source of error in photon counting measurements at the 1% level. It is shown that the error cannot be significantly reduced by standard differential measurement techniques. Analysis of time variations in the pulse height distribution is shown to be a sensitive diagnostic tool for the measurement of gain variations. Using this technique it is found that gain variations occur at counting rates as low as 100 Hz. It is argued that such errors will be present at some level in all tubes. Several calibrating schemes capable of reducing the error to below the 0.1% level are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 125-136
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    The Atmospheric Extinction Problem (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: Atmospheric extinction, which is one of the main causes of errors in photometry is investigated. The incorrect determination of the extinction coefficient, and its variability, leads to an erroneous measurement. An erroneous extinction coefficient can arise from a number of causes including: (1) instrumental instabilities; (2) too few data points; (3) temporal changes in the atmosphere; and (4) differing airmasses due to components with different scale heights. While it is true that differential measuring techniques can achieve a precision approaching 0.1 percent, at higher levels of precision all of the above causes will be significant sources of error. The conditions that must be met in order to properly determine and correct for atmospheric extinction are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 88-107
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    A Statistical Evaluation of the Limitations of Single-channel Intermediate-band Photoelectric Stellar Photometry (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: Error distribution in differential photometry for a moving solar system object is investigated. The results of differential photometry of several dozen pairs of planetary comparison stars observed since 1972 are reviewed. Each pair of stars was observed along with the corresponding planet or satellite, typically about ten times during the course of a single apparation lasting about four months. The comparison stars are chosen to bracket the opposition position of the planet, the expected opposition magnitude, and solar color. In practice, this means that the range of spectral type was mid-F to early K, the range of B-Y color was about 0.25 to 0.95 mag, the range of differential magnitude was less than 2 mag but most often less than 1.0 mag, and the difference in declination was typically less than 3 deg. The difference in air mass at meridian transit was usually less than 0.03, and rarely exceeded 0.01. Hence, differential extinction effects are negligible, except under extraordinary conditions.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 79-87
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  • 166
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    Atmospheric Limitations in Stellar Seismology: Should One Measure Radial Velocity or Brightness Fluctuations? (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: Low degree p-modes of the Sun have been measured in spatially integrated sunlight (the Sun as a star) both in Doppler shift and in intensity fluctuations. These observations are a good starting point for the discussion of the best way to collect equivalent data on other stars. It is assumed that the Sun is removed far enough in space to become an ordinary star of magnitude zero to one. Evidently another star will oscillate with different frequencies and different amplitudes, but some reference must be made to start with. Using this scheme, a detailed investigation of the limitations of observational accuracy in the search for global p-modes is made. The sources of noise stand in the Sun itself, in the instrumentation, in the observing time duration, in the corpuscular nature of the light and mostly in the Earth atmosphere in the case of ground based observations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 68-78
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  • 167
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    The Ground Based Photometric Limitations to the Search for Light Variations Due to 5-minute Solar-type Oscillations in Other Stars (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: High speed photometric observations obtained with a single channel photometer on the South African Astronomical Observatory 0.5-m and 1.9-m telescopes are presented. It is argued that the dominant source of noise at periods near 5 minutes is sky transparency variation rather than scintillation. For bright stars this means that, at this period, increased telescope aperture does not improve photometric accuracy. It is claimed that ground based photometric observations cannot reach accuracies sufficient to study solar-type oscillations in other stars. Such observations must be made from space. Recommendations for improving ground based observations are made.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 56-67
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  • 168
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    A Survey for Photometric Variability from Space (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: A survey for photometric variability in a wide variety of astronomical objects would produce much new information about their interiors and dynamics. Reasons for such a survey are given, as well as an example of the solar-constant variations that can be used as a guide to what may be expected from main-sequence stars. A concept for a satellite dedicated to a survey of photometric variability is proposed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 43-54
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  • 169
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    Five-minute P Modes Detected in Doppler Shift Measurement on Alpha Centauri (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: A spectrophotometer using the principle of optical resonance spectroscopy, designed for the goal of identifying radial and weakly non radial eigenmodes in the five minute range in the case of stars, is discussed. The conclusion of the first test of this new instrument was that if the observation can be photon noise limited (i.e., in total absence of any instrumental source of noise), the five-minute solar oscillation could still be detected by removing the Sun far enough for its magnitude to become zero or one. Such a situation is very closely represented by the observation of Alpha Centauri A, because it is a G2 V star, very similar to the Sun, with a mass of 1.1 in solar unit. Six nights were granted to this program on a 3.6m telescope, from 22 to 28 May 1983. Two and half nights provided over 20 hours of data of photometric quality good enough for analysis.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvement to Photometry; p 28-32
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  • 170
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    History of Photometric Precision (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: A history of photometric precision is given. The fixing of the scale of stellar magnitudes, progress toward precision and accuracy, and the use of photography are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 8-14
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  • 171
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    High Precision Measurement of Stellar Radial Velocity Variations (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: A prototype instrument for measurement of stellar radial velocity variations to a precision of a few meters per second is discussed. The instrument will be used to study low amplitude stellar non-radial oscillations, to search for binary systems with large mass ratios, and ultimately to search for extrasolar planetary systems. The instrument uses a stable Fabry-Perot etalon, in reflection, to impose a set of fixed reference absorption lines on the stellar spectrum before it enters the coude spectrograph of the McDonald Observatory 2.7-m telescope. The spectrum is recorded on the Octicon detector, which consists of eight Reticon arrays placed end to end. Radial velocity variations of the star are detected by measuring the shift of the stellar lines with respect the artificial Fabry-Perot lines, and correcting for the known motions in the solar system.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proc. of the Workshop on Improvements to Photometry; p 33-42
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  • 172
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    SIRTF: the Next Step (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: The space infrared telescope facility (SIRTF) is a 1-meter class, long duration, super fluid helium-cooled telescope in Earth orbit, equipped with imaging and spectroscopic instrumentation operating over the wavelength range from 1.8 to 700 microns. The SIRTF will be the most powerful tool available for studying many of the compelling problems in contemporary astrophysics and for further exploration of the infrared sky demonstrated by IRAS. Adaptation of IRAS technology (cryogenics, optics, and pointing and guidance) is discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Airborne Astron. Symp.; p 348-362
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  • 173
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    A New Generation of Sub Mm Telescopes, Made of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) appears to be the material most suited for the construction of submillimeter telescopes (SMT) not only for ground-based use but also for space applications. The accuracy of the CFRP reflectors needs to be improved beyond value of the 17 micron rms envisaged for the 10 m SMT.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Airborne Astron. Symp.; p 341-347
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  • 174
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    Barrier height determination on Schottky contacts formed at the back contact-semiconductor interface of degraded solar cells (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A method is described of determining an equivalent circuit for solar cells which have degraded as a result of the formation of a rectifying Schottky barrier at the back contact. An excellent fit of experimental data has been achieved using SCEPTRE with an equivalent circuit derived from the shape of the measured current voltage characteristics. One key parameter of the Schottky barrier diode, the reverse saturation current, can be used to determine the barrier potential. The barrier potential increases as the cell is stressed with 0.5 volts being a typical experimentally determined value for a degraded cell.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 175
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    Radio interferometry from space platforms (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: While current VLBI observations are limited in their resolution by the earth diameter magnitude, which is the largest antenna separation available, as well as in their information content, because of the small number of antennas in use at a given time, the extension of VLBI to include one or more antennas in space will relieve both constraints and help to map distant radio sources with the highest possible resolution. Attention is given to the implementation of such an orbital VLBI system extension through (1) a Shuttle-launch mission, (2) a six-month to one-year near earth orbit mission based on a space platform associated with the Space Station, (3) a large orbit free flyer platform mission of more than 2-year duration, and (4) lunar and/or deep space orbits, aimed at reaching the resolution limits set by interstellar scattering.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 176
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    AXAF - A major spaceborne X-ray observatory (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Attention is given to the design configuration and performance requirements of the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility, as established by Phase A study results, noting the conceptual apprach to instrument accommodation by means of a focal plane assembly. Conceptually, the various instruments incorporated are modular in design, so that they may be replaced in orbit using standard interfaces. The instruments in question are high and moderate resolution imagers, a high resolution dispersive spectrometer, a moderate resolution spectrometer, and a focal plane polarimeter.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
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  • 177
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    Egress spectra of the new eclipsing supergiant 22 Vulpeculae (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The G-type primary in the single-lined spectroscopic binary 22 Vul (HD 192713, Gp3 Ib-II, period 249 days) was found by IUE to eclipse its recently identified B9 main sequence companion. The system thus joins Zeta Aurigae systems in which a hot dwarf provides a probe of extended atmospheres by going behind a cool supergiant. The IUE data were obtained at scattered dates following two conjunctions. Outside of eclipse, a wind from the system with terminal velocity of 300 k/sec is conspicuous in the Mg II lines. Enhanced Fe II absorption seen well away from geometrical eclipse implies an extensive envelope around the G star. There is a close correspondence between the 22 Vul spectra and those of interacting binaries, suggesting common properties due to relatively dense, warm plasmas in these systems.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: ESA 4th European IUE Conf.; p 423-425
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  • 178
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    Ultraviolet studies of the interstellar medium (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Copernicus satellite and IUE investigations of the chemical composition and physical condition of interstellar gas and dust in our Galaxy, and in external systems are reviewed. The local interstellar environment, dust, and the distribution of gas away from the plane of our Galaxy are covered.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: ESA Fourth European IUE Conf.; p 11-20
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  • 179
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    Very recent IUE observations of 2 BL Lacertae orbits (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Spectroscopic observations of two BL Lacertae objects consisting of 2 spectra of 1218+304 and 12 spectra of MrK 421 are presented. Data were generated by the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) and HEAO 1. The former BL object was never before observed with IUE, possibly because it is very faint, but the fact that it is an X-ray source, and a highly variable one, makes it particularly interesting. MrK 421 was observed many times before with IUE as part of a continuing monitoring program. The present observations indicate an intensity decrease of approximately 25% on a timescale of one month, with little or no associated spectral change. With one exception, the spectra of these two BL objects show no discrete features, and the continua are well fit by the power law models. The one exception is a long exposure of MrK 421 which showed a broad emission feature near 1580 A. The validity of this feature is not yet established.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: LHEA Contrib. to the Future Ultraviolet Astron. Based on Six Years of IUE Res.; p 10-13
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  • 180
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    Ultraviolet and X-ray observations of active galactic nuclei: Constraints on models of the broad emission line region (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Many active galactic nuclei, in particular quasars and Seyfert I's, are characterized by strong, broad emission lines from permitted transitions in abundant elements. In the simplest models, these lines ofriginate in clouds located at some characteristic distance from the central ionizing source in a quasi-spherical distribution. Ultraviolet and X-ray spectroscopic data gathered from the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), HEAO 1, and HEAO 2 are utilized herein to further define and refine the photoionization models of the broad emission line region (BLR) of these galactic nuclei. Parameters including X-ray spectra, X-ray absorption, ultraviolet spectra, hydrogen cloud geometry, cosmic dust, cloud metallicity, and continuous spectra are considered. The luminosity of galactic nuclei is also discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: LHEA Contrib. to the Future Ultraviolet Astron. Based on Six Years of IUE Res.; p 1-9
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  • 181
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    The ultraviolet astronomy mission: Columbus (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An ultraviolet astronomy mission (Columbus) is described. It exploits the spectral region between 900 and 1200A, which is extremely rich in containing the Lyman lines of hydrogen and deuterium and the Lyman band of their molecules, together with the resonance lines of many important ions. High resolving power and high sensitivity provide a unique capability for studying the brightest members of neighboring galaxies, the HeI and HeII absorption systems in quasars out to a red shift of 2, and the halos of intervening galaxies. Complementary focal plane instruments are planned in order to allow observations to longer (2000A) and shorter (100A) wavelengths. This wide coverage embraces the resonance lines of all the cosmically abundant elements and a wide range of temperature zones up to 100 million K.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: ESA 4th European IUE Conf.; p 483-487
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  • 182
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    A study on the imaging potential of QUASAT (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The orbit, ground array, and sensitivities of the space and ground systems of the QUASAT spaceborne astronomy mission were studied. Parameters which yield images in which the noise is within a factor of three of the thermal noise limit were derived. With a very large ground array QUASAT should produce images as complex as the best of the VLA. At 22 GHz the resolution will be 0.1 milliarcsec, the field of view 15 milliarcsec, and it will be possible to make noise limited maps of complex objects. The QUASAT is essential for mapping southern declination objects. Without QUASAT, even the simple core-jet source cannot be mapped at declination minus 60 deg. It will be possible with QUASAT to make maps with observing times as short as 6 hr although the very best maps will require 48 hr observations.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: ESA QUASAT: A VLBI Obs. in Space; p 101-110
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  • 183
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    The 1982 eclipse of 31 Cygni (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: UBV photometry and optical-UV spectroscopy of the primary eclipse of the long period Zeta Aurigae-like system 31 Cygni are reported. The precise timings made possible by the photometry imply that the spectral features could be due to an accretion shock associated with a hot star embedded in an extended chromosphere surrounding the red supergiant. The data also suggest an extended clumpy structure to the atmosphere of the late-type supergiant in the binary.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 281; 751-759
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  • 184
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    Space telescope and cosmology (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The status of institutional arrangements and of the hardware development for Space Telescope are highlighted. After a brief summary of instrument characteristics, some examples are given on the possible use of the ST to study objects of interest to cosmology.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 3; 10-12
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  • 185
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    Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy. III - Correction for macroscopic roughness (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A mathematically rigorous formalism is derived by which an arbitrary photometric function for the bidirectional reflectance of a smooth surface may be corrected to include effects of general macroscopic roughness. The correction involves only one arbitrary parameter, the mean slope angle, and is applicable to surfaces of any albedo. Using physically reasonable assumptions and mathematical approximations, the correction expressions are evaluated analytically to second order in the mean slope angle. The correction is applied to the bidirectional-reflectance function of Hapke (1981). Expressions for both the differential and integral brightnesses are obtained. Photometric profiles on hypothetical smooth and rough planets of low and high albedo are shown to illustrate the effects of macroscopic roughness. The theory is applied to observations of Mercury and predicts the integral phase function, the apparent polar darkening, and the lack of limb brightness surge on the planet. The roughness-corrected bidirectional-reflectance function is sufficiently simple that it can be conveniently evaluated on a programmable hand-held calculator.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 59; 41-59
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  • 186
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    The S201 far-ultraviolet imaging survey - A summary of results and implications for future surveys (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results from all-sky surveys with the S201 FUV camera/spectrograph from the moon during the Apollo 16 mission are summarized with respect to implications for future UV all-sky surveys. The scans provided imagery of 10 fields, each 20 deg in diameter, in the wavelength ranges 1050-1600 A and 1250-1600 A. Best detection thresholds were obtained with 10 and 30 min exposures at 1400 A. Only 7 percent sky coverage was recorded, and then only down to 11th mag. A Mark II camera may be flown on the Shuttle on the Spartan 3 mission, as may be an all-reflector Schmidt telescope. An additional 20 percent of the sky will be mapped and microchannel intensification will increase the diffuse source sensitivity by two orders of magnitude. Several objects sighted with the S201 will be reviewed with the Mark II.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Publications (ISSN 0004-6280); 96; 447-462
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  • 187
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    Very-wide-field ultraviolet sky survey (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Very-wide-field photographs of the sky were taken on Spacelab 1 at 1650, 1930, and 2530 angstroms with a limiting magnitude of 9.3 at 1930 angstroms. A 1.2 by 2.4 kiloparsec ultraviolet extension of the Shapley wing of the Small Magellanic Cloud is seen in some of the photographs.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 225; 163-165
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  • 188
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    Radio interferometric determination of source positions utilizing deep space network antennas - 1971 to 1980 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Approximately 2400 observations of extragalactic radio sources were made between August 1971 and February 1980 during 48 separate sessions. These consisted of 259 delay rate observations at 2.3 GHz (S-band), 796 delay and delay rate observations at either S-band of 8.3 GHz (X-band) and 1325 delay and delay rate observations recorded simultaneously at both S- and X-band. A single multiparameter fit has been applied to the observed values of delay and delay rate to extract astrometric and geophysical parameters from this decade-long sequence. The fit produced estimates of 784 parameters, including station locations, radio source positions, polar motion, Universal Time, the precession constant, and solid earth tides. The a priori model included gravitational bending, the 1980 IAU nutation series, the 1976 IAU expressions for Greenwich mean sidereal time and precession, BIH estimates of Universal Time and polar motion, and monthly mean values for zenith troposphere delay. The rms residuals were 0.52 nsec for delay and 0.30 psec/sec for delay rate. Intercontinental baseline lengths were determined with formal uncertainties of 5 to 10 cm. Universal Time and polar motion were measured at 49 epochs, with formal uncertainties (for the more recent data) of 0.5 msec for UT1 and 6 and 2 mas, respectively, for the X and Y components of polar motion. Previously announced in STAR as N83-28038
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 89; 987-998
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  • 189
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    Uncertainties about the physical electronics of n(+) and p(+) silicon, with applications for solar cells (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: After brief surveys of the significance of n(+) and p(+) silicon for the conversion efficiency of solar cells, the work in this paper is concentrated on uncertainties in the characterization of n(+) and p(+) regions. The topics treated include the quantum density states of the majority carrier band and the position of the Fermi level relative to the edge of this band, the resulting force field on the minority carriers accompanying a space dependence of the energy gap narrowing, and the interpretation of measurements of the energy gap narrowing and the minority carrier diffusivity and mobility. The treatment seeks to show how these uncertainties relate to solar cell design and to estimates of attainable conversion efficiency.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cells (ISSN 0379-6787); 12; 131-140
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  • 190
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    Photovoltaics - Where are we going? (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The directions that will be followed for solar cell development, production and marketing are projected on the basis of experiences gained during the JPL's Flat-Plate Solar Array project. It is thought that a billion dollar market for Si ribbons can be established by 1990. Thin film technology will yield a product at $2 U.S./W at the end of the 1980s. R&D is growing more focused on central station photovoltaic generators, although the residential market may be the more suitable goal. The intermediate markets, e.g., schools, hospitals and shopping centers may be developed before the central stations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cells (ISSN 0379-6787); 12; 37-40
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  • 191
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    The radio and optical identification of Circinus X-1 (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: VLBI and CCD astrometry is presented which establishes the coincidence of the X-ray and radio object Cir X-1 with an object lying about one arcsec south of the object 'L' of Whelan et al. (1977), a conclusion reached previously by Argue and Sullivan (1982). The question whether the object L has any physical connection with Cir X-1 cannot yet be definitely answered.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 209; 11P-14P
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  • 192
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    Past developments and the future of nickel electrode cell technology (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The nickel hydroxide electrode has evolved over nearly 100 years from the pocket electrode structure through to the present design of a light weight, porous, plaque structure. Before discussing the historical aspects, it would be helpful to point out that there are basically two parts to the electrode: the active material and the current (electron) collector. Together they provide the essential properties for storing and converting the chemical energy into electrical energy and vice versa. The electrical energy is stored in the nickel hydroxide active material during charge, in which the electrode is oxidized. The chemical energy is converted back to electrical energy during discharge. The active material is itself initially non-conductive. Therefore it must be housed in a high conductivity metallic structure which serves as the current collector. This is, in turn, connected to another high conductivity metallic structure called the terminal.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Power Sources (ISSN 0378-7753); 12; 177-192
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  • 193
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    The IRAS fast-moving object search (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The IR Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) mission has yielded an all-sky IR survey with a detailed pointing history. An analysis is being conducted which will allow an estimate to be made of the detectable population of comets and Apollo asteroids. On the basis of results obtained to date, it is expected that IRAS will detect comets having visual magnitudes lower than 17 if their motions are greater than about 1 arcmin/hour. The positional accuracy of such detections depends on the number of bands in which an object was observed, although the accuracy has so far proved unsuitable for orbit determination. There is no evidence of an undiscovered main belt asteroid population at high ecliptic latitudes.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 309; 315-319
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  • 194
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    Two-frequency VLA observations of compact planetary nebulae (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Sixty-two compact planetary nebulae have been observed at wavelengths of 20.5 and 6 cm. By scaling the Very Large Array, very similar beam sizes were obtained at both wavelengths: this allows relatively accurate emission measures and angular diameters to be derived even when the nebulae are unresolved. Positions accurate to 1 arcsec are presented. It is found that compact planetaries are both younger and more distant than those which are resolved. A third of the survey objects have peak emission measures greater than 10 to the 7th pc cm exp -6, implying that they are ionization-bounded. One object, NGC 6565, has been resolved for the first time and is shown to be bipolar.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices (ISSN 0035-8711); 208; 399-408
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  • 195
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    High spatial resolution observations of NGC 7027 with a 10 micron array camera (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: First observations of a planetary nebula with an infrared charge injection device (CID) array camera are reported. The 10 micron images of NGC 7027 have spatial resolution comparable to that of the highest resolution (less than 2 arcsec) radio aperture-synthesis maps of this source. A much closer correspondence between the mid-infrared and radio appearance of NGC 7027 was found than was known previously, confirming that warm dust is coextensive and well mixed with the gas in the ionized zone. Using maps at three wavelengths, the spatial dependence of the shape of the 8-13 micron spectrum within the nebula is examined. The dip at 9.60 microns is shallowest in regions of enhanced optical extinction (as determined from new images near 4000 and 9000 A obtained with an optical charge coupled device). The 9.60 micron emission is strongest in these same positions. It is shown that the results may be explained not by silicate absorption, but by a combination of emission from two distinct grain populations, one of which is also partly responsible for the variation in extinction across the nebula.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 279; 685-693
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  • 196
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    Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations of 257 extragalactic radio sources in the ecliptic region (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations of 257 extragalactic radio sources with 10 deg of the ecliptic have been conducted at a frequency of 2.29 GHz. Compact components with flux densities greater than 0.1 Jy and angular sizes smaller than the fringe spacings of 2.5 and 3.2 milliarsec were detected in 144 radio sources. This survey was conducted to find compact radio sources to form a high accuracy reference frame for planetary spacecraft navigation. This stable reference frame may also be useful for long-term studies of planetary dynamics.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 89; 336-341
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  • 197
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    Unidentified point sources in the IRAS minisurvey (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Nine bright, point-like 60 micron sources have been selected from the sample of 8709 sources in the IRAS minisurvey. These sources have no counterparts in a variety of catalogs of nonstellar objects. Four objects have no visible counterparts, while five have faint stellar objects visible in the error ellipse. These sources do not resemble objects previously known to be bright infrared sources.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 278; L63-L66
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  • 198
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    Early results from the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The discoveries made with the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) are reviewed. Findings on large-scale extended infrared emission associated with the solar system and the Galaxy and medium-scale extended infrared emission associated with zodiacal dust bands and infrared cirrus clouds are described. Comets have been found to be much dustier than previously thought. Solid material orbits Vega and other stars, and emission from cool interstellar material has been traced throughout the Galaxy up to the poles. Stars in the process of formation have been detected. The far-infrared sky away from the galactic plane has been found to be dominated by spiral galaxies, some of which emit more than 50 percent and as much as 98 percent of their energy in the infrared.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 224; 14-21
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  • 199
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    Images in the rocket ultraviolet - Photometry of M101 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that ultraviolet imagery of spiral galaxies is a sensitive probe of the large-scale morphology of the star-forming regions and the associated interstellar dust. A rocket-borne Ritchey-Chretien telescope was employed to obtain three ultraviolet images of the Sc 1 galaxy M101 (NGC 5457). The present investigation is concerned with the procedures for reduction and absolute calibration of the obtained images and an analysis in terms of discrete sources. Attention is also given to the radial variation and the azimuthal variation of disk and arms. It is found that the emission from M101 in the UV bandpass is dominated by extreme Population I, in the form of discrete OB/H II complexes.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 277; 542-549
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  • 200
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    Radiometric correction of atmospheric path length fluctuations in interferometric experiments (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: To support very long baseline interferometric experiments, a system has been developed for estimating atmospheric water vapor path delay. The system consists of dual microwave radiometers, one operating at 20.7 GHz and the other at 31.4 GHz. The measured atmospheric brightness temperatures at these two frequencies yield the estimate of the precipitable water present in both vapor and droplets. To determine the accuracy of the system, a series of observations were undertaken, comparing the outputs of two water vapor radiometers with the phase variation observed with two connected elements of the very large array (VLA). The results show that: (1) water vapor fluctuations dominate the residual VLA phase and (2) the microwave radiometers can measure and correct these effects. The rms phase error after correction is typically 15 deg at a wavelength of 6 cm, corresponding to an uncertainty in the path delay of 0.25 cm. The residual uncertainty is consistent with the stability of the microwave radiometer but is still considerably larger than the stability of the VLA. The technique is less successful under conditions of heavy cloud.
    Keywords: ASTRONOMY
    Type: Radio Science (ISSN 0048-6604); 19; 411-422
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