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  • Yeast  (235)
  • temperature  (224)
  • Springer  (459)
  • Cell Press
  • 1985-1989  (316)
  • 1980-1984  (143)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 151 (1988), S. 20-25 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mating ; Zygote formation ; Chloroquine ; Lysosomotropic agent ; Plasma membrane ; Cell fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Haploid cells of opposite mating type of Saccharomyces cerevisiae conjugate to form zygote. During the conjugation process, the degradation or reorganization of the cell wall and the fusion of the two plasma membranes take place. Since chloroquine inhibits cellular events associated with the reorganization of the plasma membrane, the effect of the drug on conjugation was studied. Chloroquine at a concentration, at which cell growth was not retarded, inhibited zygote formation, while it did not affect other mating functions, such as sexual agglutination, production of and response to mating pheromone. Cells in a mating culture containing chloroquine formed no “prezygote” suggesting that they were not prepared for entering into fusion process. The inhibitory effect of chloroquine was reversible as cells formed zygote when they were washed after treatment with chloroquine. Zygote formation was unaffected in cells possessing chlorquine within vacuoles after incubation with the drug in complete medium (YPD) at pH 7.5, followed by washing. This suggests that chloroquine inhibits zygote formaton by adsorbing to the plasma membrane of S. cerevisiae.
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  • 102
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    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 37-41 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Hexose transport ; Sugar ; Malate uptake ; 2,4-DNP ; Zygosaccharomyces bailii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When grown in fructose or glucose the cells of Zygosaccharomyces bailii were physiologically different. Only the glucose grown cells (glucose cells) possessed an additional transport system for glucose and malate. Experiments with transport mutants had lead to the assumption that malate and glucose were transported by one carrier, but further experiments proved the existence of two separate carrier systems. Glucose was taken up by carriers with high and low affinity. Malate was only transported by an uptake system and it was not liberated by starved malate-loaded cells, probably due to the low affinity of the intracellular anion to the carrier. The uptake of malate was inhibited by fructose, glucose, mannose, and 2-DOG but not by non metabolisable analogues of glucose. The interference of malate transport by glucose, mannose or 2-DOG was prevented by 2,4-dinitrophenol, probably by inhibiting the sugar phosphorylation by hexokinase. Preincubation of glucose-cells with metabolisable hexoses promoted the subsequent malate transport in a sugar free environment. Preincubation of glucose-cells with 2-DOG, but not with 2-DOG/2,4-DNP, decreased the subsequent malate transport. The existence of two separate transport systems for glucose and malate was demonstrated with specific inhibitors: malate transport was inhibited by sodium fluoride and glucose transport by uranylnitrate. A model has been discussed that might explain the interference of hexoses with malate uptake in Z. bailii.
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  • 103
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mating reaction ; Zygote formation ; Mating pheromone ; Fatty acid ; Arachidonic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effect of exogenous fatty acids on zygote formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. Arachidonic and oleic acids considerably stimulated zygote formation, but other fatty acids tested, linoleic, linolenic, stearic and palmitic acids, did not. Pretreatment experiments with arachidonic acid showed that the stimulation of zygote formation by the fatty acid required the presence of mating pheromone.
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  • 104
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    Archives of microbiology 149 (1988), S. 261-267 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Hanseniaspora uvarum ; Pichia kluyveri ; Killer toxin ; dsRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By heat treatment killer strains of the type K1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are known to harbour dsRNA plasmids were completely cured, whereas only a small fraction of the clones of the killer type K2 had lost the dsRNA dependent killer character. The K2 killers but not the strains of killer type K1 were easily cured by cycloheximide. Killer strains of Hanseniaspora uvarum were not curable by heat treatment. Curing was successfull with cycloheximide or 5-fluorouracil. Two double-stranded RNA plasmids were detected in the killer strains of H. uvarum. The smaller dsRNA plasmid was absent in the strains that were cured of their killer character by 5-fluorouracil. The killer character of H. uvarum was transferred to S. cerevisiae by spheroplast fusion. The fusion products showing the killer character contained both dsRNA plasmids, obviously the smaller plasmid (M-dsRNA) carries the genes for killer toxin formation. Killer strains of Pichia kluyveri were not curable of their killer character, in these strains no dsRNA plasmids were detected.
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  • 105
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1988), S. 365-372 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Osmotic pressure ; Intracellular ethanol ; Yeast ; Nutrient ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The intracellular accumulation of ethanol in yeast and its potential effects on growth and fermentation have been topics of controversy for the past several years. The determination of intracellular ethanol based on the exclusion of [14C]sorbitol to estimate aqueous cell volume was used to examine the question of intracellular ethanol accumulation. An intracellular accumulation of ethanol inSaccharomyces cerevisiae was observed during the early stages of fermentation. However, as fermentation continued, the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of ethanol became similar. Increasing the osmotic pressure of the medium with glucose or sorbitol was observed to cause an increase in the intracellular ethanol concentration. Associated with this was a decrease in yeast growth and fermentation rates. In addition, increasing the osmotic pressure of the medium was observed to cause an increase in glycerol production. Supplementation of the media with excess peptone, yeast extract, magnesium sulfate and potassium phosphate was found to relieve the detrimental effects of high osmotic pressure. Under these conditions, though, no effect on the intracellular and extracellular ethanol distribution was observed. These results indicate that nutrient limitation, and not necessarily intracellular ethanol accumulation, plays a key role during yeast fermentations in media of high osmolarity.
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  • 106
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    The journal of membrane biology 103 (1988), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: H+ pump ; K+ channel ; light ; Nitella ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary At membrane potentials different fromE K, the temperature effect on membrane potential ofNitella consists of two components. One of them changes its sign atE K, the other one does not. This leads to the assignment of these components to changes in the K+ channel and in the H+ pump, respectively. It is shown that the fast time constant (3 to 30 sec) of the temperature effect on the H+ pump measured as a change in membrane potential and that of the temperature effect on the K+ channel measured as a change in resistance (having about twice the value of that of the pump) are sensitive to light intensity. Both time constants measured inNitella become smaller if light intensity increases from 0 to 15 Wm−2. This supports the suggestion of Fisahn and Hansen (J. Exp. Bot. 37:440–460, 1986) that temperature acts on plasmalemma transport via photosynthesis via the same mechanism as light does.
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  • 107
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    The journal of membrane biology 101 (1988), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hemolysis ; membrane ; erythrocyte ; pyrexia ; phospholipid ; phase transition ; unilamellar ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Rates of human red blood cell hemolysis were measured as a function of temperature. Three distinct temperature intervals for hemolysis were noted: a) At temperatures equal to or less than 37°C no hemolysis was observed for the duration of the incubation (30 hr). b) For temperatures exceeding 45°C hemolysis rates are rapid and are accompanied by gross changes in cellular morphology. The activation energy for hemolysis is 80 kcal/mole; this value is characteristic of protein denaturation and enzyme inactivation suggesting that these processes contribute to hemolysis at these high temperatures. c) Between 38 and 45°C the energy of activation is 29 kcal/mole, indicating that a fundamentally different process than protein inactivation is responsible for hemolysis at these relatively low temperatures. A mechanism based on the concept of the critical bilayer assembly temperature of cell membranes (N.L. Gershfeld,Biophys. J. 50:457–461, 1986) accounts for hemolysis at these relatively mild temperatures: The unilamellar state of the membrane is stable at 37°C, but is transformed to a multibilayer when the temperature is raised; hemolysis results because formation of the multibilayer requires exposing lipid-free areas of the erythrocyte surface. An analysis of the activation energy for hemolysis is presented that is consistent with the proposed unilamellar-multibilayer transformation.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: rooting ; temperature ; daylength ; transplanting ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments were conducted in Vietnam to develop a system whereby detached sprouts from physiologically old green sprouted seed tubers could be used to grow potatoes. Three node segments from the mid or basal portion of the detached sprout produced the greatest percentage of shoots and roots. Growth was best in a medium of equal parts of sub-soil, pig manure and brick kiln ash. Sprout cuttings produced plantlets ready for transplanting in 14–20 days with mean daily temperatures of 22 to 24°C. When transplanted in mid-November, yields from sprout cuttings in field experiments were 10 to 18 t/ha which were 33% lower than from healthy seed tubers but more than the national average yield using degenerated seed tubers. Tubers produced by plants grown from sprout stored well and gave good yields when replanted the following year.
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  • 109
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 214 (1988), S. 37-41 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Homologous recombination ; UV induction ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have investigated the effects of UV irradiation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in order to distinguish whether UV-induced recombination results from the induction of enzymes required for homologous recombination, of the production of substrate sites for recombination containing regions of DNA damage. We utilized split-dose experiments to investigate the induction of proteins required for survival, gene conversion, and mutation in a diploid strain of S. cerevisiae. We demonstrate that inducing doses of UV irradiation followed by a 6 h period of incubation render the cells resistant to challenge doses of UV irradiation. The effects of inducing and challenge doses of UV irradiation upon interchromosomal gene conversion and mutation are strictly additive. Using the yeast URA3 gene cloned in non-replicating single- and double-stranded plasmid vectors that integrate into chromosomal genes upon transformation, we show that UV irradiation of haploid yeast cells and homologous plasmid DNA sequences each stimulate homologous recombination approximately two-fold, and that these effects are additive. Non-specific DNA damage has little effect on the stimulation of, homologous recombination, as shown by studies in which UV-irradiated heterologous DNA was included in transformation/recombination experiments. We further demonstrate that the effect of competing single- and double-stranded heterologous DNA sequences differs in UV-irradiated and unirradiated cells, suggesting an induction of recombinational machinery in UV-irradiated S. cerevisiae cells.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Tn5 ; Transposon excision ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have demonstrated that precise excision of bacterial transposon Tn5 can occur in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Tn5 insertions in the yeast gene LYS2 were generated by transposon mutagenesis made in Escherichia coli by means of a λ::Tn5 vector. Nine insertions of Tn5 into the structural part of the yeast LYS2 gene situated in a shuttle epsiomal plasmid were selected. All the plasmids with a Tn5 insertion were used to transform yeast strains carrying a deletion of the entire LYS2 gene or a deletion of the part of LYS2 overlapping the point of insertion. All insertions inactivated the LYS2 gene and were able to revert with low (about 10-8) frequencies to lysine prototrophy. Restriction analysis of revertant plasmids revealed them to be indistinguishable from the original plasmid without Tn5 insertion. DNA sequencing of the regions containing the points of insertions, made for two revertants, proved that Tn5 excision was completely precise.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Aneuploidy ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate ; Mitosis ; Meiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A system is described in which spontaneous and chemically-induced mitotic and meiotic hyperploidy can be assayed in the same diploid culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Monitoring gene dosage changes at two loci on chromosome VIII, the test utilizes a leaky temperature-sensitive allele arg4-8 and low level copper resistance conferred by the single copy allele cup1 s. An extra chromosome VIII provides simultaneous increased dosage for both genes, resulting in colonies that are both prototrophic for arginine at 30° C and copper resistant. During mitotic cell divisions in diploids, spontaneous chromosome VIII hyperploids (trisomes and tetrasomes) occur at a frequency of 6.4×10-6 per viable cell. Among ascospores, the spontaneous chromosome VIII disome frequency is 5.5×10-6 per viable spore. The tubulin-binding reagent methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate (MBC) elicits enhanced levels of mitotic and meiotic aneuploidy relative to control levels. The system represents a novel model for examining chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis and provides a sensitive and quantifiable procedure for examining chemically induced aneuploidy.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Mutagen resistance ; Yeast ; Formaldehyde ; 4-Nitroquinoline-N-oxide ; Multi-copy plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hyperresistance to 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO) and formaldehyde (FA) of yeast strains transformed with the multi-copy plasmids pAR172 and pAR184, respectively, is due to the two genes, SNQ and SFA, which are present on these plasmids. Restriction analysis revealed the maximal size of SFA as 2.7 kb and of SNQ as 2.2 kb, including transcription control elements. The presence of the smallest 2.7 kb subclone carrying SFA increased hyperresistance to formaldehyde fivefold over that of the original pAR184 isolate. No such increase in hyperresistance to 4-NQO was seen with the smaller subclones of the pAR172 isolate. Disruption of the SFA gene led to a threefold increase in sensitivity to FA as compared with the wild type. Expression of gene SNQ introduced on a multi-copy vector into haploid yeast mutants rad2, rad3, and snm1 did not complement these mutations that block excision repair.
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  • 113
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 41-48 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: RAD52 ; Repair ; Nuclease ; Antibody ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Extracts of Rad+ and radiation-sensitive (rad) mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined for total Mg2+-dependent alkaline deoxyribonuclease activity and the presence of a nuclease that crossreacts immunologically with an antiserum raised against an endoexonuclease from Neurospora crassa, an enzyme exhibiting both deoxyribo- and ribonuclease activities. No significant differences were observed in total deoxyribonuclease activity between Rad+ and rad mutants. The antibody precipitable activity, however, was found to be 30%–40% of the total alkaline deoxyribonuclease activity in logarithmically growing Rad+ cells. Extracts of stationary phase cells were lacking in antibody precipitable activity. Using immunoblot methods, a 72 kDa crossreacting protein was identified from logarithmically growing cells that was absent from stationary phase cells. In all radiation-sensitive mutants examined, except rad52, at least 20% of total activity was precipitable. Extracts from logarithmically growing rad52 mutants, including a rad52::LEU2 insertion mutant, exhibited less than 10% of the Rad+ precipitable activity; however, some crossreacting material was detected. Although, the level of endo-exonuclease activity is influenced by the RAD52 gene, it is not the product of this gene. The total deoxyribonuclease and the antibody precipitable endo-exonuclease activities were also followed during meiosis. Unlike the Rad+ strain which had previously been shown to have increased levels of total and immunoprecipitable endo-exonuclease as cells underwent meiosis, the rad52 mutant exhibited no increases in either category of nuclease activity. Given the importance of the RAD52 gene in repair, recombination and mutagenesis, the endo-exonuclease may be a significant component of these processes.
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  • 114
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; tRNA synthetase gene ; Distribution of mutations ; Genetic drift
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We present a statistical study of the nature and distribution of mutations along the NAM2 gene coding for the mitochondrial leucyl tRNA synthetase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. douglasii (Herbert et al. 1988). Two important facts are observed: (1) the relative frequency of transitions and transversions is the same among silent substitutions and replacements. (2) The two kinds of mutations (silent substitutions and replacements) are distributed in the same way along the gene. This distribution is not random; the mutations are clustered and the clusters are regularly spaced along the gene. The NAM2 gene offers an example spaced along the gene. The NAM2 gene offers an example of recent divergence. We show that, in this case, the fixation of mutations is the result of genetic drift and of constraints on the nucleic acid sequence and not on that of the protein.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; pre-mRNA splicing ; tRNA synthetase gene ; Incipient evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We studied the NAM2 genes of Saccharomyces douglasii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and showed that they are interchangeable for all the known functions of these genes, both mitochondrial protein synthesis and mitochondrial mRNA splicing. This confirms the prediction that the S. douglasii NAM2D gene encodes the mitochondrial leucyl tRNA synthetase (EC 6.1.1.4). The observation that these enzymes are interchangeable for their mRNA splicing functions, even though there are significant differences in the intron/exon structure of their mitochondrial genome, suggests that they may have a general role in yeast mitochondrial RNA splicing. A short open reading frame (ORF) precedes the synthetase-encoding ORF, and we showed that at least in S. cerevisiae this is not essential for the expression of the gene; however, it may be involved in a more subtle type of regulation. Sequence comparisons of S. douglasii and S. cerevisiae revealed a particularly interesting situation from the evolutionary point of view. It appears that the two yeasts have diverged relatively recently: there is remarkable nucleotide sequence conservation, with no deletions or insertions, but numerous (albeit non-saturating) silent substitutions resulting from transitions. This applies not only to the NAM2 coding regions, but also to two other ORFs flanking the NAM2 ORF. The regions between the ORFs (believed to be intergenic regions) are much less conserved, with several deletions and insertions. Thus S. douglasii and S. cerevisiae provide an ideal system for the study of molecular evolution, being two yeasts “caught in the act” of speciation.
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  • 116
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 213 (1988), S. 400-408 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA repair ; RAD3 gene expression ; Fusion proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cloned RAD3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was tailored into expression vectors for overexpression of Rad3 protein in Escherichia coli and in yeast. In both organisms the overexpressed protein is detected as a species of molecular weight ca. 90 kDa, the size expected from the sequence of the cloned gene. The protein overexpressed in E. coli is largely insoluble; however the insoluble fraction was used to generate affinity-purified polyclonal antisera which proved to be powerful reagents for the initial characterization of Rad3 protein expressed in yeast. These studies showed that: (1) when overexpressed in yeast most of the Rad3 protein is detected in the soluble fraction of cell extracts; (2) endogenous Rad3 protein is untransformed cells is also ca. 90 kDa in size and is located in the cell nucleus; (3) Rad3/β-galactosidase fusion protein partially purified on an affinity matrix is associated with DNA-dependent ATPase activity that is inhibited in the presence of anti-Rad3 antibodies, suggesting that Rad3 protein is an ATPase; and (4) Rad3 antibodies cross-react with two electrophoretically distinguishable polypeptides present in the nuclear fraction of human cells, and with a single polypeptide in extracts of Drosophila cell.
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  • 117
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Copy number ; Thymidine kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 2 μm circle-based chimaeric plasmid containing the yeast LEU2 and the Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-1 TK) genes was constructed. Transformants grown under selective conditions for the LEU2 gene harboured the plasmid at about 15 copies per cell whilst selection for the HSV-1 TK gene led to an increase to about 100 copies per cell. Furthermore, the plasmid copy number could be controlled by the stringency of selection for the TK gene, and the increase in TK gene dosage was reflected in an increase in intracellular thymidine kinase activity. The mitotic stability of the plasmid in “high-copy” and “low-copy” number cells was determined. “High-copy” number cells showed a greater mitotic stability. The relationship of TK expression to plasmid copy number may be useful for the isolation of plasmid copy number mutants in yeast and the control of heterologous gene expression.
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  • 118
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty elements ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We examined Ty-mediated genomic rearrangements in three related mitotically dividing haploid yeast strains having the same configuration of Ty elements in the CYC1-sup4 interval of chromosome X. Surprisingly, quite different types and frequencies of rearrangements were found in the three strains. In one strain we found only Ty-mediated deletions, which occurred with a frequency of about 1×10-6. Another strain yielded similar deletions, but approximately one-third of these were accompanied by adjacent Ty-mediated inversions. A third strain was found to have an extremely high rate of inversion/reinversion between two of the three Ty elements. This rate was conservatively estimated to be 1.4±0.2×10-2 per cell per generation, which is at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than previously reported values for Ty-mediated rearrangements. These data provide evidence that local regions of the genome can, in some cases, be much more fluid than had been previously believed.
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  • 119
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 211 (1988), S. 492-498 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Cytochrome c oxidase ; Mitochondria ; PET genes ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have identified and isolated a novel yeast nuclear gene (SCO1) which is essential for accumulation of the mitochondrially synthesized subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase (CoxII). Analysis of the mitochondrial translation products in a sco1-1 mutant reveals a strong reduction in CoxII. Examination of mitochondrial transcripts by Northern blot hybridization shows that transcription and transcript maturation of OXI1, the gene coding for CoxII, is not affected. Therefore the SCO1 gene product must be involved in a post-transcriptional step in the synthesis of CoxII. We have isolated a 1.7 kb DNA fragment from a yeast gene bank which carries the functional SCO1 gene. Two RNA species of 0.9 kb and 1.2 kb, respectively, hybridize with this DNA fragment, which is localized on chromosome II. Cells whose chromosomal 1.7 kb fragment has been replaced by the yeast URA3 gene fail to accumulate CoxII and in addition subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase (CoxI). The possibility that the SCO1 gene product is bifunctional, i.e. required for both CoxI and CoxII accumulation, is discussed.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA primase-polymerase complex ; Temperature sensitive mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cloned DNA polymerase I gene has been used to map the POL1 locus on the left arm of chromosome XIV, between MET4 and TOP2. Temperature-sensitive mutants in POL1 have been obtained by in vitro mutagenesis of the cloned gene and in vivo replacement of the wild-type allele with the mutated copy. Physiological and biochemical characterization of one temperature-sensitive mutant (pol1-1) shows that cells shifted to the non-permissive temperature can complete one round of cell division and DNA replication before they arrest. Analysis of DNA polymerase I in crude extracts and in partially purified preparations indicates that the pol1-1 mutation results in a conformational change and affects the stability of the DNA primase-polymerase complex.
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  • 121
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 215 (1988), S. 46-52 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; pGKL plasmids ; Palindrome-hairpin linear plasmids ; the ORF1 gene ; DNA polymerase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The yeast Kluyveromyces lactis haboring linear DNA plasmids pGKL1 and pGKL2 exhibits killer and killer-resistant phenotypes. Two new linear plasmids pK192L and pK192S were found in the weak killer mutant KUV192 induced by UV irradiation. pK192S was always accompanied by pK192L in subclones of KUV192. Both plasmids were derived from pGKL1 by deletion of the large right part of it. pK192L was 4.9 kb in size and had a palindromic structure consisting of 2.35 kb inverted terminal repetitions and a 215 base unique sequence. Analysis of denatured and renatured DNA strands suggested that pK192S was a hairpin-like form of pK192L. The pK192 plasmids were maintained only in cells haboring either pGKL1 or pGKL1S in addition to pGKL2 and competed with pGKL1 or pGKL1S for their maintenance. Since no complete ORF1 was conserved in pK192 plasmids, these results lead to the conclusion that the ORF1 gene is necessary for the replication and/or maintenance of pGKL1.
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  • 122
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Phosphoglucose isomerease ; Regulation ; Metabolism ; Glycolysis ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned and sequenced the PGI1 gene, encoding phosphoglucose isomerase (E.C.5.3.1.9), from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The nucleotide sequence predicts subunits of 554 amino acids with a molecular weight of 61230. Both the size and amino acid composition correlate well with measurements from purified protein. We have compared the PGI1 protein with the predicted sequence for pig muscle PGI. In spite of some evolutionary divergence the proteins are very similar and there are some highly conserved regions, two of which have been implicated in the active site. It has been suggested that PGI exists in two or more isozyme forms in S. cerevisiae and analogy with ADR2/ADC1 suggests that such PGI isozymes might also be differentially regulated during glycolytic/gluconeogenic growth. We have used accurate quantitation of PGI1 mRNA and gene fusions of PGI1 to the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli to show that PGI1 transcription is regulated neither between glycolytic and gluconeogenic growth nor between exponential and stationary phase. The complete lack of PGI activity in PGI1 deletion mutants and of differential regulation suggests that the isozymes of PGI might result merely from processing of the PGI1 gene product.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Circular dichroism ; gelatin ; sodium alkyl sulphates ; aqueousgelatinsolutions ; secondary structure ; pH ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The modification of the triple helical structure in aqueous gelatin solutions by changing pH and adding alkyl sulphates at 298 K and after rechilling the solution to 283 K was investigated by CD-measurement. At 298 K the triple helical content at the IEP of the gelatin has its maximum value. It is only weakly affected by adding sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDDS) at concentrations 〈10−4 M/dm3. The unfolding of the triple helix affected by pH and SDDS is reversible by rechilling the solution. The triple helical content of gelatin solutions decreases at SDDS concentrations higher than 10−4 M/dm3. In all cases the decrease of the amount of triple helical structure is connected with an increase of the cis-configuration in single chains and leads to chain reversals. At sufficiently high SDDS concentrationsβ-sheets are formed. These changes are thermally irreversible. Sodium decyl sulphate (SDS) has a more minor influence than SDDS except in the range of the c.m.c. of SDS. At sufficiently high SDS concentrations,β-turns appear.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arctic ; Eriophorum ; pH ; phosphatases ; phosphorus ; PNPPase ; root enzymes ; temperature ; tundra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eriophorum vaginatum L. subsp.spissum (Fern.) Hult., a dominant plant in arctic tundra ecosystems, has acid phosphatase activity evenly distributed along its root surface from the root tip to a distance at least 16 cm from the tip. These root surface phosphatases have optimal activity from pH 3.5 to 4.0; mean soil pH for soil samples collected with roots was 3.69. Apparent energy of activation and Q10 values (14.0 kcal mol−1 and 2.2, respectively) do not provide evidence for temperature acclimation, but substantial phosphatase activity was measured at 1°C. Kinetic parameters determined for this root surface phosphatase were as follows: Km=9.23 mM, Vmax=1.61×10−3 μmoles mm−2h−1. The presence of inorganic phosphorus in the assay medium did not inhibit root surface phosphatase activity except at very high concentrations (100 mM); even then, only slight inhibition was detected (7 to 19%). A comparison of hydrolysis rates with inorganic phosphate assimilation rates measured forE. vaginatum indicates that organic phosphate hydrolysis may occur at approximately one third the rate of inorganic phosphate absorption. Calculations show that inorganic phosphate produced by root surface phosphatase activity may satisfy 65% of the annual phosphate demand ofE. vaginatum. Since arctic tundra soils are typically higher in dissolved organic phosphorus compounds than in inorganic phosphate, root surface phosphatase activity may make a considerable contribution to the phosphate nutrition of this widespread and abundant arctic plant.
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  • 125
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 139-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: emergence ; germination ; Glycine max ; soybean ; seed ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract ‘Bragg’ and ‘Cobb’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds were germinated in sand at temperatures ranging from 25 to 40°C. Emergence decreased with increasing temperature above 37°C, with virtually no emergence at 40°C. Emergence of 12 other cultivars at 38°C ranged from 25 to 95%. ‘Foster and ‘Coker 338’ were more sensitive to high temperature than the other cultivars.
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  • 126
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 227-234 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; diurnal cycles ; nitrogen fixation ; oxygen permeability ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract While diurnal cycles in nitrogen fixation rates are sometimes assumed to result from diurnal variation in photosynthetically active radiation, contradicting evidence exists that indicate soil temperature is the primary environmental influence. These studies assessed the significance of temperature on soybean nitrogen fixation under field conditions. Two groups of intact field-grown soybean plants, one at ambient and the other exposed to a 10°C diurnal variation in soil temperature, were nondestructively assayed for acetylene reduction rates. Activity was closely associated with soil temperature (R2=0.85), even when temperature was 12 h out of phase with ambient. Data were also obtained to determine if the effects of rhizosphere temperature on nitrogen fixation are mediated through an effect on the nodule oxygen permeability. Nodule oxygen permeability of intact, aeroponically grown soybean was closely correlated with the diurnal changes in temperature (R2=0.90).
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  • 127
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: microbial activity ; nalidixic acid ; reservoir ; temperature ; primary production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The number of metabolically active bacteria was measured with nalidixic acid over two annual cycles at three depths in the epilimnion of hypertrophic Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa. Concurrent measurements were made of water temperature, DOC, phytoplankton production of dissolved (EDOC) and particulate organic carbon, chlorophyll a and the uptake of glucose (Vmax). The objective was to determine the dominant factors correlated to the number of metabolically active bacteria and the relationship between active bacterial numbers and heterotrophic activity. The number of active bacteria was usually highest at the surface and ranged between 0.70 and 6.82 x 106 cells ml−1. The dominant factors correlated to the number of bacteria at the surface were water temperature (r = 0.65, n = 54, p〈0.001), primary production (r = 0.53, n = 51, p〈0.001) and EDOC (r = 0.37, n = 45, p = 0.005). Surface Vmax for glucose ranged between 0.11 and 4.0 µgC 1−1 h−1 and was positively correlated to the number of active bacteria (r = 0.61, n = 53, p〈0.001). The specific activity index (10−12 µgC cell−1 h−1) varied between 80 and 2290 at the surface and was most strongly correlated to EDOC (r = 0.70, n = 48, p〈0.001). Relationships between active bacterial numbers, water temperature, phytoplankton activity and glucose uptake were also found at two additional depths within the epilimnion. These data suggest that bacterial populations in nutrient enriched lakes contain a large number of metabolically active cells with high individual activity as a result of enhanced phytoplankton growth.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Synchaeta ; temperature ; salinity ; culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species of marine rotifer is described from the S.E. Atlantic off Cape Town. Synchaeta hutchingsi n. sp. is unique among the approximately 36 recognized Synchaeta species in exhibiting the following combination of characters: single sharply pointed toe; slender bristle along ventral midline of foot: single lateral antenna on left side near foot base; spur on dorsal side of foot used to carry egg; total length 165–200 µm. Salinity tolerance experiments showed the new species to be obligate brackwater/marine; a temperature of 35 °C could be tolerated for a short period of time. The new species has been mass-cultured for use as an experimental live food for rearing marine fish larvae.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ephemeroptera ; upstream orientation ; pH ; DOM ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments using a plexiglass Y -maze fluviarium showed that nymphs of Parameletus chelifer and Parameletus minor each used different environmental cues to orient. P. chelifer nymphs reacted to pH while nymphs of P. minor were very sensitive to concentration of dissolved organic matter. The capacity to detect these water quality differences was lost as soon as the nymphs reached seasonally submerged areas suitable for growth at the margin of the river. When nymphs of both species had reached their growing areas, water temperature became the crucial cue for orientation.
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  • 130
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    Hydrobiologia 163 (1988), S. 21-34 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: physical ; limnology ; temperature ; currents ; wind ; exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Georgian Bay comprises the easternmost part of the Michigan-Huron water system and extensive data were collected here in 1974 by the Canada Centre For Inland Waters. Fifty-one stations were monitored between April and December of 1974; the time series recordings of currents and temperature at 10 locations, meteorological recordings at two buoys, and water level recordings from temporary gauges were carried out. Minimum surface temperature of 0 °C persists for one month commencing in late February and maximum surface temperatures occurred in early August (19 °C). The annual heat income for Georgian Bay was estimated to be 43 700 cal · cm−2. The exchange at Main Channel has a significant influence on water residence and flushing times in Georgian Bay which determines its trophic status.
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  • 131
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: freshwater snail ; growth ; reproduction ; survival ; temperature ; vector
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out to investigate the effects of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40° and 45°C on growth, sexual maturity, reproduction and survival of the freshwater planorbid snail, Gyraulus convexiusculus, vector of echinostomiasis, under laboratory conditions. The growth rate of juvenile and sexually mature snails was at minimum at 15°C and was maximum at 35°C. Sexual maturation time was minimum at 35°C and maximum at 20°C. Fecundity was minimum at 15°C and maximum at 35°C. The minimum average and maximum number of eggs per egg capsule was reached at 35°C and lowest at 15°C. 30°C was the optimum temperature for survival of juvenile snails, while sexually mature snails reached maximum survival time at 20°C.
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  • 132
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    Plant growth regulation 7 (1988), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Chemical hybridizing agent ; temperature ; relative humidity ; irradiance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fenridazon [potassium 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxopyridazine-3-carboxylate] is a registered chemical hybridizing agent causing male floral sterility and is used for the production of hybrid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Foliar absorption and translocation of fenridazon to the floral primordia was decreased at 4°C compared to 24°C. At 24°C, an increase in relative humidity from 40% to 85% increased fenridazon absorption 2.5 and 1.7 times when surfactants A and B, respectively, were used. Because of the increased absorption of fenridazon with increased relative humidity, the amount of fenridazon in the floral primordia was similarly increased 2.2 and 1.5 times for surfactant A and B, respectively. Although the amount of fenridazon in the floral primordia was increased with increased relative humidity, fenridazon translocation rate was not altered by relative humidity. The effects of irradiance on fenridazon absorption were minimal, but its translocation was decreased with low irradiances.
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  • 133
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; larvae ; predation ; temperature ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on predation by Ilione albiseta (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) on Lymnaea peregra was investigated at 14°, 17°, 20°, 23° and 26°C. The mean dry weight of snail tissue (Lymnaea peregra) attacked and consumed per day by first and second instar I. albiseta larvae was highest at 20°C while for third instar and total larval duration period it was greatest at 23°C. The mean number of snails killed per day during the third instar was also highest at 23°C. The total amount of snail tissue consumed by I. albiseta larvae increased significantly from first to second instar and from second to third instar at each constant temperature. Mean survival period of unfed first instar larvae decreased from 28.4 days at 14°C to 11 days at 26°C and the mean length of the second instar cephalopharyngeal skeleton decreased with increasing temperatures. As temperature increased the rate of consumption of oxygen (dissolved in water) by first and third instar larvae rose.
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  • 134
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    New forests 2 (1988), S. 281-287 
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: light quality ; Norway spruce ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seedling of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) were grown under three different light qualities in “fluid-roof” growth chambers. Blue light with a high red/far-red ratio decreased shoot length as well as total plant dry weight compared to natural light. Yellow light with a low blue/red ratio did not significantly affect the plants. The effects of light quality were generally the same at 18, 24 and 28 °C day temperature. Plant growth was reduced at temperatures above 24 °C.
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  • 135
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    Hydrobiologia 166 (1988), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: dissolved organic carbon ; concentration ; variation ; correlation ; temperature ; pH ; fluctuation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluctuations were studied in the surface water of Dal Lake from May 1984 to April 1985, at monthly intervals. Concentration of DOC varied from 0.140 mg l−1 to 0.725 mg l−1. A minimum was recorded in May and September, while an increase was observed during December and January. The fluctuations during the observation period showed a relationship with temperature and pH.
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  • 136
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    Hydrobiologia 157 (1988), S. 105-118 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cladocera ; Rotifera ; Copepoda ; cyanobacteria ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines seasonal changes in the density and taxonomic composition of the zooplankton of a small tropical impoundment, in relation to factors of water temperature, food supply and reservoir flushing. The response of the zooplankton to management techniques designed to regulate the density of cyanobacteria in the dam are also considered. Cyclopoid copepods were the dominant zooplankters, although Cladocera became much more significant following the introduction of measures to control cyanobacteria. Planktonic Rotifera were a diverse but generally unimportant fraction of the total biomass, except following seasonal or management induced environmental perturbations, when the Rotifera often recovered most rapidly.
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  • 137
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    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; day length ; light intensity ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; temperature ; timothy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen fixation (NF) by alfalfa and nitrogen transfer (NT) from alfalfa to associated timothy was studied under different environmental conditions in controlled growth chambers, using the15N dilution technique. Evidence was obtained of NT from alfalfa to the associated timothy. Conditions that favored NF by alfalfa resulted in an increase in its NT. Of 3 different temperature regimes (25/20, 16/14, and 12/9°C day/night), 16–25/14–20°C was the best range for NF by alfalfa and resulted in the greatest NT. High light intensity (550 uE.m−2.sec−1) and long days (16–20 h) also caused increased NF by alfalfa and benefitting timothy more than in a regime of low light intensity (by shading 50% or 75%) or short days (12/12 or 16/8 h day/night). When the inoculated (Rhizobium meliloti) root systems of plants were kept free from other microorganisms (axenic condition) to minimize possible decomposition of dead tissues, lower NT from alfalfa was observed, especially at later cuts, compared to non-axenic plants. This suggests that both direct excretion and decomposition of dead alfalfa tissues are sources of N benefit from alfalfa to associated timothy.
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  • 138
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 (1988), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: fish ; skinned muscle fibres ; contractile properties ; pH ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three species of fish were studied: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) (from the North Sea, temperature 2 to 12°C) andNotothenia neglecta (from Antarctica, temperature −2 to +2°C). Single fast muscle fibres were isolated from anterior myotomes and skinned with detergent in order to directly determine the effects of pH and temperature on force production and shortening velocity. In all species maximum force production (Po) was independent of pH over the range 7.3–8.0. Decreasing the pH from 7.3 to 6.6 reduced maximum force by 28% in fibres fromG. morhua andN. neglecta but had no effect on fibres fromM. scorpius. The depression in maximum force with acidosis was accompanied by a proportional decrease in stiffness and an increase in the rate of force recovery after stretch. Unloaded contraction velocity of cod fibres (Vmax) showed a pH optimum at around pH 7.6 decreasing by 31% at pH 6.6. Vmax of fibres from the other species was independent of pH over the range 6.6–8.0. The effects of pH on Po and Vmax were similar at 0 and 10°C. Thus for maximally activated fibres both force and contraction velocity are independent of temperature induced changes in pH. In some species acidosis depresses contractility and is likely to be a contributory factor to muscle fatigue.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: ide ; adaptation ; nutrition ; temperature ; growth ; liver ; nucleic acids ; storage products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One year old golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus) were starved for 2 weeks at 20°C (time zero) and then they were fed either freeze-dried mosquito larvae (natural diet) or a commercial fish chow (artificial diet) at an ambient temperature of 14°C and 20°C, respectively. Growth parameters and biochemical data in the liver were measured at time zero and after 3 and 7 weeks of specific regimen. If compared to natural food, the artificial diet caused transient increase in anabolic activity of the liver, but prevented long-lasting hepatocyte proliferation (increase of total liver DNA). After 3 weeks on artificial diet, the body weight was significantly higher and the liver mass doubled compared to ide kept on the natural regimen; tissue DNA content indicated that the hepatocyte volume increased mainly by increased protein content and corresponding uptake of water; lipid and glycogen contents were increased by a factor of 3–6, and the RNA∶DNA ratio was increased accordingly. The growth of the ide, as reflected by the condition factor and hepatosomatic index (HSI), was virtually stopped when the artificial regimen was maintained for 7 weeks, whereas on natural food the condition factor was increased and liver weight and DNA were doubled. Growth of the fish maintained at 14°C was significantly lower than that of fish maintained at 20°C, though the total liver DNA was still increased on the natural regimen during the experiment. Less lipid was stored by fish maintained at 14°C, whereas protein and glycogen deposits were enlarged, if compared to fish maintained at 20°C. The specific activity of cytochrome oxidase in liver mitochondria and of NADPH cytochrome c reductase in the microsomal fraction were found independent of diet and ambient temperature. Oxidative capacity of hepatocytes (mitochondrial protein/mg DNA) remained unchanged, and microsomal protein/cell appeared reduced in response to the artificial food. However, reduction of cell number on this diet resulted in less total mitochondrial and microsomal protein in the organ. Golden ide liver is found to be a sensitive experimental model to characterize the mutual influence of diet and temperature on fish; the results are discussed with regard to the usage of golden ide as test fish for water pollution.
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  • 140
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: melatonin ; photoperiod ; temperature ; diurnal variation ; dopamine ; noradrenaline ; 5-hydroxytryptamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hypothalamic dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels exhibited marked day-night variations under ambient photoperiod and temperature (12L∶12D; 17±1°C) with peak values at mid-light phase. The 16L∶8D; 22±1°C treatment reversed the diurnal rhythm of 5-HT, but not that of DA and NA. However, there was an overall increase in the levels of the catecholamines on exposure to the long photoperiod and high temperature. The administration of melatonin in the fish held on 16L∶8D; 22±1°C regime restored the 5-HT rhythm to that of the 12L∶12D; 17±1°C control group, but with elevated mid-photophase value. However, there was no effect of the indole treatment on the 5-HT rhythm under the 12L∶12D; 17±1°C regime. Melatonin causes a significant reduction of NA level in both the groups, while DA level did not change in either group.
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    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 279-282 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: bromine ; exfoliation ; graphite ; intercalation ; phase transition ; stress ; temperature ; thermal stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal stress of graphite intercalated with bromine was found to increase from zero at about 100°C to about 1.3 MPa at 200°C. The effect was reversible with hysteresis. The thermal stress increase had a sharp temperature dependence due to its association with the exfoliation phase transition.
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    Hydrobiologia 167-168 (1988), S. 197-200 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: adaptation ; temperature ; stress proteins ; membrane lipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract E. affinis can adjust to temperature stress in a matter of hours. Adaptation is greater in a varying temperature than in a constant temperature, consistent with the estuarine habitat of this calanoid. The species has the capacity to adjust both in the short-term as individuals and also genetically over a number of generations. The adjustments have been examined at several levels of organization. In whole copepods the time an individual becomes comatose when exposed to a 32 °C temperature and increasing by 1/2 °C at 5 min. intervals, has been used as a repeatable assay and gives a good prediction of survival at 30 °C, the ecological limit of the species in Chesapeake bay, USA. At the molecular and cellular levels, two adaptive mechanisms which have been observed in temperature stressed copepods are the synthesis of novel proteins and phase changes in plasma membrane lipids. Both of these mechanisms have potential for further understanding the adaptation of Eurytemora to variable temperatures. They may also have application as indicators of sublethal stress.
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  • 143
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: copepods ; temperature ; food ; size ; weight ; lipid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two species of Copepoda Temora longicornis (Müller) and Pseudocalanus elongatus (Boeck) were cultured continuously in the laboratory. Four and three generations, respectively, were raised at 16 different combinations of temperature and food concentration. Prosome length and ash-free dry weight were measured in the adult stage and in Pseudocalanus also in copepodite stage I, and the relation between length and weight was established. In Pseudocalanus also the relative amount of lipid was estimated. Prosome length and length-specific body weight (condition factor) were positively correlated with food concentration. Lipid content in Pseudocalanus was also strongly affected by the concentration of food. Prosome length was negatively correlated with temperature. However, length-specific body weight in Temora was positively correlated with temperature. Therefore, at higher temperature Temora was smaller, but heavier per unit body length. In Pseudocalanus a similar but less significant influence of temperature on length-specific weight was found; lipid content was not significantly influenced by the temperature. Females of Temora had larger length-specific weights than males. In Pseudocalanus the opposite was found, coinciding with a higher lipid content in males than in females. It is discussed that at natural concentrations of phytoplankton body size and weight of copepods are reduced in the North Sea during the major part of the growing-season.
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    Photosynthesis research 16 (1988), S. 233-242 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: light activation ; PEPCase ; photosynthetic inhibitors ; Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from leaves of the C4 plant Setaria verticillata (L.) Beauv. is activated by light; day levels of activity are reached after 30 minutes of illumination. Photoactivation is prevented by inhibitors of photosynthetic electron flow or of photophosphorylation and by D,L-glyceraldehyde, which inhibits the reductive pentose phosphate pathway. Although the extractable activity in the dark is not affected by temperature the photoactivation is prevented when both illumination and extraction are done under low temperature (5 C). High temperature (30 C) during either illumination or extraction is needed for activation. Once the enzyme is photoactivated at 30 C, a transfer of the leaves to 5 C does not abolish the extra activity. The results suggest that both unimpaired electron flow and photophosphorylation are prerequisites for the activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Low temperature apparently suppresses either the transport to the cytoplasm of a photosynthetic intermediate or the activating reaction itself. The inclusion of phosphoenolpyruvate in the extraction medium increases the night activity. On the basis of the available information, it is suggested that phosphoenolpyruvate could be the activator in vivo. In that case, the activation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase would depend on internal CO2 level and prior photoactivation of both pyruvate, orthophosphate, dikinase and NADP malate dehydrogenase.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Developmental rate ; adult size ; mature oocytes ; temperature ; Encarsia tricolor ; Aphelinidae ; fr|Mots Clés ; duree de développment ; taille ; oocytes ; température ; Encarsia tricolor ; Aphelinidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Encarsia tricolor Foërster est un parasitoïd deTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) qui se trouve spontanément en cultures maraîchères tout au long du littoral méditerranéen. Les objectifs du présent travail furent la détermination de l'effet des températures constantes et variables sur la durée du développement, la tailles des adultes ♂ ♂ et ♀ ♀ d'E. tricolor et sur le nombre d'oocytes et d'ovarioles des ♀ ♀ juste après l'émergence. Les ♀ ♀ se développèrent avec succès aux températures comprises entre 14 et 32°C, mais à 34°C une mortalité totale au stade nymphe est observée. Les ♂ ♂ développèrent aussi avec succès aux températures comprises entre 16 et 28°C et leur développment fut plus rapide que celui des ♀ ♀ quelles que soient les températures utilisées. A température constante, la durée du développment de l'œuf à l'adulte des ♀ ♀ et des ♂ ♂ varie de 51,1 (14°C) à 14,3 (28°C) jours et de 32,6 (16°C) à 11,8 (28°C) jours, respectivement. Les prévisions de la durée du développment à températures variables furent plus exactes en utilisant les polynômes de 2e et 3e degré plutôt que les régressions linéaires. Le nombre d'oocytes mûrs à l'émergence varie de 0,1 (30°C) à 2,2 (20°C). Les ♀ ♀ d'E. tricolor atteignent leurs tailles maximales à 20–24°C. Compte-tenu des données de la littérature, on s'aperçoit queE. tricolor se développe plus vite queT. vaporariorum, quand les températures sont supérieures à 15°C.
    Notes: Abstract The duration of the development of the aphelinidEncarsia tricolor Föerster (a parasitoid of the aleyrodidTrialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), adult size and number of mature oocytes at emergence were determined under constant and variable temperature regimes. Females developed successfully from 14 to 32°C, but a 100% of pupal mortality was observed at 34°C. Males developed successfully from 16 to 28°C and they developed faster than females. Female and male, egg to adult development at constant temperatures ranged from 51.1 (14°C) to 14.3 (28°C) days and from 32.6 (16°C) to 11.8 (28°C) days, respectively. Predictions of the rate of development at variable temperatures were more accurate when made from 2nd and 3rd degree polynomials than from linear regressions. The number of mature oocytes at emergence ranged from 0.1 (30°C) to 2.2 (20°C). FemaleE. tricolor attained the greatest size at 20–24°C. The comparison with literature data shows thatE. tricolor develops faster thanT. vaporariorum at temperatures above 15°C.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; temperature ; Lymnaea truncatula ; biological control ; Ilione albiseta ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; température ; Lymnaea truncatula ; lutte biologique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Rémumé L'effet de 5 températures constantes (10, 14, 17, 20 et 23 °C) a été étudié sur l'oviposition et la longévité d'Ilione albiseta. La plupart des œufs furent ponndus entre 14 et 17 °C et la période d'oviposition moyenne décroissait progressivement au-dessus et au-dessous de 14 °C. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative entre les taux d'oviposition et les périodes de préoviposition à chaque température constante, mais le nombre moyen de jours entre la ponte pour chaque femelle était significativement plus grand à 10 °C qu'à 17, 20 et 23 °C et plus grand à 14 °C. qu' à 23 °C. Les adultes infertiles allait de 9,2 % à 23 °C jusqu'à 17,9% à 20 °C et ces œufs avaient tendance à être pondus au commencement comme à la fin de chaque période d'oviposition. Une corrélation possible entre le sex-ratio de l'adulte éclos et la température est discutée également.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of 5 constant temperatures (10, 14, 17, 20 and 23°C) on the oviposition and longevity ofIlione albiseta was investigated. Most eggs were laid at 14–17°C and mean oviposition period declined progressively above and below 14°C. There was no significant difference between oviposition rates or preoviposition periods at each constant temperature, but the mean number of days between egg laying for each female was significantly greater at 10 °C than at 17, 20 and 23 °C than at 20 °C. The percentage of infertile eggs laid ranged from 9.2% at 23 °C to 17.9 % at 20 °C and these eggs tended to be laid at the beginning and end of each oviposition period. A possible association between sex ratio of the emergent adult and temperature is also discussed.
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  • 147
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 106 (1988), S. 1337-1340 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: temperature ; natural conditions ; continuois light ; circadian rhythm ; segregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 148
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: composantes phéromonales ; diffusion ; température ; vent ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac ; pheromonal components ; diffusion ; temperature ; wind ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To determine the effect of various factors influencing the emission rate of pheromones from slow release dispensers, laboratory tests were undertaken with two types of rubber (Michelin) and one type of plastic trilaminate (Hercon®) dispenser. The effects of chain length, and the presence of double bonds were tested with three pheromonal compounds, Z9-12: Ac, 12: Ac and Z9-14: Ac impregnated on both types of rubber dispenser. The influences of temperature, wind velocity, humidity and percent loading were also tested. Data obtained indicated that chain length has a greater effect than the presence of a double bond. Amongst the climatic factors tested, wind speed has a greater effect than temperature while humidity has a minimal effect.
    Notes: Abstract Deux types de diffuseurs en caoutchouc (Michelin) et en plastique polystratifié (Hercon®) sont testés en laboratoire pour étudier quelques aspects des phénomènes de diffusion. Trois composantes phéromonales, le Z9-12: Ac, le 12: Ac et le Z9-14: Ac imprégnées dans ces différents supports servent à détermineer le rôle joué par la longueur de la chaîne de la molécule et la présence de doubles liaisons sur la vitesse de diffusion. L'influence de la température, de la vitesse du vent et de l'humidité est déterminée en cellules climatisées. Parmi les facteurs relatifs à la structure chimique, l'influence de la longueur de la chaîne est prédominante par rapport à la présence d'une double liaison. Parmi les facteurs climatiques, le vent agit plus que la température sur la diffusion, alors que l'humidité paraît secondaire.
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  • 149
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Pyrrhocoris apterus ; adult size ; egg weight ; starvation ; temperature ; pollution ; crowding ; duration of development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Körpergrösse bei den Imagines eines Wildstammes der Feuerwanze Pyrrhocoris apterus wurde teilweise durch die Veränderlichkeit der Eigrösse determiniert, teilweise auch durch Hungern der Larven, niedrige Temperatur und metabolischen Produkten beeinflusst. Der Effekt letzterer Faktoren stieg mit deren Dauer und war je grösser desto näher sich die Wirkungsperiode zur Imaginalhäutung befand. Unterschiedliche Photoperioden wirkten auf die Körperlänge nicht. Wurden die Larven zwischen der ungünstigen Periode und der Imaginalhäutung noch den optimalen Bedingungen ausgesetzt, kompensierten sich die negativen Einflüsse weitgehend. Zu einer drastischen Verkleinerung der Imagines kam es nur, wenn das letzte Larven-stadium mit Hunger beeinflusst wurde und bis zur Imaginalhäutung keinen Zutritt zum Futter hatte. Minimales Gewicht, wo die Metamorphose der Larven noch möglich war, wurde zu 18 mg festgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The determination of body size (length or weight) of teneral adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus L. was investigated. About 50% of size variation was determined already in the egg stage (average egg weight adult length correlations were 0.67 in males and 0.71 in females). During the larval development, starvation, low temperature, and pollution by excreta combined with crowding reduced adult size and usually increased the development length. The effects were directly proportionate to the length of the stress period, and increased with larval age. Photoperiod or intrinsic variation of development time did not affect adult size. The effects of stress were largely compensated when it was followed by a period of compensation growth at optimum conditions. A dramatic reduction of size appeared when last inster larvae starved and moulted to adults without access to food. Average adult weight was then reduced by up to 48%. Threshold weight for adult moulting was 18 mg, being attained after 1–2 day feeding of the last instar.
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  • 150
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dacus tryoni ; fruit fly ; frosts ; cold ; survival ; winter ; step ; ramp ; cooling ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aptitude à survivre à une ou plusieurs expositions à des températures inférieures à zéro dépend à la fois de leur sévérité et du laps de temps entre les expositions. L'effet d'une température minimale déterminée dépend de sa valeur, de sa durée et du type de refroidissement: brutal (step) ou progressif (ramp). Les effets de toute température minimale peuvent être exprimés en termes de LE50 (temps nécessaire pour obtenir une mortalité de 50% avec une exposition unique). Lorsque le temps d'application de la température minimale correspond à 35% du LE50, il n'y a pas de mortalité, de même dans le cas de répétitions quotidiennes. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 44% du LE50, il provoque environ 14% de mortalité après la première exposition, avec 3% supplémentaire après chaque exposition quotidienne, mais l'augmentation est nulle si l'exposition au froid n'a lieu que tous les 3 jours. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 88% de LE50, la mortalité après la première exposition est d'environ 40% et de même importance à chaque nouvelle exposition, même si elles sont espacées de 7 j. Lorsque la durée d'exposition au minimum correspond à 125% et à 150% de LE50, les mortalités sont respectivement d'environ 80% et 100% à la première exposition. La température maximale quotidienne, entre 15 et 25°C, semble avoir peu d'influence sur la mortalité provoquée par des expositions répétées à-5°C. Les mouches d'âges différents résistent de la même façon jusqu'à 6 expositions répétées à-6°C, mais au-delà les mouches âgées sont plus sensibles que les jeunes. Dans la mesure où, dans la nature, la durée d'exposition à la température minimale est connue et où la température dans le sol peut être calculée ou mesurée, ces résultats peuvent permettre d'interpréter la mortalité provoquée par le gel.
    Notes: Abstract Ability to survive exposure to single or repeated periods at a subzero temperature is related to the temperature experienced, whether it is approached quickly or slowly, the time for which it prevails and the interval between exposures. The severity of any low temperature can be expressed in terms of LE50 (time required to kill 50% of individuals with one exposure). Minima enduring for 35% LE50 do not cause any mortality, even when repeated daily. Minima enduring for 44% LE50 cause ca 14% mortality on the first occurrence but no more if repeated at 3 day intervals, but 3% more per occasion if repeated daily. Minima enduring for 88% LE50 cause ca 40% mortality on first occurrence and an equal amount at each recurrence even if each is 7 days apart. Minima enduring for 125% LE50 and over 150% LE50 cause respectively ca 80% and 100% mortality respectively on first occurrence. The daily maximum temperature (in the range 15°C to 25°C) appears to have little relevance to the mortality caused by a repeated minimum of -5°C. Flies of different ages have a similar ability to survive a repeated minimum of -6°C for up to six exposures, but thereafter old flies are more susceptible than young ones. These results can be related to mortality caused by frosty conditions in the field so long as the time spent at the minimum is known and the temperature on the ground can be measured or calculated.
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  • 151
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Pherbellia cinerella ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; larva ; pupa ; temperature ; Lymnaea truncatula ; snails ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action de la température a été examinée à 14, 17, 20, 23 et 26°C. Les 2 espèces sont prédatrices de L. truncatula, vecteur de la douve du foie en Irlande, où elle provoque à l'àgriculture une perte évaluée à 10 millions de livres par an. Les données recuellies en conditions contrôlées du laboratoire doivent permettre de définir les conditions optimales pour l'élevage continu de ces espèces. Ceci est indispensable pour évaluer, dans la nature leurs potentialités pour la lutte biologique. Ilione albiseta: C'est à 23°C que le développement des larves de premier et second stades sont les plus brefs; la survie du premier stade est totale à toutes les températures constantes examinées. La durée moyenne du 3ème stade décroît de 104 jours à 17°C jusqu'à 27,5 jours à 26°C. Le taux de survie total est plus élevé à 17°C qu'à 26°C. La durée moyenne de la nymphose diminue quand la température croît, et ceci se produit aussi à la température ambiante extérieure. On réduit de moitié la durée du développement de l'éclosion de l'oeuf à l'apparition de l'adulte, entre la nature et le laboratoire, en utilisant respectivement: 23°, 17° et 26°C pour les premier et second stades, le troisième stade, la nymphé. Cela devrait aider à multiplier la souche pour la lutte biologique. Pherbellia cinerella: Avec élévation de la température la durée du développement larvaire diminue, mais aussi le nombre de larves parvenant à la pupaison (100% à 14° et 33,3% à 26°C). La nymphose tendait à être plus brève aux températures les plus élevées.
    Notes: Abstract The duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of predatory flies was investigated at five constant temperatures. Ilione albiseta (Scopoli): Mean duration of first and second instars was shortest at 23°C and there was 100% survival of first instar larvae at all temperatures. Mean third instar larval duration decreased from 104 days at 17°C to 27.5 days at 26°C. Total percentage larval survival was greatest at 17°C and least at 26°C. Mean pupal duration decreased as temperature increased and this occurred also under outdoor conditions. Pherbellia cinerella (Fallén): As temperature increased mean larval duration decreased but the percentage of larvae pupating also decreased (100% at 14°C, 33.3% at 26°C). There was a trend for shorter mean pupal durations at higher temperatures.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Tetrahymena ; Replication ; Segregation ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have previously demonstrated that a 657 bp TaqI-XbaI and a 427 by XbaI-XbaI fragment from the 5′ non-transcribed spacer of the extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA of Tetrahymena thermophila function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These fragments are adjacent to each other in a region that encompasses the in vivo origin of bidirectional replication of rDNA. The presence of a yeast centromere (CEN) fragment does not confer mitotic stability on these plasmids. A sensitive yeast colony colour assay (Hieter et al. 1985a) has been used to evaluate the cis-acting effect of each ARS segment on the pattern of inheritance of a plasmid containing CEN5:URA3:SUP4. Colonies of transformed cells obtained both in the presence and absence of selection were red with no detectable white or pink sectors. The lack of sectoring indicates that both plasmids are lost at an extremely high rate, likely due to 1:0 segregation events. We conclude that while these ARS elements confer a high frequency transformation phenotype, they lack a function which is required in cis for the maintenance of mitotic stability in the presence of a centromere. This missing cis-acting function may result in the inability of the plasmids to be brought under the control of cell-cycle regulated replication.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial ; Mutants ; RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This is a description of a new class of temperature sensitive pet mutants in Saccharomyces cereviase that lose all or part of their mitochondrial RNA at the restrictive temperature. These mutants fall into 8 different complementation groups, mna1 to mna8, and 2 different classes based on their phenotype. Class I mutations, mna1-1 through mna5-1, cause complete or partial loss of mitochondrial RNA at the restrictive temperature. The mutation, mna1-1, is especially interesting since it causes a loss of both mitochondrial DNA and RNA when the mutant is grown on a fermentable carbon source at the restrictive temperature. However, when this mutant is grown at the permissive temperature on a non-fermentable carbon source then shifted to the restrictive temperature, only the mitochondrial RNA is lost. This indicates that the primary cause for the pet phenotype is due to the loss of mitochondrial RNA and not DNA. Class II mutations, mna6-1 through man8-1, cause complete loss of the 14S rRNA after growth at the restrictive temperature in a fermentable carbon source. This loss appears to be specific for the 14S rRNA, since all other transcripts probed by Northern analysis are normal.
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  • 154
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Disomy for chromosome IV ; Mitochondrial rho − mutability ; Mitotic chromosome loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The disomy for chromosome IV in the strains studied led to: i) a reduction in the red pigmentation of ade1 mutant colonies; ii) a decrease of the spontaneous rho − mutant frequency, and iii) an impairment of sporulation in hybrids descended from disomic parents. The nuclear srm1 mutation decreasing the spontaneous rho − mutability promoted the spontaneous extra chromosome loss in the disomes for chromosome IV. This result suggests a close connexion between the spontaneous rho − mutability and mitotic chromosome stability.
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  • 155
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Y. lipolytica ; LEU2 ; Yeast ; Leucine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 2810 by DNA fragment containing the beta-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase gene of the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has been sequenced. The sequence contains an open reading frame of 405 codons, predicting a protein of 43,366 molecular weight. Protein sequence homology with the polypeptide encoded by the LEU2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is 64%, whereas DNA sequence homology is 61%. The 5′- and 3′-flanking regions of the Y. lipolytica LEU2 gene share only some general structural features common to genes of S. cereviside such as the presence and location of TATA boxes, CAAT boxes, CACACA repeats, the lack of G residues in the 5′-untranslated region and 3′-transcription terminators. Transcription of a 1.4 kb mRNA begins at a small cluster of sites approximately 40 base pairs before the initial ATG.
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  • 156
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    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 411-413 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial rho − mutability ; Genetic analysis ; Modifying genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The phenotypic trait “starry colony” in Saccharomyces is associated with a high spontaneous rho − petite mutability. Genetic analysis of this trait has shown the high rho − mutability to be caused by several modifying genes present together in the strains studied. Every single modifying gene produces only a relatively small enhancement of the rho − mutability.
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  • 157
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mutagenesis ; Base analogues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cells of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which are auxotrophic for thymidylate (tmp1) can also incorporate analogues of thymidylate. When the base analogue, 5-bromodeoxyuridylate, is incorporated into tmp1 yeast cells it is lethal and mutagenic. Both lethality and mutation induction can be drastically altered by perturbation of the pyrimidine nucleotide pools. Analysis of mutation induction, bromodeoxyuridylate incorporation into DNA, and cell viability under various conditions revealed: (1) lethality and mutagenesis can be uncoupled, (2) thymidylate enhances mutagenesis and deoxycytidylate suppresses it, (3) mutation induction is not correlated with the magnitude of bromodeoxyuridylate incorporation into DNA. Therefore, in yeast, the pyrimidine nucleotide pools have a powerful effect on bromodeoxyuridylate mutagenesis. Both bromodeoxyuridylate and iododeoxyuridylate are extensively incorporated into the DNA of tmp1 yeast cells; however, iododeoxyuridylate is non-mutagenic. Replication proceeds at the same rate in the presence of the natural substrate or either analogue. When cells are supplied with thymidylate and bromodeoxyuridylate together, there is no discrimination against bromodeoxyuridylate as a DNA precursor. However, in the presence of thymidylate and iododeoxyuridylate, there is a 3 to 1 discrimination against iododeoxyuridylate as compared to thymidylate.
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  • 158
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; Yeast ; Extrachromosomal inheritance ; Antimycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Antimycin-resistant (AR) mutants of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, obtained either spontaneously or after manganese treatment, were isolated and genetically characterized. Most of the mutants obtained after manganese mutagenesis and two spontaneous mutants, tolerated high antimycin concentrations (more than 10 /gmg/ml) and were extrachromosomal. One mutant which grew only in low antimycin (1 /gmg/ml) showed a Mendelian type of inheritance. The extrachromosomal mutants could be assigned to at least two genetic loci (A I R and A II R ). Mutants representative of these two groups showed increased resistance to the antibiotic when the respiration of whole cells or mitochondria was studied. Extrachromosomal mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistant to antimycin were also induced with manganese, isolated and characterized. Comparative studies of the antimycin-resistant mutants of K. lactis and S. cerevisiae permitted the following observations: a) K. lactis is more resistant to antimycin, funiculosin, mucidin and diuron than S. cerevisiae, as are the AR mutants; b) K. lactis shows correlated sensitivity to funiculosin differing in this aspect from S. cerevisiae; c) the antimycin-resistant mutants of K. lactis belonging to group 11 (A II R ) were also resistant to diuron, tolerating concentrations of more than 200 /gmg/ml; d) all extrachromosomal antimycin-resistant-mutants of S. cerevisiae and some of the AR mutants of K. lactis were more sensitive to mucidin than the wild type.
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  • 159
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondria ; Translation ; Informational Suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Phenotypic suppression by the antibiotic, paromomycin, of the mitochondrial oxi1 −-V25 mutation, a mutation which arrests by premature ochre codon the synthesis of the cox 11 subunit, was studied in isolated yeast mitochondria competent in translation. This antibiotic is known to suppress the mutation in vivo (Dujardin et al. 1984) and allowed in vitro, at concentrations of 20–1100 Mg per ml. the synthesis of the cox II subunit. This strongly suggests that phenotypic suppression of mit − mutations is due to the direct action of paromomycin on mitochondrial ribosomes. The effect of paromomycin bears a resemblance to the function of the omnipotent nuclear suppressor mutation R705. The nuclear suppression was expressed in isolated mitochondria; suppressor mutation influenced the structure of the mitoribosome. Therefore, it appears that mitoribosomes are indeed the common target in the phenotypical and genetic nuclear suppression of the oxi1-V25 mutation.
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  • 160
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; ARS-like activity ; Petite genome replication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Seven MboI fragments spanning the mitochondrial apocytochrome b gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D273-10B were cloned in the BamHI site of the integrative yeast vector YIp5 and the capacity for autonomous replication was subsequently assayed in yeast. The positive correlation found between the ars-like activity in four fragments and the presence of regions common to multiple ethidium bromide-induced petite (rho−) genomes suggests that the mitochondrial sequences possibly active as origins of replication in low-complexity neutral or weakly suppressive rho− mutants could be functionally related to the yeast nuclear replicator 11 nucleotide motif defined by Broach et al. (1983).
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  • 161
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial ; Frameshift-Suppression ; 15S rRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The first case of a +1 “extrageneic” frameshift suppressor (MF1), mapping in the yeast mitochondrial 15S rRNA gene is reported. The suppressor was identified by genetic analyses in a leaky mitochondrial oxi1 frameshift mutant and the respective wild-type strain 777-3A of the yeast S. cerevisiae. This is in accordance with the finding that all mitochondrial frameshift mutants isolated from this strain tend to be leaky to a variable degree. MF1 does not suppress known nonsense mutations created by a direct basepair exchange in strain 777-3A. These mutants exhibit a non-leaky phenotype (Weiss-Brummer et al. 1984).
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  • 162
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Nuclear ploidy ; Critical size ; Cell proliferation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary For a polyploid series of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains ranging from haploid to tetraploid we found that the critical cell size required to initiate a new cell division process was directly and linearly proportional to ploidy, but was not influenced by the information at the MAT locus which determines cell type. Therefore, over at least a four-fold range in ploidy the cell cycle machinery which is responsive to growth is modulated by nuclear DNA content.
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  • 163
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ploidy ; Isogenic ; Ethanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Effects on ethanol production by increases in gene dosage independent of heterosis in yeast are compared for an isogenic ploidy series ranging from haploid to tetraploid. The per-cell rate of ethanol accumulation in parallel batch cultures increases with cell ploidy, and is attributable to intrinsic, ploidy-associated increases in cell mass-adjusted ethanol production rates. This increase in per-cell ethanol accumulation in the tetraploid strain is as high as 6.9 times the level of accumulation in the haploid. That is, the efficiency of ethanol production per unit cell mass is greater in cells of higher ploidy.
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  • 164
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Heat shock ; Thermotolerance ; Ploidy ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to inactivation by DNA damaging agents has long been known to be affected by cell ploidy. Resistance is greater for diploid than for haploid cells, but exhibits decreases for further increases in ploidy beyond diploid. In this study S. cerevisiae cells whose genomes differ only in their ploidy were employed to investigate how ploidy directly influences resistance to thermal killing. In virtually all species resistance to thermal killing is a cellular property that is elevated by heat shock and other agents that induce the heat shock response. We therefore investigated how ploidy affected the thermal killing of S. cerevisiae cells both before and after elevation of thermotolerance by means of a 40 min 25 °C to 38 °C heat shock. Without such induction of thermotolerance there was negligible effect of ploidy on thermal killing. In contrast in the heat shocked cultures there was an appreciable decrease in thermotolerance as ploidy increased. This difference indicates that the lethal thermal damage in the thermotolerance induced cultures is not totally equivalent to that in cells not given a prior heat shock, and that gene expression changes after heat shock result in a ploidy effect on heat tolerance which is absent from cells in which the heat shock response has not been induced.
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  • 165
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    Current genetics 12 (1987), S. 569-576 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Disomy ; Meiotic dyads
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Among meiotic asci produced by triploid (3N) Saccharomyces cerevisiae are cases in which exactly two of the four ascospores proliferate into colonies. Given the unique asymmetry problems inherent in distributing three chromosome homologues in meiosis, these ascospore dyads are of special interest. We have tested 40 of these dyads (80 ascospores) for their chromosome content by ascertaining whether they have inherited one or two copies of each of the sixteen yeast chromosomes from the parental triploid. Overall, then, ascospores in these dyads can be either haploid (N) or disomic (N + 1) for each chromosome. The principal results of this analysis include: (1) Coincident disomy (inheritence of two copies of a given chromosome in both members of an ascospore dyad) was detected for 15 of the 16 yeast chromosomes, and at least once in every dyad. (2) Coincident disomy increased as a function of the mean number of disomic chromosomes per spore in each dyad, but this increase differed functionally from that expected if coincident disomy in the two ascospores were a simple, meiotically independent, concomitant of multiple disomy. We conclude from these results that: (1) The ascospore dyads, as the two proliferating spores of single meioses from the triploid, represent meiotic sisters. That is, they stem from the same half of the first meiotic division. (2) Multiply-disomic meiotic segregants of yeast triploids proliferate at the expense of their multiple disomy, as cells in spore colonies experience repeated and independent disomic chromosome losses (N + 1 → N). (3) Aneuploid generation in triploid meiosis is chromosomally unbiased and is the consequence of the independent two-by-one segregation at MI of every homologous triad.
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  • 166
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    Journal of molecular evolution 24 (1987), S. 252-259 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Histone genes ; Gene conversion ; Diploidization ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The core histone genes ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae are arranged as duplicate nonallelic sets of specifically paired genes. The identity of structural organization between the duplicated gene pairs would have its simplest evolutionary origin in the duplication of a complete locus in a single event. In such a case, the time since the duplication of one of the genes should be identical to that since duplication of the gene adjacent to it on the chromosome. A calculation of the evolutionary distances between the coding DNA sequences of the histone genes leads to a duplication paradox: The extents of sequence divergence in the silent component of third-base positions for adjacent pairs of genes are not identical. Estimates of the evolutionary distance between the two H3-H4 noncoding intergene DNA sequences are large; the divergence between the two separate sequences is indistinguishable from the divergence between either of the regions and a randomly generated permutation of itself. These results suggest that the duplication event may have occurred much earlier than previously estimated. The potential age of the duplication, and the attractive simplicity of the duplication of both the H3-H4 and the H2A-H2B gene pairs having taken place in a single event, leads to the hypothesis that modern haploidS. cerevisiae may have evolved by diploidization or fusion of two ancient fungi.
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  • 167
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrification ; nitrification inhibitor ; fertilizer N ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transformations of urea, ammonium sulfate and dicyandiamide (DCD) were studied in an Inceptisol and three Andisols from Costa Rica, considering the influence of temperature and DCD as a nitrification inhibitor. Nitrification was very slow with or without DCD in the strongly acid Inceptisol. A higher urea dose resulting in higher pH was well nitrified without DCD and appreciably retarded by DCD. In Andisols nitrification was retarded as long as a higher DCD level existed. Higher temperatures accelerated the DCD-breakdown and were followed by a quicker nitrification. The decomposition of DCD was slower compared with the Inceptisol. According to these experiments DCD is suitable as a nitrification inhibitor in tropical soils.
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  • 168
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 255-267 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; ammonium nitrate ; model ; temperature ; rainfall ; grassland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Direct and residual effects of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) on dry matter (DM) response were measured at a total of 12 application times in early spring over three years. The variation in the direct effect was described by models that included temperature and long-term rainfall for CAN and, additionally, short-term rainfall for urea. The operative temperature was the accumulated mean daily air temperature for combined intervals pre-application and postapplication of N. The effect of rainfall was apparent only when the data were adjusted for temperature. Simulation studies with the models indicated that, although the influence of temperature was dominant, rainfall modified it strongly in terms of the relative efficiencies of the two N sources and the magnitude of response. For instance, the temperature-induced increase in DM response to urea between cold and normal years was 402 kg ha−1 for a specified period, whereas differences between dry and wet years were decreases of 166 and 259 kg ha−1 in the case of urea and CAN, respectively. Short-term rainfall had a positive effect on response to urea. The experimental values varied widely both between and within years. The direct effect of the application of urea at 50 kg N ha−1 varied from 0 to 750 kg DM ha−1, and the residual effect varied from 0 to 1620 kg DM ha−1. The corresponding values for apparent N recovery varied from 0.1 to 45% and from 7 to 68%, respectively. The efficiency of urea was comparable to, and in instances better than, CAN.
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  • 169
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Fungi ; S. crataegensis ; Yeast ; Plasmid ; Linear DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three DNA plasmids, designated pScrl-1, pScrl-2, and pScrl-3 have been found in a strain of the heterothallic yeast Saccharomycopsis crataegensis (NRRL Y-5902). pScrl-l, -2 and -3 are, respectively, 15, 7, and 5 kilobase pairs (kbp) in size. Based on the results of exonuclease digestions, all three plasmids appear to be linear molecules with blocked 5′ ends. All three plasmids also have a lower buoyant density than does nuclear DNA of S. crataegensis. The two lower molecular weight plasmids hybridize strongly with one another, but only weakly to the higher molecular weight plasmid. Two of four related S. crataegensis strains surveyed were found to contain two plasmids that are of the same size as the two larger plasmids of Y-5902. Evidence is presented indicating that the plasmids in strain Y-5902 reside in the cytosol since they were found not to be located within the major organelles (mitochondria and nuclei).
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  • 170
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Frameshift-Suppression ; Mitochondrial/Nuclear ; Interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Earlier genetic analyses have identified a mitochondrial +1 frameshift suppressor (MF1) in the 15S rRNA region of a leaky mitochondrial frameshift mutant and the respective wild-type strain 777-3A (Weiss-Brummer et al. 1987). Further genetic analyses revealed that for the observed spontaneous frameshift suppression in M5631 the mitochondrial factor (MF1) must act together with at least two dominant nuclear-encoded factors.
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  • 171
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Hansenula polymorpha ; Yeast ; Peroxisomes ; Proton-translocating ATPase ; Cell fractionation ; Fluorescence quenching studies ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The association of an ATPase with the yeast peroxisomal membrane was established by both biochemical and cytochemical procedures. Peroxisomes were purified from protoplast homogenates of the methanol-grown yeast Hansenula polymorpha by differential and sucrose gradient centrifugation. Biochemical analysis revealed that ATPase activity was associated with the peroxisomal peak fractions which were identified on the basis of alcohol oxidase and catalase activity. The properties of this ATPase closely resembled those of the mitochondrial ATPase of this yeast. The enzyme was Mg2+-dependent, had a pH optimum of approximately 8.5 and was sensitive to N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), oligomycin and azide, but not to vanadate. A major difference was the apparent K m for ATP which was 4–6 mM for the peroxisomal ATPase compared to 0.6–0.9 mM for the mitochondrial enzyme. Cytochemical experiments indicated that the peroxisomal ATPase was associated with the membranes surrounding these organelles. After incubations with CeCl3 and ATP specific reaction products were localized on the peroxisomal membrane, both when unfixed isolated peroxisomes or formaldehyde-fixed protoplasts were used. This staining was strictly ATP-dependent; in controls performed i) in the absence of substrate, ii) in the presence of glycerol 2-phosphate instead of ATP, or iii) in the presence of DCCD, staining was invariably absent. Similar staining patterns were observed in subcellular fractions and protoplasts of Candida utilis and Trichosporon cutaneum X4, grown in the presence of ethanol/ethylamine or ethylamine, respectively.
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  • 172
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    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 105-108 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ozone ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ATP ; Nucleotides ; Permeability ; Cytosolic enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Treatment of a yeast suspension with ozone inactivates a number of cytosolic enzymes. Among 15 studied, the most drastic inactivation was found for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and to lesser extents: NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase-1 and NAD-alcohol dehydrogenase. Ozone treatment also effects the quantity of ATP and of other nucleoside triphosphates, reducing to about 50% of the initial value. The ATP missing in the cells appears in the medium. NAD and protein also accumulate in the medium suggesting that the yeast cells have been permeabilized. Permeabilization of the yeast cells by treatment with ozone preceeds the inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and other cytosolic enzymes.
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  • 173
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    Archives of microbiology 147 (1987), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chloroquine ; Yeast ; Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase ; Phosphorylation ; Protein kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rapid phase of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) inactivation following glucose addition to starved yeast cells [reported previously] is inhibited on addition of 10 mM chloroquine (CQ) at about pH 8. This inhibition of inactivation was shown to be due to the prevention of phosphorylation of the enzyme. CQ was also found to inhibit general protein phosphorylation in the yeast cells. Glycolysis, as observed by changes in intracellular glucose-6-phosphate and extracellular glucose and ethanol concentrations, was shown to be significantly inhibited in cells treated with CQ. Similarly, a decrease in ATP concentrations was observed. However, during the early stages of phosphorylation of FBPase, levels of ATP were similar in cells containing CQ as in those without CQ. Thus, decrease in ATP levels is not thought to be significantly responsible for the inhibition of protein phosphorylation. However, the phosphorylating activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases is inhibited in vitro by relatively low concentrations of CQ. Thus, prevention of protein phosphorylation by CQ is believed to be due to inhibition of protein kinases in yeast cells.
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  • 174
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1987), S. 59-62 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; Zygosaccharomyces ; Spoilage ; Synergism ; pH ; °Brix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A quantitative method for the prediction of growth of the food spoilage yeastZygosaccharomyces bailii in a model fruit-drink system is described. A factorially designed experiment was employed to produce polynomial equations relating pH and sugar concentration (°brix) to the lag period and doubling time of this yeast. Low pH values (〈3.0) and high °brix values (〉40) show a strong synergistic action on the extension of lag period, which could be used, along with the model presented, in the formulation of product preservation systems.
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  • 175
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 2 (1987), S. 159-165 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Yeast ; Genetic stability ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Selection ; Reproductive fitness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The potential for changes in allele frequencies in yeast populations by selection was examined. Cells from the wine yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae (strain Montrachet) were grown over a large number of generations using two different culturing techniques, each with two variations: serial transfers on WLN agar plates with and without UV irradiation, and continuous culture in autoclaved and in filter-sterilized grape must. A low frequency of variant isozyme patterns was found in samples taken at the end of the experiment. Growth rates in must and on agar plates were also examined, and it was found that all samples were faster-growing than the original strain, to varying degrees. Applications for the selection system developed are discussed.
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  • 176
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 287-307 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: macromolecular interactions ; temperature ; electrophoresis ; esterase-5 ; Drosophila pseudoobscura
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Esterase-5 is one of the most polymorphic loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Some variants reportedly produce a dimeric enzyme, while a few produce a monomeric form. This paper reports the finding that during electrophoresis ESTERASE-5 exists in a dynamic equilibrium between monomers and dimers, an equilibrium that is dependent on the running temperature of the gels. This is shown by a series of analytical electrophoresis experiments in which the apparent molecular weights of several variants are determined at four different temperatures. Increasing temperatures result in a linear decrease in the logarithm of apparent molecular weights. Macromolecular interactions thus are a significant determinant of EST-5 electrophoretic mobility.
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  • 177
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 717-728 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: male sterility ; mutant ; proteins ; temperature ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The soluble proteins of the normal and male-sterile stamenless-2 (sl-2/sl-2) mutant of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in different temperatures were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The normal and mutant stamens had some common proteins, but certain proteins were either present or more enriched in one genotype than in the other. The other floral organs of the normal and mutant showed no major differences in proteins, suggesting that the sl-2/sl-2 allele is active primarily in anther development. Normal and mutant stamens grown in high temperatures were enriched in some proteins in comparison to the intermediate temperatures. At low temperatures, the protein pattern of normal and mutant stamens was essentially similar.
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  • 178
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    The journal of membrane biology 100 (1987), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hepatocyte ; cell volume ; K+ conductance ; temperature ; quinine HCl ; intracellular K+ activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mouse hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture (4 hr) were exposed for 10 min at 37°C to anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration. Hepatocytes maintained constant relative cell volume (experimental volume/control volume) as a function of external medium relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm), ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. In contrast, the relative cell volume fit a predicted Boyle-Van't Hoff plot when the experiment was done at 4°C. Mouse liver slices were used for electrophysiologic studies, in which hepatocyte transmembrane potential (V m ) and intracellular K+ activity (a K i ) were recorded continuously by open-tip and liquid ion-exchanger ion-sensitive glass microelectrodes, respectively. Liver slices were superfused with control and then with anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration.V m increased (hyperpolarized) with hypoosmotic medium and decreased (depolarized) with hyperosmotic medium, and ln [10(experimentalV m /controlV m )] was a linear function of relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm) in the range 0.8–1.5. Thea K i did not change when medium osmolality was decreased 40–70 mOsm from control of 280 mOsm. Similar hypoosmotic stress in the presence of either 60mm K+ or 1mm quinine HCl or at 27°C resulted in no change inV m compared with a 20-mV increase inV m without the added agents or at 37°C. We conclude that mouse hepatocytes maintain their volume anda K i in response to anisosmotic medium; however,V m behaves as an osmometer under these conditions. Also, increases inV m by hypoosmotic stress were abolished by conditions or agents that inhibit K+ conductance.
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  • 179
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: cryptand ; Na+ selectivity ; temperature ; ionizable mobile carrier ; nonactin ; cation transport kinetics ; lipid membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of Na+ and K+ transport across the membrane of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were determined at two pH's when transport was induced by (221)C10-cryptand (diaza-1,10-decyl-5-pentaoxa-4,7,13,16,21-bicyclo [8.8.5.] tricosane) at various temperatures, and by nonactin at 25°C and (222)C10-cryptand at 20 and 25°C. The rate of Na+ and K+ transport by (221)C10 saturated with the cation and carrier concentrations. Transport was noncooperative and exhibited selectivity for Na+ with respect to K+. The apparent affinity of (221)C10 for Na+ was higher and less pH-dependent than that for K+, and seven times higher than that of (222)C10 for K+ ions (20.5vs. 1.7 kcal·mole−). The efficiency of (221)C10 transport of Na+ was pH-and carrier concentration-dependent, and was similar to that of nonactin; its activation energy was similar to that for (222)C10 transport of K+ (35.5 and 29.7 kcal · mole−1, respectively). The reaction orders in cationn(S) and in carrierm(M), respectively, increased and decreased as the temperature rose, and were both independent of carrier or cation concentrations; in most cases they varied slightly with the pH.n(S) varied with the cation at pH 8.7 and with the carrier for Na+ transport only, whilem(M) always depended on the type of cation and carrier. Results are discussed in terms of the structural, physico-chemical and electrical characteristics of carriers and complexes.
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    The journal of membrane biology 98 (1987), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: control ; curve fitting ; I/V curves ; K+ transporter ; Nitella ; lazy state ; reaction-kinetic model ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary InNitella, current-voltage relationships were measured at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 25°C. Sets of theseI/V curves were subject to curve fitting on the basis of a cyclic reaction scheme (Class I model). Different hypotheses of the mode of action of temperature on theI/V curve were tested, including changes in reaction constants in the transport cycle and deactivation of transport molecules. It was found that models assuming an influence of temperature on pairs of rate constants of the transport cycle gave very bad fits. Good fits were obtained with models implying that temperature influences the number of active transporters. The lazy-state model (the exchange of an inactive state with a stateN 3 in the transport cycle is influenced by temperature) gave a slightly better fit than the assumption of an unspecific inactivation (independent of the state of the transport molecule). According to the lazy-state analysis, the inactive state is kinetically closer toN o , the state in which the transport molecule is open to the outside substrate than toN i , the state in which it is open to the inside substrate. The two inactivation models imply that temperature does not act directly on the properties of the plasmamembrane, but that temperature-sensitive metabolic processes in the cell send signals which control the activation and deactivation of the transporter.
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    Potato research 30 (1987), S. 9-22 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: sample size ; varietal differentiation ; temperature ; pathotype ; spore concentration ; year ; predisposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seit dem Jahre 1967 wird der Scheibentest nach Lapwood (1965) in Gross-Lüsewitz zur Prüfung von Zuchtmaterial angewendet (Abb. 1). Methodische Untersuchungen führten zu Änderungen. Je Zuchtstamm werden zwei Proben à acht Knollen genommen, die in dreiwöchigem Abstand mit zwei verschiedenen Pathotypen geprüft werden. Je Knolle werden zwei Scheiben geschnitten, die zwei verschiedenen Konzentrationen der Suspension zugeordnet sind. Sie werden mittels in Zoosporensuspension getränkter Filterpapierscheiben inokuliert, nach 24 h umgedreht. Die Bewertung der Luftmyzelbildung erfolgt nach fünf (a) und sieben Tagen (b) mit Noten von 9 (keine Symptome) bis 1 (total bewachsen). Auch die Verbräunung wird nach sieben Tagen benotet (c). Nach der Formel 2a+b+c=Bs errechnet sich die Wertzahl Bs. Insgesamt gehen in das Ergebnis eines Prüfungsjahres also 96 Einzelwerte ein. 8 Sorten wurden bei Temperaturen von 13, 17, 19 und 21°C geprüft. Die fünf Pathotypen 0, 1.3, 1.3.4, 1.2.3.4 und 1.2.3.4.7.8.9.10 und deren Gemisch wurden an drei Sorten verglichen. An 96 Proben wurde die Standardabweichung s und Grenzdifferenz GD ermittelt. Siebenjährige Ergebnisse waren von 10 Klonen, zwölfjährige von sechs Sorten verfügbar. Bei 19°C erwiesen sich die Prüflinge am anfälligsten, gleichzeitig war die beste Unterscheidbarkeit gegeben (Abb. 2). Die Wechselwirkungen der Temperatur mit dem Pathotyp und der Sorte sind signifikant. Es sollte bei 18–19°C geprüft werden. Die Wechselwirkung Pathotyp/Sorte war nicht gross, jedoch statistisch gesichert (Abb. 3). Es trat eine Wechselwirkung Pathotyp/Konzentration zutage (Tab. 1). Abbildung 4 zeigt den Einfluss der Sporenkonzentration auf das Resistenzverhalten. Auch die Wechselwirkung Sorte/Konzentration war gesichert. Aus der Berechnung der Standardabweichung ergibt sich nach Bätz et al. (1972) eine Grenzdifferenz von 4,2 (Wertzahl) bzw. 1,7 (Noten) für den Mittelwertvergleich der Sorten (Tab. 2). Zwölfjährige Prüfungsergebnisse werden in Tabelle 3 mitgeteilt, siebenjährige in den Tabellen 4 und 5. Bei geringer Variationsbreite der Jahresmittelwerte schwankten die Sortenwerte von Jahr zu Jahr bis zu sechs Noten, obwohl an einem Beispiel eine gute Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse demonstriert wird. Es wird empfohlen ab E-Stamm je zweimal acht Knollen aus zwei Wiederholungen des Feldanbaus statt bisher nur aus einer zu entnehmen. Die Resistenzeischätzung sollte erst nach dreijähriger Prüfung erfolgen. Zur Selektion sollten möglichst zweijährige Ergebnisse vorliegen.
    Abstract: Résumé Le test sur tranche de pomme de terre de Lapwood (1965) a été utilisé à l'Institut pour la Recherche sur la Pomme de terre de Gross Lüsewitz depuis 1967 (fig. 1), pour apprécier la valeur du matériel génétique. Des études méthodologiques ont conduit à effectuer certaines modifications de ce test. Deux échantillons de huit tubercules chacun sont prélevés dans chaque clône, pour être ensuite testés à trois semaines d'intervalle à l'égard de deux pathotypes différents. Deux tranches prélevées à partir de chaque tubercule, sont testés à deux concentrations différentes de suspension de zoospores. Ces tranches sont inoculées au moyen de disques de papier filtre trempés dans la suspension de zoospores. Les tranches sont retournées 24 heures après inoculation. La formation du mycélium aérien est notée après cinq jours (a) et sept jours (b) d'incubation, selon une échelle allant de 9 (absence de symptômes) à 1 (tranche antièrement recouverte). Le brunissement des tissus fait aussi l'objet d'une notation après 7 jours (c). Le facteur Bs est calculé à l'aide de la formule 2a+b+c=Bs. Ainsi, 96 valeurs individuelles sont rassemblées dans le résultat du test pour une année. Huit variétés ont été testées aux températures de 13, 17, 19 et 21°C. Les cinq pathotypes: 0, 1.3, 1.3.4, 1.2.3.4. et 1.2.3.4.7.8.9.10, ainsi que leur mélange ont été étudiés sur trois variétés de pomme de terre. L'écart type a été établi pour 96 échantillons. Les résultats ont été obtenus pendant une période de sept ans pour 10 clônes et une période de 12 ans pour 6 variétés. Tous les critères étudiés sont très sensibles à 19°C; cette température semble fournir de meilleur pouvoir de discrimination (fig. 2). Les intéractions températures-pathotypes et températures-variétés sont significatives. Les tests devraient être réalisés de préférence à 18–19°C. L'intéraction pathotypes-variétés n'est pas très forte mais demeure significative statistiquement (fig. 3). Une intéraction pathotypes-concentrations est également mise en évidence. La figure 4 montre l'influence de la concentration de spores sur la résistance. L'intéraction variétésconcentration est également significative. A partir du calcul de l'écart type, une différence critique de 4,2 (facteur) ou 1,7 (note moyenne) pour la comparaison des valeurs moyennes des variétés (tableau 2) concorde avec les données de Bätz et al. (1972). Les résultats obtenus sur une période de douze ans sont présentés dans le tableau 3; Les tableaux 4 et 5 fournissent les résultats de 7 années de tests. L'échelle de variation des valeurs moyennes annuelles est petite, mais les valeurs des variétés varient énormément. Jusqu'à 6 points—entre les années—bien que l'on ait pu démontrer une bonne reproductibilité des résultats dans un exemple. Il est recommandé, d'après l'essai avec les clônes de prélever 2 échantillons de 8 tubercules cules chacun à partir de 2 répétitions au champ au lieu d'une seule comme c'était fait de façon pratique auparavant. La résistance pourrait être évaluée après seulement trois années de test. La sélection pourrait être basée sur les résultats de deux années de test.
    Notes: Summary Since 1967, Lapwood's (1965) tuber slice test has been used in a modified form by workers of the Institute of Potato Research Gross Lüsewitz for testing more than 2000 clones a year for resistance to late blight. At a sample size of eight slices per clone differences of ≥1.7 scores can thus be distinguished. The tests are best done at between 18 and 19°C. Both the pathotype and the spore suspension concentration influence the resistance response. Since 1972, two compatible pathotypes and two concentrations have always been used on each clone tested. Seven-and twelve-year test results have shown that variations of up to six scores in the 9-score scheme would occur in the resistance of one clone. It is suggested that clones in main trials (candidate cultivars) should be tested for three years using two randomised replications of 2×8 tubers each.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 207 (1987), S. 320-327 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Cell cycle ; DNA damage ; Carcinogenesis ; Yeast ; cdc2
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pedigree analyses of individual yeast cells recovering from DNA damage were performed and time intervals between morphological landmark events during the cell cycle (bud emergence and cell separation), were recorded for three generations. The associated nuclear behavior was monitored with the aid of DAPI staining. The following observations were made: (1) All agents tested (X-rays, MMS, EMS, MNNG, nitrous acid) delayed the first bud emergence after treatment, which indicates inhibition of the initiation of DNA replication. (2) Cells that survived X-irradiation progressed further through the cell cycle in a similar way to control cells. (3) Progress of chemically treated cells became extremely asynchronous because surviving cells stayed undivided for periods of varying length. (4) Prolongation of the time between bud emergence and cell separation was most pronounced for cells treated with the alkylating agents MMS and EMS. This is interpreted as retardation of ongoing DNA synthesis by persisting DNA adducts. (5) Cell cycle prolongation in the second and third generation after treatment was observed only with MMS treated cells. (6) In all experiments, individual cells of uniformly treated populations exhibited highly variable responses.
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  • 183
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Ty-VLPs ; Ty-encoded functions ; Processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have analysed functional properties of putative proteins encoded by the yeast transposable element, Ty1, by overexpression of TY genes. High-level expression was achieved by appropriate fusion of a Ty sequence, TY9C, to the yeast ADH1 promoter and transformation of yeast cells with this construction. As shown recently by others (Garfinkel et al. 1985; Mellor et al. 1985c) TY over-expression leads to an increase in particle-bound reverse transcriptase activity and to an intracellular accumulation of virus-like particles (Ty-VLPs). We have used a number of deletions in the second open reading frame (TYB) to identify functional domains required for processing and assembly of Ty proteins. Deletions in the TYB region with homology to acid proteases result in overproduction of an unprocessed form of the TYA protein (pro-TYA) which represents the major protein of Ty-VLPs. One particular mutant construction, TY9C-Δ36, led to the accumulation of a particle-bound, 160 kDa protein which cross-reacted with a mouse antiserum raised against purified pro-TYA protein. This supports the hypothesis that TYB is expressed as a TYA/TYB fusion protein which is processed by a TYB-encoded protease activity. Ty-VLPs are formed in the absence of protein processing and even when the TYB gene is not expressed. Thus, we assume that the assembly of Ty particles occurs prior to processing of Ty proteins.
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  • 184
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Permease ; LAC12
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants of Kluyveromyces lactis defective in lactose transport were identified among lactose-resistant revertants of lactose-sensitive strains. The mutations are closely linked to the β-galactosidase gene, LAC4, and they are located in a previously identified gene, LAC12, which has been shown to code for a lactose permease. Our data establish that LAC12 is the only lactose permease gene in K. lactis. The lactose permease also transports galactose. LAC12 is transcribed in a direction opposite to that of LAC4, there being about 2.5 kb between their transcription start sites. Transcription of LAC12 is inducible as is that of all other structural genes in the lactose-galactose regulon of K. lactis.
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  • 185
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: General control ; Gene regulation ; HIS5 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of a 2.1 kb DNA fragment bearing the HIS5 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.9), has been determined. An open reading frame of 1,152 bp was found. S1 nuclease mapping indicated that the major transcription starts at position-37 from the ATG codon and the minor (∼20%) at-34 in both repressive and derepressive conditions. Northern analysis indicated that transcription of the HIS5 gene is under the general control of amino acid biosynthesis. The 5′ noncoding region of the gene, thus far examined up to position-616, contains three copies of sequences homologous to the short repeats of the consensus sequence, 5′-A T A GTGACTC-3′, suggested for general amino acid control in the HIS1, HIS3, HIS4, and TRP5 at positions-336,-275 and-205. The consensus sequence closest to the open reading frame was shown to be necessary but not sufficient for general amino acid control, by examination of β-galactosidase appearance in S. cerevisiae cells carrying various mutant HIS5 promoter regions fused to the lac'Z gene and inserted at the leu2 locus of chromosome III.
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  • 186
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 206 (1987), S. 377-381 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces kluyveri ; Linear plasmid ; Terminal protein ; Inverted terminal repetition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A new linear DNA plasmid, designated pSKL, was found in the yeast Saccharomyces kluyveri. Restriction maps of the 14.2 kb plasmid were constructed. By the use of CsCl-Hoechst 33258 centrifugation containing guanidine chloride, pSKL was isolated as a DNA-protein complex. The protein was associated with the terminal regions of pSKL. The two terminal EcoRI fragments of pSKL were cloned and their nucleotide sequences were determined. pSKL had inverted terminal repeats of 483 bp with a unique structure in which fairly homologous sequences of 30 bp were repeated eight times.
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  • 187
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Mitochondrial tRNA ; syn - mutation ; Mitochondrial protein synthesis ; tRNA structure-function relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial temperature-sensitive mutation tsm-8 maps on a 1.8 kb HpaII fragment of mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) which contains genes for tRNAAla, tRNAIle and tRNATyr. The phenotype of this mutation is, among multiple pleiotropic defects, a temperature-induced reduction of mitochondrial translation. DNA sequencing of the HpaII fragment from the wild type and mutant tsm-8 revealed a single transversion from T to A in position 56 of the mutant tRNATyr gene. This nucleotide change disrupts a base pairing in the long extra arm of the tRNA cloverleaf. Revertants of the tsm-8 mutant restore correct base pairing in the extra arm by a second-site mutation in the tRNATyr gene. Analysis of the tRNATyr transcripts revealed that neither transcription nor processing of the tRNA is affected in the mutant. However, the base alteration destabilizes the conformation of the tRNA and affects its charging parameters. At the non-permissive temperature, the Michaelis-Menten constant of the mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase for the mutant tRNA is increased over 20-fold when compared to the wild-type tRNA. As a consequence, mitochondrial protein synthesis is drastically reduced at the restrictive temperature. Moreover, synthesis of apocytochrome b and of cytochrome oxidase subunit 3 is decreased relative to the other mitochondrially synthesized polypeptides.
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  • 188
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 207 (1987), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Origin of replication ; ARS ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A DNA sequence has been isolated from Schizosaccharomyces pombe which promotes high frequency transformation of plasmids in the same organism. It is closely linked to the DNA ligase gene CDC17 and has therefore been named ARS17 although in structure it differs substantially from ARS elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ARS17 spans some 1.8 kb of DNA and deletion of any part of this region affects activity. Moreover, there does not appear to be any short sequence which is, by itself, sufficient for high frequency transformation. ARS17 lies between and partly overlaps two divergently transcribed genes and it is extremely AT rich. It lacks the consensus sequence found in S. cerevisiae ARSs and it has no ARS activity in S. cerevisiae.
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  • 189
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    Aquatic ecology 21 (1987), S. 25-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: light ; temperature ; oxygen ; nutrients ; phytoplankton ; eutrophication ; Lake maarsseveen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1983, an unexpected bloom of the cyanobacteriaMicrocystis aeruginosa was observed in Lake Maarsseveen I. It was supposed that this phenomenon might be an indication of accelerated eutrophication of the lake. However, data on physical, chemical and phytoplankton parameters, collected over the last 6 years do not support this contention. Phytoplankton total phosphate and physical characteristics did not change. Annual levels of dissolved nutrients such as silicate and nitrate were even observed to show significant decreases over the period of observation.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Potamopyrgus jenkinsi ; gastropod ; population dynamics ; eutrophication ; floating ; burrowing ; macrophytes ; temperature ; tolerance ; carination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hydrobiid snailPotamopyrgus jenkinsi (E.A. Smith), characterized by parthenogenesis and ovovivipary, was quantitatively sampled monthly between June, 1982, and December, 1986, on sandy bottoms in the shallow zones of the meso-oligotrophic Lake Maarsseveen I and the eutrophic Lake Maarsseveen II. The snail demonstrated a very clumped distribution in both lakes. The mean numbers of juveniles and adults taken together fluctuated strongly. Organisms in Lake I showed relatively high densities (up to 25,000 per m2) in 1982, followed by a sudden drop to values approaching zero in December, 1982, with a subsequent rapid increase in densities, fluctuating between 2,000 and 200 per m2. In Lake II, densities of snails fluctuated between 13,000 and 300 per m2 with decreases in the spring of 1985 and 1986. The various types of decreases in the lakes are extensively discussed, but no explanation is presently available. The reduction in Lake I was of catastrophic proportions, but the speed of recovery of the population was remarkable. Floating was observed only in Lake I, and only during the occurrence of the highest densities on the sediment. Burrowing behaviour was very common, but strongly suppressed under an uninterrupted dark regime. A shift of temperature from 15 to 22°C had the same effect. A number of submerged macrophyte species from Lake I proved to attractP. jenkinsi in the absence of sandy substrate, though these plants were only covered by the snail during the period of the highest densities in 1982. Temperatures of 20°C or lower were well tolerated, unlike temperatures of 25 and 30°C. Growth was distinct at 10, 15 and 20°C. Keeled individuals were encountered in much higher numbers in Lake I than in Lake II.
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  • 191
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 207 (1987), S. 273-279 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Galactose metabolism ; Gene fusion ; Upstream activating sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have suggested previously from Northern blot analysis that transcription of the negative regulatory gene GAL80 was controlled positively by another regulatory gene GALA, and negatively by GAL80 itself, in similar way to GAL1, GAL7 and GAL10 genes encoding galactosemetabolizing enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To study further the controlled expression of GAL80, we have exploited the gene fusion technique. We constructed gene fusions consisting of 5′ fragments of GAL80 and a 5′ truncated lacZ of Escherichia coli, and introduced the GAL80‘-’lacZ fusions into wild-type yeast or various GALA or GAL80 mutants using multiple-copy or single-copy plasmid vectors. We then studied β-galactosidase activity in the resultant transformants under uninduced, induced or glucose-repressed conditions. Expression of the GAL80‘-’lacZ fusions was clearly under the control of Gal4/Gal80. Next we constructed GAL7‘-’lacZ fusions, whose upstream activating sequence (UAS) from GAL7 was replaced with a GAL80 fragment containing a UAS-like sequence located in the 5′ flanking region of GAL80. Synthesis of β-galactosidase directed by the hybrid genes was inducible by galactose exactly like the original GAL7‘-’lacZ fusion with a UAS from GAL7. Finally we constructed a GAL7-GAL80 hybrid gene, in which the entire 5′ flanking region was derived from GAL7. When the chromosomal GAL80 gene in wild-type yeast was replaced with the hybrid gene, the uninduced level, but not the induced level, of the GAL10-encoded enzyme (uridine diphosphoglucose-4-epimerase) was significantly increased.
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  • 192
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; URA2 ; Glutamine amidotransferase ; Multifunctional protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Yeast URA2 encodes a multifunctional carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-aspartate transcarbamylase of 220,000 molecular weight. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the 5′ proximal part of the gene which is responsible for the glutamine amide transfer function of the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase activity. Alignment of the enzyme sequence derived from URA2 with sequences from Escherichia coli carA carB and yeast arginine-specific CPA1 CPA2 indicates that monofunctional and bifunctional carbamoyl phosphate synthetases are probably homologous. The URA2-derived enzyme organization is NH2-carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-aspartate transcarbamylase-CO2H.
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  • 193
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 209 (1987), S. 142-148 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; rad mutants ; DNA alkylations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The radiation-sensitive rad mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit a complex pattern of sensitivity to simple monofunctional alkylating agents. The RAD1, RAD2, RAD4 and RAD14 genes of the RAD3 epistasis group are implicated in the repair of ethylations to DNA. The RAD3, RAD10 and RAD16 genes of this group are not involved. The RAD4 and RAD14 genes have a particular role in repair following exposure to those ethylating agents that preferentially alkylate oxygen, but not to those that preferentially ethylate nitrogen. The RAD1 and RAD2 genes are involved in the repair of damage induced by all the ethylating agents used except EMS. The mutants in this group that are sensitive to ENU were not sensitive to MNU, suggesting that nucleotide excision operates on ethylations but not on methylations. In the RAD6 group, the RAD6 and RAD18 genes are involved in DNA repair after exposure to all the alkylating agents tested, whereas RAD8 appears to have a role in the repair of O-alkylations but not N-alkylations. RAD9 operates in the repair of methylations and ethylations, but does not influence events after exposure to EMS. In the RAD52 group, the mutants tested were sensitive to ENU and DES. Thus some members of all three epistasis groups are involved in the repair of alkylations to DNA.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; DNA repair ; RAD genes ; UV radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutations in the RAD3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were generated by integration of a mutagenized incomplete copy of the cloned gene into wild-type cells. Integrants were mass screened for colonies with abnormal growth characteristics at 37°C. A single temperature-sensitive mutant (rad3ts-1) was isolated and was shown to result from a missense mutation at codon 73 of the RAD3 gene. When shifted from 30° C to 37° C the strain undergoes only 2–4 cell doublings. This phenotype can be rescued by plasmids in which the essential function of the cloned RAD3 gene is intact, but not plasmids in which this function is inactivated. The mutant strain is weakly sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation at restrictive temperatures. Measurement of RNA, DNA and protein synthesis at various times after shifting to restrictive temperatures does not show preferential inactivation of any one of these parameters and the temperature-sensitive mutation does not cause arrest at any specific phase of the cell cycle. The rad3ts-1 strain was transformed with multicopy plasmids from a normal yeast genomic library and two plasmids that partially suppress the temperature-sensitive phenotype were isolated. These suppressor genes (designated SRE1 and SRE2) are distinct from RAD3 and do not suppress the phenotype of several other temperature-sensitive mutants tested. Mutant strains carrying disruptions of the SRE1 gene are viable and are not sensitive to UV or γ radiation.
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  • 195
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 210 (1987), S. 16-22 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Centromere ; Repair ; UV ; Yeast ; Pyrimidine dimers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The centromere is the region within a chromosome that is required for proper segregation during mitosis and meiosis. Lesions in this sequence represent a unique type of damage, as loss of function could result in catastrophic loss of the genetic material of an entire chromosome. We have measured the induction by ultraviolet (UV) light of pyrimidine dimers in a 2550-bp restriction fragment that includes the centromere region of chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast cells were exposed to ultraviolet light, cellular DNA was gently extracted, and subsequently treated with a UV-specific endonuclease to cleave all pyrimidine dimers. The sites of UV-specific nuclease scission within the centromere were determined by separating the DNA according to molecular weight, transferring the fragments to nitrocellulose, and hybridizing to a radiolabeled 624-bp fragment homologous to the centromere DNA from chromosome III. Several hotspots were identified in chromatin DNA from cells, as well as in irradiated deproteinized DNA. Double strand damage due to closely opposed pyrimidine dimers was also observed. At biological doses (35% survival) there are approximately 0.1 to 0.2 pyrimidine dimers per centromere. These dimers are efficiently repaired in the centromere and surrounding region.
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  • 196
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Microbial protease ; Proenzyme ; Secretion ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The aspartic protease gene of a zygomycete fungus Mucor pusillus was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the yeast GAL7 promoter. A putative preproenzyme with an NH2-terminal extension of 66 amino acids directed by the gene was processed in yeast cells and the mature enzyme, whose NH2-terminus was identical to that of the Mucor enzyme, was efficiently secreted into the medium at a concentration exceeding 150 mg/l. The enzyme secreted from the recombinant yeast was more glycosylated than the native Mucor enzyme but its enzymatic properties were almost identical with those of the native enzyme, which has been used as a milk coagulant in cheese manufacture.
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  • 197
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 210 (1987), S. 581-583 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Allosuppressor ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast ; Translational fidelity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fidelity of translation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by a number of gene products. We have begun a molecular analysis of such genes and here describe the cloning and analysis of one of these genes, SAL3. Mutations at this locus, and at least four other unlinked loci (designated SAL1-SAL5), increase the efficiency of the tRNA ochre suppressor SUQ5, and are thus termed allosuppressors. We have cloned the SAL3 gene from a yeast genomic library by complementation of a sal3 mutation. Integration of the cloned sequence into the yeast chromosome was used to confirm that the SAL3 gene had been cloned. SAL3 gene is present in a single copy in the yeast genome, is transcribed into a 2.3-kb polyadenylated mRNA and encodes a protein of Mr 80 000. The size of the SAL3 gene product strongly suggests that it is not a ribosomal protein.
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  • 198
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    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 145-148 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cajanus cajan L. ; Cicer arietinum L. ; impedance ; seedling growth ; temperature ; varieties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions to evaluate the seedling growth capacities of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties Pusa 209 and H208 at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 28°C (±0.5°C) and of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) variety Prabhat at 20 and 28°C (±0.5°C). Seedling growth at any given time was found to depend on ‘a’, the growth at no impedance, and ‘b’, the impedance growth factori.e., decrease in growth with increase in impedance, and on temperature. The optimum temperature for chickpea was found to be in the range of 20 to 24°C for better seedling growth characteristics, whereas for pigeonpea, 28°C was found to be more congenial than 20°C. Chickpea varieties differed in their response to temperature.
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  • 199
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 9 (1987), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: wheat (Triticum aestivum) ; anther culture ; temperature ; callus ; green plant ; albinism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anthers of wheat cultivars Orofen and Pitic 62 were incubated for 8 days at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C before transfer to 25°C. Compared with anthers cultured at 25°C constantly, anthers treated at 30°C produced 40% more microspore callus and green plants in both cultivars whereas those treated at 35°C produced 2–3 fold more green plants. Treatment at 40°C was deleterious. Possible modes of action of high temperature on callus production and albinism were discussed.
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  • 200
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum bulbosum ; pollen grain germination ; pollen tube growth ; frequency of fertilization ; gibberellic acid ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A quantitative examination of pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth within the overy wall was made in selected wheat × tetraploid H. bulbosum hybridizations, to investigate the effect of the wheat and the H. bulbosum genotype on these characters. As expected, variation at the known crossability loci had no effect on pollen grain germination. The frequency of pollen tube penetration of the ovary wall was, however, severely reduced when the dominant alleles were present. Pollen tube penetration was nevertheless observed in 3 of the 110 ovaries examined of the non-crossable cultivar Highbury. The H. bulbosum genotype had a much smaller effect on these characters, but significant differences between the clones were observed in the numbers of pollen tubes initially penetrating the ovary wall. Although two H. bulbosum genotypes showed no significant differences in the number of ovaries with pollen tubes at the base of the ovule, significant differences in the frequency of fertilization were observed. The possible cause of this discrepancy is discussed. The frequency of fertilization in crossable wheat × H. bulbosum hybridizations was improved by the application of gibberellic acid within 10 minutes of pollination, and reduced by an increase in the ambient temperature from 20°C to 26°C. Fertilization following the pollination of non-crossable wheat genotypes was not affected by either of these factors.
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