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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 17-29 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Mayetiola destructor ; Cecidomyiidae ; oviposition ; host specificity ; wheat ; oats ; insect-plant interactions ; thresholds ; deprivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les réactions de femelles préalablement accouplées de Mouches de Hesse ont été examinées en analysant le comportement de femelles isolées sur blé et sur avoine. Le répertoire comportemental de ces femelles comprenait: le vol, l'atterrissage sur feuille, la flexion du corps de sorte que l'extrémité de l'abdomen touchât la surface de la feuille, l'antennation, les mouvements de l'extrémité de l'abdomen sur la feuille à angle droit des nervures, le repos avec la tarière droite et encore dévaginée, le repos avec la tarière télescopée à l'intérieur du corps. Sur blé plus que sur avoine, les femelles après atterrissage ont présenté une fréquence plus élevée de passage de la flexion à l'antennation que de la flexion à l'abdomen droit. Durant les 5 premières minutes d'observation, les individus libérés dans des enceintes avec blé fléchirent et ‘antennèrent’ 2 à 3 fois plus que ceux libérés sur avoine. Les durées des différentes séquences différaient aussi: sur blé, pendant les 5 premières minutes, les femelles passèrent plus de 50% du temps à fléchir, tandis que sur avoine elles passèrent plus de 50% du temps en repos. Les femelles restèrent aussi plus longtemps sur les feuilles de blé et y pondirent 4 fois plus d'oeufs que sur avoine. Les femelles de M. destructor ont montré une plasticité du seuil d'acceptation. Pendant les premières heures de ponte, elles ont été très sélectives et refusèrent, ou ne pondirent que quelques oeufs sur avoine, mais acceptèrent volontiers le blé. La discrimination s'est poursuivie tant que les femelles ont eu accès au blé en même temps qu'à l'avoine. Cependant, quand les femelles ont été privées de blé pendant plusieures heures, l'acceptation de l'avoine a augmenté. Cet accroissement de l'acceptation a eu lieu à peu près au moment où les femelles sur blé pondaient leurs derniers oeufs.
    Notes: Abstract Responses of mated female Hessian flies were investigated by analysing the behaviour of individual flies in wheat and oats. The behavioural repertoire of such females included: flying, alighting on leaves, arching of the body so that the tip of the abdomen touched the leaf surface, antennation, movements of the tip of the abdomen across the leaf at right angles to leaf veins, sitting with the ovipositor straight but still extended, and sitting with the ovipositor telescoped into the body. After alighting, females on wheat showed a higher frequency of transitions from arching to antennation and a lower frequency of transitions from arching to abdomen straight than females on oats. During the first 5 min of observations, individuals released into arenas with wheat arched and antennated 2–3 times more frequently than females released into oats. Time allotted to behaviours also differed; during the first 5 min, females in wheat spent 50 percent more time arching, whereas females in oats spent 50 percent more time sitting. Females in wheat also stayed longer and laid 4 times more eggs than females in oats. Temporal changes in egglaying were monitored by quantifying hourly rates of egglaying in no-choice assays for several hours following mating at 9:00 am. During the first and second hours post-mating, egglaying occurred infrequently. However, during the third hour post-mating (11:00 am to noon) females on wheat laid 5 times more eggs than females on oats. Rates of egglaying decreased on wheat but increased on oats during the fourth hour, and then during the fifth hour, decreased on both wheat and oats. Changes in egglaying responses were also evident when behaviours of individual females were measured 1–3 h vs. 3–7 h post-mating. Females deprived of host plants and released into wheat or oats later in the day showed higher frequencies of arching and antennation and laid more eggs before leaving the arena.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ceutorhynchus constrictus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Ceutorhynchinae ; Alliaria petiolata ; garlic mustard ; Brassicaceae ; Cruciferae ; glucosinolates ; sinigrin ; host plant selection ; monophagous ; feeding stimulants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ceutorhynchus constrictus Marsh. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Ceutorhynchinae) ist ein monophager Rüsselkäfer, der an Knoblauchhederich frisst. Das Wirtswahl-Verhalten dieses Käfers ist im Labor untersucht worden. Die meisten Crucifiren waren im Wahlversuche nicht akzeptiert, wenn Knoblauchhederich als Vergleichspflanze vorhanden war. Von Brassica nigra, Sinapis alba, und Thlaspi arvense wurden im Vergleich gleiche Mengen verzehrt wie von der Wirtspflanze. Blühende Descurainia sophia Pflanzen wurden, im Gegensatz zu Jungpflanzen der gleichen Art, angenommen. Die wichtichsten Phagostimulanten in Extrakten von Knoblauchhederich-Blättern waren ungeladene, wasserlösliche Substanzen. Das häufigste Glukosinolat im Knoblauchhederich, Sinigrin, war auch ein Phagostimulant. Doch war die phagostimulierende Wirkung von Sinigrin nur in Kombinationen mit noch nicht identifizierten, ungeladenen Substanzen aus Knoblauchhederich-Blätter nachweisbar. Wirtspfanzen-Beziehungen von monophagen Insekten werden diskutiert im Zusammenhang mit der Eigenart des Glukosinolat-Inhaltes ihrer Wirtspflanzen.
    Notes: Abstract Host plant relations of the monophagous weevil Ceutorhynchus constrictus Marsh. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Ceutorhynchinae) feeding on garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande (Cruciferae) were studied in the laboratory. Most other crucifers were rejected in choice tests using garlic mustard as a reference plant, but Brassica nigra, Sinapis alba and Thlaspi arvense were as acceptable as the host plant. Flowering plants of Descurainia sophia were acceptable while young plants of this species were not. The most important feeding stimulants in extracts of garlic mustard were uncharged, water soluble compounds. The most abundant glucosinolate in garlic mustard, sinigrin, was a feeding stimulant, too. However, the feeding stimulatory activity of sinigrin was only expressed in the presence of still unidentified uncharged compounds from garlic mustard leaves. Host plant relations in monophagous crucifer-feeding insects is discussed in relation to the distinctness of glucosinolate patterns found in their host plants.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinella septempunctata ; Coccinellidae ; wheat ; egg laying ; larva ; adult ; vertical distribution ; Coccinella septempunctata ; Coccinellidae ; blé ; ponte ; larve ; adulte ; répartition spatiale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary At the beginning of spring, post-hibernating adults of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae), larvae and nymphs are found on the lower part of wheat plants. In June, adults born in the field as well as their progeny are dispersed all over the plant and a significant proportion of them is found on the apical parts of plants. Most of the egg clutches are layed on soil lumps, stones and small wild plants which represent preferential sites. Variations in coccinellid distribution may be influenced by climatic conditions, especially the temperature, by the thermophilic nature of this species and by the repartition of the three main aphid species on the plants. These results are relevant for the selection of a sampling methods.
    Notes: Résumé Au début du printemps les adultes de Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae) issus des sites d'hivernation, les larves et les nymphes qui en proviennent, fréquentent le sol et les parties basses du blé. En juin, les adultes nés dans le champ et leur descendance sont dispersés sur toute la hauteur des talles bien qu'une fraction non négligeable de leur population se rencontre à l'extrémité supérieure. La plupart des pontes sont déposées sous les mottes de terre, les pierres et les petites adventices qui constituent des sites privilégiés. Ces variations de la distribution de cette coccinelle peuvent être mises en relation avec le climat, en particulier la température, avec la thermophilie de cette espèce et avec la répartition sur les différentes parties des talles des 3 espèces de puceron qui se succèdent au cours de la saison. Ces observations sont importantes à considérer lors du choix ou de la mise au point d'une méthode d'échantillonnage.
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  • 4
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    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 139-141 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Heteroceridae ; egg guarding ; parental care ; predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
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    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 841-847 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: cost of mating ; semelparous ; Photinus collustrans ; Coleoptera ; Lampyridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromone ; sitophilate ; 1-ethylpropyl 2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoate ; stereoisomers ; enantiomers ; Sitophilus granarius ; granary weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé S. granarius L. est un déprédateur important des grains stockés. Le (R*,S*)-1-éthylpropyl 2-méthyl-3-hydroxypentanoate a été identifié en 1987 comme le principal composé du sitophilate, la phéromone mâle d'agrégation de S. granarius. La composition énantiométrique du sitophilate a été déterminée par 3 méthodes: 1) tests biologiques des énantiomères synthétiques (2S,3R) et (2R,3S) du diastéréomère actif (R*,S*); 2) spectrométrie RMN 1H des esters Mosher dérivés de la phéromone naturelle et des sitophilates de synthèse (2S*,3R*)-et (2R*,3S*); 3) comparaison en capillarité GLC des temps de rétention des dérivés naturels de la phéromone et des 2 éniantiomères de synthèse. La combinaison des 3 méthodes confirme que le (2S,3R) énantiomère est la forme active du sitophilate. Le mâle produit 〉96% de l'énantiomère (2S,3R). Il n'y a pas eu attraction de S. granarius par le (2R,3S) sitophilate. S. oryzae L. et S. zeamais Motsch n'ont pas été attirés par le (2S,3R)-sitophilate. L'utilisation du (2S,3R)-1-éthylpropyl 2-méthyl-3-hydroxypentanoate dans les pièges devrait permettre une détection précoce de la présence de S. granarius dans des stocks de grains.
    Notes: Abstract The enantiomeric composition of sitophilate, the granary weevil [Sitophilus granarius (L.)] male-produced aggregation pheromone [(R*,S*)-1-ethylpropyl 2-methyl-3-hydroxypentanoate)], was determined by three methods: (1) bioassaying the synthetic (2S,3R) and (2R,3S) enantiomers of the active (R*,S*) diastereomer; (2) 1H NMR spectroscopy of Mosher ester derivatives of the natural pheromone and synthetic (2S,3R)-and (2R,3S)-sitophilate; and (3) capillary GLC comparisons of the retention times of derivatized natural pheromone and the two synthetic enantiomers. The combined methods confirmed the (2S,3R) enantiomer as the active form of sitophilate. Male granary weevils were shown to produce 〉96% (2S,3R)-sitophilate. No significant attraction of S. granarius by the (2R,3S) enantiomer was observed. Rice and maize weevils [S. oryzae (L.) and S. zeamais Motschulsky] were not attracted by (2S,3R)-sitophilate.
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  • 7
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; Solanaceae ; Solanum berthaultii ; potato ; plant resistance ; glandular trichomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les mécanismes de défense de la pomme de terre sauvage, S. berthaultii Hawkes, aux larves de Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, ont été étudiés par ablation sélective des trichomes glandulaires et par l'élimination de leur exsudat des folioles, et par comparaison avec S. tuberosum L. qui a perdu les trichomes glandulaires défensifs A et B. L'ablation des trichomes A a augmenté la proportion de larves ayant consommé S. berthaultii. L'élimination de l'exsudat des trichomes B a augmenté la proportion de consommatrices et réduit la mortalité. Les principaux composés actifs de l'exsudat B, c'est-à-dire des esters d'acides gras de sucrose, n'étaient actifs qu'en présence de trichomes A. Les esters de sucrose n'ont pas modifié la consommation larvaire sur folioles de S. tuberosum, ou sur disques de feuilles de S. berthaultii dont les trichomes A avaient été enlevés. La croissance des larves survivantes n'a pas été modifiée significativement par l'ablation des trichomes A ou l'élimination de l'exsudat de B. La croissance des larves a été significativement augmentée quand les folioles de S. berthaultii ont été incorporés dans l'aliment artificiel après élimination de la barrière physique due aux pédoncules B. La croissance a été de même importance sur aliments artificiels contenant des feuilles (fraiches ou en poudre lyophylisée) de S. berthaultii ou de S. tuberosum, mais plus faible que sur folioles de S. tuberosum. La présence de trichomes A est indispensable à la résistance de S. berthaultii aux L, de L. decemlineata. Les gouttelettes de type B contenant des esters de sucrose augmentent l'expression de la résistance en présence d'une défense active par trichomes A.
    Notes: Abstract The defensive mechanisms of the wild potato, solanum berthaultii Hawkes, to larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were studied by selective removal of glandular trichomes and trichome exudates from leaflets, and by comparing performance on S. berthaultii and on the cultivated potato, S. tuberosum L., which lacks defensively active type A and B glandular trichomes. Removal of type A trichomes increased the proportion of larvae that fed on S. berthaultii. Removal of the exudate from type B trichomes increased the proportion of larvae that fed and led to a decrease in mortality. The predominant active compounds in type B exudate, i.e. fatty acid esters of sucrose, were only effective in the presence of type A trichomes. Sucrose esters did not affect larval feeding on S. tuberosum leaflets or on S. berthaultii leaf discs from which the type A trichomes had been removed. Growth of surviving larvae was not significantly affected by removing type A trichomes or type B exudate. Growth of larvae was significantly increased when S. berthaultii leaflets were presented in artificial diet which eliminated the physical barrier of the type B stalks. Growth was no different on artificial diet containing either S. berthaultii or S. tuberosum leaf material (fresh or lyophilized powder) but was poorer on these diets than on S. tuberosum leaflets. The presence of type A trichomes is a fundamental requirement for expression of S. berthaultii resistance to L1 L. decemlineata. Type B droplets containing sucrose esters increase the expression of resistance in the presence of defensively-active type A trichomes.
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  • 8
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 175-187 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anticarsia ; compensatory feeding behavior ; diet dilution ; food utilization ; lipid ; nitrogen ; nutritional ecology ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Peu de travaux ont examiné l'aptitude des insectes à modifier leur consommation et l'utilisation des aliments en fonction des variations qualitatives et quantitatives connues de l'aliment. On a rarement examiné si ces modifications sont adaptatives, si elles maintiennent le taux de croissance et le niveau des ressources, ou si elles limitent au moins les effets nuisibles du changement d'aliment. En utilisant une technique gravimétrique, nous avons mesuré le gain des poids, l'aliment consommé et les excréments produits par des chenilles de A. gemmatalis Hübn. (Lep, Noctuidea), important ravageur du soja aux USA. La consommation en poids frais (fw) a augmenté presque 2 fois quand le régime artificiel a été dilué progressivement avec de l'eau (65, 79, 86 ou 89% d'eau); le poids sec (dw) et le taux de consommation relative (RCR) ont diminué néanmoins avec la dilution. L'efficacité de digestion et d'assimilation de l'aliment consommé (digestibilité approchée, AD) a augmenté pour les trois dilutions, l'efficacité de conversion en biomasse de l'aliment digéré (ECD) a augmenté dans les dilutions à 79 et 85%, mais a diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Par conséquent, le gain dw et le RGR, — produit de RCR x AD x ECD-, étaient identiques avec le régime à 79% fw à ceux de 65% fw, mais ont diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Le taux relatif d'efficacité de consommation d'azote a diminué aussi avec la dilution, mais il a été compensé par un accroissement de l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azole tel, que le produit,-taux relatif d'accumulation de l'azote-, était le même pour les quatre régimes. La teneur en lipides des insectes a diminué, de 32% pour le régime sans dilution, à 13% pour le régime le plus dilué; elle a été le principal responsable de la diminution de RGR. L'accroissement de la consommation fw et de AD, tout en n'empêchant pas la diminution de RGR pour les deux régimes les plus dilués, a limité l'effet de la dilution (sans ces accroissements, le RGR du régime le plus dilué n'aurait été que 43% du RGR obtenu). Ces résultats indiquent que la consommation et l'utilisation d'aliments constituent un processus dynamique, et que les chenilles de A. gemmatalis comme beaucoup d'autres insectes, présentent des réactions compensatrices au changement de qualité de l'aliment. De telles variations dans la consommation d'aliments ont des conséquences écologiques (consommation accrue de substances allélochimiques potentiellement toxiques et exposition accrue aux causes biologiques de mortalité pendant l'alimentation), et intéressent l'organisation de la protection contre les insectes:-en permettant la manipulation de l'alimentation des insectes pour augmenter la consommation à court terme d'agents bioactifs, et, par ce moyen, réduire la consommation totale,-en permettant d'améliorer la modélisation des dégâts alimentaires prévisibles, qui, pour être efficace, devrait inclure les variations de l'alimentation en fonction de la qualité alimentaire de la plante cultiveé.
    Notes: Abstract Fresh weight (fw) food consumption by caterpillars of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) increased almost 2-fold as the nutrients in an artificial diet were increasingly diluted with water (diets contained 65, 79, 86 or 89% fw water). Nonetheless, dry weight (dw) relative consumption rate (RCR) declined with diet dilution. The efficiency at which the consumed food is digested and assimilated (approximate digestibility, AD) increased on the 3 diluted diets, and the efficiency at which digested food is converted to biomass (ECD) increased on the 79 and 86% fw diets. As a consequence, dw gained and relative growth rate (RGR), which is the product of RCR x AD x ECD, on the 79% fw diet were similar to those on the 65% fw diet, but they declined on the more diluted diets. Relative nitrogen consumption rate also declined with dietary dilution, but this was compensated by an increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency such that the product of these, relative nitrogen accumulation rate, was similar on all four diets. Insect lipid content declined from 32% on the undiluted diet to 13% dw on the most diluted diet, and was primarily responsible for the decline in RGR. The increases in fw consumption and AD, while not preventing a decline in RGR on the two most diluted diets, mitigated the impact of dietary dilution (e.g., without these increases, RGR on the most diluted diet would have been only 43% of that attained). These results indicate that the consumption and utilization of food are dynamic processes, and that caterpillars of A. gemmatalis, like many other insects, exhibit compensatory responses to changes in dietary quality.
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  • 9
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 175-177 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Dystrophin ; calcium ; skeletal muscle ; muscular dystrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is suggested that in Duchenne muscular dystrophy the absence of dystrophin, which is probably a cytoskeletal protein underlying the sarcolemma, causes changes in stretch-activated cation channels rather than direct mechanical tearing of the surface membrane.
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  • 10
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 305-306 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Baboon ; 133xenon ; cerebral blood flow ; cerebrovascular resistance ; autoregulation ; nimodipine ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In normal baboons cerebrovascular resistance changed along with blood pressure to maintain blood flow constant. This ‘autoregulation’ was not significantly altered in animals treated with a dose of the calcium channel blocker nimodipine causing selective cerebral vasodilation.
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  • 11
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 377-378 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chromatoid body ; spermatids ; calcium ; microtubules ; morphology ; pyroantimonate ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological evidence for probable Ca2+ storage in the vesicular elements of the rat spermatid chromatoid body is documented using the K-pyroantimonate method, combined with EDTA chelation. Some vesicles are related to the microtubules associated with the chromatoid body. A possible involvement of Ca2+ in the intracellular movement and/or structural integrity of the chromatoid body is discussed.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; Morimus funereus ; development ; laboratory conditions ; food quality ; temperature ; season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur les effets d'une température constante (23 °C), de la qualité de l'aliment,-B = aliment naturel, c'est-à-dire de l'écorce de chêne pulvérisée; B+C = aliment naturel enrichi avec de la poudre de biscuits sucrés-, et de la saison sur le développement larvaire de M. funereus L. La température de 23 °C a été défavorable aux larves récoltées en septembre dans des souches de chênes et élevées sur aliment B: les larves étaient mortes en 30 jours. Avec aliment B+C, l'effet défavorable a été neutralisé et le poids des larves augmenté de 543%, 897% et 1179% en 1, 2 et 3 mois. Des larves néonates d'été ou d'hiver se sont bien développées sur B+C, mais toutes les larves d'hiver étaient mortes sur B en 40 j. Des larves de mêmes parents, écloses à différentes époques de l'année, ont présenté des différences saisonnières du taux de survie et de la vitesse de développement lors de leur élevage à 23 °C sur B+C. Le développement le plus rapide et la meilleure survie ont été obtenus avec des larves écloses au début ou au milieu de l'été; tandis que le développement le plus lent et la plus mauvaise survie ont été obtenus avec les larves écloses à la fin de l'été. Les changements saisonniers synchrones des adultes et de leurs descendants, exprimés à différents niveaux d'organisation biologique, suggèrent l'existence d'un rythme annuel endogène qui dépend de l'expression de différents gènes au cours du cycle annuel.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of constant temperature (23 °C), food quality (B, natural diet i.e. powdered oak bark; B+C, natural diet enriched with powdered sweet crackers) and season on larval development of the cerambycid Morimus funereus L. were studied. The temperature of 23 °C exerted an unfavourable effect on larvae collected from oak stumps in September and bred on B; i.e. the larvae died within 30 days. When the larvae consumed B+C the unfavourable effect of temperature was abolished and the larvae increased their weight by 543%, 897% and 1179% in 1, 2 and 3 months, respectively. Newly hatched summerand winter-larvae developed successfully on B+C, while all the winter-larvae died within 40 days on B. Larvae of an identical parentage hatched in different phases of the annual cycle and showed seasonal differences in the rate of development and survival when reared on B+C at 23 °C. The fastest development and the highest survival rate were observed in larvae which emerged in early- and midsummer, whereas the slowest development and the lowest survival rate were in those hatched in late summer. The synchronized seasonal changes of adults and their offspring, as expressed at different levels of biological organization, suggest the existence of an endogenous annual rhythm which is dependent upon the expression of different genes in the course of the annual cycle.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diabrotica spp. ; corn rootworms ; Chrysomelidae ; Coleoptera ; plant-derived semiochemicals ; starch matrix ; encapsulation ; controlled release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le programme expérimental de 1987 était destiné à déterminer: 1) si les substances dérivées de végétaux et attractives pour Diabrotica pouvaient être encapsulées dans de l'amidon additionné d'acide borique; 2) si différentes formules attireraient les différentes espèces de Diabrotica dans un champ de maïs. L'indol, l'estragol, le vératrol, le phénylacétaldéhyde et le trans-anéthol n'ont pas été retenus, tandis que le trans-cinnamaldéhyde, la \-ionone, le 1,2,4-triméthobenzène, l'eugénol et l'isœugénol ont été encapsulés avec succès dans des pièges attachés à des pieds de maïs (les détails techniques sont fournis). Les pièges ont été relevés tous les 4 jours du 11 juillet au 8 septembre. Les résultats montrent que les substances allélochimiques sont conservées dans la capsule pendant des durées variables et libérées à des concentrations attractives pour les Diabrotica adultes. Un mélange de trans-cinnamaldéhyde et de 1,2,4,-triméthoxybenzène a été la formule la plus efficace, à l'exception des périodes de formation des barbes et du pollen, où aucune formule n'a été attractive. Bien que la variation saisonnière des réactions de Diabrotica limite l'utilisation des substances allélochimiques d'origine végétale, la capsule d'amidon peut être employée pour libérer des substances allélochimiques et constitue un outil potentiel pour la mise au point d'une méthode plus rationnelle de lutte contre Diabrotica.
    Notes: Abstract The concept of encapsulating semiochemicals into a starch matrix is being studied for potential use in corn rootworm (CRW) management programs. During 1987, experiments were conducted to determine: 1) If volatile plant-derived Diabrotica spp. attractants could be encapsulated in a starch borate matrix (SBM), and 2) If various SBM-semiochemical formulations would attract Diabrotica species over time in field corn. Chemical analyses of fresh SBM formulations indicated that indole, estragole, veratrole, phenylacetaldehyde, and trans-anethole were not retained during formulation but trans-cinnamaldehyde, Beta-ionone, 1,2,4,-trimethoxybenzene, eugenol and isœugenol were successfully encapsulated. Encapsulated semiochemical formulations were made into 20 mesh granules, placed in Pherocon ® 1C traps that were tied to corn plants, and sampled for CRW adults every 4 days from 11 July to 8 September. Field data indicated that encapsulated semiochemicals were retained in the SBM for varying lengths of time and were released at rates attractive to CRW adults. A two-component mixture of trans-cinnamaldehyde and 1,2,4-trimethoxybenzene was the most effective formulation tested; however, no formulation was effective during corn silking and pollination. Although seasonal variation in CRW response could limit the usefulness of some plant-derived semiochemicals, the starch matrix concept may be useful as a delivery system for semiochemicals and may have potential as a tool that could be used in the development of new more biorational CRW management programs.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; northern corn rootworm ; western corn rootworm ; dispersal ; malaise trap ; habitat selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les activités de vol de D. barberi (NCR) et D. virgifera virgifera (WCR) ont été contrôlées par l'utilisation de pièges ‘malais’ placés en lisière de deux petits champs de maïs. Les populations de ces coléoptères sont maximales quand le maïs fleurit, mais leurs captures sont restées faibles jusqu'à ce que les barbes du maïs aient été sèches. Les captures de NCR et, dans une plus faible mesure, celles de WCR ont alors augmenté et sont restées importantes pendant toute la saison. Les pièges ‘malais’ ont été conçus pour que les adultes pénétrant par les côtés opposés soient récoltés séparément. Les femelles de NCR capturées face au champ de maïs avaient tendance à contenir moins d'ovocytes mûrs que celles capturées du côté opposé. Ces observations appuient l'hypothèse que les femelles NCR émigrent des champs de maïs pour s'alimenter, quand les barbes et le pollen de maïs, aliments préférés, deviennent indisponibles, mais que les femelles NCR pleines d'ovocytes mûrs recherchent le maïs quand elles sont en quête de lieux de ponte.
    Notes: Abstract Flight activity of corn rootworm beetles, the northern (NCR), Diabrotica barberi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and western (WCR), D. virgifera virgifera, was monitored using malaise traps placed at the edges of two small cornfields. Populations of beetles in the fields peaked while corn was flowering, but capture in malaise traps remained low until silks had dried. Capture of NCR and (to a lesser extent) WCR then increased and remained high through the season. Malaise traps were constructed to permit separate collections of beetles that entered on each of two opposite sides. Female NCR that were captured in sides that faced toward corn tended to contain fewer mature eggs than those in sides facing away from corn. These findings support the hypothesis that female NCR emigrate from cornfields to feed when fresh silk and corn pollen (favored foods) become unavailable, but that egg-laden NCR actively seek corn when searching for oviposition sites.
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    Mycopathologia 108 (1989), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; dimorphism ; yeast-mycelium transition ; calcium ; calmodulin
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A yeast-mycelium (Y-M) transition of Candida albicans (3153A) was induced by 1.5 mM CaCl2 · 2H2O in defined liquid medium, pH 7, at 25 °C. Germ tube formation was detected after approximately 8 h and peaks of maximum germination occurred at approximately 20 h in all experimental treatments. Non-toxic concentrations of the calmodulin inhibitor R24571 almost completely suppressed germ tube formation whereas trifluoperazine (TFP) and the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 were only about half as effective. Further Ca2+ addition failed to reverse the inhibitory effect of R24571 and induced only about 10% of the cells inhibited by TFP or A23187 to germinate.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphorus ; lupin ; chickpea ; wheat ; nodulation ; dry matter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A glasshouse experiment was conducted to examine the comparative growth and P uptake response following P fertilizer application in lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Chittick) and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum cv. Tyson) compared to wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Sunstar). Measurements of dry matter, phosphorus uptake and nodule numbers were made at 50 and 100 days after sowing. At the 50 day harvest, the two legume crops produced less dry matter and accumulated less plant P than wheat but no such species interactions were present at the 100 day harvest. Chickpeas showed strong positive responses in nodule numbers with increasing rates of P fertilizer while such effects were less and more variable with lupins.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cropping system ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A long term field experiment was conducted on a sandy loam soil from 1983 to 1987 to determine how to best apply phosphorus fertilizer in a rice-wheat cropping system. The treatments included 9 combinations of phosphorus application either to both rice and wheat or to rice or wheat alone. Direct application of phosphorus at 13 kg/ha to both the crops resulted in significantly higher total productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system as compared with 26 kg P/ha applied either to rice or wheat alone. Phosphorus at 13 kg/ha for rice and 26 kg/ha for wheat was as efficient as 13 kg P/ha for rice and 13 kg P/ha for wheat. The higher rate of P (26 kg/ha) applied to both rice and wheat resulted a decline in the total productivity. The residual effects of phosphorus applied to either rice or wheat were significant to the succeeding crop but was inferior to its direct application. Phosphorus increased the leaf area index, chlorophyll content of leaves, and interception of more photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) which resulted in increased grain yield of rice and wheat. Phosphorus status of the surface soil declined markedly, in the absence of P application from 15.4 to 6.4 kg P/ha. Phosphorus applied at 26 kg P/ha to both the crops resulted a build up of the available P status of soil. Phosphorus application at 13 kg/ha to both rice and wheat maintained the phosphorus status of the soil at original level.
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  • 18
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; nitrogen leaching ; denitrification ; time of N application ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticale ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Grain yield, nitrogen (N) assimilation, ammonia (NH3) volatilization, denitrification and fertilizer N distribution were examined in three commercially grown cereal crops; two were sown into conventionally tilled fields, while the third was direct drilled into an untilled field. The crops were top dressed with urea at establishment, tillering or ear initiation. Crop yield and N assimilation were measured in 16 m by 2.5 m plots receiving 0, 35, 70, 105, 140 or 175 kg N ha−1. A mass balance micrometeorological technique was used to measure NH3 volatilization, and other fertilizer N transformations and transfers were studied using15N labelled urea in microplots. On the conventionally tilled sites application of urea increased the grain yield of wheat from 3.9 to 5.5 t ha−1, when averaged over the five application rates, three application times and two sites. There were no site or application time effects. However, on the direct drilled site, time of application had a significant effect on grain yield. When urea was applied at establishment, grain yield was not significantly increased and the mean yield (2.81 t ha−1) was less than that obtained from treatments fertilized at tillering or ear initiation (4.09 and 4.0 t ha−1, respectively). Much of the variation in grain yield at the no-till site could be ascribed to differences in NH3 volatilization. At the no-till site, NH3 losses were equivalent to 24, 12 and 1% of the N applied at establishment, tillering and ear initiation, respectively. Negligible volatilization of NH3 occurred at the other sites. The surface soil at the no-till site had the highest urease activity and the soil was covered with alkaline ash resulting from stubble burning. Plant recovery of fertilizer N did not vary with application time on conventionally tilled sites (mean 62%). However, plant recovery of15N applied to the no-till site at establishment (35% of the applied N) was significantly less than that from plots where the application was delayed (45% at tillering and 55% at ear initiation, respectively). Leaching of N to below 300 mm depth was minimal (0 to 5% of the applied N). The calculated denitrification losses ranged from 1% to 14% of the applied N. The results show that the relative importance of NH3 volatilization, leaching and denitrification varied with site and fertilization time. The importance of the various N loss mechanisms needs to be taken into account when N fertilization strategies are being developed.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 89 (1989), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart ; relaxation ; calcium ; sodium-calcium exchange
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transsarcolemmal calcium movements are closely related to force generation in the heart. It is important to understand the transport pathways that control these movements of calcium across the sarcolemmal membrane. In the normal, beating heart, sodium-calcium exchange appears to be an important mechanism for the extrusion of calcium from the cell. The kinetics of this exchange are dependent upon the characteristics of the cell action potential. Calcium efflux via sodium-calcium exchange may be sufficient to balance calcium entry through calcium channels during the action potential.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 89 (1989), S. 97-102 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calcium ; sodium ; fura-2
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Membrane currents and changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) have been recorded that can be attributed to the operation of an electrogenic, voltage-dependent sodium-calcium (Na-Ca) exchanger in mammalian heart cells. Single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes under voltage clamp were perfused internally with the fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, fura-2, and changes in [Ca2+]i and membrane current that resulted from Na-Ca exchange were isolated through the use of various organic channel blockers (verapamil, TTX), impermeant ions (Cs+, Ni2+), and inhibitors of sarcoplasmic reticulum (ryanodine). The I-V relation of Na-Ca exchange was obtained from the Ni2+-sensitive current elicited by ramp repolarization from +90 mV to −80 mV. Ramps were sufficiently rapid that little change in [Ca2+]i occured during the ramp. The (constant) [Ca2+]i during the ramp was varied over the range 100 nM to 1000 nM by varying the amplitude and duration of a pre-pulse to the ramp. The reversal potential of the Ni2+-sensitive ramp current varied linearly with 1n([Ca2+])i. The I-V relations at different [Ca2+]i over the range −60 mV to +140 mV were in reasonable accord with the predictions of a simple, simultaneous scheme of Na-Ca exchange, on the basis that only [Ca2+]i had changed. The relationship between [Ca2+]i and current at a constant membrane voltage was also in accord with this scheme. We suggest that Ca2+-fluxes through the exchanger during the cardiac action potential can be understood quantitatively by considering the binding of Ca2+ to the exchanger during the [Ca2+]i-transient and the effects of membrane voltage on the exchanger.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calcium ; heart ; sarcoplasmic reticulum ; excitation-contraction coupling
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies correlating the calcium current with, respectively, the clamp-imposed voltage and the calcium current in intact isolated mammalian cardiac myocytes are reviewed. The major findings are the following: [1] With the exception of one group, all investigators agree that a calcium transient is never observed in the absence of a calcium current. In addition, there is a good correlation between voltage dependence of the calcium current and that of the calcium transient, although this correlation may vary among the cardiac tissues from different animal species. [2] Repolarization clamp pulses from highly positive potentials produce a ‘tail current’ which is associated with a ‘tail calcium transient’. [3] The calcium transient is inhibited when the calcium current is blocked by calcium deprivation or substitution, or by the addition of calcium current antagonists, despite the fact that sarcoplasmic reticulum still contains calcium that can be released by caffeine (with inhibition of this release by ryanodine). These three findings are strongly in favor of a calcium-induced release of calcium and against the hypothesis of charge-movement-coupled release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. [4] The only finding that would be more in favor of the latter hypothesis (although till reconciliable with the former) is that repolarization occurring before the rapid rise of calcium transient is complete curtails the calcium transient. Thus, the possibility that charge movement might somehow regulate calcium-induced release of calcium cannot be excluded.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 89 (1989), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: pH ; calcium ; heart muscle
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The contractile response to acidosis is the final product of a number of different changes in the excitation-contraction coupling pathway: (i) Cai increases and subsequently decreases during acidosis; (ii) the action potential becomes longer; (iii) the sensitivity of the contractile proteins to Ca2+ decreases. The increase of Cai and the lengthening of the action potential may help to maintain contractile function, although this advantage may be offset if spontaneous Ca2− release from the s.r. occurs, secondary to the increase of Cai. The recovery of force shown in figure 1 occurs at a time when the calcium transient is decreasing, and therefore represents an increasing sensitivity of the contractile proteins to Cai, probably due to a recovery of intracellular pH(6), although it is also possible that a disappearance of spontaneous Ca2+ releases from the s.r. may be contributing [2].
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 89 (1989), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; sarcoplasmic reticulum ; calcium ; myocytes ; caffeine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possible contribution of mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation and release to contractile phenomena has been investigated. Two intracellular fractions of Ca2+ sequestration can be identified in cardiac myocytes, one ascribed to mitochondria. Two modes of Ca2+ transport exist within the mitochondrial fraction, one dependent upon mitochondrial respiration and the other upon extramitochondrial [Na+]. Experiments with trabeculae show that under appropriate conditions, the rate of relaxation and the amount of tension developed is dependent on these two modes of Ca2+ transport. A model is presented quantifying the contribution of the mitochondria to relaxation.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 89 (1989), S. 109-113 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart muscle ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The role of Ca2+ in the initiation and maintenance of contraction has been extensively studies. Many of these studies have focused on how Ca2+ influx and efflux affect cytoplasmic Ca2+ (Cai) and, therefore, contraction in cardiac muscle. However, it has recently become apparent that Cai itself may play a major role in the control of Ca2+ influx and efflux from cardiac muscle. Here we review current ideas on the mechanisms underlying Ca2+ homeostasis in cardiac muscle, with specific attention to how Cai may control Ca2+ influx, both under normal and pathological conditions.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 90 (1989), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: polyvanadate ; mitochondria ; calcium ; pyruvate dehydrogenase ; receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mitochondria isolated from the livers of rats administered with sodium meta-, ortho-, or polyvanadate, but not vanadyl sulphate, exhibited enhanced Ca2+ — stimulated respiration and uptake of calcium. These effects were shown also by mitochondria isolated from livers perfused with polyvanadate. The concentration of acid-soluble calcium decreased significantly in the mitochondrial fraction on vanadate treatment, while that in the cytosol showed a corresponding increase. Phenoxybenzamine, an antagonist to a-adrenergic receptors, effectively inhibited vanadate-induced Ca2+ mobilization, but surgical sympathectomy was without effect. This is the first demonstration of vanadate mimicking α-adrenergic agonists in vivo.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sweet potato weevil ; Cylas formicarius elegantulus ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Ipomoea batatas ; sweet potato volatiles ; sesquiterpenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A dual-choice olfactometer was developed to study the responses of sweet potato weevils,Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers), to volatiles from the sweet potato,Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Both males and females were attracted by volatiles from sweet potato leaves and a methylene chloride leaf extract. Females, but not males, responded to volatiles from storage roots and a methylene chloride root extract. Leaves and storage roots from four sweet potato cultivars (Centennial, Jewel, Resisto, and Regal) were attractive to female weevils; however, the attractant response varied with cultivar. GC profiles from leaf and root extracts, and GC-MS analysis of leaf extract, for Jewel cultivar enabled the volatile peaks to be identified as sesquiterpenes.
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  • 27
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1729-1745 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Kairomones ; host attraction ; monoterpenes ; ethanol synergism ; turpentine ; trapping ; Cerambycidae ; Scolytidae ; Curculionidae ; Cleridae ; Buprestidae ; Dryocetes autographus ; Monochamus scutellatus ; Hylobius pales ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments using baited sticky stovepipe traps and Lindgren multiple funnel traps were done near Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, to determine the effects of conifer monoterpenes (α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, camphene and carene) and ethanol on the number of beetles captured. Several species of conifer-feeding beetles were attracted to the monoterpenes or to monoterpenes and ethanol, including species in the families Cerambycidae (Asemum striatum, Acmaeops proteus, Xylotrechus undulatus, Monochamus scutellatus), Curculionidae (Pissodes strobi, Hylobius pales), and Scolytidae (Dryocetes autographus, Ips grandicollis). Species of Buprestidae generally did not respond to the monoterpenes or to ethanol. Species of Cleridae (Thanasimus dubius, Enoclerus nigripes rufiventris, Enoclerus nigrifrons gerhardi) which are predators of conifer bark beetles were attracted to the monoterpenes. Synergism between monoterpenes and ethanol was evident forM. scutellatus, H. pales, andD. autographus. While α-pinene was the most potent attractant for most beetle species, monoterpenes other than α-pinene synergized attraction to ethanol forD. autographus. Attraction of beetles to commercial turpentine and ethanol did not differ significantly from attraction to a pure monoterpene blend and ethanol.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defensive mechanism ; avoidance response ; Eumeces inexpectatus ; Pasimachus subsulcatus ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; lizard ecology ; lizard predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The carabid beetlePasimachus subsulcatus is an abundant ground-dwelling insect in west central Florida that exudes a powerful mucous membrane irritant when disturbed. This secretion can be sprayed over 10 cm from the abdominal tip. The southeastern five-lined skink,Eumeces inexpectatus, is an abundant insectivorous lizard sympatric withPasimachus. We assessed the availability ofPasimachus toEumeces and found it to be within the foraging microenvironment of the lizard. Analysis ofEumeces gut contents and field feeding trials indicate thatPasimachus are not ingested by the lizard, yet arthropods of comparable size and exoskeletal thickness are ingested. The movement response ofEumeces to isolatedPasimachus secretion constituents, conducted in a modified Y-maze laboratory experiment, was used to assess the repellent capabilities of the secretion.Eumeces are consistently repelled byPasimachus secretion constituents, indicating that the beetle is protected chemically from the lizard.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Synergism ; aggregation pheromone ; Pityogenes chalcographus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; chalcogran ; methyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate ; enantiomers ; isomers ; stereoisomers ; synthesis ; bioassay ; structure-activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Syntheses of all four Stereoisomers (2S,5S; 2S,5R;2R,5R; and2R,5S) of chalcogran, a major component of the aggregation pheromone ofPityogenes chalcographus, and of all four isomers (2Z,4Z; 2Z,4E; 2E,4E; and 2E,4Z) of methyl 2,4-decadienoate (MD), the second major pheromone component, are briefly described. Attraction responses of walking beetles of both sexes were tested to mixtures of the synergistic pheromone components or analogs. These bioassays showed that theE,Z isomer of MD is the most active when tested with chalcogran. When tested with (E,Z)-MD, (2S,5R)-chalcogran was the most active stereoisomer, while 2R,5R and 2R,5S isomers had intermediate activities, and the 2S,5S isomer was inactive. There was no evidence that the relatively less active Stereoisomers of chalcogran inhibited or promoted attraction to (2S,5R)-chalcogran with (E,Z)-MD. Male beetles only produce the activeE,Z isomer of MD (inactive alone) and their hindguts contain the most active (2S,5R)- and least active (2S,5S)-chalcogran. A mixture of all MD isomers with racemic chalcogran was not significantly different in attractivity compared to (E,Z)-MD with racemic chalcogran, indicating no synergistic or inhibitory effects of the inactive isomers of MD.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1837-1845 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defense ; deterrent ; sequestration ; iridoid glycoside ; paederoside ; Acyrthosiphon nipponicus ; Homoptera ; aphid ; Aphididae ; Harmonia axyridis ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Paederia scandens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A Rubiaceae-feeding aphid,Acyrthosiphon nipponicus, is seldom attacked by the ladybird beetle,Harmonia axyridis. A potent deterrent against the beetle was isolated from the aphid and identified as paederoside, an iridoid glycoside originating in the aphid's host,Paederia scandens. The iridoid content was as high as 2% of the intact body weight, and a large portion was found in the cornicle secretion.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1015-1031 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Saw-toothed grain beetle ; Oryzaephilus surinamensis ; Coleoptera ; Silvanidae ; aggregation pheromone ; electroantennogram ; behavioral bioassay ; blend ratio
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The antennal and behavioral responses of the saw-toothed grain beetle,Oryzaephilus surinamensis, to the three components of its male-produced aggregation pheromone were investigated. EAG recordings showed no differences between the responses of the two sexes to the synthetic pheromone components. In contrast, laboratory behavioral assays demonstrated marked differences between the sexes. More females than males were consistently attracted to mixtures of the synthetic components, and this bias appeared to be caused by one component in the blend. Altering the blend ratio resulted in changes in the ratio of the sexes attracted. Thus, if, as suggested by preliminary work, males vary the blend produced, this should alter the relative response of the sexes to the aggregation pheromone.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2379-2390 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acidic fog ; Phaseolus lunatus ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; nitrogen ; free amino acid ; soluble protein ; plantinsect interactions ; air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Phaseolus lunatus L. (Henderson Bush lima beans) were exposed to 2 hr acidic fogs with 2.5∶1.0 (v/v) nitrogen-sulfur ratio typical of the west coast of the United States. Fogs with pH values of 2.0 (P 〈 0.01,t tests), 2.5 (P 〈 0.05), or 3.0 (P 〈 0.01) increased percent total nitrogen (dry weight) of foliage as compared to plants subjected to control fogs with a pH of 6.3–6.5. Fresh weight concentrations of soluble protein and certain free amino acid concentrations were increased by plant exposure to acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 (t tests,P 〈 0.05). Concentrations of free amino acids considered essential for insect growth, as well as nonessential and total free amino acids were not significantly affected by any treatment (P 〉 0.05,t test). Water content (%) of foliage was not changed significantly (P 〉 0.05,t test) by exposure to any of the fogs.Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae ate significantly more foliage and gained significantly more weight on plants treated with 3.0 pH fogs (P 〈 0.01,t test). Several potential explanations are offered for the lack of significant weight gain by larvae on plants in which soluble protein levels, free amino acid concentrations, or percent total nitrogen contents were enhanced by acidic fogs with a pH of 2.5 and 2.0. No larval feeding preference was detected for foliage exposed to acidic versus control fogs, and no significant differences were detected in percent survival ofT. ni eggs exposed to acidic or control fogs. Some implications of acidic fogs for population dynamics ofT. ni are discussed.
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  • 33
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 507-516 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Monochamus alternatus Hope ; Coleoptera ; Cerambycidae ; pine inner bark ; methanol extracts ; water extracts ; oviposition stimulants ; lightwood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory ovipositional responses ofMonochamus alternatus Hope, respectively, to methanol and water extracts from pine inner bark were examined in comparison with those to pine inner bark, especially using a laboratory-built apparatus for the latter bioassay. Irrespective of the existence of volatiles from paraquat-induced lightwood, pine inner bark and its methanol and water extracts stimulated ovipositional response only in the presence of free moisture.
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  • 34
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1147-1159 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips paraconfusus ; bark beetles ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; olfaction ; orientation ; anemotaxis ; pheromones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic pheromone was released from a dispenser stretched across the width of a wind tunnel. Beetles in pheromone-free wind wandered in all directions and did not appear to orient to the wind. A dosage series showed that pheromone decreased the walking rate and deviations from the upwind direction, and it increased the turning rate. The tracks were composed of relatively straight or gently curving sections interspersed with more infrequent, larger course adjustments. Although pheromone clearly affected the average heading of beetles within a treatment, any given individual exposed to pheromone did not necessarily head directly upwind or maintain a fixed absolute angle with respect to the wind direction. The response appeared to be an inaccurate anemotaxis, rather than an anemomenotaxis.
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  • 35
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    Bioscience reports 9 (1989), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: mast cells ; exocytosis ; G-protein ; GE ; calcium ; ATP
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract ATP is not required for exocytosis from permeabilised mast cells, and therefore there is no direct role for protein phosphorylation in the late stages of the activation pathway. We have measured the timecourse of exocytosis from permeabilised cells triggered to release hexosaminidase following addition of Ca2+ to cells equilibrated for 2 min with GTP-γ-S. If ATP is included at the time of permeabilisation, then exocytosis commences after a delay, the duration of which depends on the square root of the product [Ca2+][GTP-γ-S], and which may extend to beyond 3 min. When ATP is excluded then the maximal rate of exocytosis is established within 3 secs of completing the effector combination. These results suggest that the achievement of a new steady-state, induced by Ca2+ and GTP-γ-S, and required for exocytosis is inhibited by ATP. From this we conclude that dephosphorylation of an unknown regulator protein may comprise a step in the exocytotic pathway.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: secretion ; exocytosis ; chromaffin cell ; calcium ; bradykinin ; angiotensin II, muscarinic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bradykinin, angiotensin II and a mascarnic agonist, acetyl-B-methacholine (methacholine) were all found to elict catecholamine release from cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Bradykinin was the most potent of these secretagogues and methacholine the weakest, with angiotenin II intermediate in efficacy. All three secretagogues were much less effective than nicotinic stimulation. The three secretagogues all produced a rise in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), measured with the fluorescent indicator fura2, which was partially independent of external calcium. In the case of bradykinin the full rise in ([Ca2+]i) may involve a component of calcium entry in addition to release of calcium from an internal store. Secretion was also found to be partially independent of external calcium. The different efficacies of the three secretagogues in elicting secretion were correlated with the rise in ([Ca2+]i) produced. The differeing efficacies of the three secretagogues may be due to the extent of release of calcium from an intracellular store which itself is less effective in eliciting secretion than a rise in [Ca2+]i following calcium entry due to nicotine. Bradykinin also stimulates calcium entry, and this may increase the efficacy of the initial rise in [Ca2+]i. Treatment with pertussis toxin resulted in an enhancement of secretion in response to all of the secretagogues.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast DNA ; cytochrome b-559 ; photosystem II ; psbL ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The N-terminal amino acid sequence of a 3.2 kDa photosystem II polypeptide is shown to be identical to that of a polypeptide encoded by an open reading frame of 38 codons (orf38) in wheat chloroplast DNA. Orf38 is located just downstream of the psbE and psbF genes for the polypeptides of cytochrome b-559. Analysis of the transcription of this region of chloroplast DNA shows that psbE, psbF and orf38 are co-transcribed to give a 1.1 kb polycistronic transcript which also contains another open reading frame of 40 codons. The orf38 and orf40 products are hydrophobic polypeptides which are both predicted to span the thylakoid membrane once. Orf38 and orf40 are highly conserved, and map to similar locations adjacent to psbE and psbF, in all organisms from which this region of DNA has been sequenced. We propose that orf38 is named psbL.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; cDNAs ; gene organisation ; polypeptides ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone (WL : AGA.1) encoding wheat leaf ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase has been isolated from a λgt11 expression library, by immunological screening with anti-spinach leaf ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase serum. The WL : AGA.1 cDNA is 948 bp long and contains approximately 55% of the complete wheat leaf ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase mRNA sequence, estimated from Northern blot experiments. A wheat endosperm cDNA library was subsequently constructed in λgt11 and six clones hybridising to the cDNA insert of clone WL : AGA.1 were isolated. The longest of these wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs, clone WE : AGA.7, is nearly full-length (1798 bp), indicated by Northern blot analysis of wheat endosperm mRNA and nucleotide sequence analysis. Southern hybridisation analysis and restriction enzyme mapping indicated that the wheat leaf and wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs and genes are members of two distinct gene families. In addition, restriction enzyme mapping revealed polymorphism in the wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs, indicating the existence of at least two wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene sub-families. Subsequent nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that there is approximately 55% identity between wheat leaf and wheat endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase cDNAs. In contrast, members of each sub-family of endosperm cDNA, represented by clones WE : AGA.3 and WE : AGA.7, are 96% identical.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: aleurone ; barley ; protoplasts ; transient expression ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methods have been developed for the isolation of aleurone protoplasts from developing caryopses of Hordeum vulgare and Triticum aestivum in order to study transient expression of introduced genes. Chimaeric gene constructs were introduced into aleurone protoplasts by polyethylene glycol (PEG). Transient expression directed by the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) of the reporter gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) was detected in aleurone protoplasts from developing barley and wheat grains. Using a similar construct, CAT activity increased when the alcohol dehydrogenase intron 1 fragment from maize was ligated between the 35S promoter and the CAT coding region. The demonstration of transient expression in protoplasts from developing aleurone layers indicates that they may be useful for investigating tissue and developmental control of genes coding for cereal seed proteins.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: F1F0 ATPase ; chloroplast coupling factor ; mitochondrial gene ; wheat
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  • 41
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    The journal of membrane biology 107 (1989), S. 179-188 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: stretch-activated channel ; calcium ; oocyte ; development ; patch clamp ; tunicate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Cell-attached patch clamp recordings from unfertilized oocytes of the ascidianBoltenia villosa reveal an ion channel which is activated by mechanical deformation of the membrane. These channels are seen when suction is applied to the patch pipette, but not in the absence of suction or during voltage steps. The estimated density of these stretch-activated channels is about 1.5/μm2, a figure equal to or greater than the density of known voltage-dependent channels in the oocyte. Ion substitution experiments done with combined whole-cell and attached patch recording, so absolute potentials are known, indicate that the channel passes Na+, Ca2+ and K+, but not Cl−. The channel has at least two open and two closed states, with the rate constant that leaves the longer-lived closed state being the primary site of stretch sensitivity. External Ca2+ concentration affects channel kinetics: at low calcium levels, long openings predominate, whereas at high calcium virtually all openings are to the short-lived open state. In multiple channel patches, the response to a step change in suction is highly phasic, with channel open probability decreasing over several hundred milliseconds to a nonzero steady-state level after an initial rapid increase. This channel may play a role in the physiological response of cells of the early embryo to the membrane strains associated with morphogenetic events.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: calcium ; calmodulin ; absorption ; ileum ; brush-border vesicle ; phosphorylation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In rabbit ileum, Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) appears to be involved in physiologically inhibiting the linked NaCl absorptive process, since inhibitors of Ca2+/CaM stimulate linked Na+ and Cl− absorption. The role of Ca2+/CaM-dependent phosphorylation in regulation of the brush-border Na+/H+ antiporter, which is believed to be part of the neutral linked NaCl absorptive process, was studied using purified brush-border membrane vesicles, which contain both the Na+/H+ antiporter and Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase(s) and its phosphoprotein substrates. Rabbit ileal villus cell brush-border membrane vesicles were prepared by Mg precipitation and depleted of ATP. Using a freezethaw technique, the ATP-depleted vesicles were loaded with Ca2+, CaM, ATP and an ATP-regenerating system consisting of creatine kinase and creatine phosphate. The combination of Ca2+/CaM and ATP inhibited Na+/H+ exchange by 45±13%. This effect was specific since Ca2+/CaM and ATP did not alter diffusive Na+ uptake, Na+-dependent glucose entry, or Na+ or glucose equilibrium volumes. The inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger by Ca2+/CaM/ATP was due to an effect on theV max and not on theK m for Na+. In the presence of CaM and ATP, Ca2+ caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of Na+ uptake, with an effect 50% of maximum occurring at 120nm. This Ca2+ concentration dependence was similar to the Ca2+ concentration dependence of Ca2+/CaM-dependent phosphorylation of specific proteins in the vesicles. The Ca2+/CaM/ATP-inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange was reversed by W13, a Ca2+/CaM antagonist, but not by a hydrophobic control, W12, or by H-7, a protein kinase C antagonist. we conclude that Ca2+, acting through CaM, regulates ileal brush-border Na+/H+ exchange, and that this may be involved in the regulation of neutral linked NaCl absorption.
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  • 43
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    The journal of membrane biology 110 (1989), S. 49-55 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: loop of Henle ; potassium secretion ; channels ; acid/base balance ; thick ascending limb ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Ca2+-activated K+ channels were studied in cultured medullary thick ascending limb cells (MTAL) using the patch-clamp technique. The purpose was to determine the effect of acidic pH on channel properties in excised patches of apical cell membrane. At pH 7.4, increasing Ca2+ on the intracellular side or applying positive voltages increases channel open probability. Reducing pH to 5.8 on the intracellular face of the channel decreases channel open probability at each voltage and Ca2+ concentration. Channel mean open times display two distributions and mean closed times display three distributions. Increasing Ca2+ or applying depolarizing voltages lengthens each of the mean open times and shortens each of the closed times. Lowering pH to 5.8 decreases the mean open times and increases mean closed times at each Ca2+ and voltage with the greatest effect on the mean closed times. In contrast, both single-channel conductance and channel kinetics are unaffected when pH is reduced to 5.8 on the extracellular face of the membrane. We conclude that protons interfere with Ca2+ binding to the gate of Ca2+-activated K+ channels reducing the probability of channel opening.
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  • 44
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    The journal of membrane biology 110 (1989), S. 19-28 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: colon ; ion transport ; ion channel ; cyclic nucleotides ; calcium ; potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Using patch-clamp techniques, we have studied Ca2+-activated K+ channels in the basolateral membrane of freshly isolated epithelial cells from rabbit distal colon. Epithelial cell clusters were obtained from distal colon by gentle mechanical disruption of isolated crypts. Gigaohm seals were obtained on the basolateral surface of the cell clusters. At the resting potential (approximately −45 mV), with NaCl Ringer's bathing the cell, the predominant channels had a conductance of 131±25 pS. Channel activity depended on voltage as depolarization of the membrane increased the open probability. In excised inside-out patches, channels were found to be selective for K+ over Na+. Channel activity correlated directly with bath Ca2+ concentration in the excised patches. Channel currents were blocked by 5mm TEA+ and 1mm Ba2+. In cell-attached patches, after addition of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, which increases intracellular Ca2+, open probability was markedly increased. Channel activity was also regulated by cAMP as addition of 1mm dibutyryl-cAMP in the bath solution in cell-attached patches increased channel open probability over 20-fold. Channels that had been activated by cAMP were further activated by Ca2+. We conclude that the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells from descending colon contains a class of potassium channels, which are regulated by intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: c-src locus ; calcium ; Na+, K+-cotransport
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 46
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    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 9 (1989), S. 141-178 
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: specific desensitization ; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ; molecular mechanisms ; affinity transitions ; modulators of desensitization ; noncompetitive blockers ; calcium ; substance P ; thymic hormones ; thymopoietin ; thymopentin ; calcitonin gene-related peptide ; receptor phosphorylation ; receptor methylation ; myasthenia gravis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Loss of response after prolonged or repeated application of stimulus is generally termed desensitization. A wide variety of phenomena occurring in living organisms falls under this general definition of desensitization. There are two main types of desensitization processes: specific and non-specific. 2. Desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is triggered by prolonged or repeated exposure to agonists and results in inactivation of its ion channel. It is a case of specific desensitization and is an intrinsic molecular property of the receptor. 3. Desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction was first reported by Katz and Thesleff in 1957. Desensitization of the receptor has been demonstrated by rapid kinetic techniques and also by the characteristic “burst kinetics” obtained from single-channel recordings of receptor activity in native as well as in reconstituted membranes. In spite of a number of studies, the detailed molecular mechanism of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor desensitization is not known with certainty. The progress of desensitization is accompanied by an increase in affinity of the receptor for its agonist. This change in affinity is attributed to a conformational change of the receptor, as detected by spectroscopic and kinetic studies. A four-state general model is consistent with the major experimental observations. 4. Desensitization of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor can be potentially modulated by exogenous and endogenous substances and by covalent modifications of the receptor structure. Modulators include the noncompetitive blockers, calcium, the thymic hormone peptides (thymopoietin and thymopentin), substanceP, the calcitonin gene-related peptide, and receptor phosphorylation. Phosphorylation is an important posttranslational covalent modification that is correlated with the regulation and desensitization of the receptor through various protein kinases. 5. Although the physiological significance of desensitization of the nicotinic receptor is not yet fully understood, desensitization of receptors probably plays a significant role in the operation of the neuronal networks associated in memory and learning processes. Desensitization of the nicotinic receptor could also possibly be related to the neuromuscular disease, myasthenia gravis.
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  • 47
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; calcium ; magnesium ; manure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonia volatilization during aerobic decomposition of poultry manure was significantly reduced through additions of calcium and magnesium salts. The percentage reduction in ammonia loss decreased during the 48 day decomposition period from 85–100% in the first 2–3 weeks, to 23–52% at the end of the experiment. The maximum amount of ammonia which was retained (i.e. maximum reduction in ammonia loss) through addition of the chloride salts of Mg2+ or Ca2+ was independent of the type of cation. However, CaCl2 released some of the ammonia initially retained as production of CO2 and NH3 from the manure decreased after 3 weeks of decomposition, whereas both MgCl2 and MgSO4 did not release any of the initially retained ammonia over the 7 week incubation period. Over the entire incubation period MgCl2 therefore retained more ammonia than CaCl2. Magnesium sulphate was considerably less effective in retaining ammonia than either chloride salts.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; erosion ; land clearing ; nitrogen ; noncalcic brown soils ; phosphorus ; spatial variability ; xerosols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several transects of topsoil samples were taken immediately after land clearing and one year later from a savannah soil in the semiarid NE of Brazil. Natural spatial variability of key fertility indicators (C, N, P) was large with coefficients of variation 〉50%. This variability was related to heterogeneity of the soil parent material, and to relative slope position which affected deposition and removal of erodible materials. The distribution of gravel and different particle size fractions was an indicator of the variability as related to soil formation and erosional resorting. One year after the site was cleared and planted to trees, the decrease in C, N and resin-extractable P was in the same range as the initial spatial variability. Treatment effects were therefore difficult to observe but became more obvious when regression analysis on soil textural components was used to reduce data variability.
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  • 49
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    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: canola ; fallow ; N mineralization ; N immobilization ; organic matter ; rhizosphere ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the influence of cropping variables on nitrogen dynamics in a soil amended with green manure. Surface soil from various long-term spring wheat rotations was amended with15N-labelled legume green manure (Lathyrus tingitanus) and subsequently cropped (canola [Brassica napus] and spring wheat [Triticum aestivum]) or incubated without a crop for 56 days in a greenhouse. Nitrogen mineralization from both the indigenous soil N and from green manure was suppressed in cropped soil. Net N mineralization in the uncropped and cropped treatments averaged 73 and 43 mg kg−1, respectively. This difference was attributed, in part, to enhanced biological immobilization in the rhizosphere. Previous cropping practices also had significant effect on N mineralization, largely by their influence on indigenous organic matter quality. These observations suggest that short-term N mineralization is favored by fallowing soil after green manure application whereas N retention in organic matter is favored by immediate cropping.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; manganese ; needles ; soil solution ; spruce ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil solution and needles of three mature spruce stands in Upper Austria were analysed in order to investigate the uptake and possible toxic effects of Mn and Al, as these two elements become highly mobilised in the soil due to increasing acidity. The Ca/Al molar ratio in the soil solution was below 0.2 in the most damaged stand during almost the whole vegetation period. Despite different dynamics, Al reaches almost identical values in all stands at the end of the vegetation period in both 1-year (current) and 2-year-old needles, respectively. Therefore, needle analysis is not a useful tool for estimation of free Al in the soil. Needle contents of other elements could provide a better information for understanding the forest decline. Mn in the needles correlates significantly with Mn concentrations in the soil solution. As soil Mn will be mobilised by acidic input, Mn needle content can increase to very high levels. Manganese distribution, its interaction with calcium, and possible toxic effects are discussed.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: characterization ; deleterious rhizobacteria ; inhibitory bacteria ; pseudomonads ; toxin ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A toxin produced by a deleterious rhizobacterial pseudomonad that inhibits both winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root andEscherichia coli growth was characterized. The toxin was rapidly deactivated at pH 2 and 12 and by autoclaving (121°C, 15 minutes). Less toxin was destroyed as the temperature and time of exposure decreased, and at 40°C it was stable for at least 24 hours. The toxin was extremely polar and could not be extracted from culture filtrates with organic solvents. The compound eluted after the void volume from a Sephadex G-10 column indicating a molecular weight of less than 700. The toxin adsorbed to Dowex 50W strong cation exchange resin and eluted with 2M NH4OH. Numerous thin layer chromatography solvent systems were unsuccessful at purifying the toxin. The partially purified toxin inhibited several different microorganisms while the producing strains were resistant. The toxin appears unique to toxins produced by recognized plant pathogenic bacteria.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal ; Ceanothus ; Frankia ; nitrogen ; propagation ; inoculation ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rooted cuttings ofCeanothus griseus varhorizontalis were irrigated with 0, 10, 20, 50, 75 or 100ppm nitrogen as NH4NO3 for eight weeks prior to inoculation with infectiveFrankia. After inoculation, half of the plants for each treatment nitrogen level continued to be irrigated with the preconditioning nitrogen level and half were given no more supplemental nitrogen. For plants continuously receiving nitrogen, nodule initiation (nodule number) was inversely correlated with increasing supplemental nitrogen levels, and suppressed above 50 ppm N. Leaf nitrogen above 2% in continuous-N plants correlated with greatly reduced or suppressed nodulation. Plants maintained after inoculation without supplemental nitrogen showed influence of the prior nitrogen treatment on nodulation. Preconditioning at 50 ppm and above greatly reduced the number of nodules formed. The evidence suggests that stored internal nitrogen can regulate nodulation. Plant biomass accumulated maximally when nodulation was suppressed, at 75 and 100 ppm supplemental N applied continuously. Internode elongation during the nodulation period occurred only on nodulated plants, or in the presence of supplemental N (10 ppm and above).
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  • 53
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    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 186-190 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; calcium ; forest soil ; ion exchange resin ; magnesium ; manganese ; nitrate ; phosphorus ; soil analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cation and anion exchange resin bags were placed just under the humus layer at five adjacent forest sample sites with differing site quality classes in order to assess the available nutrient supply. For comparison, humus samples were collected from the same sites. Nutrients were extracted from humus samples by conventional extraction methods and by shaking together with ion exchange resin bags. Ca and Mg corresponded best to differences in site quality class, of all analysed ions in thein situ resin bag eluates. Thein situ resin bag adsorption of NH4−N, Na and Mn also showed a positive correlation with site quality. The adsorption of PO4−P was negatively correlated to site quality class. Inadequate amounts of exchange resin, or leaving resin bagsin situ for too long a time result in the replacement of already adsorbed ions by ions with higher ion exchange constants.
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  • 54
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    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; calcium ; honeylocust ; root biomass ; root branching ; soil acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Honeylocust (Gleditsia triancanthos L.) root growth response to varying levels of Al and Ca in soil solutions was examined in two horizons each of two forest soils. With results from all four horizons combined, multiple regression analysis indicated that both Ca and Al were significant (p〈0.01) factors affecting root elongation, branching and biomass production. Over a wide range of Al and Ca concentrations in soil solutions from four different soil horizons, the Ca:Al ratio was a significantly better predictor of honeylocust root response to acid soils than Al or Ca alone.
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  • 55
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    Bioscience reports 9 (1989), S. 497-502 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: calcium ; phosphatidate ; DPH ; phase fluorometry ; distributional analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Calcium interaction with phospholipid membranes containing phosphatidic acid is studied by multifrequency phase fluorometry, using DPH as fluorescent molecule. DPH decay is analysed by a continuous distribution of lifetimes. The results suggest an increase of membrane heterogeneity at low calcium concentrations, without changes in the polarity of the environment surrounding the probe.
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  • 56
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    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 17 (1989), S. 631-644 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: calcium ; absorption ; efficiency ; dosing ; regimens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The absorption of calcium involves a saturable (active) and a nonsaturable (passive) component. The work of several investigators indicates that an inverse relationship exists between calcium intake and absorption efficiency. Human calcium absorption data from the literature were analyzed using a model which included both an active and a passive absorption component. Simulations were provided to illustrate the suitability of this model, and another previously reported model, to fit the data and to estimate the absorption efficiency of calcium when using different dosing regimens. Comparisons of the values predicted in this study with some literature values are provided and some assumptions and potential limitations associated with the use of this method are discussed. The division of the daily dose into equal increments taken at equally spaced intervals over the course of the day is recommended as a useful procedure for increasing the absorption efficiency and efficacy of calcium.
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  • 57
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Dilleniaceae ; Hibbertia hypericoides ; Mimosaceae ; Acacia ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Diphucephala ; Beetle/plant associations ; non-pollinator ofHibbertia ; potentialAcacia pollinator ; Flora of Australia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Notes are provided on the association of the beetleDiphucephala affinis (Scarabaeidae) with yellow flowers ofHibbertia hypericoides, H. huegelii (Dilleniaceae),Acacia pulchella, andA. stenoptera (Mimosaceae). Observations were undertaken during September 9–19, 1979 at S. Perth, Western Australia. They indicated thatD. affinis is not a pollinator ofHibbertia as suggested in the literature, but may play a small role in the pollination of someAcacia species.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: added nitrogen interaction ; green manure ; 15N ; N loss ; neem ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Oryza sativa L. ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Little is known about whether the high N losses from inorganic N fertilizers applied to lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) are affected by the combined use of either legume green manure or residue with N fertilizers. Field experiments were conducted in 1986 and 1987 on an Andaqueptic Haplaquoll in the Philippines to determine the effect of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] cropping systems before rice on the fate and use efficiency of15N-labeled, urea and neem cake (Azadirachta indica Juss.) coated urea (NCU) applied to the subsequent transplanted lowland rice crop. The pre-rice cropping systems were fallow, cowpea incorporated at the flowering stage as a green manure, and cowpea grown to maturity with subsequent incorporation of residue remaining after grain and pod removal. The incorporated green manure contained 70 and 67 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The incorporated residue contained 54 and 49 kg N ha−1 in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The unrecovered15N in the15N balances for 58 kg N ha−1 applied as urea or NCU ranged from 23 to 34% but was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. The partial pressure of ammoniapNH3, and floodwater (nitrate + nitrite)-N following application of 29 kg N ha−1 as urea or NCU to 0.05-m-deep floodwater at 14 days after transplanting was not affected by pre-rice cropping system. In plots not fertilized with urea or NCU, green manure contributed an extra 12 and 26 kg N ha−1, to mature rice plants in 1986 and 1987, respectively. The corresponding contributions from residue were 19 and 23 kg N ha−1, respectively. Coating urea with 0.2g neem cake per g urea had no effect on loss of urea-N in either year; however, it significantly increased grain yield (0.4 Mg ha−1) and total plant N (11 kg ha−1) in 1987 but not in 1986.
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  • 59
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    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; amino acids ; ammonium ; Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; leachates ; lucerne ; Medicago sativa L. ; nitrogen ; rhizosphere ; root exudates ; soyabean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An enclosed root chamber containing sterile sand medium was used to study net nitrogen (N) release from actively growing root systems of ‘Saranac’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and ‘Fiskeby V’ soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Plants were inoculated with a rhizobial strain appropriate to each host, irrigated with N-free nutrient solution, and grown either to 85 or to 173 d after germination (alfalfa) or to physiological maturity (soybean). Alfalfa released 4.5% of symbiotically-fixed plant N into the root zone over its growth period; soybean released 10.4% of plant N. Root zone leachates were analyzed for total N and for amino acid and ammonium content. Significant ammonium-N release occurred from the alfalfa but not the soybean root system; little amino-N was released by root systems of either species. Shoot harvest and water deficit caused increased release of N from alfalfa roots. The results provide evidence that alfalfa and soybean released significant proportions of their N into the root zone, and indicate that while substantial ammonium-N was released from alfalfa roots, passive leakage of amino-N was not a primary mechanism for N release from root systems of either species.
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  • 60
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    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 41-44 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; frost resistance ; locus Fr1 ; recombinant lines ; chromosome 5A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A gene for frost resistance on chromosome 5A of wheat was located using single chromosome recombinant lines from the cross between the substitution line Hobbit (Triticum spelta 5A) and Hobbit. In this sample of recombinant lines the locus for frost resistance, designated Fr1, is completely linked to the locus Vrn1 controlling vernalisation requirement. The results can be explained by a pleiotropic action of the Vrn1 locus or close genetic linkage between Vrn1 and Fr1. Further detailed study is necessary to resolve these alternative hypotheses.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; dwarfing genes ; drought stress ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Near-isogenic tall (no dwarfing gene), semidwarf (Rht1 or Rht2) and dwarf (Rht1 + Rht2 or Rht3) spring wheat lines were evaluated for yield and yield components under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Under irrigated conditions, the dwarf and the semidwarf lines exhibited a significant yield advantage over the tall lines. Under rainfed conditions, the semidwarf lines outyielded the tall as well as the dwarf lines. Percent yield reduction in response to drought stress was highest with the dwarfs and lowest with the tall lines. Dry matter production of the tall lines and that of the semidwarf lines did not differ significantly and both produced significantly more dry matter than the dwarf lines under irrigated as well as rainfed conditions. Plant height and kernel weight decreased with increasing degree of dwarfness while number of kernels per spikelet, harvest index and days to heading increased under both moisture regimes. The dwarfing genes did not have any significant influence on number of tillers/m2 and spikelets per spike in either moisture regime.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; chromosome substitution ; frost resistance ; hardening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The highly frost resistant wheat variety Cheyenne (donor) and the poorly frost resistant variety Chinese Spring (recipient) were frozen at −9° C and −11° C at various stages of hardening, as were a number of substitution lines of these two varieties (CS/Ch 3A, CS/Ch 5A, CS/Ch 7A, CS/Ch 2B, CS/Ch 4B, CS/Ch 5B, CS/Ch 4D, CS/Ch 5D). Chromosomes 5A, 5B, 5D, 4B and 7A of Cheyenne increased the frost resistance of the recipient variety to varying extents. However, the frost resistance changed not only as a function of the different chromosomes, but also as a function of the duration of hardening, indicating that genes responsible for frost resistance are expressed differently during different phases of the hardening process.
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  • 63
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    Euphytica 43 (1989), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; nitrogen ; protein, yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Four varieties of Lolium perenne with similar flowering dates bred over a 30 year period were grown in an orthogonal plot trial with two contrasting harvesting frequencies and three levels of fertiliser (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 t/ha of N annually). In the second harvest year, the nitrogen (N) content of herbage at each harvest was determined and the yields of N calculated. The newest variety (Ba 10761) gave a 20% higher mean annual yield of N than the oldest (S.321). The influence of variety in increasing the ratio of N recovered: N applied was as great or greater than the influence of harvesting frequency or level of applied N. There were small differences between varieties in N content (%N), N content being inversely related to N yield.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust resistance ; alien gene transfers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nine transfers of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm.) resistance to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Agropyron elongatum Host. Beauv., Triticum speltoides Tausch and rye (Secale cereale L.) were backcrossed up to 10 times to commercial wheat cultivars. The objective was to study the effect of the transfers on agronomic and quality characters and to make them available in desirable genetic backgrounds. The results varied greatly for different transfers. In four cases no promising material was obtained even after nine backcrosses. However, for the remaining five transfers material with potential as a new cultivar was obtained.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici ; wheat leaf rust ; partial resistance ; latency period ; gene action ; oligogenic inheritance ; transgressive segregation ; number of genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crosses were made between the highly susceptible Little Club and the partially resistant cultivars Westphal 12A, Akabozu and BH 1146 to obtain F1, F2 and backcross generations. Latency period (LP) was determined in plants inoculated at the young flag leaf stage with a monospore culture of race ‘Flamingo’ of wheat leaf rust. Broad sense heritability of LP in the F2 averaged 0.8. The genes showed partial to almost complete recessive inheritance. Scaling tests indicated that additive gene action was the most important factor in the inheritance of partial resistance. The tests showed that there were no indications for additive x additive, additive x dominance or dominance x dominance interactions. The number of effective factors was estimated as one or two for Akabozu, three or more for Westphal 12A, and two or three for BH 1146. BH 1146 also possessed a (semi-)dominant gene for a lower infection type which was temperature sensitive in its expression. The genes of the various parents had unequal effect on LP.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici ; wheat leaf rust ; partial resistance ; latency period ; oligogenic inheritance ; transgressive segregation ; number of genes ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three partially resistant spring wheat cultivars, with a long latency period were crossed among each other and with the highly susceptible Little Club, with a very short latency period. Parents, F3 and F5 plants have been inoculated with the leaf rust race Flamingo in the young flag leaf stage to determine the latency period. From the crosses with Little Club, it was concluded that Westphal 12A carries three, Akabozu two and BH 1146 two or three genes for a longer latency period. BH 1146 appears to carry also one hypersensitive resistance gene. Transgressive segregation occurred in crosses between partially resistant cultivars. From crosses between the partially resistant cultivars, it was concluded that the genes in Akabozu and Westphal 12A are different, while those in Akabozu and BH 1146 are at least partly different. The possibilities of accumulation of LP-prolonging genes are discussed.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; anther culture ; callus initiation ; cytoplasm ; cytoplasmic male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nuclear and cytoplasmic factors affect tissue culture response in wheat (Triticum aestivum), and cytoplasmic male sterility may enhance callus initiation in anther culture. Three wheat nuclear genotypes, each in normal and two alien cytoplasms conferring cytoplasmic male sterility, were evaluated for callus initiation frequency in anther culture. Nuclear genotype had the greatest effect on callus initiation, but cytoplasm and nucleus X cytoplasm interaction also produced significant effects. The nuclear genotype of ‘Chris’ outperformed ‘Butte’ and ‘Coteau’ in all cytoplasms. Ordinary wheat and Triticum timopheevi cytoplasms outperformed Aegilops speltoides cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic male sterility did not increase callus initiation. This suggests manipulating the nuclear genotype is the best strategy for improving the capacity of wheat to initiate callus in anther culture.
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  • 68
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    Plant and soil 120 (1989), S. 273-282 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminum toxicity ; biological tests ; calcium deficiency ; root growth ; sorghum ; subsurface soils ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two relatively simple procedures based on 4-day seedling growth were developed for identifying soil calcium (Ca) deficiency and/or aluminum (Al) toxicity. Test A uses any large-seeded cultivar that a farmer might consider planting and reveals whether the cultivar will suffer from Ca deficiency by comparing root growth in untreated soil to that in soil receiving a minimal Ca addition (0.1 meq.100mL−1 soil), sufficient to eliminate possible deficiency. Al toxicity is detected by comparing root growth in a sample receiving the minimal Ca treatment with growth in the soil treated with enough lime to neutralize exchangeable Al. In test B, potential Al toxicity problems are detected for any widely-grown standard crop by comparing its growth with that of a different, Al-tolerant variety on soil samples receiving 0.1 meq.100mL−1 Ca. With this test Ca deficiency in the untreated sample is detected by an increase in root growth of the Al-tolerant variety resulting from a small addition of Ca. The tests agreed with diagnoses made by standard chemical methods in about 84% of the cases examined. The proposed tests can be carried out using simple, easily-available materials without the necessity of sending soils to an analytical laboratory.
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    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium ; chlorine ; ion selectivity ; injury ; Picea ; potassium ; retranslocation ; sodium ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Among the inorganic chloride salts, NaCl, CaCl2 and in a minor proportion KCl and MgCl2 are used as deicing agents. Mixturs of these salts were merely applied with respect to their physico-chemical properties, but their effect on roadside vegetation has never been studied so far. From a screening of different salt mixtures on ion accumulation in needles and twigs of spruce tress (Picea abies sp.) it was shown that the presence of a small amount of calcium in the salt treatments had some beneficial effects on ion regulation. In the presence of calcium, sodium accumulation could be reduced. But more straightforward was its effect on the selectivity between sodium and potasium in favour of the latter. Chloride concentrations did not alter very much; their role in the presence of monovalent cations is nevertheless obvious and is discussed. The study also confirms the presence of potassium retranslocation in conifer trees. The ion characteristics are briefly discussed with respect to the ecological effects of chloride salts on tress.
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  • 70
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    Euphytica 40 (1989), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; triticale ; wheat-triticale hybrids ; Secale cereale ; rye ; Gaeumannomyces graminis ; take-all ; resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; gliadins ; electrophoresis ; cultivar identification ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The process of the separation of gliadin proteins of wheat, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was studied in detail. It was shown that electrophoresis is a dynamic process during which the pH of the gel changes together with the potassium ion concentration. The most positive effect on the separation of the gliadins was generated by a moving front, which is a boundary between regions with a low concentration of K+ ions and a low pH, and region with a high concentration of K+ ions and a high pH, after optimization of the concentrations of the cations and anions in the electrode solutions. The finding was exploited for the development of an extremely simple electrophoresis system, in which buffers were not needed for obtaining a high resolution. The system was further improved by applying a stacking gel. The advantages of this system are discussed. This new approach may be useful for improving electrophoresis systems for other applications.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alloplasmic line ; breeding ; chromosome ; eyespot resistance ; substitution line ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The variety Roazon possesses genes for resistance to eyespot including that on the 7D chromosome transferred from Aegilops ventricosa. In order to assess the level of resistance due to the latter, we developed the intervarietal substitution for the 7D chromosome of ‘Roazon’ into ‘Courtot’ which is very susceptible to eyespot. As ‘Roazon’ contains Aegilops ventricosa cytoplasm, the substitution lines were produced both with wheat and Aegilops cytoplasm. Resistance was assessed at the seedling and the adult plant stage. No cytoplasmic effect was observed. The substitution lines were as resistant as ‘Roazon’. This shows that the chromosome 7D genes for resistance introduced from Aegilops ventricosa result in a high level of resistance in wheat.
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  • 73
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    Euphytica 44 (1989), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Triticum durum ; durum ; environmental correlations ; grain yield ; plant height ; tiller number ; grain size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Environmental correlation coefficients were computed among all pairs of five traits, namely grain yield, heading date, number of tillers per m2, plant height and 1000-grain weight (grain size) using 30 Triticum durum and 30 Triticum aestivum varieties grown in 18 environments. Grain yield was significantly correlated with the other four traits in almost all of the varieties. The mean correlation coefficient over all varieties ranged from 0.58 to −0.83 for durum wheat and 0.66 to 0.88 for aestivum wheat. The correlation coefficients between heading date and the other traits were also significant, ranging from −0.45 to −0.79 in durum wheat and −0.61 to −0.85 in aestivum wheat. The correlation coefficient between number of tillers with plant height and 1000-grain weight were the smallest, 0.19−0.32 in durum wheat and 0.39−0.60 in aestivum wheat. It was concluded that agronomic practices favouring early and good stand establishment in the dry regions will favour the yield components and important adaptive traits, which contribute towards larger yields. Significant differences were found among genotypes in the environmental correlation coefficients and the associated changes in one trait as a result of changes in other traits.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici ; wheat leaf rust ; partial resistance ; latency period ; infection frequency ; urediosorus size ; growth stage ; component analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Latency period (LP), infection frequency (IF) and urediosorus size (US) of leaf rust were determined on primary leaves and young flag leaves of 18 spring wheat cultivars. A large growth stage effect and a large cultivar effect on all three components were observed. Partial resistance as measured by the three components was generally better expressed in the adult plant stage than in the seedling stage. Associated variation of the components was observed: long LP, low IF and small US tended to go together. The association was not complete, cultivars with clear deviations of this association for one of the components were found suggesting the existence of at least partly different genetic factors controlling the respective components. LP measured on flag leaves gave the most reliable results and, therefore, could best be used as a selection criterion in breeding programs for partial resistance.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; leaf rust ; temperature sensitivity ; latency period ; infection frequency ; urediosorus size ; growth stage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Three components of partial resistance (PR) were studied at three post-infection temperatures using seven spring wheat genotypes differing in level of PR and two different wheat leaf rust races. The components were latency period (LP), infection frequency (IF) and urediosorus size (US). The expression of LP was more sensitive to temperature than the expression of the other two components. LP-prolonging genes were better expressed at low temperatures than at high temperatures and cultivar differences tended to increase with decreasing temperature in both seedling and adult plant stages. The reaction of IF to temperature differed from that of LP and US, probably because IF is regulated by another mechanism than LP and US. It is recommended to perform PR-screening tests at low rather than at high temperatures. If temperatures are maintained at about 8–13°C (night-day), seedlings can be used to screen for PR instead of the more expensive adult plant tests. The effectiveness of PR in seedling stage at low temperatures suggests that the seedling stage may have epidemiological significance as the low temperatures (8–13°C) are relevant for seedlings in the field.
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    Euphytica 44 (1989), S. 273-282 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; race-specificity ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; wheat leaf rust ; partial resistance ; hypersensitive resistance ; latency period ; disease severity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Partial resistance (PR) in wheat to wheat leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) is characterized by a slow epidemic build-up despite a susceptible infection type. Two greenhouse tests and two field tests, in which 11 spring wheat cultivars were exposed to five wheat leaf rust races, revealed some indication for race-specificity of PR. In the greenhouse, the expression of PR was highly dependent on the environment. Significant cultivar-race interactions in the first experiment were lost in the second experiment probably due to cultivar-environment and cultivar-race-environment interactions. In the polycyclic field tests several factors played a role in explaining the inconsistency of the cultivar-race interactions, such as differences in initial inoculum, genotypic differences in earliness, interplot interference or environmental conditions. One cultivar-race combination showed a significant but small interaction towards susceptibility in both field experiments. The interaction was probably too small to detect in the monocyclic greenhouse tests. The results do not conflict with the idea that a gene-for-gene relationship could exist between PR-genes in the host and genes in the pathogen. Some problems with regard to the selection of PR in wheat to wheat leaf rust are discussed.
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  • 77
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    Euphytica 44 (1989), S. 241-245 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; leaf rust ; partial resistance ; environmental stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five spring wheat cultivars differing in partial resistance (PR) to wheat leaf rust were tested at Wageningen (the Netherlands) on a sandy and a clay site, El Batan (CIMMYT, Mexico) and Ponta Grossa (Brazil) over two years. The cultivars were Skalavatis 56, Little Club (both very susceptible), Westphal 12A, Akabozu and BH 1146 (all three with high levels of PR). The results showed that PR was expressed at all four locations in both years. The level of expression was influenced by the environment but the cultivar ranking was hardly affected. Selection for PR in the field can therefore be carried out over a wide range of environments.
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    Euphytica 44 (1989), S. 247-258 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; leaf rust ; epidemiological parameters ; microfield ; race nursery ; partial resistance ; components of resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Eighteen spring wheat cultivars were tested in microfields and race nurseries for their partial resistance PR to wheat leaf rust under low and high disease pressure respectively. Large differences existed between the 18 cultivars, Skalavatis 56 being the most susceptible and Ponta Grossa 1 being the most resistant cultivar. Of the three epidemic parameters, disease severity (DS) at the time that the susceptible check was severely diseased and area under the transformed disease severity curve (AUTC) and the logistic growth rate (r), AUTC and DS were highly correlated. Both seemed to be reliable estimators of PR but DS should be preferred for economical reasons. The logistic growth rate seemed to be unsuitable as an estimator of partial resistance. High and low disease pressure gave similar cultivar ranking. PR can be screened and selected equally well in race nurseries with low space, low time and low cost input as in microfields with high space, time and cost input. Cultivar differences in development rate had a large impact on the cultivar differences for amount of disease and can therefore greatly bias the estimation of cultivar resistance. The resistance of early cultivars tended to be underestimated whereas the resistance of late cultivars tended to be overestimated. The effect of differences in developmental rate was most pronounced in the flag leaf. It is advisable to avoid the assessment of disease levels on the flag leaf only and to incorporate in the tests several susceptible and resistant checks that cover the range of development rates in the material to be selected, because otherwise selection for resistance will tend to select also for lateness. Regression of the epidemiological parameters on three components of partial resistance revealed that latency period (LP) is an important factor in determining the resistance observed in the field explaining on average 67% of the observed variation. Adding infection frequency (IF) and urediosorus size (US) to the linear model increased the proportion of the observed variation in the field explained by the components to 80%. This result supports the idea that the components of PR inherit independently, at least, in part.
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    Hydrobiologia 176-177 (1989), S. 323-329 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: strontium ; calcium ; coprecipitation ; Lake Constance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The contents of Sr and Ca were measured weekly in Lake Constance in 1986. Epilimnetic concentrations of Ca changed between 1.30 × 10-3 mol l-1 (during homothermy) and 0.9 × 10 -3 mol l-1 (during thermal stratification). The seasonal fluctuations of Ca were correlated with those of Sr (between 4.61 and 5.36 μmol l-1). The epilimnion was permanently oversaturated with respect to calcite but not with respect to SrCO3. Analysis of the settling process by use of sedimentation traps revealed two short episodes of very high authigenic settling fluxes of CaCO3, triggered by phytoplankton diatoms. Seasonal changes of the Ca contents (between 4.1 and 30.7 percent of the dry weight) and of the Sr concentrations (from 12 to 75 × 10-3 percent) in the settling material were closely correlated. This suggests a coprecipitation mechanism with a nearly constant stoichiometry of (atoms Sr/atoms Ca) × 1000 of 0.84. Coprecipitation of Sr or Ca with organic matter was insignificant. In the hypolimnion some Sr and Ca were released from the settling material. These results strongly suggest that the cycle of Sr in Lake Constance is driven predominantly by coprecipitation with calcite. The principal chemical mechanisms leading to coprecipitation are discussed.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: reservoir ; phytoplanktonic particulate phosphorus ; regulation ; calcium ; magnesium ; multiple regression analysis
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    Notes: Abstract At the heads of two river reservoirs, the Ishitegawa Dam and the Nomura Dam Reservoirs in Japan, the concentrations of phytoplanktonic particulate phosphorus (PP) were compared with those of dissolved calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), using multiple regression analyses on the data taken from samples which registered more than 6.0 µg l−1 in chlorophyll a concentration. Of the 27 monthly samples, 16 from the Ishitegawa Reservoir and 17 from the Nomura Reservoir were used. A significant regression line, logPP = k 1F + k 2, was obtained, where k 1 (〉 0) and k 2 were constants and F (named the Ca-Mg index) consisted of log(Ca/Mg) − 0.5 log(ca + Mg) in mol concentration in Ca and Mg, in common with the two reservoirs (r 2 = 0.730 & 0.913).
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: rotifers ; Euchlanis ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; excretion ; body size
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (PO4-P) and nitrogen (NH4-N) excretion rates of Euchlanis dilatata lucksiana, a rotifer, isolated from Lake Loosdrecht (The Netherlands) and cultured in the lake water at 18–19 °C, were measured in the laboratory. In a series of experiments, the effects of experiment duration on the P and N excretion rates were examined. The rates measured in the first half-hour were about 2 times higher for P and 2–4 times for N than the rates in the subsequent three successive hours which were quite comparable. Eight experiments were carried out in triplicate, 4 each for P and N excretion measurements, using animals of two size ranges: 60–125 µm and 〉 125 µm. The specific excretion rates varied from 0.06 to 0.18 µg P.mg−1 DW.h−1 and 0.21 to 0.76 µg N.mg−1 DW.h−1. Generally an inverse relationship was observed between the specific excretion rates and the mean individual weight. The excretion rates of Euchlanis measured by us are lower than those reported for several other rotifer species, most of which are much smaller than Euchlanis. Extrapolating the excretion rates of Euchlanis to the other rotifer species in Lake Loosdrecht, and accounting for their density, size and temperature, rotifer excretion appears to be a significant, potential nutrient (N,P) source for phytoplankton growth in the lake. The excretion rates for the rotifers appear to be about two thirds of the total zooplankton excretion, even though the computed rotifer mean biomass is about one-third of the total zooplankton biomass.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: sediments ; models ; nutrients ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; Chesapeake Bay ; Gunston Cove
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Empirical models of sediment-water fluxes of NH4 +, NO3 − were and PO4 3− were formed based on published reports. The models were revised and parameters evaluated based on laboratory incubations of sediments collected from Gunston Cove, VA. Observed fluxes ranged from — 18 (sediments uptake) to 276 (sediment release) mg NH4 + m−2 day−1, −17 to −509 mg NO3 − m−2 day−1, and −16.4 to 8.9 mg PO4 3− m−2 day−1. The model and observations indicated release of NH4 + was enhanced by high temperature and by low DO. Uptake of NO3 − was enhanced primarily by high NO3 − concentration and to a lesser extent by high temperature and by low DO. Direction of PO4 3− flux depended on concentration in the water. Release was enhanced by low DO. No effect of temperature on PO4 3− flux was observed.
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  • 83
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    Hydrobiologia 188-189 (1989), S. 189-199 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: bioassays ; limiting nutrient factor ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four hundred and forty bioassays with Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Bréb. as a test organism have been carried out with samples from canals and lakes in the western part of the Netherlands. The results are used to assess the algal growth potential (AGP) and to determine the limiting nutrient(s) for maximum biomass production. Special attention has been paid to the effects of deep-freezing and autoclaving as pretreatment of water samples on pH and nutrient concentrations. The AGP ranged from very low in the relatively isolated polder lakes to very high in canals and lakes, which form part of the basin system of Rijnland. The lowest yields are observed in nitrogen and phosphorus co-limited waters, while the highest are found in waters limited by nitrogen alone. AGP proved to be primarily determined by the amount of nitrogen, especially nitrate, in the samples and only secondarily by the amount of phosphorus. The observed ranges indicating phosphorus limitation, 〉 50 for inorganic and 〉 30 for total N/P ratios, lie considerably higher than reported so far. It is concluded that, once the relations between AGP and nutrients are established, AGP tests do not have to be carried out routinely, but still can be very useful in special studies, e.g. in lake restoration projects.
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  • 84
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    Hydrobiologia 172 (1989), S. 27-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Antarctica ; biofilms ; cyanobacteria ; photosynthesis ; chlorophyll ; pigments ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; epilithic algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The glacier-fed ephemeral streams of southern Victoria Land (ca. 78° S, 64° E) are colonised by an epilithon dominated by cyanobacterial mats and films. Biomass levels are often high (〉 15 µg Chl a · cm−2). The mat structure, pigment and photosynthetic characteristics of these communities have been investigated on site. The mats in high light environments have a layered structure with high levels of light shielding accessory pigments in the upper layers and elevated chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations in the lower layers. Photosynthetic rates per unit area (0.4–3.5 µg C · cm− 2 · hr−1) fall within the range reported for temperate communities. P vs I curves were used to separate high, intermediate and low light communities. Ik values for high light communities were at or lower than PAR recorded at midnight in the polar midsummer (ca 100 µ E m−2 · s−1). We did not detect photoinhibitory responses at the midday light intensities. In situ continuous nutrient enrichment experiments failed to demonstrate N or P limitation to pigment content or photosynthetic rates. We suggest that the growth of these communities is controlled by factors other than light and nutrients.
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  • 85
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    Hydrobiologia 172 (1989), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: ammonium ; Antarctica ; blue-green algae ; cyanobacteria ; nitrogen ; nitrogen-fixation ; organic nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The many glacier meltwater streams of southern Victoria Land flow through catchments where life forms are almost entirely microbial. Allochthonous inputs of nitrogen from two study streams near McMurdo Sound were derived mostly from the melting glaciers (ca. 100–200 mg N m−3) with some originating from N2-fixation by heterocystous cyanobacteria (max. 939 mg N m−2 year−1). Thirty to fifty per cent of the glacier derived N was dissolved organic N and a major proportion of this was identified as urea N which was utilised by the rich algal and cyanobacterial mats in the streams. A nutrient budget for Fryxell Stream was estimated, quantifying uptake of urea-N and dissolved inorganic N and the release of dissolved organic (non urea) and particulate N by the stream communities. An index of in-stream nitrogen processing, the Net Uptake Length Constant in these streams was compared with that from temperate climates and was found to be similar. Despite the influence of low temperatures on microbial activity (mean daily water temperature = 5 °C) nutrient removal rates from these antarctic streams are high because of the large standing stock of microbial biomass there.
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  • 86
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    Hydrobiologia 178 (1989), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient limitation ; algae ; periphyton ; nitrogen ; stream ; agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four agricultural streams were examined to determine if nitrogen or phosphorus was limiting the growth of the attached algal communities. Experiments were conducted in situ using nutrient-diffusing artificial substrata. Experiments conducted over a 2-year period demonstrated that the benthic algal communities in these streams were seldom limited by nitrogen or phosphorus. Nitrogen was, however, found limiting on two occasions when ambient nitrogen levels were reduced. These experiments were characterized by extended low flows and warm water temperatures. Large algal mats which proliferate during these periods may be responsible for reducing the available nitrogen to a limiting level. Major storm events are thought to interrupt the development of nitrogen limiting conditions by scouring the algae and increasing the nitrogen loading from the watershed. Water temperature was demonstrated as an important factor in controlling periphyton growth rates and may have influenced algal response to nutrient input. Ammonium additions often enhanced algal growth in the absence of nitrate stimulation.
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  • 87
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    Hydrobiologia 174 (1989), S. 151-159 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: floating macrophyte ; nitrogen ; roots ; laminae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient-enriched water hyacinths were stocked in outdoor tanks and cultured under both high nutrient (HN) and low nutrient (LN) regimes for 10 months. Seasonal changes in standing crop biomass and morphology of LN water hyacinths were similar to those of HN water hyacinths, despite a ten-fold between-treatment difference in N availability and a two-fold difference in average plant N concentrations (1.0 and 2.0% for LN and HN plants, respectively). Tissue N accumulated by the LN plants prior to stocking helped support standing crop development during the 10 month study. In both HN and LN treatments, the rate of detritus deposition, or the sloughing of dead plant tissues from the mat, was lower than the actual detritus production rate because of the retention of dead ‘aerial’ tissues (laminae and petioles) in the floating mat. The retention of laminae and petioles may serve as a nutrient conservation mechanism, since nutrients released from decomposing tissues in the mat-water environment may be assimilated by adjacent plants. The average rate of detritus deposition (both dry matter and N) by LN water hyacinths (1.2 g dry wt. m−2 day−1 and 0.017 g N m−2 day−1) was lower than that of HN plants (3.0 g dry wt. m−2 day−1 and 0.075 g N m−2 day−1) during the study. Low detrital N losses by the water hyacinth probably enhance the survival of this species in aquatic systems which receive nutrient inputs intermittently.
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  • 88
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    Hydrobiologia 176-177 (1989), S. 61-75 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Kattegat Sea ; mud blankets ; nitrogen ; denitrification ; resuspension ; sediment ; sediment traps ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Primary production in coastal waters is generally nitrogen-limited due to efficient nitrogen sink pathways, which therefore limit further eutrophication. In this context, the significance of ephemeral mud blankets at shallow depth has been characterised using a simple computational box model. Bed materials from several synoptic grab-sample surveys in Laholmsbukten, a shallow embayment of the Kattegat Sea, were analysed. Sediment trap and current meter data provided an assessment of fine material transport; the frequency of loose mud resuspension was estimated to vary between three and ten events per month in the spring, depending on the wind conditions. Mud blankets appear to be deposited following major spring and fall phytoplankton blooms, they are only a few centimetres thick, they are composed mainly of pelletized organic material and detritus and they have a high water content (80% wet weight) and nitrogen content (0.5% dry weight). In the course of export from the bay, the muds undergo continuous resuspension, redeposition and biological breakdown. In one September day, the amount of particulate nitrogen redeposited in sediment traps was of equivalent magnitude to the entire mud blanket deposit (5 g N/m-2 or a 4 mm deposit as a bay-wide mean). The presence of mud blankets is believe to control the nitrogen budget and water quality in the bay. A simple model proved compatible with observed mud blanket presence and rates of denitrification. Calm conditions are conducive to the loss of bound nitrogen and free oxygen within the bay as a result of prolonged denitrification and pelagic and benthic nitrogen regeneration. If fine particulates are rapidly exported from shallow bottoms, as in windy periods, the water quality of the entire Kattegat Sea is likely to be impaired.
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  • 89
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    Biogeochemistry 8 (1989), S. 185-204 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: phosphorus ; nitrogen ; wetlands ; beaver ponds ; conifer swamp ; sedge fen ; Precambrian shield ; nutrient retention ; mass balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus and nitrogen mass balances of five wetlands (two beaver ponds, two conifer-Sphagnum swamps and one sedge fen) situated in three catchments in central Ontario, Canada, were measured. Monthly and annual input-output budgets of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), total organic nitrogen (TON), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN), ammonium ion (NH4 + -N), nitrate (NO 3 − -N) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were estimated for the five wetlands during the 1982–83 and 1983–84 water years. Except for the deepest beaver pond (3.2 m) which had annual TP retention of −44% (−0.030 ± 0.015 g m−2 yr−1), the wetlands retained 〈 0.001 to 0.015 g M−2 yr−1 ; however, this wasless than 20% of the inputs and the estimated budget uncertainties were equal to or greater than the retention rates. Annual TN retentions ranged from −0.44 to 0.56 g m−2 yr−1 (−12 to 4%) but were not significantly different from zero. The wetlands transformed nitrogen by retaining TIN (16 to 80% RT) and exporting an equivalent amount as TON (−7 to 102% RT). The beaver ponds, however, retained NO 3 − while NH 4 + was passed through or the outputs exceeded the inputs. In contrast, the conifer swamps retained both NH 4 + and NO 3 − . DOC fluxes into and out of the beaver ponds were equal (−18 and 4% RT) but output from the conifer swamps exceeded input by 〉 90%. Marked seasonal trends in nutrient retention were observed. Nutrient retention coincided with low stream flow, increased evapotranspiration and biotic uptake during the summer. Net nutrient export occurred during the winter and spring when stream flows were highest and biotic uptake was low.
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  • 90
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 323-329 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: renin release ; aglomerular teleost ; toadfish ; isoproterenol ; cyclic AMP ; cyclic GMP ; calcium ; calcium channel ; K+ depolarization ; baroreceptor ; calcium channel antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The toadfish,Opsanus tau, lacks renal glomeruli and macula densa, but has high renal renin activity and abundant granulated cells in renal arteries and arterioles. Reduction of blood pressure (BP) or blood volume by hemorrhage or vasodilatory drugs causes renin release, indicating that an intrarenal or extrarenal pressure- or volume-sensitive mechanism exists for controlling renin release in the toadfish. Thus, we examined whether 1) β-adrenergic receptor-mediated activation of renin release, and 2) calcium influx which may underlie the baroreceptor mechanism are involved in the cellular control of renin release. Acute injection of isoproterenol (1 μg/kg, n = 6) decreased BP and increased plasma renin activity (PRA) 4–5 fold in unanesthetized toadfish. Propranolol abolished both effects, but did not decrease basal PRA levels.In vitro superfusion of renal slices with bicarbonate Ringer's solution showed a steady secretion of renin, and addition of 50 mM K+ (K+ methylsulfate replacing NaCl, n = 10) to the superfusate markedly suppressed renin secretion. Nifedipine (10−5 M, n = 8) completely restored the high K+-induced inhibition of renin secretion from renal slices, whereas isoproterenol (10−4 M, n = 6) neither increased basal renin secretion nor restored K+-induced renin suppression. These results suggest that calcium influx may mediate inhibitory messages for renin secretion, while the β-adrenoceptor-mediated activation of granulated cells appears absent in toadfish.
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  • 91
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 7 (1989), S. 367-374 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: teleocalcin ; calcium ; corpuscles of Stannius ; gill function ; prolactin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structure and physiology of salmon teleocalcin, a Ca+2 regulating hormone from the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) is reviewed. Teleocalcin is produced by the PAS+, type 1 cells in the CS. The hormone is a disulfide-linked homodimer, with a unique amino acid sequence and a carbohydrate moiety on residue 29. The teleocalcin monomer has a MW of 30 KD, whereas the pro-form of the monomer is 32 KD. The hormone is positively regulated by Ca+2 and its function is to slow the active transport of Ca+2 across the gill epithelium. In conjunction with prolactin, which stimulates Ca+2 transport, teleocalcin is one of the major factors involved in Ca+2 homeostasis in fish.
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  • 92
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    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 269-278 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: deleterious ; inhibitory bacteria ; pseudomonads ; rhizobacteria ; toxin ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the production of a toxin inhibitory to both winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root growth andEscherichia coli that was produced by a rhizobacterial pseudomonad. Of several carbon sources tested, the most rapid growth and highest toxin concentrations were obtained with glucose, glycerol, or trehalose. Toxin production was repressed with L-cysteine as the nitrogen source. Toxin was produced during the late exponential and early stationary phase of growth by the bacterium and, contrary to studies with other toxins, was unaffected by Fe and P concentrations in the growth medium. Toxin production by the bacterium was the same at growth temperatures of 25 and 15°C while it produced less at 5°C. If the bacterium was able to grow, it produced toxin. No compound tested induced an increase in toxin production indicating toxin production is constitutive.
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  • 93
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 35-41 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C/N ratio ; fatty acids ; immobilization ; nitrogen ; straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonia volatilization, nitrogen immobilization, carbon decomposition and formation of volatile fatty acids was investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment with fresh poultry manure, to which increasing amounts of straw were added. Less than 1% of the manure nitrogen was volatilized as ammonia during anaerobic decomposition due to low pH values. In aerobic manure alkaline conditions prevailed and between 9 to 44% of the nitrogen was volatilized as ammonia. The volatilization courses could be described by a parallel first-order model. Increasing straw additions reduced ammonia volatilization during aerobic decomposition. Straw caused no immobilization of nitrogen under anaerobic conditions. In aerobic manure, nitrogen was mainly bound in organic forms whereas in anaerobic manure about two-thirds of the nitrogen was in ammonium form. C/N ratios in the organic matter of anaerobic manure were higher (33.1–87.5) than in the aerobic manure (9.5–18.0).
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  • 94
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 83-87 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: karnal funt ; Neovossia indica ; secondary spread ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat-spikes inoculated withN. indica at the boot-leaf stage produced secondary sporidia when later incubated (intact/detached) under moist conditions in the laboratory. Sporidia were also released from inoculated spikes in the field where sporidial release exhibited diurnal periodicity. More sporidia were trapped between 5–6 o'clock than during the later parts of the day but no sporidia were trapped between 14–18 o'clock. However, they could be trapped at any time of the day from the detached spikes incubated under moist conditions in the laboratory. Sporidia trapped in different experiments were invariably of the allantoid type and they proved viable and infective. Maximum sporidia developed on the outer glumes of florets, and this observation was supported by scanning electron microcope studies. Sporidia developed at 15 and 20°C but not at 30°C. These findings indicated that repeated cycles of sporidial production in spikes provided more inoculum than expected from soil-borne teliospores ofN. indica.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; cellulose ; decomposition ; δ13C ; δ15N ; lignin ; nitrogen ; stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Decay processes in an ecosystem can be thought of as a continuum beginning with the input of plant litter and leading to the formation of soil organic matter. As an example of this continuum, we review a 77-month study of the decay of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) needle litter. We tracked the changes in C chemistry and the N pool in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) needle litter during the 77-month period using standard chemical techniques and stable isotope, analyses of C and N. Mass loss is best described by a two-phase model: an initial phase of constant mass loss and a phase of very slow loss dominated by degradation of ‘lignocellulose’ (acid soluble sugars plus acid insoluble C compounds). As the decaying litter enters the second phase, the ratio of lignin to lignin and cellulose (the lignocellulose index, LCI) approaches 0.7. Thereafter, the LCI increases only slightly throughout the decay continuum indicating that acid insoluble materials (‘lignin’) dominate decay in the latter part of the continuum. Nitrogen dynamics are also best described by a two-phase model: a phase of N net immobilization followed by a phase of N net mineralization. Small changes in C and N isotopic composition were observed during litter decay. Larger changes were observed with depth in the soil profile. An understanding of factors that control ‘lignin’ degradation is key to predicting the patterns of mass loss and N dynamics late in decay. The hypothesis that labile C is needed for ‘lignin’ degradation must be evaluated and the sources of this C must be identified. Also, the hypothesis that the availability of inorganic N slows ‘lignin’ decay must be evaluated in soil systems.
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  • 96
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    Plant and soil 115 (1989), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; mycorrhiza ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; phosphorus ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents information about the release of nitrogen and phosphorus from dying grass roots and the capture of phosphorus by other, living plants. We have paid particular attention to the part played by mycorrhizas in this phosphorus capture, and the possible importance of mycorrhizal links between dying and living roots. WhenLolium perenne plants were grown with ample nutrients and their roots then detached and buried in soil, about half the nitrogen and two-thirds of the phosphorus was lost in three weeks, but only one-fifth of the dry weight. The C:N and C:P ratios suggest that microbial growth in the roots would at first be C-limited but would become N- and P-limited within three weeks. Rapid transfer of32P can occur from dying roots to those of a living plant if the two root systems are intermingled. The amount transferred was substantially increased in two species-combinations that are known to form mycorrhizal links between their root systems. In contrast, in a species-combination where only the living (‘receiver’) plant could become mycorrhizal no significant increase of32P transfer occurred. This evidence, although far from conclusive, suggests that mycorrhizal links between dying and living roots can contribute to nutrient cycling. This research indicates a major difference in nutrient cycling processes between perennial and annual crops.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene inhibition ; denitrifiers ; geostatistics ; kriging ; nitrogen ; nitrogen-15 ; nutrient cycling ; soil cores ; terrestrial ecosystems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Of the biogeochemical processes, denitrification has perhaps been the most difficult to study in the field because of the inability to measure the product of the process. The last decade of research, however, has provided both acetylene and15N based methods as well as undisturbed soil core andin situ soil cover sampling approaches to implementing these methods. All of these methods, if used appropriately, give comparable results. Thus, we now have several methods, each with advantages for particular sites or objectives, that accurately measure denitrification in nature. Because of the general usefulness of the acetylene methods, updated protocols for the following three methods are given: gas-phase recirculation soil cores; static soil cores; and the denitrifying enzyme assay also known as the phase 1 assay. Despite the availability of these and other methods, denitrification budgets remain difficult to accurately establish in most environments because of the high spatial and temporal variability inherent in denitrification. Appropriate analysis of those data includes a distribution analysis of the data, and if highly skewed as is typically the case, the most accurate method to estimate the mean and the population variance is the UMVUE method (uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator). Geostatistical methods have also been employed to improve spatial and temporal estimates of denitrification. These have occasionally been successful for spatial analysis but in the attempt described here for temporal analysis the approach was not useful. Discussions of the importance of denitrification have always focused on quantifying the process and whether particular measured quantities are judged to be a significant amount of nitrogen. A second line of evidence discussed here is the extant genetic record that results from natural selection. These analysis lead to the conclusion that strong selection for denitrification must currently be occurring, which implies that the process is of general significance in soils.
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    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cytokinins ; potassium ; seaweed concentrate ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the seaweed concentrate “Kelpak’ on the growth and yield of wheat grown under conditions of varying K supply were investigated. Kelpak had no significant effect on the yield of wheat receiving an adequate K supply, but significantly increased the yield of K stressed plants. The increase in yield was caused by an increase in both grain number and individual grain weight. Although the beneficial effects of seaweed concentrates have often been attributed to their cytokinin content, several lines of evidence suggested that this group of plant growth regulators may not be solely responsible for the observed effects of Kelpak on wheat. Irrespective of the physiological mechanism of action, Kelpak would appear to have considerable potential for increasing yield in K stressed wheat and may therefore reduce the requirement of wheat for K fertilization.
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    Plant and soil 116 (1989), S. 111-114 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcium ; moisture ; peanut ; pod zone ; reproductive growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Very little research has been done to investigate the effect of a dry podding zone on reproductive development in peanut plants that are otherwise well hydrated via subsoil moisture extraction. The influence of podding zone moisture content on reproductive development and growth of three peanut cultivars (McCubbin, Gajah and Robut 33-1) was investigated in pots grown in the glasshouse. In two cultivars (McCubbin and Gajah) seed yield was reduced in a dry (air-dry) compared to a wet (field capacity) podding zone. Seed yield of Robut 33-1 was unaffected by podding zone moisture content, indicating that cultivar variation in reproductive performance in response to podding zone moisture may exist.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bacterial adsorption ; calcium ; magnesium ; Medicago sativa ; pH ; Rhizobium meliloti ; root surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption ofRhizobium meliloti L5-30 in low numbers to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots was dependent on the presence of divalent cations, and required neutral pH. Adsorption was proportional to Ca and/or Mg concentrations up to 1.5 mM. Ca was not substituted by Sr, Ba or Mn. Adsorption was abolished and viability decreased at pH≤6. When lowering pH, higher Ca concentrations were required to attain similar adsorption levels, indicating a marked interactive effect between Ca and H ions. Pretreatment of the roots with Ca and low pH did not affect subsequent adsorption of the bacteria. However, Ca pretreatment ofR. meliloti sustained further adsorption at low Ca levels and low pH substantially affected their ability to adsorb. Low pH appears to affect the stability of binding causing desorption of the previously bound bacteria. The presence of saturating concentrations of heterologousR. leguminosarum bv.trifolii A118, did not prevent the expression of divalent cations and pH requirements, as well as their interaction. Our results suggest that rhizobial binding to the root surface already shows the Ca and pH dependence of alfalfa nodulation, which was generally associated to some event prior to rhizobial penetration of root hairs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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