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  • Springer  (106,098)
  • Wiley  (34,665)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 2015-2019  (148,193)
  • 2015  (148,193)
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  • 2015-2019  (148,193)
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  • 1
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    Long-Term Disaster-Prevention Strategies Based on Education (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: Although human behavior is the crucial factor in the degree of vulnerability and the likelihood of disasters taking place, preparedness and prevention programs are not mandatory in all countries around the world. Within the framework of UPStrat-MAFA (Urban disaster Prevention Strategies using MAcroseismic FAults), we have defined the disaster prevention strategies based on education management information and actions taken in Iceland, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. A detailed comparative study shows that compulsory school in these four participating countries is greatly unprepared with regard to hazard education, and these results are in line with worldwide studies. Moreover, when hazards are addressed, this is not done at an early age, which results in a missed chance to intervene in the noncognitive side of awareness, which decreases at later ages. To comply with the urge to take actions towards training and education at an early age, we used hands-on tools and learn-by-playing approaches in an informal learning environment. To reach the older population, the audio- visual media appears to be the best and lowest cost alternative to promote risk perception, awareness and education.
    Description: Published
    Description: 77-80
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Disaster prevention ; Education ; Seismic hazard ; Information strategies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 2
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    The European experience of educational seismology (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: This chapter provides an overview of last two decades, European experiences in educational seismology and describes the different contexts in which they have been developed. The basic idea of these educational projects is that Seismology may represent an efficient communication vehicle for teaching a wide range of basic Earth sci-ence topics through laboratory practices and educational activities. Moreover it is also an effective tool to raise in the young citizens the awareness on the earthquake risk and possible mitigation actions. In this frame several seismic stations with different technologies were installed in schools across Europe. The scientific support of re-searchers and the need to establish strong links between teachers and researchers attribute to the school an active role in the knowledge process using the scientific laboratory practice by adopting the “learning by doing” modern approach of science communication (R. Schank and C. Cleary, 1995, Engines for Education, Ed. Routledge, 248 pp). Some educational activities correlated with seismological projects are presented, following different strategies depending on the country, but all aimed at building a new way to communicate science in the schools. The new vogue is the opening toward social networks and blogs. This generalizes the concept of an educational Geoscience website making it an e-platform for science communication and multimedia data sharing, where researchers, teachers, students and education op-erators can interact and constantly be kept informed of ongoing activities and relevant events. All of these 'seismology at school' initiatives rely on the concept of school networking and will merge in the European project NERA (Network of European Research Infrastructures for Earthquake Risk Assessment and Mitigation, http://www.nera-eu.org/) where a spe-cific workpackage is dedicated to networking school seismology programs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 145-170
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: educational seismology ; educational projects ; learning by doing ; science communication ; school seismology ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 3
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    Applying the Disruption Index Procedure to Evaluate the Urban Seismic Risk in the Mt. Etna Area (Italy) (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: The Disruption Index is used here for the assessment of urban disruption in the Mt. Etna area after a natural disaster. The first element of the procedure is the definition of the seismic input, which is based on information about the historical seismicity and seismogenic faults. The second element is the computation of the seismic impact on the building stock and infrastructure in the region considered. Information on urban-scale vulnerability was collected and a geographic information system was used to organize the data relating to buildings and network systems (e.g., typologies, schools, strategic structures, lifelines). The central idea underlying the definition of the Disruption Index is the identification and evaluation of the impacts on a target community, considering the physical elements that contribute most to the severe disruption. The results of this study are therefore very useful for earthquake preparedness planning and for the development of strategies to minimize the risks from earthquakes. This study is a product of the European “Urban Disaster Prevention Strategies using Macroseismic Fields and Fault Sources” project (UPStrat-MAFA European project 2013).
    Description: Published
    Description: Torino
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic impact ; Disruption index ; Urban system ; Risk measures ; Mt. Etna area (Italy) ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 4
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    Toxic effects of lab-grade butyl rubber stoppers on aerobic methane oxidation (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, Wiley, 13(1), pp. 40-52, ISSN: 1541-5856
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Methods for measuring aerobic methane oxidation (MOx) rates in aquatic environments are often based on the incubation of water samples, during which the consumption of methane (CH4) is monitored. Typically, incubation vessels are sealed with butyl rubber because these elastomers are essentially impermeable for gases. We report on the potential toxicity of five different commercially available, lab-grade butyl stoppers on MOx activity in samples from marine and lacustrine environments. MOx rates in incubations sealed with non-halogenated butyl were 〉 50% lower compared to parallel incubations with halogenated butyl rubber stoppers, suggesting toxic effects associated with the use of the non-halogenated butyl type. Aqueous extracts of non-halogenated butyl rubber were contaminated with high amounts of various organic compounds including potential bactericides such as benzyltoluenes and phenylalkanes. Comparably small amounts of organic contaminants were liberated from the halogenated butyl rubber stoppers but only two halogenated stopper types were found that did not seem to leach any organics into the incubation medium. Furthermore, the non-halogenated and two types of the halogenated butyl elastomers additionally leached comparably high amounts of zinc. While the source of the apparent toxicity with the use of the non-halogenated rubber stoppers remains elusive, our results indicate that leaching of contaminants from some butyl rubber stoppers can severely interfere with the activity of MOx communities, highlighting the importance of testing rubber stoppers for their respective contamination potential. The impact of leachates from butyl rubber on the assessment of biogeochemical reaction rates other than MOx seems likely but needs to be verified.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 5
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    Towards multi-resolution global climate modeling with ECHAM6–FESOM. Part I: model formulation and mean climate (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Climate Dynamics, Springer, 44(3), pp. 757-780, ISSN: 0930-7575
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: A new climate model has been developed that employs a multi-resolution dynamical core for the sea ice-ocean component. In principle, the multi-resolution approach allows one to use enhanced horizontal resolution in dynamically active regions while keeping a coarse-resolution setup otherwise. The coupled model consists of the atmospheric model ECHAM6 and the finite element sea ice-ocean model (FESOM). In this study only moderate refinement of the unstructured ocean grid is applied and the resolution varies from about 25 km in the northern North Atlantic and in the tropics to about 150 km in parts of the open ocean; the results serve as a benchmark upon which future versions that exploit the potential of variable resolution can be built. Details of the formulation of the model are given and its performance in simulating observed aspects of the mean climate is described. Overall, it is found that ECHAM6–FESOM realistically simulates many aspects of the observed climate. More specifically it is found that ECHAM6–FESOM performs at least as well as some of the most sophisticated climate models participating in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. ECHAM6–FESOM shares substantial shortcomings with other climate models when it comes to simulating the North Atlantic circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 6
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    Revision of the EPICA Dome C CO2 record from 800 to 600 kyr before present (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 42(2), pp. 542-549, ISSN: 00948276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-14
    Description: The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome ice core from Dome C (EDC) has allowed for the reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 concentrations for the last 800,000 years. Here we revisit the oldest part of the EDC CO2 record using different air extraction methods and sections of the core. For our established cracker system, we found an analytical artifact, which increases over the deepest 200 m and reaches 10.1 ± 2.4 ppm in the oldest/deepest part. The governing mechanism is not yet fully understood, but it is related to insufficient gas extraction in combination with ice relaxation during storage and ice structure. The corrected record presented here resolves partly - but not completely - the issue with a different correlation between CO2 and Antarctic temperatures found in this oldest part of the records. In addition, we provide here an update of 800,000 years atmospheric CO2 history including recent studies covering the last glacial cycle.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
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    Temporal variability of particulate organic carbon in the lower Changjiang (Yangtze River) in the post-Three Gorges Dam period: Links to anthropogenic and climate impacts (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, Wiley, 120, pp. 2194-2211, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Description: Suspended particles from the lower Changjiang were collected monthly from 2003 to 2011, which corresponds to the three construction periods of the Three Gorges Dam. Organic carbon (%OC), organic carbon to total nitrogen molar ratio, stable carbon isotope, and terrestrial biomarkers were examined. Rating curve studies were applied for the temporal trend analysis. The composition of particulate lignin phenols exhibited clear annual and periodic variations but only minor seasonal changes. Lignin phenol ratios (vanillyl/syringyl and cinnamyl/vanillyl) indicated that the terrigenous organic matter (OM) was primarily composed of woody and nonwoody tissue derived from angiosperm plants. The low-lignin phenol yields (Λ8) in combination with higher acid to aldehyde ratios reflected a substantial contribution fromsoil OM to the particle samples or modifications during river transport. The temporal shift of the lignin phenol vegetation index with the sediment load during the flood seasons revealed particulate organic matter (POM) erosion from soils and the impact of hydrodynamic processes. The dam operations affected the seasonal variability of terrigenous OM fluxes, although the covariation of lignin and sediment loads with discharged water implies that unseasonal extreme conditions and climate changemost likely had larger influences, because decreases in the sediment load and lignin flux alter the structure and composition of particulate OM (POM) on interannual time scales, indicating that they may be driven by climate variability. The modification of the composition and structure of POM will have significant impacts on regional carbon cycles and marine ecosystems.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    Particles and iodine compounds in coastal Antarctica (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Wiley, 120, pp. 7144-7156, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-03
    Description: Aerosol particle number concentrations have been measured at Halley and Neumayer on the Antarctic coast, since 2004 and 1984, respectively. Sulphur compounds known to be implicated in particle formation and growth were independently measured: sulphate ions and methane sulphonic acid in filtered aerosol samples and gas phase dimethyl sulphide for limited periods. Iodine oxide, IO, was determined by a satellite sensor from 2003 to 2009 and by different ground-based sensors at Halley in 2004 and 2007. Previous model results and midlatitude observations show that iodine compounds consistent with the large values of IO observed may be responsible for an increase in number concentrations of small particles. Coastal Antarctica is useful for investigating correlations between particles, sulphur, and iodine compounds, because of their large annual cycles and the source of iodine compounds in sea ice. After smoothing all the measured data by several days, the shapes of the annual cycles in particle concentration at Halley and Neumayer are approximated by linear combinations of the shapes of sulphur compounds and IO but not by sulphur compounds alone. However, there is no short-term correlation between IO and particle concentration. The apparent correlation by eye after smoothing but not in the short term suggests that iodine compounds and particles are sourced some distance offshore. This suggests that new particles formed from iodine compounds are viable, i.e., they can last long enough to grow to the larger particles that contribute to cloud condensation nuclei, rather than being simply collected by existing particles. If so, there is significant potential for climate feedback near the sea ice zone via the aerosol indirect effect.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
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    Deglacial subarctic Pacific surface water hydrography and nutrient dynamics and links to North Atlantic climate variability and atmospheric CO2 (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography, Wiley, 30(7), pp. 949-968, ISSN: 0883-8305
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    On the Southern Ocean CO2 uptake and the role of the biological carbon pump in the 21st century (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Wiley, 29(9), pp. 1451-1470, ISSN: 0886-6236
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-06
    Description: We use a suite of eight ocean biogeochemical/ecological general circulation models from the Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 archives to explore the relative roles of changes in winds (positive trend of Southern Annular Mode, SAM) and in warming- and freshening-driven trends of upper ocean stratification in altering export production and CO2 uptake in the Southern Ocean at the end of the 21st century. The investigated models simulate a broad range of responses to climate change, with no agreement on a dominance of either the SAM or the warming signal south of 44°S. In the southernmost zone, i.e., south of 58°S, they concur on an increase of biological export production, while between 44 and 58°S the models lack consensus on the sign of change in export. Yet in both regions, the models show an enhanced CO2 uptake during spring and summer. This is due to a larger CO2(aq) drawdown by the same amount of summer export production at a higher Revelle factor at the end of the 21st century. This strongly increases the importance of the biological carbon pump in the entire Southern Ocean. In the temperate zone, between 30 and 44°S, all models show a predominance of the warming signal and a nutrient-driven reduction of export production. As a consequence, the share of the regions south of 44°S to the total uptake of the Southern Ocean south of 30°S is projected to increase at the end of the 21st century from 47 to 66% with a commensurable decrease to the north. Despite this major reorganization of the meridional distribution of the major regions of uptake, the total uptake increases largely in line with the rising atmospheric CO2. Simulations with the MITgcm-REcoM2 model show that this is mostly driven by the strong increase of atmospheric CO2, with the climate-driven changes of natural CO2 exchange offsetting that trend only to a limited degree (∼10%) and with negligible impact of climate effects on anthropogenic CO2 uptake when integrated over a full annual cycle south of 30°S.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 11
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    Crustal thickness and Vp/Vs ratio in NW Namibia from receiver functions: Evidence for magmatic underplating due to mantle plume-crust interaction (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 42(9), pp. 3330-3337, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-31
    Description: A seismological network was operated at the junction of the aseismic Walvis Ridge with the northwestern Namibian coast. We mapped crustal thickness and bulk Vp/Vs ratio by the H-k analysis of receiver functions. In the Damara Belt, the crustal thickness is ~35 km with a Vp/Vs ratio of 〈1.75. The crust is ~30 km thick at the coast in the Kaoko Belt. Strong variations in crustal thickness and Vp/Vs ratios are found at the landfall of the Walvis Ridge. Here and at ~150 km northeast of the coast, the crustal thickness increases dramatically reaching 44 km and the Vp/Vs ratios are extremely high (~1.89). These anomalies are interpreted as magmatic underplating produced by the mantle plume during the breakup of Gondwana. The area affected by the plume is smaller than 300 km in diameter, possibly ruling out the existence of a large plume head under the continent during the breakup.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
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    Probabilistic short-term volcanic hazard in phases of unrest: A case study for tephra fallout (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: During volcanic crises, volcanologists estimate the impact of possible imminent eruptions usually through deterministic modeling of the effects of one or a few preestablished scenarios. Despite such an approach may bring an important information to the decision makers, the sole use of deterministic scenarios does not allow scientists to properly take into consideration all uncertainties, and it cannot be used to assess quantitatively the risk because the latter unavoidably requires a probabilistic approach. We present a model based on the concept of Bayesian event tree (hereinafter named BET_VH_ST, standing for Bayesian event tree for short-term volcanic hazard), for short-term near-real-time probabilistic volcanic hazard analysis formulated for any potential hazardous phenomenon accompanying an eruption. The specific goal of BET_VH_ST is to produce a quantitative assessment of the probability of exceedance of any potential level of intensity for a given volcanic hazard due to eruptions within restricted time windows (hours to days) in any area surrounding the volcano, accounting for all natural and epistemic uncertainties. BET_VH_ST properly assesses the conditional probability at each level of the event tree accounting for any relevant information derived from the monitoring system, theoretical models, and the past history of the volcano, propagating any relevant epistemic uncertainty underlying these assessments. As an application example of the model, we apply BET_VH_ST to assess short-term volcanic hazard related to tephra loading during Major Emergency Simulation Exercise, a major exercise at Mount Vesuvius that took place from 19 to 23 October 2006, consisting in a blind simulation of Vesuvius reactivation, from the early warning phase up to the final eruption, including the evacuation of a sample of about 2000 people from the area at risk. The results show that BET_VH_ST is able to produce short-term forecasts of the impact of tephra fall during a rapidly evolving crisis, accurately accounting for and propagating all uncertainties and enabling rational decision making under uncertainty.
    Description: Published
    Description: 8805–8826
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: embargoed_20161231
    Keywords: short-term probabilistic volcanic hazard analysis ; bayesian event tree ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Laboratory activities for seismic and volcanic hazards education: a challenge for scientists (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Balanced information and education are fundamental prerequisites for risk prevention and preparedness. Among others, children embody our best chance to implant appropriate behaviors that will be recalled during hazardous situations and to involve adults according to a knowledge chain reaction. In this work, scientists challenge their communication skills to built a set of hands-on and learn-by-play based laboratory activities, for primary and secondary schools, addressing three major issues: (1) the location of earthquakes and volcanoes on Earth; (2) earthquakes and eruptions mechanisms; (3) earthquakes unpredictability. Students are asked to place volcanoes and earthquakes epicenters (issue 1) on a wooden plate puzzle according to Plate dynamics. To addresses eruption mechanisms (issue 2) and related hazard, we use backing soda forced blowing out from a volcano vent and suggest that a pyroclastic flow is fast, it can spread over a large area and raise high up to the stratosphere. Earthquake mechanisms (issue 2) are discussed describing the energy buildup, release, and transfer, using a wooden sticks bendand- break analogy. The display of acoustic waves caused by the breakage in different situations allows understanding of both the rupture energy and the wave attenuation. Earthquakes occurrence (issue 3) is addressed using steadily pulled blocks sliding on a frictional surface, where pins simulate asperities. These activities were tested, involving thousands of students. Discussions with students and teachers and the analysis of the answers to specific questionnaires gave us confidence that we proposed proper tools to raise risk awareness
    Description: Published
    Description: 89-93
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Seismic and volcanic hazards, Outreach, Education ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 14
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    Cloudy with a Chance of ideas! ( Piovono idee!): an interactive learning experience on hydrogeological risk and climate change (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On October 25th 2011 a devastating flood hit the Vara and Magra valleys in Italy and left an unforgettable scratch in the inhabitants’ minds. Cloudy with a Chance of ideas! (Piovono idee!) is an active journey of discovery and training on hydrogeological risk and climate change. Land preservation and safety of people living on it are issues, which we would like to help citizens get perception about, in order to instill awareness on the actions that can be taken towards risk mitigation. Cloudy with a Chance of ideas! stemmed from this belief, and it is the result of a collaborative planning in which primary and secondary school students, living within cities heavily hit by the flood, took actively part. Children were helped by experts and scientists to build an exhibition devoted to hydrogeological risk. Here interactive workspaces, games and educational laboratories, allow visitors explore concepts, phenomena and their consequences on land and inhabitants. Issues are addressed from a daily actions perspective, where everybody might make the difference towards sustainability and trigger good practices on natural hazards risk reduction.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121-124
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: hydrogeological risk, climate change, prevention, environmental impact, territory. ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Prediction of the shear wave velocity Vs from CPT and DMT at research sites (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The paper examines the correlations to obtain rough estimates of the shear wave velocity VS from nonseismic dilatometer tests (DMT) and cone penetration tests (CPT). While the direct measurement of VS is obviously preferable, these correlations may turn out useful in various circumstances. The experimental results at six international research sites suggest that the DMT predictions of VS from the parameters ID (material index), KD (horizontal stress index), MDMT (constrained modulus) are more reliable and consistent than the CPT predictions from qc (cone resistance), presumably because of the availability, by DMT, of the stress history index KD.
    Description: Published
    Description: 83-92
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: horizontal stress index ; shear wave velocity ; flat dilatometer test ; cone penetration test ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Perception of risk for volcanic hazard in Indian Ocean: La Réunion Island case study. (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: In 2011 a research project on volcanic risk assessment at La Réunion Island (Project Aléa, Institute de Physique du Globe de Paris, France) was conducted in order to determine more efficient strategies to manage future volcanic crises. The project included the evaluation of volcanic scenarios through field and historical data analysis, as well as a survey on volcanic risk perception in resident population. A clear scientific information and an effective communication with public play a crucial role in risk mitigation strategies. In particular, the evaluation of the public perception during both volcanic crises and dormant periods is an important element in developing actions focused on specific social and cultural contexts. A questionnaire was developed based on the ones used in similar researches conducted on Italian active volcanoes. Items were designed to measure variables connected with personal perception of hazard and risk, trust in mitigation actions and in information received about these aspects. In addition, specific items related to the peculiarities of La Réunion Island environment were included. A total of 2,000 questionnaires were distributed taking into account factors such as the proximity to the volcano and the involvement of communities in recent volcanic emergencies. Main results coming out from this survey, if on the one hand show an adequate residents’ perception of natural hazards, on the other hand highlight their poor knowledge of the island’ active volcano, a similar lacking knowledge of emergency plan for volcanic crises, but also a high confidence in scientists to provide accurate and reliable information on volcanic risk and hazards in contrast with Local Authorities. Remarkable findings of this study assess some key elements that should be considered by the institutions in charge for defining policies aimed to volcanic risk mitigation and management of future volcanic crises.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: risk perception, volcanic hazards ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 17
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    Long-term TIR imagery processing for spatiotemporal monitoring of surface thermal features in volcanic environment: A case study in the Campi Flegrei (Southern Italy) (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Different procedures were used to analyze a comprehensive time series of nighttime thermal infrared images acquired from October 2006 to June 2013 by a permanent station at Pisciarelli (Campi Flegrei, Italy). The methodologies were aimed at the detection and quantification of possible spatiotemporal changes in the ground-surface thermal features of an area affected by diffuse degassing. Long-term infrared time series images were processed without taking into account atmospheric conditions and emissivity estimations. The data obtained were compared with the trends of independent geophysical and geochemical parameters, which suggested that long-term temporal variations of the surface maximum temperatures were governed by the dynamics of the deeper hydrothermal system. Analogously, the dynamics of the shallow hydrothermal system are likely to control the short-period thermal oscillations that overlie the long-term thermal signals. The map of the yearly rates of temperature change shows temperature increases clustered in the thermal anomalous area of the infrared images, without evidence of modifications to the extension of the anomaly or of growth of new areas with significant thermal emission. This suggests that in the present state, the heat transfer is mainly due to hot gas emission through preexisting fractures and vents. Our data indicate that the comprehensive picture of the spatiotemporal evolution of the thermal features of the hydrothermal sites obtained by long-term infrared monitoring can provide useful information toward refining physical and conceptual models, as well as improving surveillance of active volcanoes.
    Description: The TIR monitoring system was partially funded by the 2000–2006 National Operating Programme and by the Italian Civil Protection Department in the framework of the 2004–2006 agreement with the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia.
    Description: Published
    Description: 812–826
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Thermal Infrared Monitoring ; Campi Flegrei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 18
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    Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 7: Education, Professional Ethics and Public Recognition of Engineering Geology (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This book is one out of 8 IAEG XII Congress volumes, and deals with education and the professional ethics, which scientists, regulators, and practitioners of engineering geology inevitably have to face through the purposes, methods, limitations, and findings of their works. This volume presents contributions on the professional responsibilities of engineering geologists; the interaction of engineering geologists with other professionals; recognition of the engineering geological profession and its particular contribution to society, culture, and economy; and implications for the education of engineering geologists at tertiary level and in further education schemes. Issues treated in this volume are: the position of engineering geology within the geo-engineering profession; professional ethics and communication; resource use and re-use; managing risk in a litigious world; engineering and geological responsibility; and engineering geology at tertiary level. The Engineering Geology for Society and Territory volumes of the IAEG XII Congress held in Torino from September 15-19, 2014, analyze the dynamic role of engineering geology in our changing world and build on the four main themes of the congress: Environment, processes, issues, and approaches.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geoeducation ; Professional Ethics ; Engineering Geology ; Communication ; Society ; Risks management ; Georesources ; Geological responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 19
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    Natural Gas Seepage (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Published
    Description: 7A. Geofisica di esplorazione
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Gas seepage, methane ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
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  • 20
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    Geosystemics, entropy and criticality of earthquakes: a vision of our planet and a key of access (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Earth is a system of interconnected systems, whose complexity is far from being fully understood by a reductionist approach alone. In this chapter we introduce the concept of geosystemics and the use of the entropy to characterize some aspects of the phenomena under study. We will show how entropy and criticality of the system are central to better understand the most important general features of earthquakes. We will analyze two recent seismic sequences culminated with a main-shock (2009 L’Aquila and 2012 Emilia, both in Italy) to show the potential of this approach and to understand some important characteristics of the seismicity under scrutiny.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-20
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: geosystemics, earthquake, complexity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 21
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    Geoethical aspects in the natural hazards management (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The defence against natural hazards involves many actors with different roles: geoscientists, decision makers, local authorities, mass media, citizens. A proper management of georisks requires that each role is well-defined and governed by shared operational protocols, especially during the emergency phase, so that overlapping and misunderstanding don’t jeopardize population safety and economic activities. To achieve good results in this direction, it is necessary to undertake a careful evaluation of the limits and expectations of each component of society and the respect of legitimate aspirations and prerogatives. An effective defence system against natural hazards should be planned rationally and based on scientific data, in order to avoid alarmism among citizens, misleading sensationalism by media, careless decisions by politicians, as well as approximation in managing different phases of the risk cycle. Taking into consideration geoethical aspects related to natural hazards can be helpful to make geoscientists aware of their responsibilities towards society and to clarify the role they can play in the interaction with other actors, aiming at more efficacious actions for georisk mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 59-62
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Natural hazards ; Risks ; Society ; Responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 22
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    What’s the seismic risk perception in Italy? (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Risk perception is a fundamental element in the definition and the adoption of preventive counter-measures. In order to develop effective information and risk communication strategies, the perception of risks and the influencing factors should be known. This paper presents preliminary results of a survey on seismic risk perception in Italy. The research design combines a psychometric and a cultural theoretic approach. More than 5,000 on-line tests have been compiled from January 23rd till July 25th, 2013. The data collected show that in Italy seismic risk perception is strongly underestimated; 86 on 100 Italian citizens, living in the most dangerous zone (namely Zone 1), do not have a correct perception of seismic hazard. From these observations we deem that extremely urgent measures are required in Italy to reach an effective way to communicate seismic risk"This study has benefited from funding provided by the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri - Dipartimento di Protezione Civile (DPC). This paper does not necessarily represent DPC official opinion and policies".
    Description: Published
    Description: 69-75
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Risk perception ; Seismic hazard ; Hazard communication ; Seismic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 23
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    Natural tritium determination in groundwater on Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy) (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Tritium is a naturally occurring radionuclide, due to interactions of cosmic-rays with the upper layers of the atmosphere; but its presence in the environment is mainly due to residual fallout from nuclear weapons atmosphere tests, carried out from 1952 till 1980. Tritium reaches the Earth’s surface mainly in the form of precipitation, becoming part of the hydrological cycle, then the interest of tritium content analysis in drinking water is both for dosimetry and health-risk and for using tritium as a natural tracer in the groundwater circulation system. This paper presents results from a survey carried out in the Mt. Etna area (east and west flanks) and in the southern side of Nebrodi in Sicily (Italy), in order to determine tritium activity concentrations in water samples by using liquid scintillation counter. The investigated areas show quite low tritium concentrations, much below the Italian limit of 100 Bq L-1 for drinking water and even comparable with the minimum detectable activity value. The effective dose due to tritium for public drinking water consumption was also evaluated.
    Description: Published
    Description: 861-866
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Tritium ; Tritiated water ; Liquid scintillation ; Mt. Etna ; Drinking water ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.07. Radioactivity and isotopes
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  • 24
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    Archeoseismology in Sicily: past earthquakes and effects on society (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This work presents a review of archeological evidence of strong earthquakes occurring in Sicily at a time of Greek and Roman colonization, a period of considerable political, economic and social instability. In this historical context, the earthquake effects may have been obscured or overlooked to some extent and consequently the documentary information on ancient earthquakes, when available, is often sparse and lacking objectivity. The studied cases combine historical and archaeological data together with the evidence of structural damage to archaeological sites. Looking into past, the vocation of archaeoseismology lies in the identification of past seismic events, and particularly what the ancient society knew on earthquakes, and what kind of seismic effects produced on buildings and sites.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 491-504
    Description: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Archaeoseismology ; Historical seismicity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 25
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    A comparison of surface and underground array measurements of ambient noise recorded in Naples (Italy). (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Abstract In this study, we describe two experiments of seismic noise measurements carried out in Naples, Italy. The site allowed measurements to be obtained both at the surface and in a tunnel that is 120-m-deep. The main goal was to compare the seismic response evaluated at the surface to the in-tunnel response, through spectral, polarization, and resonance directivity analyses. In the 1 to 20 Hz frequency band, the noise level was up to 15 dB higher at the surface than in the tunnel. The polarization properties and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios appear not to be influenced by the tunnel geometry or by the topography. Some preferential alignments were observed in the polarization azimuths computed at the surface, which are likely to be due to local sources, rather than morphological features. The absence of directivity effects and the low noise levels in the tunnel make this site suitable for installing seismic stations. We also studied how the subsoil structure affects the seismic motion at the surface. The dispersive properties of the Rayleigh waves were investigated using the spatial autocorrelation method. A joint inversion of the dispersion data and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios provided the subsurface Vs profile. The derived model has a low velocity contrast at depth, such as to generate moderate and broad H/V spectral ratio peak amplitude. The normalized spectral ratio appears more appropriate to identify the soil-resonance frequencies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 385 - 400
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: seismic noise ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
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    Seismic Microzonation in a Small Municipality: The Canazei Case Study (Trentino, N Italy) (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: The results of a detailed seismic microzonation study performed at Canazei (Trentino—Northern Italy) are here presented. We investigated the local seismic response of this small village using a Level 3 seismic microzonation, the most accurate according to the Italian Code of Seismic Microzonation. This method consists of gradual steps of knowledge to consider different aspects of the amplification phenomena. A multidisciplinary approach has been performed, including a local geological study, geophysical investigations, geotechnical characterization of lithologies and numerical analyses. The obtained elastic response spectra were compared to the spectra prescribed by the Italian Building Code. Our results show the geologic and geophysical subsoil heterogeneities, responsible for different local seismic responses in terms of acceleration spectra and amplification factors.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1085-1089
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic microzonation ; Response spectra ; Amplification factor ; Canazei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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    Geoscientific Communication Problem with Communities for Disaster Prevention and Land Planning in Peru (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: The communication process between the geoscientists and native communities in risk areas can significantly affect disaster prevention and land use planning. In Peru, the problem of disaster prevention is a fundamental policy due to unfamiliarity and deficiency of the associate information on the population. It is possible that talk of disaster prevention it will be an unlikely ideal in a country where most towns have settled on unplanned projects by the constant change and the lack of interest from the authorities in such topics. However, it is anachronistic that the rural communities and towns continue to live without a plan to enable them to improve their quality of life. The correct use of geoscience information in the mass media can help in this work. The characteristics of the enterprise in Peru require more training by professionals in the geosciences and support communication specialists. In this paper, we analyze the problem of communication for disaster prevention in Peru, with the aim of contributing to the articulation of a disaster prevention strategy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 81-83
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Communication process ; Disaster prevention ; Risk management ; Peru ; Geoethics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 28
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    Glacial-to interglacial changes in nitrate supply and consumption in the subarctic North Pacific from microfossil-bound N isotopes at two trophic levels (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography, Wiley, 30, ISSN: 0883-8305
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-09
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 29
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    The Kongsfjorden Channel System offshore NW Svalbard: downslope sedimentary processes in a contour-current-dominated setting (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Arktos, Springer, 1(1), ISSN: 2364-9453
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-03
    Description: Submarine channel systems on and off glaciated continental margins can be up to hundreds of kilometres long, tens of kilometres wide and hundreds of metres deep. They result from repeated erosion and various downslope processes predominantly during glacial periods and can, therefore, provide valuable tools for the reconstruction of past ice-sheet dynamics. The Kongsfjorden Channel System (KCS) on the continental slope off northwest Svalbard provides evidence that downslope sedimentary processes are locally more dominant than regional along-slope sedimentation. It is a relatively short channel system (*120 km) that occurs at a large range of water depths (*250–4000 m) with slope gradients varying between 0 and 20. Multiple gullies on the Kongsfjorden Trough Mouth Fan merge to small channels that further merge to a main channel. The overall location of the channel system is controlled by variations in slope gradients and the ambient regional bathymetry. The widest and deepest incisions occur in areas of the steepest slope gradients. The KCS has probably been active since *1 Ma when glacial activity on Svalbard increased and grounded ice expanded to the shelf break off Kongsfjorden repeatedly. Activity within the system was probably highest during glacials. However, reduced activity presumably took place also during interglacials.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 30
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    The offshore East African Rift system: structural framework at the toe of a juvenile rift (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Tectonics, Wiley, 34, pp. 2086-2104, ISSN: 0278-7407
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-21
    Description: The Cenozoic East African Rift System (EARS) extends from the Red Sea to Mozambique. Here we use seismic reflection and bathymetric data to investigate the tectonic evolution of the offshore branch of the EARS. The data indicate multiple and time transgressive neotectonic deformations along ~800km of the continental margin of northern Mozambique. We observe a transition from a mature rift basin in the north to a juvenile fault zone in the south. The respective timing of deformation is derived from detailed seismic stratigraphy. In the north, a ~30km wide and more than 150km long, N-S striking symmetric graben initiated as half-graben in the late Miocene. Extension accelerated in the Pliocene, causing a continuous conjugate border fault and symmetric rift graben. Coevally, the rift started to propagate southward, which resulted in a present-day ~30km wide half-graben, approximately 200km farther south. Since the Pleistocene, the rift has continued to propagate another ~300km, where the incipient rift is reflected by subrecent small-scale normal faulting. Estimates of the overall brittle extension of the matured rift range between 5 and 12km, with an along-strike southward decrease of the extension rate. The offshore portion of the EARS evolves magma poor, similar to the onshore western branch. The structural evolution of the offshore EARS is suggested to be related to and controlled by differing inherited lithospheric fabrics. Preexisting fabrics may not only guide and focus extension but also control rift architecture.
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  • 31
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    Salt exchange in the Indian-Atlantic Ocean Gateway since the LGM: A compensating effect between Agulhas Current changes and salinity variations? (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography, Wiley, 30, ISSN: 0883-8305
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The import of relatively salty water masses from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic is considered to be important for the operational mode of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, the occurrence and the origin of changes in this import behavior on millennial and glacial/interglacial timescales remains equivocal. Here we reconstruct multiproxy paleosalinity changes in the Agulhas Current since the Last Glacial Maximum and compare the salinity pattern with records from the Indian-Atlantic Ocean Gateway (I-AOG) and model simulations using a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model. The reconstructed paleosalinity pattern in the Agulhas Current displays coherent variability with changes recorded in the wider I-AOG region over the last glacial termination. We infer that salinities simultaneously increased in both areas consistent with a quasi interhemispheric salt-seesaw response, analogous to the thermal bipolar seesaw in response to a reduced cross-hemispheric heat and salt exchange during times of weakened AMOC. Interestingly, these hydrographic shifts can also be recognized in the wider Southern Hemisphere, which indicates that salinity anomalies are not purely restricted to the Agulhas Current System itself. More saline upstream Agulhas waters were propagated to the I-AOG during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1). However, the salt flux into the South Atlantic might have been reduced due to a decreased volume transport through the I-AOG during the AMOC slowdown associated with HS1. Hence, our combined data-model interpretation suggests that intervals with higher salinity in the Agulhas Current source region are not necessarily an indicator for an increased salt import via the I-AOG into the South Atlantic.
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  • 32
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    Recent foraminifera in the Arctic Ocean and Kara Sea continental margin (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Arktos, Springer, pp. 0-17
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-28
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 33
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    Climate change and marine benthos: a review of existing research and future directions in the North Atlantic (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, Wiley, ISSN: 1757-7799
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-20
    Description: There is growing evidence that climate change could affectmarine benthic systems. This review provides information of climate change-related impacts on the marine benthos in the North Atlantic. We cover a number of related research aspects, mainly in connection to two key issues. First, is the relationship between different physical aspects of climate change and the marine benthos. This section covers: (a) the responses to changes in seawater temperature (biogeographic shifts and phenology); (b) altered Hydrodynamics; (c) ocean acidification (OA); and (d) sea-level rise-coastal squeeze. The second major issue addressed is the possible integrated impact of climate change on the benthos. This work is based on relationships between proxies for climate variability, notably the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, and the long-term marine benthos. The final section of our review provides a series of conclusions and future directions to support climate change research on marine benthic systems.
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  • 34
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    Confocal Raman microscopy in sclerochronology: A powerful tool to visualize environmental information in recent and fossil biogenic archives (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Wiley, 16
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Biological hard parts and skeletons of aquatic organisms often archive information of past environmental conditions. Deciphering such information forms an essential contribution to our understanding of past climate conditions and thus our ability to mitigate the climatic, ecological, and social impacts of a rapidly changing environment. Several established techniques enable the visualization and reliable use of the information stored in anatomical features of such biogenic archives, i.e., its growth patterns. Here, we test whether confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) is a suitable method to reliably identify growth patterns in the commonly used archive Arctica islandica and the extinct species Pygocardia rustica (both Bivalvia). A modern A. islandica specimen from Norway has been investigated to verify the general feasibility of CRM, resulting in highly correlated standardized growth indices (r〉0.96; p〈0.0001) between CRM-derived measurements and measurements derived from the established methods of fluorescence microscopy and Mutvei’s solution staining. This demonstrates the general suitability of CRM as a method for growth pattern evaluation and cross-dating applications. Moreover, CRM may be of particular interest for paleoenvironmental reconstructions, as it yielded superior results in the analysis of fossil shell specimens (A. islandica and P. rustica) compared to both Mutvei staining and fluorescence microscopy. CRM is a reliable and valuable tool to visualize internal growth patterns in both modern and fossil calcium carbonate shells that notably also facilitates the assessment of possible diagenetic alteration prior to geochemical analysis without geochemically compromising the sample. We strongly recommend the CRM approach for the visualization of growth patterns in fossil biogenic archives, where conventional methods fail to produce useful results.
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  • 35
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    Pteropod sedimentation patterns in different water depths observed with moored sediment traps over a 4-year period at the LTER station HAUSGARTEN in eastern Fram Strait (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biol, Springer, ISSN: 0722-4000
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Pteropods are important organisms in highlatitude ecosystems, and they are expected to severely suffer from climate change in the near future. In this study, sedimentation patterns of two pteropod species, the polar Limacina helicina and the subarctic boreal L. retroversa, are presented. Time series data received by moored sediment traps at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Observatory HAUSGARTEN in eastern Fram Strait were analyzed during the years 2008 to 2012. Results were derived from four different deployment depths (200, 1,250, 2,400, and 2,550 m) at two different sites (79°N 04'200E; 79°430N 04'300E). A species-specific sedimentation pattern was present at all depths and at both sites showing maximal flux rates during September/October for L. helicina and in November/December for L. retroversa. The polar L. helicina was outnumbered by L. retroversa (55–99 %) at both positions and at all depths supporting the recently observed trend toward the dominance of the subarctic boreal species. The largest decrease in pteropod abundance occurred within the mesopelagic zone (*200–1,250 m), indicating loss via microbial degradation and grazing. Pteropod carbonate (aragonite) amounted up to *75 % of the total carbonate flux at 200 m and 2–13 % of the aragonite found in the shallow traps arrived at the deep sediment traps (*160 m above the seafloor), revealing the significance of pteropods in carbonate export at Fram Strait. Our results emphasize the relevance and the need for continuation of long-term studies to detect and trace changes in pteropod abundances and community composition and thus in the vertical transport of aragonite.
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  • 36
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    Annual changes of aerosol optical depth and Ångström exponent over Spitsbergen (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Free Preview Impact of Climate Changes on Marine Environments, Book, Springer, 15 p., pp. 23-37, ISBN: 978-3-319-14282-1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-05
    Description: This book contributes to the current discussion on global environmental changes by discussing modifications in marine ecosystems related to global climate changes. In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate changes are associated with shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen concentration and ocean acidification, which have significant biological effects on a regional and global scale. Knowing how these changes affect the distribution and abundance of plankton in the ocean currents is crucial to our understanding of how climate change impacts the marine environment. Ocean temperatures, weather and climatic changes greatly influence the amount and location of nutrients in the water column. If temperatures and currents change, the plankton production cycle may not coincide with the reproduction cycle of fish. The above changes are closely related to the changes in radiative forcing, which initiate feedback mechanisms like changes in surface temperature, circulation, and atmospheric chemistry.
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  • 37
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    Mineral dust variability in Antarctic ice for different climate conditions (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics, Springer Briefs in Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 89-95, ISBN: 978-3-319-00692-5
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: This study aims to understand the dust deposition changes on the Antarctic ice sheet in different climatic stages. To this end high resolution dust concentration and size profiles from the EPICA-DML ice core over the transition from the last Glacial to the Holocene (T1) were combined with model experiments for four interglacial time slices and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). A strong decrease in dust concentration (factor 46) and a slight increase in dust size was observed during T1. A strong coupling between transport and intensified sources during the Glacial could be derived from the seasonal variability of concentration and size and its phase-lag. This strong coupling vanishes during the Holocene. The model simulates increased dust deposition in Antarctica for all past interglacial time slices compared to the pre-industrial period. The major cause for the increase is enhanced Southern Hemisphere dust emission, but changes in atmospheric transport are also relevant. The maximum dust deposition in Antarctica is simulated for the LGM, showing a 10-fold increase compared to preindustrial conditions.
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  • 38
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    Cell-vertex discretization of shallow water equations on mixed unstructured meshes (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Ocean Dynamics, Springer, 65(1), pp. 33-47, ISSN: 1616-7341
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Finite-volume discretizations can be formulated on unstructured meshes composed of different polygons. A staggered cell-vertex finite-volume discretization of shallow water equations is analyzed on mixed meshes composed of triangles and quads. Although triangular meshes are most flexible geometrically, quads are more efficient numerically and do not support spurious inertial modes of triangular cell- vertex discretization. Mixed meshes composed of triangles and quads combine benefits of both. In particular, triangular transitional zones can be used to join quadrilateral meshes of differing resolution. Based on a set of examples involving shallow water equations, it is shown that mixed meshes offer a viable approach provided some background biharmonic viscosity (or the biharmonic filter) is added to stabilize the triangular part of the mesh.
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    Snow Accumulation In North Greenland Over The Last Millenium (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Springer Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg, Springer, 9 p., pp. 197-205, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-14
    Description: Knowledge of snow accumulation rates of the large polar ice sheets and their variability over time is crucial for mass budget studies and sea level predictions. Here we present mean long-term snow accumulation rates of 12 shallow ice cores drilled by the North Greenland traverse in the northern part of Greenland. The ice core records cover the last 500 to 1000 years. We find a trend of decreasing accumulation rate from the southwest (~180 mmWE/a) to northeast (~95 mmWE/a). Ice divide sites show higher accumulation rates but also higher variability (up to 20%) than sites off the ice divides (less than 10%). Unlike a recent modeling study our results indicate no change in the accumulation in the north of Greenland during the last 400 years
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    A stability-dependent parametrization of transfer coefficients for momentum and heat over polar sea ice to be used in climate models (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Wiley, 120, pp. 1-30, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-17
    Description: The interaction between sea ice and atmosphere depends strongly on the near-surface transfer coefficients for momentum and heat. A parametrization of these coefficients is developed on the basis of an existing parametrization of drag coefficients for neutral stratification that accounts for form drag caused by the edges of ice floes and melt ponds. This scheme is extended to better account for the dependence of surface wind on limiting cases of high and low ice concentration and to include near-surface stability effects over open water and ice on form drag. The stability correction is formulated on the basis of stability functions from Monin-Obukhov similarity theory and also using the Louis concept with stability functions depending on the bulk Richardson numbers. Furthermore, a parametrization is proposed that includes the effect of edge-related turbulence also on heat transfer coefficients. The parametrizations are available in different levels of complexity. The lowest level only needs sea ice concentration and surface temperature as input, while the more complex level needs additional sea ice characteristics. An important property of our parametrization is that form drag caused by ice edges depends on the stability over both ice and water which is in contrast to the skin drag over ice. Results of the parametrization show that stability has a large impact on form drag and, thereby, determines the value of sea ice concentration for which the transfer coefficients reach their maxima. Depending on the stratification, these maxima can occur anywhere between ice concentrations of 20 and 80%.
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    Bivalve Shells—Unique High-Resolution Archives of the Environmental Past (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, 251 p., pp. 173-182, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-11
    Description: Understanding the climate of the past is essential for anticipating future climate change. Palaeoclimatic archives are the key to the past, but few marine archives (including tropical corals) combine long recording times (decades to centuries) with high temporal resolution (decadal to intra-annual). In temperate and polar regions carbonate shells can perform the equivalent function as a proxy archive as corals do in the tropics. The bivalve Arctica islandica is a particularly unique bio-archive owing to its wide distribution throughout the North Atlantic and its extreme longevity (up to 500 years). This paper exemplifies how information at intra-annual and decadal scales is derived from A. islandica shells and combined into a detailed picture of past conditions. Oxygen isotope analysis (δ18O) provides information on the intra-annual temperature cycle while frequency analysis of shell growth records identifies decadal variability such as a distinct 5-year signal, which might be linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation.
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    A Sediment Budget for the Transkei Basin, Southwest Indian Ocean (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Geophysical Reseach, Springer, 36, pp. 281-291
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-06
    Description: Deep sea sediment budgets can be used to constrain erosion rates in the neighboring continents from which the material was derived. Here we construct a sediment budget for the Transkei Basin, offshore South Africa using an existing seismic reflection survey and dated by correlation of seismic attributes to dated sections in nearby basins. Backstripping of the sections reveals that sediment accumulation rates fell from 110 to 11 Ma, with a possible period of rapid accumulation from 36 to 34 Ma that may be driven by strengthening of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). The long term trend is linked to erosional degradation of the onshore continental escarpment, formed as a consequence of continental break-up. No change is noted at 30 Ma, coincident with proposed uplift of southern Africa driven by plume activity. The basin shows a significant increase in sediment accumulation after 11 Ma, which we interpret to reflect strengthening and rerouting of the AABW from the south into Transkei Basin, as a far field effect of the start of closure of the Indonesian Throughflow.
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  • 43
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    Pushing the boundaries: Glacial/interglacial variability of intermediate and deep waters in the southwest Pacific over the last 350,000 years (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography, Wiley, 30(2), pp. 23-38, ISSN: 0883-8305
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Glacial/interglacial changes in Southern Ocean’s air-sea gas exchange have been considered as important mechanisms contributing to the glacial/interglacial variability in atmospheric CO2. Hence, understanding past variability in Southern Ocean intermediate to deep water chemistry and circulation is fundamental to constrain the role of these processes on modulating glacial/interglacial changes in the global carbon cycle. Our study focused on the glacial/interglacial variability in the vertical extent of southwest Pacific Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). We compared carbon and oxygen isotope records from epibenthic foraminifera of sediment cores bathed in modern AAIW and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW; 943–2066 m water depth) to monitor changes in water mass circulation spanning the past 350,000 years. We propose that pronounced freshwater input by melting sea ice into the glacial AAIW significantly hampered the downward expansion of southwest Pacific AAIW, consistent with climate model results for the Last Glacial Maximum. This process led to a pronounced upward displacement of the AAIW-UCDW interface during colder climate conditions and therefore to an expansion of the glacial carbon pool.
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    Regionally coupled atmosphere‐ocean‐ sea ice‐marine biogeochemistry model ROM: 1. Description and validation. (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Wiley, ISSN: 1942-2466
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-17
    Description: The general circulation models used to simulate global climate typically feature resolution too coarse to reproduce many smaller scale processes, which are crucial to determining the regional responses to climate change. A novel approach to downscale climate change scenarios is presented which includes the interactions between the North Atlantic Ocean and the European shelves as well as their impact on the North Atlantic and European climate. The goal of this paper is to introduce the global ocean – regional atmosphere coupling concept and to show the potential benefits of this model system to simulate present day climate. A global ocean – sea ice – marine biogeochemistry model (MPIOM/HAMOCC) with regionally high horizontal resolution is coupled to an atmospheric regional model (REMO) and global terrestrial hydrology model (HD) via the OASIS coupler. Moreover, results obtained with ROM using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and ECHAM5/MPIOM CMIP3 historical simulations as boundary conditions are presented and discussed for the North Atlantic and North European region. The validation of all the model components, i.e. ocean, atmosphere, terrestrial hydrology and ocean biogeochemistry is performed and discussed. The careful and detailed validation of ROM provides evidence that the proposed model system improves the simulation of many aspects of the regional climate, remarkably the ocean, even though some biases persist in other model components, thus leaving potential for future improvement. We conclude that ROM is a powerful tool to estimate possible impacts of climate change on the regional scale.
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    Sources of new nitrogen in the Indian Ocean (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Wiley, 29, ISSN: 0886-6236
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-19
    Description: Quantifying the different sources of nitrogen (N) within the N cycle is crucial to gain insights in oceanic phytoplankton production. To understand the controls of primary productivity and the associated capture of CO2 through photosynthesis in the southeastern Indian Ocean, we compiled the physical and biogeochemical data from four voyages conducted in 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013. Overall, higher NH4 assimilation rates (~530 μmolm-2 h-1) relative to NO3 assimilation rates (~375 μmolm!2 h!1) suggest that the assimilation dynamics of C are primarily regulated by microbial regeneration in our region. N2 fixation rates did not decline when other source of dissolved inorganic nitrogen were available, although the assimilation of N2 is a highly energetic process. Our data showed that the diazotrophic community assimilated ~2 nmol N L!1 h!1 at relative elevated NH4 assimilation rates ~12 nmol L-1 h-1 and NO3 assimilation rates ~6 nmol L!1 h!1. The small diffusive deep water NO3 fluxes could not support the measured NO3 assimilation rates and consequently point toward another source of dissolved inorganic NO3. Highest NO2! values coincided consistently with shallow lower dissolved O2 layers (100–200 m; 100–180 μmol L-1). These results suggest that nitrification above the pycnocline could be a significant component of the N cycle in the eastern Indian Ocean. In our analysis we provide a conceptual understanding of how NO3 in the photic zone could be derived from new N through N2 fixation. We conclude with the hypothesis that N injected through N2 fixation can be recycled within the photic zone as NH4 and sequentially oxidized to NO2 and NO3 in shallow lower dissolved oxygen layers.
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    Impacts of Arctic sea-ice and continental snow-cover changes on atmospheric winter teleconnections (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: Extreme winters in Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes in recent years have been connected to declining Arctic sea ice and continental snow-cover changes in autumn following modified planetary waves in the coupled troposphere-stratosphere system. Through analyses of reanalysis data and model simulations with a state-of-the-art atmospheric general circulation model we investigate the mechanisms between Arctic Ocean sea ice and Northern Hemisphere land snow-cover changes in autumn and atmospheric teleconnections in the following winter. The observed negative Arctic Oscillation in response to sea-ice cover changes is too weakly reproduced by the model. The planetary wave train structures over the Pacific and North America region are well simulated. The strengthening and westward shift of the Siberian high pressure system in response to sea-ice and snow-cover changes is underestimated compared to ERA-Interim data due to deficits in the simulated changes in planetary wave propagation characteristics.
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    Evaluation of Eemian and Holocene Climate Trends: Combining Marine Archives with Climate Modelling (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences, Germany, Springer, 5 p., pp. 31-35, ISBN: 978-3-319-00693-2
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-05
    Description: In an attempt to assess trends of Holocene sea-surface temperature (SST), two proxies have been compiled and analyzed in light of model simulations. The data reveal contrasting SST trends, depending upon the proxy used to derive Holocene SST history. To reconcile these mismatches between proxies in the estimated Holocene SST trends, it has been proposed that the Holocene evolution of orbitally-driven seasonality of the incoming radiation is the first-order driving mechanism of the observed SST trends. Such hypothesis has been further tested in numerical models of the Earth system with important implications for SST signals ultimately recorded by marine sediment cores. The analysis of model results and alkenone proxy data for the Holocene indicate a similar pattern in temperature change, but the simulated SST trends underestimate the proxy-based SST trends by a factor of two to five. SST trends based on Mg/Ca show no correspondence with model results. We explore whether the consideration of different growing seasons and depth habitats of the planktonic organisms used for temperature reconstruction could lead to a better agreement of model results with alkenone data on a regional scale. We found that invoking shifts in the living season and habitat depth can remove some of the model–data discrepancies in SST trends. Our results indicate that modeled and reconstructed temperature trends are to a large degree only qualitatively comparable, thus providing at present a challenge for the interpretation of proxy data as well as the model sensitivity to orbital forcing.
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    Basin evolution and palaeoenvironmental variability of the thermokarst lake El’gene-Kyuele, Arctic Siberia (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Boreas, Wiley, 44, pp. 216-229, ISSN: 0300-9483
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-23
    Description: Thermokarst lakes are a widespread feature of the Arctic tundra, in which highly dynamic processes are closely connected with current and past climate changes. We investigated late Quaternary sediment dynamics, basin and shoreline evolution, and environmental interrelations of Lake El’gene-Kyuele in the NE Siberian Arctic (latitude 71°17′N, longitude 125°34′E). The water-body displays thaw-lake characteristics cutting into both Pleistocene Ice Complex and Holocene alas sediments. Our methods are based on grain size distribution, mineralogical composition, TOC/N ratio, stable carbon isotopes and the analysis of plant macrofossils from a 3.5-m sediment profile at the modern eastern lake shore. Our results show two main sources for sediments in the lake basin: terrigenous diamicton supplied from thermokarst slopes and the lake shore, and lacustrine detritus that has mainly settled in the deep lake basin. The lake and its adjacent thermokarst basin rapidly expanded during the early Holocene. This climatically warmer than today period was characterized by forest or forest tundra vegetation composed of larches, birch trees and shrubs. Woodlands of both the HTM and the Late Pleistocene were affected by fire, which potentially triggered the initiation of thermokarst processes resulting later in lake formation and expansion. The maximum lake depth at the study site and the lowest limnic bioproductivity occurred during the longest time interval of ∼7 ka starting in the Holocene Thermal Maximum and lasting throughout the progressively cooler Neoglacial, whereas partial drainage and an extensive shift of the lake shoreline occurred ∼0.9 cal. ka BP. Correspondingly, this study discusses different climatic and environmental drivers for the dynamics of a thermokarst basin.
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    Social recognition in amphipods: An overview (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Social recognition in invertebrates - The knowns and the unknowns, Springer, 16 p., pp. 85-100, ISBN: 978-3-319-17599-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-02
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    Pattern of cryospheric seismic events observed at Ekström ice shelf, Antarctica (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 42, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Mobility of glaciers such as rapid retreat or disintegration of large ice volumes produces a large variety of different seismic signals. Thus, evaluating cryospheric seismic events (e.g. changes of their occurrence in space and time)allows to monitor glacier dynamics. We analyze a one year data span recorded at the Neumayer seismic network in Antarctica. Events are automatically recognized using hidden Markov models. In this study we focused on a specifc event type occurring close to the grounding line of the Ekström ice shelf. Observed waveform characteristics are consistent with an initial fracturing followed by the resonance of a water filled cavity resulting in a so-called hybrid event. The number of events detected strongly correlates with dominant tide periods. We assume the cracking to be driven by existing glacier stresses through bending. Voids are then filled by sea water, exciting the observed resonance. In agreement with this model, events occur almost exclusively during rising tides where cavities are opened at the bottom of the glacier, i.e. at the sea/ice interface.
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    Impact of snow accumulation on CryoSat-2 range retrievals over Arctic sea ice: An observational approach with buoy data (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Radar altimetry measurements of the current satellite mission CryoSat-2 show an increase of Arctic sea ice thickness in autumn 2013, compared to previous years but also related to March 2013. Such an increase over the melting season seems unlikely and needs to be investigated. Recent studies show that the influence of the snow cover is not negligible and can highly affect the CryoSat-2 range retrievals if it is assumed that the main scattering horizon is given by the snow-ice interface. Our analysis of Arctic ice mass balance buoy records and coincident CryoSat-2 data between 2012 and 2014 adds observational evidence to these findings. Linear trends of snow and ice freeboard measurements from buoys and nearby CryoSat-2 freeboard retrievals are calculated during accumulation events. We find a positive correlation between buoy snow freeboard and CryoSat-2 freeboard estimates, revealing that early snow accumulation might have caused a bias in CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness in autumn 2013.
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    A New Digital Bathymetric Model of the World's Oceans (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Earth and Space Science, Wiley, 2, ISSN: 2333-5084
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-10
    Description: General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) has released the GEBCO_2014 grid, a new digital bathymetric model of the world ocean floor merged with land topography from publicly available digital elevation models. GEBCO_2014 has a grid spacing of 30 arc seconds, and updates the 2010 release (GEBCO_08) by incorporating new versions of regional bathymetric compilations from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO), the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO), the Baltic Sea Bathymetry Database (BSBD), and data from the European Marine Observation and Data network (EMODnet) bathymetry portal, among other data sources. Approximately 33% of ocean grid cells (not area) have been updated in GEBCO_2014 from the previous version, including both new interpolated depth values and added soundings. These updates include large amounts of multibeam data collected using modern equipment and navigation techniques, improving portrayed details of the world ocean floor. Of all non-land grid cells in GEBCO_2014, approximately 18% are based on bathymetric control data, i.e., primarily multibeam and single beam soundings, or pre-prepared grids which may contain some interpolated values. The GEBCO_2014 grid has a mean and median depth of 3897 m and 3441 m, respectively. Hypsometric analysis reveals that 50% of the Earth's surface is comprised of seafloor located 3200 m below mean sea level, and that ~900 ship-years of surveying would be needed to obtain complete multibeam coverage of the world's oceans.
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    MIS 3 to MIS 1 temporal and LGM spatial variability in Arctic Ocean sea-ice cover: Reconstruction from biomarkers (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography, Wiley, ISSN: 0883-8305
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-28
    Description: Using the sea ice proxy IP25 and phytoplankton-derived biomarkers (brassicasterol and dinosterol) Arctic sea-ice conditions were reconstructed for Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 to 1 - with special emphasis on the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) - in sediment cores from the northern Barents Sea continental margin across the Central Arctic Ocean to the Southern Mendeleev Ridge. Our results suggest more extensive sea-ice cover than present-day during latter part of MIS 3, increasing sea-ice growth during MIS 2 and decreased sea-ice cover during the last deglacial. The summer ice edge remained north of the Barents Sea even during extremely cold (i.e., Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)) as well as warm periods (i.e., Bølling-Allerød). During the LGM, the western Svalbard margin and the northern Barents Sea margin areas were characterized by high concentrations of both IP25 and phytoplankton biomarkers, interpreted as a productive ice-edge situation, caused by the inflow of warm Atlantic Water. In contrast, the LGM Central Arctic Ocean (north of 84°N) was covered by thick permanent sea ice throughout the year with rare break-up, indicated by zero or near-zero biomarker concentrations. The spring/summer sea-ice margin significantly extended southwards to the Laptev Sea shelf (southern Lomonosov Ridge) and southern Mendeleev Ridge during the LGM. Our proxy reconstructions are very consistent with published model results based on the North Atlantic/Arctic Ocean Sea Ice Model (NAOSIM).
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    Kara Sea freshwater transport through Vilkitsky Strait: Variability, forcing, and further pathways toward the western Arctic Ocean from a model and observations (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, Wiley, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: Siberian river water is a first-order contribution to the Arctic freshwater budget, with the Ob, Yenisey, and Lena supplying nearly half of the total surface freshwater flux. However, few details are known regarding where, when and how the freshwater transverses the vast Siberian shelf seas. This paper investigates the mechanism, variability and pathways of the fresh Kara Sea outflow through Vilkitsky Strait towards the Laptev Sea. We utilize a high-resolution ocean model and recent shipboard observations to characterize the freshwater-laden Vilkitsky Strait Current (VSC), and shed new light on the little-studied region between the Kara and Laptev Seas, characterized by harsh ice conditions, contrasting water masses, straits and a large submarine canyon. The VSC is 10-20 km wide, surface-intensified, and varies seasonally (maximum from August-March) and interannually. Average freshwater (volume) transport is 500 ± 120 km3 a-1 (0.53 ± 0.08 Sv), with a baroclinic flow contribution of 50-90%. Interannual transport variability is explained by a storage-release mechanism, where blocking-favorable summer winds hamper the outflow and cause accumulation of freshwater in the Kara Sea. The year following a blocking event is characterized by enhanced transports driven by a baroclinic flow along the coast that is set up by increased freshwater volumes. Eventually, the VSC merges with a slope current and provides a major pathway for Eurasian river water towards the Western Arctic along the Eurasian continental slope. Kara (and Laptev) Sea freshwater transport is not correlated with the Arctic Oscillation, but rather driven by regional summer pressure patterns.
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    The role of seasonality of mineral dust concentration and size on glacial/interglacial dust changes in the EPICA Dronning Maud Land ice core (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Wiley, 120, pp. 9916-9931, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-26
    Description: We present a record of particulate dust concentration and size distribution in subannual resolution measured on the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dronning Maud Land (EDML) ice core drilled in the Atlantic sector of the East Antarctic plateau. The record reaches from present day back to the penultimate glacial until 145,000 years B.P. with subannual resolution from 60,000 years B.P. to the present. Mean dust concentrations are a factor of 46 higher during the glacial (~850–4600 ng/mL) compared to the Holocene (~16–112 ng/mL) with slightly smaller dust particles during the glacial compared to the Holocene and with an absolute minimum in the dust size at 16,000 years B.P. The changes in dust concentration are mainly attributed to changes in source conditions in southern South America. An increase in the modal value of the dust size suggests that at 16,000 years B.P. a major change in atmospheric circulation apparently allowed more direct transport of dust particles to the EDML drill site. We find a clear in-phase relation of the seasonal variation in dust mass concentration and dust size during the glacial (r(conc,size) = 0.8) but no clear phase relationship during the Holocene (0 〈 r(conc,size) 〈 0.4). With a simple conceptual 1-D model describing the transport of the dust to the ice sheet using the size as an indicator for transport intensity, we find that the effect of the changes in the seasonality of the source emission strength and the transport intensity on the dust decrease over Transition 1 can significantly contribute to the large decrease of dust concentration from the glacial to the Holocene.
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    Comparing dust flux records from the Subarctic North Pacific and Greenland: implications for atmospheric transport to Greenland and fort he application of dust as a chronostratigraphic tool (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Paleoceanography, Wiley, 30, pp. 583-600, ISSN: 0883-8305
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-09
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    Geophysical evidence for the extent of crustal types and the type of margin along a profile in the northeastern Baffin Bay (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, Wiley, 120(11), pp. 7337-7360, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: Investigating the crust of northern Baffin Bay provides valuable indications for the still debated evolution of this area. The crust of the southern Melville Bay is examined based on wide-angle seismic and gravity data. The resulting P wave velocity, density, and geological models give insights into the crustal structure. A stretched and rifted continental crust underneath southern Melville Bay is up to 30 km thick, with crustal velocities ranging between 5.5 and 6.9 km/s. The deep Melville Bay Graben contains a 9 km thick infill with velocities of 4 to 5.2 km/s in its lowermost part. West of the Melville Bay Ridge, a ~80 km wide and partly only 5 km thick Continent-Ocean Transition (COT) is present. West of the COT, up to 5 km thick sedimentary layers cover a 4.3 to 7 km thick, two-layered oceanic crust. The upper oceanic layer 2 has velocities of 5.2 to 6.0 km/s; the oceanic layer 3 has been modeled with rather low velocities of 6.3 to 6.9 km/s. Low velocities of 7.8 km/s characterize the probably serpentinized upper mantle underneath the thin crust. The serpentinized upper mantle and low thickness of the oceanic crust are another indication for slow or ultraslow spreading during the formation of the oceanic part of the Baffin Bay. By comparing our results on the crustal structure with other wide-angle seismic profiles recently published, differences in the geometry and structure of the crust and the overlying sedimentary cover are revealed. Moreover, the type of margin and the extent of crustal types in the Melville Bay area are discussed.
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    Impact of snow accumulation on CryoSat-2 range retrievals over Arctic sea ice: An observational approach with buoy data (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 42(11), pp. 4447-4455
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-08
    Description: Radar altimetry measurements of the current satellite mission CryoSat-2 show an increase of Arctic sea ice thickness in autumn 2013, compared to previous years but also related to March 2013. Such an increase over the melting season seems unlikely and needs to be investigated. Recent studies show that the influence of the snow cover is not negligible and can highly affect the CryoSat-2 range retrievals if it is assumed that the main scattering horizon is given by the snow-ice interface. Our analysis of Arctic ice mass balance buoy records and coincident CryoSat-2 data between 2012 and 2014 adds observational evidence to these findings. Linear trends of snow and ice freeboard measurements from buoys and nearby CryoSat-2 freeboard retrievals are calculated during accumulation events. We find a positive correlation between buoy snow freeboard and CryoSat-2 freeboard estimates, revealing that early snow accumulation might have caused a bias in CryoSat-2 sea ice thickness in autumn 2013.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Methane oxidation following submarine permafrost degradation on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, Wiley, pp. 965-978, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-28
    Description: Submarine permafrost degradation has been invoked as a cause for recent observations of methane emissions from the seabed to the water column and atmosphere of the East Siberian shelf. Sediment drilled 52 m down from the sea ice in Buor Khaya Bay, central Laptev Sea revealed unfrozen sediment overlying ice-bonded permafrost. Methane concentrations in the overlying unfrozen sediment were low (mean 20 µM) but higher in the underlying ice-bonded submarine permafrost (mean 380 µM). In contrast, sulfate concentrations were substantially higher in the unfrozen sediment (mean 2.5 mM) than in the underlying submarine permafrost (mean 0.1 mM). Using deduced permafrost degradation rates, we calculate potential mean methane efflux from degrading permafrost of 120 mg m−2 yr−1 at this site. However, a drop of methane concentrations from 190 µM to 19 µM and a concomitant increase of methane δ13C from −63‰ to −35‰ directly above the ice-bonded permafrost suggest that methane is effectively oxidized within the overlying unfrozen sediment before it reaches the water column. High rates of methane ebullition into the water column observed elsewhere are thus unlikely to have ice-bonded permafrost as their source.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Character, distribution, and ecological significance of storm wave-induced scour in Rhode Island Sound, USA (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Geo-Marine Letters 35 (2015): 135-144, doi:10.1007/s00367-014-0392-0.
    Description: Multibeam bathymetry, collected during NOAA hydrographic surveys in 2008 and 2009, is coupled with USGS data from sampling and photographic stations to map the seabed morphology and composition of Rhode Island Sound along the US Atlantic coast, and to provide information on sediment transport and benthic habitats. Patchworks of scour depressions cover large areas on seaward-facing slopes and bathymetric highs in the sound. These depressions average 0.5–0.8 m deep and occur in water depths reaching as much as 42 m. They have relatively steep well-defined sides and coarser-grained floors, and vary strongly in shape, size, and configuration. Some individual scour depressions have apparently expanded to combine with adjacent depressions, forming larger eroded areas that commonly contain outliers of the original seafloor sediments. Where cobbles and scattered boulders are present on the depression floors, the muddy Holocene sands have been completely removed and the winnowed relict Pleistocene deposits exposed. Low tidal-current velocities and the lack of obstacle marks suggest that bidirectional tidal currents alone are not capable of forming these features. These depressions are formed and maintained under high-energy shelf conditions owing to repetitive cyclic loading imposed by high-amplitude, long-period, storm-driven waves that reduce the effective shear strength of the sediment, cause resuspension, and expose the suspended sediments to erosion by wind-driven and tidal currents. Because epifauna dominate on gravel floors of the depressions and infauna are prevalent in the finer-grained Holocene deposits, it is concluded that the resultant close juxtaposition of silty sand-, sand-, and gravel-dependent communities promotes regional faunal complexity. These findings expand on earlier interpretations, documenting how storm wave-induced scour produces sorted bedforms that control much of the benthic geologic and biologic diversity in Rhode Island Sound.
    Description: This work was supported by the Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Atlantic Hydrographic Branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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    Heaving modes in the world oceans (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Climate Dynamics 45 (2015): 3563-3591, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2557-6.
    Description: Part of climate changes on decadal time scales can be interpreted as the result of adiabatic motions associated with the adjustment of wind-driven circulation, i.e., the heaving of the isopycnal surfaces. Heat content changes in the ocean, including hiatus of global surface temperature and other phenomena, can be interpreted in terms of heaving associated with adjustment of wind-driven circulation induced by decadal variability of wind. A simple reduced gravity model is used to examine the consequence of adiabatic adjustment of the wind-driven circulation. Decadal changes in wind stress forcing can induce three-dimensional redistribution of warm water in the upper ocean. In particular, wind stress change can generate baroclinic modes of heat content anomaly in the vertical direction; in fact, changes in stratification observed in the ocean may be induced by wind stress change at local or in the remote parts of the world oceans. Intensification of the equatorial easterly can induce cooling in the upper layer and warming in the subsurface layer. The combination of this kind of heat content anomaly with the general trend of warming of the whole water column under the increasing greenhouse effect may offer an explanation for the hiatus of global surface temperature and the accelerating subsurface warming over the past 10–15 years. Furthermore, the meridional transport of warm water in the upper ocean can lead to sizeable transient meridional overturning circulation, poleward heat flux and vertical heat flux. Thus, heaving plays a key role in the oceanic circulation and climate.
    Keywords: Adiabatic motions ; Heaving ; Subtropical and subpolar gyres ; Southern oceans ; Baroclinic modes of heating content anomaly ; Wind-driven circulation ; Climate variability of heat content
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    Quantifying the residence time and flushing characteristics of a shallow, back-barrier estuary : application of hydrodynamic and particle tracking models (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Estuaries and Coasts 38 (2015): 1719-1734, doi:10.1007/s12237-014-9885-3.
    Description: Estuarine residence time is a major driver of eutrophication and water quality. Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor (BB-LEH), New Jersey, is a lagoonal back-barrier estuary that is subject to anthropogenic pressures including nutrient loading, eutrophication, and subsequent declines in water quality. A combination of hydrodynamic and particle tracking modeling was used to identify the mechanisms controlling flushing, residence time, and spatial variability of particle retention. The models demonstrated a pronounced northward subtidal flow from Little Egg Inlet in the south to Pt. Pleasant Canal in the north due to frictional effects in the inlets, leading to better flushing of the southern half of the estuary and particle retention in the northern estuary. Mean residence time for BB-LEH was 13 days but spatial variability was between ∼0 and 30 days depending on the initial particle location. Mean residence time with tidal forcing alone was 24 days (spatial variability between ∼0 and 50 days); the tides were relatively inefficient in flushing the northern end of the Bay. Scenarios with successive exclusion of physical processes from the models revealed that meteorological and remote offshore forcing were stronger drivers of exchange than riverine inflow. Investigations of water quality and eutrophication should take into account spatial variability in hydrodynamics and residence time in order to better quantify the roles of nutrient loading, production, and flushing.
    Description: Funding was provided by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and the Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey.
    Keywords: Hydrodynamic modeling ; Residence time ; Particle tracking ; Back-barrier estuaries ; Eutrophication
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    Ontology-based mediation of OGC catalogue service for the Web requests: a virtual solution for integrating coastal web atlases. (2015)
    Springer | Berlin
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In recent years significant momentum has occurred in the development of Internet resources for decision makers and scientists interested in the coast. Chief among these has been the development of coastal web atlases (CWAs). While multiple benefits are derived from these tailor-made atlases (e.g., speedy access to multiple sources of coastal data and information), the potential exists to derive added value from the integration of disparate CWAs, to optimize decision making at a variety of levels and across themes. This paper describes the development of a semantic mediator prototype to provide a common access point to coastal data, maps and information from distributed CWAs. The prototype showcases how ontologies and ontology mappings can be used to integrate different heterogeneous and autonomous atlases, using the Open Geospatial Consortium’s Catalogue Services for the Web.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Coastal web atlas ; Coastal atlas ; Data semantics ; Semantic web technologies ; Information retrieval ; GIS ; Ontologies ; Catalogue services for the web (CSW) ; Mediation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Conference Material , Refereed
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    Enriching the isotopic toolbox for migratory connectivity analysis: a new approach for migratory species breeding in remote or unexplored areas (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Diversity and Distributions, Wiley, 21(4), pp. 416-427, ISSN: 1366-9516
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-09
    Description: Aim: We examined three potential enhancements of the stable isotope tech- nique for elucidating migratory connectivity in birds inhabiting poorly studied areas, illustrated for Eurasian cranes (Grus grus) that overwinter in and migrate through Israel. First, we examined the use of oxygen stable isotopes (d18O), sel- dom applied for this purpose. Second, we examined the relationship between ambient water d18O and hydrogen stable isotope (d2H) values derived from various models, to determine the geographical origins of migrants. Third, we introduced the use of probabilistic distribution modelling to refine the assign- ment to origin of migrants lacking detailed distribution maps. Location: Feather samples were collected in the Hula Valley (northern Israel) and across the species breeding range in north Eurasia. Methods: We analysed d18O and d2H in primary and secondary flight feathers using standard mass spectrometry. The maximum entropy (MAXENT) model was used to map the probability surface of potential breeding areas, as a Bayesian prior for assigning Hula Valley cranes to potential breeding grounds. Results: We found that d18O was suitable and informative. The soil water iso- scape performed better for d18O while precipitation isoscape was preferable for d2H. The MAXENT-based probability surface largely refined assignments. Overall, most (〉85%) cranes were assigned to the area west of the Ural Mountains, but for two individuals, most of the assigned area (〉90%) was farther east, suggest- ing, for the first time, that Eurasian cranes may undertake the North Asia–Mid- dle East (and perhaps Africa) migration flyway. Main conclusions: Our results call for broader use of d18O in migratory con- nectivity studies and for application of probabilistic distribution modelling. We also encourage investigation of factors determining d18O and d2H integration into animal tissues. The proposed framework may help improve our under- standing of migratory connectivity of species inhabiting previously unexplored areas and thus contribute to the development of efficient conservation plans.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    North-West African Hydrologic Changes in the Holocene: A Combined Isotopic Data and Model Approach (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), (SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg, Springer, 139 p., pp. 109-114, ISBN: 978-3-319-00692-5, ISSN: 2191-589X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-04
    Description: To achieve a better understanding of the hydrologic evolution of the North-West (NW) African monsoon system during the Holocene, in particular during inferred abrupt climate changes at the end of the African Humid Period (AHP), we investigated terrigenous plant lipids deposited in marine sediments offshore NW Africa. Changes in rainfall amount were estimated by compound-specific hydrogen isotope (δD) analyses. The spatial gradient of rainfall isotopic compositions is reflected in marine surface sediments. δD changes in plant waxes covering the last 100 years confirm the observed decrease in rainfall during the late twentieth century Sahel drought, and thus can be used for a quantitative calibration of δD and pre- cipitation. δD changes in sedimentary plant waxes show no abrupt change at the end of the AHP suggesting a gradual precipitation decline. These results are supported by Holocene climate simulations using a coupled atmosphere-land surface model, which includes an explicit modeling of isotopic fractionation within the hydrological cycle.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Rising atmospheric CO2 leads to large impact of biology on Southern Ocean CO2 uptake via changes of the Revelle factor (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 42, pp. 1459-1464, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-25
    Description: The Southern Ocean is a key region for global carbon uptake and is characterized by a strong seasonality with the annual CO2 uptake being mediated by biological carbon drawdown in summer. Here we show that the contribution of biology to CO2 uptake will become even more important until 2100. This is the case even if biological production remains unaltered and can be explained by the decreasing buffer capacity of the ocean as its carbon content increases. The same amount of biological carbon drawdown leads to a more than twice as large reduction in CO2(aq) concentration and hence to a larger CO2 gradient between ocean and atmosphere that drives the gas exchange. While the winter uptake south of 44°S changes little, the summer uptake increases largely and is responsible for the annual mean response. The combination of decreasing buffer capacity and strong seasonality of biological carbon drawdown introduces a strong and increasing seasonality in the anthropogenic carbon uptake.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Depth-variant azimuthal anisotropy in Tibet revealed by surface wave tomography (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 42(11), pp. 4326-4334, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-09
    Description: Azimuthal anisotropy derived from multi-mode Rayleigh wave tomography in China exhibits depth-dependent variations in Tibet, which can be explained as induced by the Cenozoic India-Eurasian collision. In west Tibet, the E-W fast polarization direction at depths 〈100 km is consistent with the accumulated shear strain in the Tibetan lithosphere, whereas the N-S fast direction at greater depths is aligned with Indian plate motion. In northeast Tibet, depth-consistent NW-SE directions imply coupled deformation throughout the whole lithosphere, possibly also involving the underlying asthenosphere. Significant anisotropy at depths of 225 km in southeast Tibet reflects sublithospheric deformation induced by northward and eastward lithospheric subduction beneath the Himalaya and Burma, respectively. The multi-layer anisotropic surface wave model can explain some features of SKS splitting measurements in Tibet, with differences probably attributable to the limited backazimuthal coverage of most SKS studies in Tibet and the limited horizontal resolution of the surface wave results.
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    A novel sensor combination (upGPR-GPS) to continuously and nondestructively derive snow cover properties (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 42(9), pp. 3397-3405, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-20
    Description: Monitoring seasonal snow cover properties is critical for properly managing natural hazards such as snow avalanches or snowmelt floods. However, measurements often cannot be conducted in difficult terrain or lack the high temporal resolution needed to account for rapid changes in the snowpack, e.g., liquid water content (LWC). To monitor essential snowpack properties, we installed an upward looking ground-penetrating radar (upGPR) and a low-cost GPS system below the snow cover and observed in parallel its evolution during two winter seasons. Applying external snow height (HS) information, both systems provided consistent LWC estimates in snow, based on independent approaches, namely measurements of travel time and attenuation of electromagnetic waves. By combining upGPR and GPS, we now obtain a self-contained approach instead of having to rely on external information such as HS. This allows for the first time determining LWC, HS, and snow water equivalent (SWE) nondestructively and continuously potentially also in avalanche-prone slopes.
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    Introduction to Modern Fortran for Earth System Sciences (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Heidelberg, Springer, 250 p., ISBN: 978-3-642-37008-3
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-05
    Description: This work provides a short "getting started" guide to Fortran 90/95. The main target audience consists of newcomers to the field of numerical computation within Earth system sciences (students, researchers or scientific programmers). Furthermore, readers accustomed to other programming languages may also benefit from this work, by discovering how some programming techniques they are familiar with map to Fortran 95.
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    Holocene Environmental Variability in the Arctic Gateway (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 37-42, ISBN: 978-3-319-00692-5, ISSN: 2191-589X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-13
    Description: Environmental changes in the region connecting the Arctic Ocean and the northern North Atlantic were studied for the last 9,000 years (9 ka) by a combination of proxy-based paleoceanographic reconstructions as well as transient and time-slice simulations with climate models. Today, the area is perennially ice-covered in the west and ice-free in the east. Results show that sea-ice conditions were highly variable on short timescales in the last 9 ka. However, sea-ice proxies reveal an overall eastward movement of the sea-ice margin, in line with a decreasing influence of warm Atlantic Water advected to the Arctic Ocean. These cooling trends were rapidly reversed 100 years ago and replaced by the general warming in the Arctic. Model results show a consistently high freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean during the last 7 ka. The signal is robust against the Holocene cooling trend, however sensitive towards the warming trend of the last century. These results may play a role in the observed Arctic changes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Impact of radiosonde observations on forecasting summertime Arctic cyclone formation (2015)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Wiley, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-13
    Description: The impact of Arctic radiosonde observations on the forecasting of the 2012 early August Arctic cyclone AC12—the “strongest” since records began—has been investigated using an observing system experiment (OSE). An atmospheric ensemble reanalysis (ALERA2) was used as the control experiment (CTL) to reproduce the development of the Arctic cyclone and surrounding large-scale atmospheric fields. The OSE applies the same reanalysis as the CTL except for the exclusion of radiosonde observations from the German icebreaker Polarstern, which cruised near Svalbard during mid-July to early August 2012. Comparison of the two reanalyses revealed a difference in the upper tropospheric circulation over northern mid-Eurasia, just before the Arctic cyclone developed, in the form of a stronger tropopause polar vortex in the CTL. This indicated that the upper tropospheric field in the CTL had greater potential for baroclinic instability over mid-Eurasia. Ensemble predictions were then conducted using the two reanalyses as initial values at which the tropopause polar vortex approached northern mid-Eurasia. The CTL prediction reproduced the formation of the Arctic cyclone, but the OSE shows a significantly weaker one. These results indicate that the improved reproduction of upper tropospheric circulation in the Arctic region due to additional radiosonde observations from a mobile platform was indispensable for the prediction of AC12. In particular, observations being acquired far from the Arctic cyclone affect the prediction of the cyclone via the upper tropospheric circulation in the atmospheric west wind drift.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Evolution of Lightweight Structures: Analyses and Technical Applications (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Springer, 206 p., ISBN: 9401793972
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: This volume contains studies on the evolution and function of lightweight constructions of planktonic and other organisms, and examples of how they can be used to create new solutions for radical innovations of lightweight constructions for technological application. The principles and underlying processes responsible for evolution and biodiversity of marine plankton organisms are highly relevant and largely unresolved issues in the field of marine science. Amongst the most promising objects for the study of evolution of stable lightweight constructions are marine organisms such as diatoms or radiolarians. Research in these fields requires interdisciplinary expertises such as in evolutionary modelling, paleontology, lightweight optimization, functional morphology, and marine ecology. Considerable effort and expert knowledge in production engineering or lightweight optimization is necessary to transfer knowledge on biogenic structures and evolutionary principles into new lightweight solutions. This book shows methods and examples of how this can be achieved efficiently.
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    Marine Anthropogenic Litter (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Berlin, Springer, 447 p., ISBN: 978-3-319-16510-3
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: This book describes how manmade litter, primarily plastic, has spread into the remotest parts of the oceans and covers all aspects of this pollution problem from the impacts on wildlife and human health to socio-economic and political issues. Marine litter is a prime threat to marine wildlife, habitats and food webs worldwide. The book illustrates how advanced technologies from deep-sea research, microbiology and mathematic modelling as well as classic beach litter counts by volunteers contributed to the broad awareness of marine litter as a problem of global significance. The authors summarise more than five decades of marine litter research, which receives growing attention after the recent discovery of great oceanic garbage patches and the ubiquity of microscopic plastic particles in marine organisms and habitats. In 16 chapters, authors from all over the world have created a universal view on the diverse field of marine litter pollution, the biological impacts, dedicated research activities, and the various national and international legislative efforts to combat this environmental problem. They recommend future research directions necessary for a comprehensive understanding of this environmental issue and the development of efficient management strategies. This book addresses scientists, and it provides a solid knowledge base for policy makers, NGOs, and the broader public.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Impact of Sea-Ice Bottom Topography on the Ekman Pumping (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, Toward, 251 p., pp. 139-148, ISBN: 978-3-319-13865-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Sea-ice elevation profiles and thickness measurements have been collected during summer 2011 in the Central Arctic. These two different data sets have been combined in order to obtain surface and bottom topography of the sea-ice. From the bottom profile, the keels of ridges are detected. Then, a parameterization of oceanic drag coefficients that accounts for the keels depth and density is applied. The calculated oceanic drag coefficients are highly variable (between about 2 × 10−3 and about 8 × 10−3) within the range of observed values. In order to estimate the contribution of variable drag coefficients on the Ekman pumping, the calculated drag coefficients are used in an idealized model experiment, where sea ice is drifting at constant velocity on an ocean at rest. The resulting variations of the Ekman vertical velocity are in the same order of magnitude as for variable ice velocity at the surface. In most state-of-the-art general circulation models, the variations of drag coefficients are not taken into account. The simple experiment carried out in the present study suggests that neglecting this contribution can lead to an incorrect representation of the momentum exchange between ice and ocean and to an underestimation of the Ekman pumping, with consequences for the large scale ocean circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Earth System Science—Past Experiences and Future Trends (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Earth System Science—Past Experiences and Future Trends, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 3-7, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0, ISSN: 2197-9596
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Earth System Science has developed over the last two decades from an interesting concept in Earth sciences education to a fully integrative science focussed on understanding the complex system Earth. This evolution is partially due to the radical and far reaching anthropogenic changes and the general feeling of helplessness with regards to the possible consequences and future impacts on the Earth System. This paper proposes that a paradigm shift in undergraduate and graduate education is needed to further develop Earth System Science. Graduate programs such as the Earth System Science Research School (ESSReS), which are intrinsically trans- and interdisciplinary will help to change rigid subject specific mind-set among faculty and students. The health and sustainability of our planet is at stake
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Integration of Passive Tracers in a Three-Dimensional Ice Sheet Model (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 161-170, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0, ISSN: 2197-9596
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Components of the climate system, such as ice sheets and marine sediments serve as invaluable archives, which can be tapped into, to reconstruct paleoclimate conditions. The relative abundance of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in ice cores is a proxy for past local temperature evolution. However the translation of these proxies into temperature is not straightforward. Complex interdependencies in the climate system can hide or override the local climate signal at which the ice core was drilled. Using 3D ice sheet modelling in concert with passive tracer advection one can simulate the isotopic distribution in ice sheets and compare them to ice core data. Combining this method in a coupled climate model environment, containing atmosphere and ocean components, one can theoretically simulate the isotopic cycle from the source to the actual ice record. Such an approach would greatly support the interpretation of proxy data whilst constraining the output of 3D ice sheet models (ISMs). We present the implementation of passive tracer advection in our 3D ISM RIMBAY (Thoma et al. in Geosci Model Dev 1:1–21, 2014, Goeller et al. in Cryosphere 7:1095–1106, 2014) and asses the potential of the method to reproduce chronologies of the polar ice sheets
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    Seismostratigraphic analysis and glacial history of the Weddell Sea region, Antarctica (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, 251 p., pp. 207-217, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The Weddell Sea basin is of particular significance for understanding climate processes, including the generation of ocean water masses and their influence on ocean circulation as well as the dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheets. The sedimentary record, preserved below the basin floor, serves as an archive of the pre-glacial to glacial development of these processes, which were accompanied by tectonic processes in its early glacial phase. Three multichannel seismic reflection transects, in total nearly 5,000 km long, are used to interpret horizons and define a seismostratigraphic model for the basin. We expand this initial stratigraphy model to the greater Weddell Sea region through a network of more than 50 additional seismic lines. Information from few boreholes are used to constrain sediment ages in this stratigraphy, supported by magnetic anomalies indicating decreasing oceanic basement ages from southeast to northwest. Using these constraints, we calculate grids to depict the depths, thicknesses and sedimentation rates of pre-glacial (145–34 Ma), transitional (34–15 Ma) and full-glacial (15 Ma to present) units. Sedimentation thicknesses and sedimentation rates were calculated at the 12 selected points in the entire basin to give a brief overview of the deposition history, which will contribute to the understanding of the Antarctic ice sheet development and dynamics from the greenhouse to icehouse world in the Cenozoic.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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    Methodology Used for the Detection and Identification of Microplastics—A Critical Appraisal (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Berlin, Springer, 447 p., pp. 201-227, ISBN: 978-3-319-16510-3
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Microplastics in aquatic ecosystems and especially in the marine environment represent a pollution of increasing scientific and societal concern, thus, meanwhile a substantial number of studies on microplastics exist. Although first steps towards a standardisation of methodologies used for the detection and identification of microplastics in environmental samples are made, the comparability of data on microplastics is currently hampered by a huge variety of different methodologies which result in the generation of data of extremely different quality and resolution. This chapter reviews the methodology presently used for assessing the concentration of microplastics in the marine environment with focus on the most convenient techniques and approaches. After an overview of non-selective sampling approaches, sample processing and treatment in the laboratory, the reader is introduced to the currently applied techniques for the identification and quantification of microplastics. The subsequent case study on microplastics in sediment samples from the North Sea measured with focal plane array (FPA)-based micro-Fourier transform infrared (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy shows that only 1.4 % of the particles visually resembling microplastics were of synthetic polymer origin. This finding emphasizes the importance of verifying the synthetic polymer origin of potential microplastics. Thus, a burning issue concerning current microplastic research is the generation of standards that allow for the assessment of reliable data on concentrations of microscopic plastic particles and the involved polymers with analytical laboratory techniques such as micro-FTIR or micro-Raman spectroscopy.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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    Progress in Earth System Science: What Does It Take to Make Our Ideas Clear? (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 25-35, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0, ISSN: 2197-9596
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    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: To describe the progress in Earth System Science, a conceptual framework is proposed which includes hypothesis testing, the formulation of models with different complexity as well as expressing discoveries in terms of metaphors. The later approach is demonstrated by the conveyor belt concept in oceanography which influenced the discussion about abrupt climate changes where the ocean circulation may be involved. It is argued that the combination of different methodologies/complexities and independent results is necessary to prevent over-simplistic views in each discipline of Earth System Science. Emphasis is given on typical steps to obtain new ideas for a new discovery. Examples for over-simplistic views are mentioned for past climate information from proxy data. The recorder system of the proxy has to be taken into account, otherwise the climate information can be misinterpreted. It is concluded that in the field of Earth System Science, basic knowledge and true collaborative problem solving is necessary to make scientists aware of the underlying principles, the limitations and open questions. This is furthermore necessary to develop and sharpen our ideas about the complex Earth System.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    The educational program of the Earth System Science Research School (ESSReS) (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 9-17, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The Earth System Science Research School (ESSReS) is an international and interdisciplinary research school for 23 PhD students at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) and their partner universities: University of Bremen and Jacobs University Bremen. ESSReS combines observations, modelling, and data analysis in order to decipher the Earth’s complex climate system. Structured training, international exchange and supervision support interdisciplinary research at an early stage of the scientific career.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Marine Litter as Habitat and Dispersal Vector (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Berlin, Springer, 447 p., pp. 141-181, ISBN: 978-3-319-16509-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Floating anthropogenic litter provides habitat for a diverse community of marine organisms. A total of 387 taxa, including pro- and eukaryotic micro-organisms, seaweeds and invertebrates, have been found rafting on floating litter in all major oceanic regions. Among the invertebrates, species of bryozoans, crustaceans, molluscs and cnidarians are most frequently reported as rafters on marine litter. Microorganisms are also ubiquitous on marine litter although the composition of the microbial community seems to depend on specific substratum characteristics such as the polymer type of floating plastic items. Sessile suspension feeders are particularly well-adapted to the limited autochthonous food resources on artificial floating substrata and an extended planktonic larval development seems to facilitate colonization of floating litter at sea. Properties of floating litter, such as size and surface rugosity, are crucial for colonization by marine organisms and the subsequent succession of the rafting community. The rafters themselves affect substratum characteristics such as floating stability, buoyancy, and degradation. Under the influence of currents and winds marine litter can transport associated organisms over extensive distances. Because of the great persistence (especially of plastics) and the vast quantities of litter in the world’s oceans, rafting dispersal has become more prevalent in the marine environment, potentially facilitating the spread of invasive species.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Geological Storage of CO2 - long term security aspects (2015)
    Springer
    In:  Geotechnologien science report | Advanced Technologies in Earth Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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    Restoration of rare earth mine areas: organic amendments and phytoremediation (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-03
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
    Electronic ISSN: 1614-7499
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Response of extracellular carboxylic and thiol ligands (oxalate, thiol compounds) to Pb2+ stress in Phanerochaete chrysosporium (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-28
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
    Electronic ISSN: 1614-7499
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Resonance Raman imaging as a tool to assess the atmospheric pollution level: carotenoids in Lecanoraceae lichens as bioindicators (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Levels of perfluorinated compounds in human breast milk in Jordan: the impact of sociodemographic characteristics (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-24
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
    Electronic ISSN: 1614-7499
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Effects of untreated and treated oilfield-produced water on seed germination, seedling development, and biomass production of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-10
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
    Electronic ISSN: 1614-7499
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Effects of the size and morphology of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the germination of Chinese cabbage seeds (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-28
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
    Electronic ISSN: 1614-7499
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Greenhouse gas emissions, soil quality, and crop productivity from a mono-rice cultivation system as influenced by fallow season straw management (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-26
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
    Electronic ISSN: 1614-7499
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Organic fraction of municipal solid waste from mechanical selection: biological stabilization and recovery options (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-17
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    An experimental study on usage of plastic oil and B20 algae biodiesel blend as substitute fuel to diesel engine (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-23
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Impact of flash flood events on the distribution of organic pollutants in surface sediments from a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain) (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-12
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Cumulative effect of zinc oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles on growth and chlorophyll a content of Picochlorum sp. (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-10
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Biological properties of Alsidium corallinum and its potential protective effects against damage caused by potassium bromate in the mouse liver (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-24
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Inhibition of residual n-hexane in anaerobic digestion of lipid-extracted microalgal wastes and microbial community shift (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-13
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Chemical and mineralogical changes of waste and tailings from the Murgul Cu deposit (Artvin, NE Turkey): implications for occurrence of acid mine drainage (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-05
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Cd isotopic signatures: a potential source tracer of metal pollution in the environment (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-06-26
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Effects of tire rubber ash and zinc sulfate on crop productivity and cadmium accumulation in five rice cultivars under field conditions (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-24
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Soybean plant growth study conducted using purified protein hydrolysate-based fertilizer made from chrome-tanned leather waste (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-10-26
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Quantifying the effects of geographical and environmental factors on distribution of stream bacterioplankton within nature reserves of Fujian, China (2015)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-20
    Print ISSN: 0944-1344
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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