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  • Diptera
  • Field theory, formal particle theory
  • Quantum optics, physics of lasers, nonlinear optics, classical optics
  • hypertension
  • Springer  (98)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • American Meteorological Society
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • Elsevier
  • MDPI Publishing
  • Reed Business Information
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (98)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1935-1939
  • 2010
  • 1989  (47)
  • 1987  (51)
Collection
Keywords
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Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 1985-1989  (98)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1935-1939
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 387-395 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: male choice ; size ; age ; swarming ; Empis borealis ; Diptera ; Empididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Empis borealisfemales form swarms, and males carrying a nuptial gift come to swarms to mate. Males either mated with one of the females (accepted swarms) or left swarms without mating (refused swarms). Males mated with the younger (low wing-wear) and relatively larger females in accepted swarms. They seemed to be able to judge the relative size of the females but to ignore their absolute size. Visiting males stayed shorter in accepted swarms as female size variation increased. This probably reflects their greater ease in choosing a mate among females of relatively different sizes. Females in accepted swarms tended to be larger and to have less worn wings than females in rejected swarms.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 575-588 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: aging ; behavior ; central nervous system ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have monitored the ontogeny of several behaviors performed by young Drosophila melanogasteradults. Very young flies are less active than older flies and are less responsive to gravity, light, an odorant, and sucrose applied to their tarsi. In addition, very young males do not consume sucrose or perform any courtship behaviors in response to virgin females, which provide chemical and visual stimuli to courting males. The rate at which flies become maximally competent to respond to stimuli is a function of the behavior. Sensory and motor deficits are not solely responsible for young flies' inability to respond to the stimuli, which suggests that the central nervous system continues to develop after eclosion.
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  • 3
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    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 141-147 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heliothis zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; host-parasitoid relationship ; host suitability ; progeny production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les influences de l'état de développement de l'hôte sur le taux de parasitisme, la production de descendants, l'émergence des adultes et le taux sexuel de la techinaire E. bryani Sabrosky ont été examinés au laboratoire. Un parasitisme réussi,-qui entraîne la formation d'un parasitoïde adulte-, s'effectue dans les chenilles de stades 2 à 5 et dans les prénymphes d'Heliothis zea Boddie. II s'agit d'un élargissement considérable de la gamme connue des tailles convenables d'hôtes. Bien que le parasitisme n'ait jamais réussi avec les chenilles de premier stade, une très forte mortalité, 93% a été observée quand ces petites chenilles ont été exposées à la tachinaire. Pour permettre l'introduction par le larvipositeur des asticots dans la chenille, la mouche perfore la cuticule de l'hôte avec un sclérite modifié; ainsi, une grande partie de la mortalité est provoquée vraisemblablement par le traumatisme dû au parasitoïde. Le succès du parasitisme a augmenté en fonction du développement de l'hôte du second stade (30%) au cinquième stade (95%), pour tomber à 63% dans les prénymphes. Cependant, aucune des prénymphes exposées aux mouches n'a été capable de donner des papillons. Les production moyennes de pupes et de mouches par chenille effectivement parasitée ont augmenté avec le stade de développement de l'hôte pouratteindre dans les prénymphes respectivement 14,5±1,33 et 10,6±1,02. Le taux sexuel des mouches obtenues a été très variable pour les différents stades de développement des chenilles, sans qu'aucune corrélation ait pu être mise en évidence. Une formule permettant de calculer un ‘indice d'adéquation de l'hôte’ est proposé. Cet indice permet une comparaison directe des impacts globaux et des potentiels reproducteurs des femelles de E. bryani attaquant des hôtes à différents stades.
    Notes: Abstract Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky (Diptera: Tachinidae) successfully parasitized 2nd through 5th instars and prepupal Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the laboratory. Percent successful parasitism (that which resulted in the production of adult parasitoid progeny) increased with host developmental state, reaching 95% in 5th instars, but fell to 63% in prepupae. While 25% of the exposed prepupae metamorphosed to pupae, none developed into adults. E. bryani maggots emerged from only 5% of H. zea pupae. The mean number of fly puparia and adults produced per successfully parasitized larva increased with host stadium, reaching 14.5±1.33 (SEM) and 10.6±1.02, respectively, in prepupae. The sex ratio of adult parasitoid progeny per host larval stadium was variable, and did not appear to follow a pattern. A formula for calculating a ‘host favorability index’ is presented. This index allows a direct comparison of the overall impact and reproductive potential of E. bryani attacking hosts of varying developmental states.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ramipril ; renal insufficiency ; hypertension ; pharmacokinetics ; ramiprilat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an open trial, the pharmacokinetics of ramipril and its active metabolite ramiprilat were studied in 25 hypertensive patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency given 5 mg ramipril p.o. for 14 days. Ramipril was rapidly absorbed and reached a peak concentration after 1–2 h. Cmax was greater in patients with severe renal insufficiency, which might indicate a reduced renal elimination rate, although, the rapid decline of the concentration-time curve for ramipril was almost independent of renal function. The mean initial apparent half-lives on Days 1 and 12, respectively, were 2.8 and 3.4 h (Group I: creatinine clearance 5–15 ml/min), 1.8 and 2.3 h (Group II: creatinine clearance 15–40 ml/min), and 1.9 and 1.9 h (Group III: creatinine clearance 40–80 ml/min). No accumulation was observed after multiple dosing. In contrast, the kinetics of its active acid metabolite ramiprilat was significantly influenced by renal function. The mean times to the peak plasma concentration were 5.7 h in Group I, 4.4 h in Group II and 3.8 h in Group III. The initial decline in plasma ramiprilat was dependent upon renal function; the mean initial apparent half-lives (Days 1 and 12, respectively) were 16.0 and 14.8 h (Group I), 10.1 and 9.5 h (Group II) and 10.6 and 8.0 h (Group III). Mean trough concentrations and absolute accumulation also increased with worsening renal function, and the renal clearance of ramiprilat was significantly correlated with the creatinine clearance. The subsequent long terminal phase at low plasma ramiprilat concentrations represented slow dissociation of the ACE-inhibitor complex. The study indicates that in patients with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min) smaller doses of ramipril are required than in patients with normal or borderline renal function.
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  • 5
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    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 575-578 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: bunazosin ; hypertension ; alpha1-adrenoceptor blocker ; blood pressure ; renal blood flow ; renal function ; renin ; aldosterone ; atrial natriuretic peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The renal and hormonal effects of the α1-adrenoceptor blocker bunazosin were examined in 6 patients with essential hypertension. Oral bunazosin for 4 to 12 weeks significantly decreased mean blood pressure by 10%, increased effective renal blood flow and creatinine clearance by 34% and 37%, respectively, the plasma norepinephrine concentration was elevated by 60%, and the plasma atrial natriuretic peptide level was lowered by 22%. The plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration were unchanged. Thus, a moderate reduction in blood pressure was produced by bunazosin treatment while maintaining renal perfusion.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: felodipine ; metoprolol ; atenolol ; hypertension ; exercise ; pharmacokinetics ; adverse effects ; hypotensive action
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study has been performed in thirteen patients with essential hypertension, WHO Class I–II, and a diastolic blood pressure ≥95 mm Hg, on beta-blocker (metoprolol or atenolol) monotherapy, who were also given felodipine 10 mg b.d. for 28 days. The acute and steady state blood pressure response at rest and during exercise, and the pharmacokinetics of felodipine and metoprolol, were examined. Felodipine in combination with the beta-blocker reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressures acutely and at steady-state. The duration of the effect was longer at steady-state. There was a significant correlation between the plasma concentration of felodipine and the change in blood pressure. The increase in systolic blood pressure during exercise was of the same magnitude before and after felodipine administration. No change in resting supine heart rate was found after the administration of felodipine. There were no significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of felodipine during long-term treatment, except for the trough plasma concentration, which was increased at steady-state, even though cumulation of felodipine and its metabolite did not occur. There was a significant decrease in the maximal plasma concentration and AUC of metoprolol after 28 days of treatment with felodipine, but its elimination half-life was not changed. The adverse reactions reported during this study were those generally seen after dihydropyridines and, except for two patients who were withdrawn after the first study day, the effects were well tolerated.
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  • 7
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: enalapril ; hydrochlorothiazide ; hypertension ; side-effects ; Africans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive efficacy both of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and thiazide diuretics has been claimed to be influenced by plasma renin activity, which declines with age and is low in blacks. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-dummy, randomized, parallel-group preliminary study, the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of the ACE inhibitor enalapril (20 mg day−1) and hydrochlorothiazide (50 mg day−1) were evaluated and compared for 4 weeks in 20 African patients with essential hypertension. The two groups had similar baseline clinical features and serum Na+ and K+ levels. Hydrochlorothiazide caused a significant and sustained fall in erect blood pressure with a reflex tachycardia. Enalapril exerted only a modest antihypertensive action, but significantly reduced erect heart rate. Direct comparison of hydrochlorothiazide — and enalapril — induced hypotension suggested a greater fall in subjects on the thiazide. The 95% confidence limits for the thiazide-enalapril difference in antihypertensive action at the end of the study was 39.5 to −7.5 mm Hg systolic and 22.0 to −6.6 mm Hg diastolic. The maximal blood pressure fall after hydrochlorothiazide was positively correlated with age (r=0.50;p〈0.05), whilst that of enalapril was inversely related age to (r=−0.57,p〈0.05). The results are compatible with the notion that ACE inhibitor monotherapy may be less effective than thiazide diuretic treatment in African and black patients with essential hypertension. The findings also support the concept that age and racial factors may influence the response to antihypertensive treatment.
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  • 8
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 567-573 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: isradipine ; hypertension ; blood pressure ; calcium entry blockade ; renin angiotensin system ; aldosterone plasma renin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of acute calcium entry blockade by isradipine (IS) and placebo (P) on the haemodynamic and humoral responses to angiotensin II (A II) have been compared in two groups of 9 patients with essential hypertension. During 4 sequential periods each of 20 min, an i.v. infusion of A II 0, 2, 4 and 8 ng · kg−1 · min−1 was given before (control) and 30 min after the oral administration either of IS or P. After IS, both the blood pressure and the angiotensin II-induced pressor effect were significantly reduced. Isradipine increased the heart rate and this cardio-acceleration was potentiated by A II. In contrast, when A II was infused in the absence of IS, heart rate tended to decrease. IS stimulated plasma renin activity and reduced plasma aldosterone. However, it did not affect either the inhibition of plasma renin activity or the rise in plasma aldosterone in response to A II. In conclusion, acute calcium entry blockade in patients with essential hypertension reduces the pressor response to A II, but not the A II-induced inhibition of renin and increase in plasma aldosterone.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: felodipine ; hypertension ; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring ; slow-release formulation ; side-effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To assess the duration of the antihypertensive effect of the dihydropiridine calcium antagonist felodipine in conventional (C-F) and slow-release (ER-F) formulations, 12 patients with essential hypertension underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) at the end of a 2-week treatment period with C-F 5 mg b.d., ER-F 10 mg once daily (o.d.) and placebo. C-F, ER-F and placebo were given in a double-blind 3×3 latin square design 4 times replicated. There was no systematic change in the ABP profile over the three study periods regardless of the treatment. In comparison to placebo, the mean 24-h systolic and diastolic blood pressures showed a significant and similar reduction after both formulations of F. Compared to placebo, C-F and ER-F induced a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure for 15 and 21 h, respectively, and of diastolic blood pressure for 16 and 21 h, respectively. Three patients complained of headache (mild in 2, moderately severe in 1), and two patients of nocturia, with either formulation of F.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nicardipine ; insulin ; glucose ; diabetes ; hypertension ; metabolic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Certain acute and chronic metabolic effects of nicardipine have been studied in 20 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD). An intravenous glucose tolerance test (i.v. GTT, glucose 0.33 g/kg as a bolus) and the corresponding insulin response were assessed at the end of a 4 week placebo period, after the first dose and on administration for 12 weeks of nicardipine 20 mg t.i.d. The glucose and insulin responses to the i.v. GTT, evaluated as incremental AUCs, did not change significantly (glucose 30.5 mg/dl·90 min on placebo, 33.1 mg/dl·90 min acutely and 31.4 mg/dl·90 min on chronic administration of nicardipine; insulin 2.08 µU/ml·90 min on placebo, 1.87 µU/ml·90 min acutely and 1.93 µU/ml·90 min after chronic nicardipine). Glucose removal rate (KG) following the i.v. GTT was 0.73%/min on placebo 0.75%/min on acute administration and 0.8%. min−1 with chronic nicardipine. Active treatment produced a significant reduction of blood pressure (from 187/96 mm Hg on placebo to 166/89 mm Hg acutely and 152/83 mm Hg after 12 weeks of nicardipine treatment). It is concluded that the calcium antagonist nicardipine was an effective antihypertensive drug, and that it did not cause deterioration of metabolic control in hypertensive patients with NIDD.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; captopril ; once-daily administration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twelve patients with essential hypertension receiving captopril monotherapy or captopril in conjunction with a diuretic had their 24-h blood pressure profiles monitored using an automatic, non-invasive ambulatory method. The study examined the efficacy of once a day versus twice a day administration of the ACE inhibitor in controlling blood pressure. Six untreated subjects with borderline hypertension were also studied using the same monitoring equipment and with the same frequency, to act as controls because of the possibility of repeated use of the device causing a ‘familiarisation’ effect. The results obtained indicated that if anything, the once daily dosing produced marginally better blood pressure values. The amplitude of the diurnal blood pressure variation was reduced on a ‘second-wearing’ of the monitoring equipment suggesting some degree of familiarisation with the apparatus.
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  • 12
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: carteolol ; hypertension ; chronic renal failure ; renal function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of short- and long-term administration of carteolol on renal function has been examined in healthy subjects and in hypertensive patients with or without renal failure. In healthy subjects neither a single dose of 10 mg carteolol nor continuous administration of 20 mg/day for 7 days had any effect on creatinine clearance and renal blood flow. In all subjects the clearance rate of carteolol was about 400 ml/min and its fractional excretion of carteolol exceeded 300%, suggesting that the drug is secreted actively from renal tubules. Twenty-three hypertensive patients with or without renal dysfunction were given carteolol 10 to 20 mg/day for more than 50 weeks in addition to their standard antihypertensive regimens, which were left changed. Laboratory results were compared with the mean values of 50 weeks before and after the addition of carteolol, and none, including plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and electrolytes, were significantly changed. Neither the estimated glomerular filtration rate nor the effect of the drug on blood pressure changed significantly during this prolonged treatment. It is concluded that carteolol had no effect on renal function in healthy subjects and in hypertensive patients with or without renal failure.
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  • 13
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: co-dergocrine ; hypertension ; presynaptic dopamine2-receptors ; norepinephrine ; haemodynamic effects ; side-effects ; renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ; lipoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Co-dergocrine has recently been demonstrated acutely to lower plasma norepinephrine (NE) and blood pressure (BP) in patients with essential hypertension, and similar results have been obtained during chronic administration of co-dergocrine to healthy men. The present study investigated the effect of 3 weeks of treatment with co-dergocrine 4 mg/day on BP, plasma catecholamines, certain other BP-regulating factors and serum lipoproteins in patients with essential hypertension. Compared to placebo conditions, co-dergocrine decreased supine BP and heart rate by −7% and the upright plasma NE level by −24%. Supine plasma NE also fell (−24%). Total cholesterol and the LDL + VLDL-cholesterol lipoprotein fraction were lowered by −6%. No significant change was observed in plasma renin activity, angiotensin II, aldosterone and epinephrine levels, whole blood and plasma volume, exchangeable sodium, and the cardiovascular responsiveness to NE, angiotensin II and isoproterenol. The findings suggest that in patients with essential hypertension, chronic treatment with co-dergocrine may slightly decrease sympathetic outflow and, at least in the short-term, lower the potentially atherogenic serum LDL + VLDL − cholesterol fraction.
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  • 14
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 223-227 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nitrendipine ; renal failure ; hypertension ; uric acid excretion ; metabolic effects ; cardiovascular risk factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To evaluate the potential therapeutic value of calcium antagonists in hypertension associated with impaired renal function, blood pressure (BP), certain regulatory factors, and metabolic correlates of cardiovascular risk have been assessed in 15 patients with mild to marked chronic renal failure before and after 6 weeks of therapy with nitrendipine. Compared to placebo, nitrendipine (mean final dose 55 mg/day) decreased supine BP from 173/102 to 146/81 mm Hg and upright BP from 170/105 to 145/86 mm Hg. Heart rate, body weight (+0.8 kg) and exchangeable sodium (+176 mmol, not significant) were minimally increased, and plasma and whole blood volume, plasma angiotensin II and creatinine concentrations, and urinary electrolyte and creatinine excretion were not significantly changed. Nitrendipine increased uric acid excretion and lowered plasma uric acid by 24%; glucose, insulin, serum total lipids, and lipoprotein fractions were unchanged.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: metoprolol ; pindolol ; renal haemodynamics ; salt-water handling ; hypertension ; beta-adrenoceptor blockade ; ISA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects on renal hemodynamics and salt-water handling of equipotent doses of the cardioselective β-blocker metoprolol (M, 100 mg) and of the non-selective (intrinsic sympathetic activity) β-antagonist pindolol (P, 10 mg) were compared in 30 WHO Grade 1–2 hypertensive men. M lowered pulse rate more than P. Systolic pressure was equally reduced by both agents, and diastolic and mean pressures were decreased only after P. Glomerular filtration rate was not significantly altered by either antagonist, and renal blood flow decreased by approximately 11% both after M and P. Renal vascular resistance was unchanged after P, and was increased by 10% after M. It is concluded that, like the effects on central haemodynamics, ISA is more important in the renal response to β-adrenoceptor blockade than is β-receptor selectivity.
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  • 16
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 36 (1989), S. 347-350 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pindolol ; hypertension ; hyperlipidaemia ; chronic treatment ; cholesterol ; HDL ; LDL ; triglycerides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is the first long-term study of pindolol in a population-based sample of men with newly diagnosed hypertension. Eighty-two patients, with a diastolic pressure of 100 mm Hg or more, were identified after screening 6000 men. Many patients were overweight. 82 population controls, matched by sex, age and body mass index, were also recruited. Fourty-eight per cent of the patients and 25% of the controls had a family history of hypertension. Serum triglyceride and urate values were higher in patients than controls at the baseline investigation. Seventy-four patients were followed for 1 year. The dose of pindolol averaged 7.7 mg once daily after 1 year. The diastolic blood pressure was reduced by 13.4 mm Hg. The target pressure of 95 mm Hg or less was achieved in 89% of the patients. The HDL-cholesterol concentration was normal and did not change, whereas the LDL-cholesterol concentration decreased by 0.15 mmol · l−1 during treatment. The total triglyceride values increased transiently up to 6 months, but no significant increase was seen after one year. It is concluded that pindolol had no adverse effect on serum cholesterol and its HDL- and LDL-fractions during 1 year of treatment.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: calcium antagonists ; nicardipine ; hypertension ; placebo effect ; slow-release preparation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The magnitude and duration of the anti-hypertensive effect of slow-release nicardipine (SR-Nicardipine) have been compared with placebo in 36 uncomplicated essential hypertensives (diastolic BP 95 to 115 mm Hg after 1-month placebo washout). According to a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design they received SR-Nicardipine 40 mg b.d. and placebo for 1 month. At the end of each treatment period, blood pressure and heart rate were measured 12 h after the evening dose and 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the morning dose. SR-Nicardipine significantly reduced systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure at each time after dosing. The absolute decrements peaked 4 h after dosing (−18.3 and −11.7 mm Hg, respectively) and more than 90% of the peak effect persisted 12 h after dosing, both for SBP and DBP. The heart rate was slightly increased by SR-Nicardipine. Adverse effects monitored with a check-list occurred in 31% of patients during SR-Nicardipine treatment and in 28% on placebo. Thus, SR-Nicardipine 40 mg b.d. has a maintained and significant antihypertensive effect lasting up to 12 h in essential hypertension.
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  • 18
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 333-335 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: diabetes mellitus ; nifedipine ; hypertension ; oedema ; vasodilator ; blood flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the incidence of oedema 2 weeks following initation of nifedipine therapy for hypertension in a group of 10 diabetic subjects, and also measured skin blood flow (SBF) with a laser Doppler flowmeter, before and after lowering the foot. SBF with the foot horizontal increased after nifedipine from 0.31V (arbitrary units of flow) to 0.51V (NS). The postural fall in blood flow in dependency was significantly attenuated by nifedipine from 64.4 to 24.0%. Five patients developed ankle oedema. Results were similar in a small group of non-diabetic subjects starting nifedipine. The attenuation of reflex postural vasoconstriction is therefore likely to contribute to development of the oedema associated with starting nifedipine therapy, which should be monitored carefully in diabetic patients.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ketanserin ; ritanserin ; hypertension ; haemodynamics ; alpha1-adrenoceptor blockade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of ketanserin (40 mg p.o.) on blood pressure and brachial haemodynamics (brachial artery diameter, brachial blood velocity and blood flow) have been compared in a double-blind study with those of ritanserin (10 mg p.o.) and placebo. Haemodynamic parameters were measured before and 1 h after treatment. Patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension participated in this study, 6 each on ketanserin, ritanserin and placebo. Placebo significantly reduced heart rate and did not modify the other parameters. Compared to placebo, ketanserin significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increased brachial blood velocity and flow, and decreased forearm vascular resistance. Compared to placebo, ritanserin slightly decreased blood pressure and slightly increased blood flow, but neither effect was significant. When blood circulation to the hand was excluded, neither ketanserin nor ritanserin modified the proximal arterial resistance or blood flow. It is concluded that the actions of ketanserin and ritanserin essentially occurred in the distal part of the upper limb, and alpha1-receptor blockade is probably involved.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nisoldipine ; hypertension ; renal function/-impairment ; calcium antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of nisoldipine on renal function after 6 weeks treatment was investigated in hypertensive patients with and without renal impairment. Nisoldipine was well tolerated and an effective antihypertensive agent when administered over a period of 6 weeks. There were no significant changes in glomerular filtration, cardiac output, plasma renin activity or serum biochemistry during nisoldipine administration. Effective renal plasma flow was unaffected by treatment in the patients with normal renal function, but in the patients with renal insufficiency, the value decreased by a mean of 12%. Nisoldipine had no major untoward effects on renal function after 6 weeks administration, but minor changes in renal haemodynamics in the patients with renal insufficiency would suggest that careful monitoring of renal function is indicated in such patients.
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  • 21
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 37 (1989), S. 551-554 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nisoldipine ; hypertension ; ambulatory monitoring ; cuff blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cuff blood pressure data has suggested that the calcium channel antagonist nisoldipine has full twenty four hour efficacy. To test this, 24 h ambulatory intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring was performed on 18 untreated hypertensive subjects (12 men, 6 women) (cuff blood pressure 〉150/95 mm Hg) before and after chronic treatment with 10–20 mg oral nisoldipine taken daily at 08.00 h. Twelve patients completed the study, six being withdrawn, four because of side-effects. After baseline intra-arterial monitoring patients were started on 10 mg nisoldipine daily. Response was assessed by cuff pressures taken 24 h after dosing at fortnightly intervals, and if not controlled (〈150/95 or at least 10 mm Hg reduction in diastolic BP) the dose was increased to 20 mg. All patients received at least six weeks' therapy before the second intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring. There was a slight but insignificant reduction in mean daytime heart rate of 3 beats·min−1. Mean significant reduction in daytime systolic and diastolic BP was 19 mm Hg and 13 mm Hg respectively but there was no significant mean night-time reduction. By comparison 8 out of 12 patients were apparently controlled more than 24 h post dose according to cuff pressures. This study suggests that this formulation of nisoldipine does not control blood pressure over a full 24-h period, and emphasises the importance of 24 h ambulatory monitoring in assessing the efficacy of once-daily antihypertensive agents.
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  • 22
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 91 (1989), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calcium ATPase ; glucose transport ; herpes virus ; hypertension ; leaks ; pore-formation ; sodium channels ; stress ; toxins ; transport ; viruses
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four situations in which membrane transport is altered by disease are discussed: (a) non-specific leaks induced by poreforming agents; (b) glucose transport and cellular stress; (c) Ca+-ATPase and hypertension; (d) Na− channels and HSV infection.
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  • 23
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    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 551-569 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ; restriction fragment analysis ; genetic variation ; screwworm fly ; Diptera ; Cochliomyia hominivorax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA variability has been analyzed in the primary screwworm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax) using restriction endonuclease fragment patterns and restriction site mapping. A total of 30 different screwworm lines originating from Texas to Costa Rica and the Island of Jamaica was examined using 15 restriction endonucleases. Eleven of the restriction enzymes revealed polymorphism and yielded 16 mitochondrial genotypes or haplotypes. Two of the haplotypes were widely distributed, haplotype 1 being found scattered across southern Mexico and haplotype 2 along the west coast of Mexico. Haplotype 1 also appeared paired with several other haplotypes in mixed lines that were most likely the result of collecting an egg mass to which more than one female had contributed or to some form of contamination by haplotype 1 after introduction into the laboratory. These lines became fixed before single insects were examined and thus it is impossible to rule out heteroplasmy. The other 14 haplotypes were found in only a single locale and 12 of these were found in only one line. The average sequence diversity among 27 mainland lines was about 0.5%. The two Jamaican lines and one east coast mainland line differed from the others by 〉2%. The pattern of geographical distribution, a small number of apparently recurring haplotypes and a substantial number (75%) of the haplotypes unique, bears similarities to patterns observed in other insects such asDrosophila. The high frequency of unique genotypes in southern Mexico suggests a population with a very reduced gene flow, which may have had a positive effect on the sterile male release control program.
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  • 24
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    Biochemical genetics 27 (1989), S. 551-569 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ; restriction fragment analysis ; genetic variation ; screwworm fly ; Diptera ; Cochliomyia hominivorax
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA variability has been analyzed in the primary screwworm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax) using restriction endonuclease fragment patterns and restriction site mapping. A total of 30 different screwworm lines originating from Texas to Costa Rica and the Island of Jamaica was examined using 15 restriction endonucleases. Eleven of the restriction enzymes revealed polymorphism and yielded 16 mitochondrial genotypes or haplotypes. Two of the haplotypes were widely distributed, haplotype 1 being found scattered across southern Mexico and haplotype 2 along the west coast of Mexico. Haplotype 1 also appeared paired with several other haplotypes in mixed lines that were most likely the result of collecting an egg mass to which more than one female had contributed or to some form of contamination by haplotype 1 after introduction into the laboratory. These lines became fixed before single insects were examined and thus it is impossible to rule out heteroplasmy. The other 14 haplotypes were found in only a single locale and 12 of these were found in only one line. The average sequence diversity among 27 mainland lines was about 0.5%. The two Jamaican lines and one east coast mainland line differed from the others by 〉2%. The pattern of geographical distribution, a small number of apparently recurring haplotypes and a substantial number (75%) of the haplotypes unique, bears similarities to patterns observed in other insects such asDrosophila. The high frequency of unique genotypes in southern Mexico suggests a population with a very reduced gene flow, which may have had a positive effect on the sterile male release control program.
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  • 25
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 719-730 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Onion fly ; Delia antiqua ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; oviposition ; deterrent ; capsaicin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In laboratory choice experiments, the spices dill, paprika, black pepper, chili powder, ginger, and red pepper deterredDelia antiqua oviposition by 88–100%. Dose-response choice tests demonstrated that 1 mg of ground cayenne pepper (GCP) placed within 1 cm of artificial onion foliage reduced oviposition by 78%. A synthetic analog of capsaicin, the principal flavor ingredient of red peppers, deterred oviposition by 95% when present at 320 ppm in the top centimeter of sand (the ovipositional substrate). However, in no-choice conditions 10 mg GCP was not an effective deterrent. Sevana Bird Repellent and Agrigard Insect Repellent both use red pepper as a principal ingredient; at recommended field rates, neither of these materials was an effective ovipositional deterrent either in laboratory or field. Capsaicin-based materials do not appear to be candidates for onion maggot control via behavioral modification.
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  • 26
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1045-1055 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ananassae ; Drosophila bipectinata ; Diptera ; Dro-sophilidae ; aggregation pheromone ; (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-eicosenyl acetate ; cis-vaccenyl acetate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-11-Octadecenyl acetate (Z11–18∶Ac) and (Z)-11-eicosenyl acetate (Z11–20∶Ac) were identified as the aggregation pheromones ofDrosophila ananassae, andZ11–20∶Ac was identified as the aggregation pheromone ofDrosophila bipectinata. Z11–18∶Ac andZ11–20∶Ac were not attractive alone; however, in combination with fermenting food odors, the acetates attracted flies of both sexes in a wind-tunnel olfactometer. The pheromones were present in the ejaculatory bulb of sexually mature male flies and transferred to the female during mating. MaleD. bipectinata released little if anyZ11–20∶Ac to the food; however, recently mated females releasedZ11–20∶Ac to the surrounding surfaces in just a few hours after mating.D. ananassae males, on the other hand, appeared to release moreZ11–18∶Ac andZ11–20∶Ac to the surroundings than mated females. AlthoughD. bipectinata males had noZ11–18∶Ac, flies were as attracted toZ11–18∶Ac as to an equal quantity ofZ11–20∶Ac.D. ananassae were attracted toZ11–18∶Ac but not toZ11–16∶Ac orZ11–20∶Ac. However,Z11–20∶Ac in combination withZ11–18∶Ac was significantly more attractive thanZ11–18∶Ac alone.
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  • 27
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1231-1239 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Graphite furnace ; heavy metals ; chemoprints ; Delia radicum ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; surface adsorption ; oxidation states ; metal cations
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Graphite furnace and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to make quantitative determinations of a range of metallic cation contents of wet-ashed female individuals ofDelia radicum (L.) from a laboratory culture reared under controlled conditions and freeze-dried upon emergence. Analyses were done for seven elements: Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, AI, Mg, and K. The quantities of K and Mg present were positively related to the dry weight of individual flies, while the others showed an exponential decrease in concentration with increasing fly weight. This difference is attributed to the different roles of surface adsorption of metals with higher oxidation states and the high absorption efficiencies of those existing as oxidation states 1 and 2. The weight of the insect is therefore a major factor in determining the individual's chemoprint. The implications of this observation for other studies are discussed.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1423-1432 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Courtship ; pheromones ; (Z,Z)-7,11-heptacosadiene ; Drosophila rajasekari ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The courtship behaviors and cuticular hydrocarbons ofDrosophila rajasekari are described. Sexually mature males orient, tap, follow, vibrate their abdomens, extend and vibrate their wings, and attempt copulation during courtship. They perform these behaviors in response to immature and matureD. rajasekari of both sexes, and their courtship activities are facilitated by light. The predominant cuticular hydrocarbon found in both sexes is (Z,Z)-7,11-heptacosadiene (HCD), a compound known to be used as a courtship-stimulating sex pheromone by another fruit fly,D. melanogaster. Therefore, it is not surprising thatD. melanogaster males actively court both males and females from theD. rajasekari stock. However, HCD is apparently not used byD. rajasekari as a courtship-stimulating pheromone since matureD. rajasekari males do not courtD. melanogaster females, which produce large quantities of HCD.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Housefly ; Musca domestica ; Diptera ; Muscidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-9-tricosene ; (Z)-9-alkenes ; n-alkanes ; monomethyalkanes ; dimethylalkanes ; jojoba wax
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mixtures of (Z)-9-alkenes (C21-C33),n-alkanes (C21-C33), and mono- and dimethylalkanes (C27, C29), as components of the cuticular lipids washed from the female housefly (Musca domestica L.), were synthesized and assayed for their biological activity on male houseflies. The (Z)-9-alkenes and their hydrogenatedn-alkanes were synthesized from jojoba wax components by the appropriate chain elongation. The methylalkanes were prepared by Grignard coupling reaction of the appropriate alkyl halides, catalyzed by Li2CuCl4. Six- to 7-day-old virgin male houseflies exhibited the highest mating strike activity toward 6- to 7-day-old virgin females. The mating strike activity of the synthetic hydrocarbons was studied by exposing 6- to 7-day old virgin males to petrol-ether-rinsed 1 to 2-day-old dead females treated with these chemicals. (Z)-9-Tricosene was the most active hydrocarbon tested when it was applied in amounts of 10 μg to a washed dead female. Amounts of 5 μg of (Z)-9-tricosene did not cause sexual activity in the males. Mixture of (Z)-9-alkenes showed low activity when applied at 10-μg amounts. However, when mixtures were made of 5 μg of (Z)-9-tricosene with 5 fig of each of certain mixtures of (Z)-9-alkenes, the striking activity became as high as that of 10 μg of (Z)-9-tricosene. This might be a synergism effect. The mixtures ofn-alkanes, as well as the mono- and dimethylalkanes, showed moderate activity. When (Z)-9-tricosene was added to these materials no increase in male activity was observed.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2301-2317 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect ; screwworm ; Cochliomyia hominivorax ; Diptera ; Calliphoridae ; cuticular hydrocarbons ; mass spectrometry ; 2,X-dimethylalkanes
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    Notes: Abstract A novel series of 2,X-dimethylalkanes were isolated and identified. The nonpolar fraction of the surface lipids secreted by the adult (5-day-old) screwworm,Cochliomyia hominivorax, contains over 130 different hydrocarbons comprising normal alkanes (32% of the total hydrocarbon), branched alkanes (53%), and monoalkenes (11%). Branched alkanes included monomethylalkanes with substitution in all possible positions except for 4-methylalkanes, internally branched dimethylalkanes, and 2,X- and 3,X-dimethylalkanes. At emergence, adults of both sexes of the 009 strain have nearly identical gas Chromatographic profiles, which diverge as the insect ages. Irradiation of pharate pupae does not affect the hydrocarbon produced.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olive fruit fly ; Dacus oleae ; Diptera ; Tephritidae ; pheromones ; attractants ; sex attractants ; pheromone analog ; 1,5,7-triox-aspiro[5.5]undecane
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    Notes: Abstract l,5,7-Trioxaspiro[5.5]undecane, an analog of the major sex pheromone (olean) of the olive fruit fly, was synthesized via two different routes and tested for biological activity under laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory tests, its activity was comparable to that of olean, especially when a stabilizer or a high concentration was used. In field tests, its activity reached the level of olean only when a stabilizer and an open-type dispenser, which allows high rates of evaporation, were used. The residual activity of the analog dispensers did not exceed two weeks both under laboratory and field conditions compared to over four months for olean.
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  • 32
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    Neuroscience and behavioral physiology 19 (1989), S. 399-407 
    ISSN: 1573-899X
    Keywords: hemodynamics ; stress ; hypertension
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the article, we present experimental data indicating that negative emotional states evoked by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus or by behavioral conflicts are accompanied by a predominance of vascular responses of a presser character possessing the property of summation. In contrast, positive emotional states during a self-stimulation reaction or when animals attain behavioral results satisfying their major biological demands are accompanied by a predominance of pressor-depressor vascular reactions. In individual animals under conditions of experimental emotional stress in conflicting situations of a prolonged character, pronounced disturbances of cardiac-vascular functions occur. Predominantly pressor vascular reactions arise in response to forced stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus in such cases. It is shown that changes in vascular tonus plays a leading role in disturbances of AP regulation during stress of immobilization. The most frequent cause of death in animals under such conditions is a progressive fall of AP due to an abrupt decrease in the total peripheral resistance. The resistance of the cardiac-vascular functions to emotional stress is determined to a significant degree by genetic mechanisms.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila mauritiana ; Drosophila yakuba ; Drosophila rajasekari ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate ; cis-vaccenyl acetate ; aggregation pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-11-Octadecenyl acetate (Z11–18∶Ac) was identified as the aggregation pheromone ofDrosophila mauritiana, D. yakuba, andD. rajasekari. The amount of pheromone in the ejaculatory bulb of male flies increased with age, reaching plateau levels of ca. 240, 800, and 1100 ng/fly forD. mauritiana, D. yakuba, andD. rajasekari, respectively. Thirty to 50% of the pheromone in the ejaculatory bulb was transferred to the female during mating, with the majority transferred to the female's reproductive tract. In the subsequent 6-hr period, over half the pheromone in the female's reproductive tract was transferred to the surroundings. In a wind-tunnel olfactometer,Z11–18∶Ac was attractive toD. yakuba andD. mauritiana; however,D. rajasekari required food or food odors in combination withZ11–18∶Ac to demonstrate aggregation activity.Z11–16∶Ac andZ11–20∶Ac were not attractive forD. mauritiana, D. yakuba, andD. rajasekari. For all three species, food was synergistic withZ11–18∶Ac and both sexes were attracted.
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  • 34
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 265-273 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila malerkotliana ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; aggregation pheromone ; (Z)-11-eicosenyl acetate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-11-Eicosenyl acetate (Z11–20:Ac) was identified as the aggregation pheromone inDrosophila malerkotliana. The pheromone (200–300 ng/fly) was isolated from hexane extracts of the ejaculatory bulb of sexually mature male flies. Males released very little, if any,Z11–20:Ac to the food at any time. During mating there was a transfer of ca. 100 ng ofZ11–20:Ac to the female's reproductive tract. The mated female fly transferred theZ11–20:Ac to the surrounding surfaces in just a few hours after mating. In bioassay in a wind-tunnel olfactometer,Z11–20:Ac was not attractive alone, but was synergistic with fermenting food or with acetone. AlthoughD. malerkotliana has no (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate (Z11–18:Ac), it was as attracted toZ11–18:Ac as to an equal quantity ofZ11–20:Ac.D. melanogaster andD. simulans, however, responded to theZ11–18: Ac that they produced and did not respond toZ11–20:Ac.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ceratitis capitata ; medfly ; Diptera ; Tephritidae ; trimedlure ; electroantennogram ; dosage-response
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) of unmated laboratory-reared male and femaleCeratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were recorded in response to the attractant trimedlure [tert-butyl 4(and 5)-chloro-trans-2-methylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate] and its fourtrans isomers. For both sexes, the magnitude of the EAG response was relatively low as compared to other previously tested compounds (i.e., plant volatiles). Dosage-response curves generated for all TML isomers revealed that flies responded to increasing dosages over a relatively narrow range (two to three log steps). Responses for both sexes peaked at ca. 10 μg dose for all isomers. Antennal response in males was greatest to the C isomer followed by the B1, A, and B2 isomers, while responses of females were greatest for the A isomer followed by B1, C, and B2. Both sexes exhibited a long recovery period for the response potential to return to baseline at doses above 1 μg for all of the isomers tested, except for B2. The low EAG sensitivity to trimedlure and the apparent EAG selectivity to the C isomer in males are discussed in relation to the known field attractancy of males to the C, A, B1, and B2 isomers.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2577-2588 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila busckii ; D. mulleri ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; aggregation ; pheromone ; (S)-2-pentadecyl acetate ; 2-pentadecanone ; chiral
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (S)-2-Pentadecyl acetate and 2-pentadecanone were identified as the major aggregation pheromone components, inDrosophila busckii. Both sexes of flies were attracted equally in a wind-tunnel olfactometer. The flies also responded to racemic 2-pentadecyl acetate but not to the pureR enantiomer. In bioassay, (S)-2-pentadecyl acetate and 2-pentadecanone were each active alone, and a mixture of both increased the number of flies responding ca. twofold. The aggregation pheromone components are found in the ejaculatory bulb of sexually mature males and are transferred primarily to the female cuticle during mating. One third of the pheromone transferred is released by the female to the surrounding environment in a few hours after mating. None of the aggregation pheromone components remained on the mated female's cuticle, leaving two thirds unaccounted for. The same results were obtained when racemic 2-pentadecyl acetate was topically applied to immature and mature virgin males and females. BothD. mulleri andD. busckii were attracted to (S)-2-acetates of 13, 14 and 15 carbons, butD. mulleri preferred (S)-2-tridecyl acetate andD. busckii preferred (S)-2-pentadecyl acetate.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dacus dorsalis ; Oriental fruit fly ; Diptera ; Tephritidae ; methyl eugenol
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory-reared and wild, fruit-reared adults of the Oriental fruit fly,Dacus dorsalis Hendel, were tested for response to methyl eugenol at various ages. Virgin laboratory (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days old) and wild (7, 11, 15, 19, and 23 days old) flies were released into an outdoor field cage and trapped over a two-day period. Response of males increased with age as ca. 32% and 22% of laboratory and wild males responded at 2 and 7 days of age, respectively, while ca. 93% of both strains responded at 10 and 23 days of age, respectively. These correspond approximately to the ages at which they reach sexual maturity. Female response did not increase with age and fluctuated between 15% and 29% for the laboratory strain and 10% and 45% for the wild strain. The age-related response profiles, when integrated with sexual maturation curves, indicate that one of the major reasons the male-annihilation technique is effective is because methyl eugenol is able to attract 40–50% of male flies prior to the onset of sexual maturation.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 25-36 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Screwworm fly ; Cochliomyia hominivorax ; Diptera ; Calliphoridae ; attractant ; host finding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An olfactometer bioassay was used to follow attractant for screwworm flies,Cochliomyia hominivorax, in steam distillates of bovine blood under different distillation and storage conditions and after HPLC separation of components in a water-methanol gradient. In addition, fly responsiveness was examined in relation to sex and ovarian stage. Gravid and vitellogenic nullipars were attracted to the blood, although the former predominated four to one. Males did not respond at a dose that attracted 76% of gravid females. Maximum attractiveness occurred when distillate was stored in sealed glass ampoules. An argon atmosphere made storage at ambient temperatures feasible, but offered no advantage during storage at ca. −60°C or during distillation. The HPLC separation produced four fractions that duplicated the attractiveness of the distillate when recombined but showed little activity when presented as two-fraction, and most three-fraction, mixtures. Availability of the HPLC fractions for combination with other samples will facilitate location via bioassay of attractant components in samples obtained from subsequent or alternate isolations that preserve only one or two elements of the multicomponent mixture.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: CarrotDaucus carota ; Psila rosae ; Diptera ; Psilidae ; carrot-fly larva ; root chemicals ; carbonyl-rich fraction ; falcarinol ; falcarindiol ; fal-carindiol monoacetate ; electrophysiology ; neurotoxin ; carrot resistance factor
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Roots of the carrot cultivars Vertou L.D. (resistant) and Long Chantenay (susceptible) were subjected to detailed chemical analysis to identify extracts and compounds influencing larval host-finding (preference/non-preference) behavior and to compare concentrations of these compounds in resistant and susceptible cultivars. Vertou yielded threefold less volatile material in headspace extracts of pureed roots. Extracts of chopped root in methanol, steam, hexane, and chloroform were inactive in behavioral assays. However, ether extracts were active and their hydrocarbon and carbonyl-rich fractions contained potent attractants. The principal constituent of the carbonyl-rich fraction of each cultivar was the carotatoxin complex comprising the neurotoxin falcarinol (carotatoxin), falcarindiol, and falcarindiol monoacetate, the latter compound here reported for the first time from carrot. Falcarinol (50 and 100 μg) was active in a behavioral assay, and all three ingredients of the complex were potent electrophysiological stimuli, eliciting maximum single unit responses to source concentrations of 10 ng. Furthermore, the complex was more abundant by about 1000 μg/root in Long Chantenay. As this comprised extra amounts of 70, 862, and 110 μg of falcarinol, falcarindiol, and falcarindiol monoacetate, respectively, the observed differences seem both behaviorally and physiologically relevant. It is generally accepted that coevolution has transformed the role of many toxins into host-location cues, but this seems a relatively rare example of a neurotoxin (falcarinol) evincing, in decreased concentrations, nonpreference host resistance. This evolved response to a toxin present in large concentrations is contrasted with that totrans-2-nonenal, which paralyses and kills the larva and is present in only trace amounts in the root.
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  • 40
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1867-1882 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carrot resistance ; carrot fly ; Psila rosae ; Diptera ; Psilidae ; main root factors ; nonpreference oviposition ; root resistance to larvae ; antibiosis ; root chemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments on two different soil types in Ireland assessed the extent and mechanisms of resistance toPsila rosae (F.), the carrot fly, with emphasis on the role of the carrot root. Ten carrot cultivars gave consistent results in terms of resistant and susceptible cultivars. Nonpreference oviposition was confirmed as a mechanism, and the use of egg traps, providing differential exposure of the main root, showed this was regulated by root factors, probably chemical constituents. Independent main root resistance to the larva was also confirmed, and this effect was established as consistent with a chemically mediated nonpreference. Antibiosis by the root was demonstrated. Such effects in three different modes indicate that main root properties are crucial in carrot resistance toPsila and suggest a pervasive influence of root chemicals on such resistance.
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  • 41
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1931-1946 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Litchi chinensis ; Sapindaceae ; Ficus refusa ; Ficus benjamina ; Ficus benghalensis ; Moraceae ; Ceratitis capitata ; Diptera ; Tephritidae ; Mediterranean fruit fly ; medfly ; α-copaene ; α-ylangene
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Short-range attraction/feeding stimulation of male Mediterranean fruit flies [Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), (Diptera: Tephritidae)] to a stem extract of a host plant,Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Sapindaceae), and to milky exudates from stems of nonhost plants,Ficus retusa L. andF. benjamina L. (Moraceae), were attributed to the presence of the sesquiterpene α-copaene. The presence of α-copaene in the milky exudate from stems ofF. benghalensis L. is also suggested as eliciting similar behavioral responses in male medflies. The presence of minor quantities of α-ylangene in the plants and its contributory effects to the behavioral response of male medflies is discussed. Short-range attraction/feeding stimulation of male medflies to equal amounts of α-ylangene-free α-copaene samples (94.5%+), prepared from α-copaene-enriched angelica seed oil and copaiba oil, respectively, showed no difference in intensity of response. α-Ylangene elicited a slightly less intense response for male medflies than α-copaene.
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  • 42
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 399-411 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila mulleri ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; aggregation ; pheromone ; chirality ; enantiomers ; ester ; ketone ; (S)-(+)-2-tridecanol acetate ; (Z)-10-heptadecen-2-one
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Existence of an aggregation pheromone was demonstrated inDrosophila mulleri. Mature males produce at least two compounds that are lacking from females and newly emerged males and that attract both males and females in a wind-tunnel bioassay. These compounds are (S)-(+)-2-tridecanol acetate and (Z)-10-heptadecen-2-one. Both were synthesized, and the flies responded to the synthetic compounds as well as to fly-derived preparations. The flies also responded to racemic 2-tridecanol acetate but not to the pureR enantiomer. A more polar, very volatile attractant was also extracted from both sexes ofD. mulleri but was not identified.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 663-676 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; triterpene glycosides ; cactus ; fitness components ; host-plant relationships
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of pentacyclic triterpene glycosides extracted from agria and organ pipe cacti on three fitness parameters of the cactophilic fruit fly,Drosophila mojavensis were tested. Triterpene glycosides from organ pipe increased development time and reduced larval viability while those from agria produced smaller adults (reduced fecundity). In addition, the microbial communities in the organ pipe saponin media were less dense than those in the media to which agria saponins had been added. The role of cactus triterpene glycosides in the ecology of thisDrosophila species is discussed.
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  • 44
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    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 905-916 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Onion fly ; Delia antiqua ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; Erwinia carotovora varcarotovora ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; food attractant ; ovipositional stimulant ; dipropyl disulfide ; 2-phenylethanol ; pentanoic acid
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Decomposing onions at certain microbial successional stages produce potent volatile attractants and ovipositional stimulants of the onion fly,Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). A reproducible source of these compounds was obtained by culturingErwinia carotovora var.carotovora (EC) on sterile onion tissue. In laboratory choice tests, EC-inoculated onion was more attractive thanKlebsiella pneumoniae (KP) cultured on onion, EC cultured on potato (a nonhost of onion fly), or the chemical synthetic baits dipropyl disulfide and an aqueous solution of 2-phenylethanol and pentanoic acid. Onion flies were mildly attracted to potato after inoculation with EC, but females did not accept EC-inoculated potato for oviposition. This work emphasizes that sources of semiochemicals may need to be defined microbiologically as well as physically and chemically.
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  • 45
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 107 (1989), S. 200-202 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hypertension ; platelets ; sodium-proton exchange
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: hypertension ; erythrocyte membrane permeability ; electron microscopy ; erythrocyte transformation
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: wound healing ; morphine ; hypertension ; substance P
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  • 48
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 169-175 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Pteromalidae ; Nasonia vitripennis ; Diptera ; Calliphora sp. ; spatial distribution ; parasitism ; aggregation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons examiné les effets de différents niveaux d'agrégation des hôtes (pupes de Calliphora) sur l'efficacité parasitaire de Nasonia vitripennis. Une augmentation de l'agrégation des pupes a diminué le nombre d'hôtes parasités bien que le nombre de pupes attaquées ait été peu modifié. Cette différence a été attribuée à un accroissement des interactions comportementales entre les parasitoïdes et à une tendance au superparasitisme plus élevée lors des distributions les plus agrégatives. Plus les hôtes étaient concentrés, moins l'effectif de parasitoïdes achevant leur développement et émergeant était important. La fréquence des males a augmenté avec la concentration des pupes. Nous avons estimé que les facteurs déterminants ont été les interactions comportementales entre femelles et leur aptitude à modifier le taux sexuel de leur descendance immédiate. Nous en avons conclu que N. vitripennis est peut-être mieux adaptée aux populations d'hôtes distribuées au hasard, type de distribution le plus vraisemblable dans les populations naturelles.
    Notes: Abstract Patterns of parasitism of Calliphora sp. pupae by Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) are explored under various conditions of host aggregation. Increasing the hosts' spatial aggregation decreased the number of hosts actually parasitised but had no significant effect on the total number of hosts attacked. Increasing host aggregation also resulted in a smaller parasitoid population with a more male biased sex ratio.
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  • 49
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 17-22 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhagoletis cerasi ; Diptera ; Tephritidae ; oviposition deterring pheromone ; behavior ; semi-field bioassay ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmenden Reinigungsschritten am Rohextrakt des Markierungspheromones (ODP) der Kirschenfliege, Rhagoletis cerasi L., und zunehmenden Reinheitsgrad des aktiven Prinzipes nimmt die Menge an Substanz ab, welche sowohl für die chemische Analyse wie auch die Prüfung der biologischen Aktivität zur Verfügung steht. Beim Vorliegen einer nicht mehr wägbaren Menge eines reinen Stoffes im Sommer 1985, welcher als ein Palmityl-glucopyranosid identifiziert werden konnte (Hurter et al., 1987), musste deshalb auf den üblichen Verhaltenstest im Labor verzichtet und ein neuer Lösungsansatz gefunden werden. Nachdem ein erster elektrophysiologischer Test positive Resultate gezeight hatte, wurde die Fraktion Nr. 2634 in einem grossen Freilandkäfig mit Kirschenpflanzen und natürlichen Früchten in einem Verhaltenstest auf ihre biologische Wirksamkeit geprüft. Die in dieser Arbeit präsentierten Resultate zeigen nicht nur, dass mit dem Palmityl-glucopyranosid eine ähnliche Wirkung erzielt wurde wie mit natürlichen ODP, sondern zum erstenmal konnte demonstriert werden, dass in R. cerasi und möglicherweise in andern Fruchtfliegenarten eine einzelne chemische Substanz eine eiablagehemmende Wirkung ausüben kann.
    Notes: Abstract A pure single compound, a palmityl-glucopyranoside identified as component of the oviposition deterring pheromone (ODP) of the European cherry fruit fly was evaluated with respect to its biological activity by means of a semi-field bioassay in a large field-cage with host plants. The comparison of the observed behaviors of flies exposed to clean cherries, to cherries treated with a standard ODP solution and with the pure compound revealed that palmityl-glucopyranoside elicited the same response as did the crude ODP solution. Irritation indices are described that seem to be of use for the characterization of cherry fruit fly behavior in the presence and absence of ODP. The advantages of the field-cage test over the standard laboratory tests are discussed.
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  • 50
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 55-64 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diptera ; Tephritidae ; oriental fruit fly ; Dacus dorsalis ; fruit ; green-leaf volatiles ; olfaction ; electrophysiology ; electroantennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des électroantennogrammes (EAG) ont enregistré les réponses, en élevages de femelles et mâles vierges de Dacus dorsalis, à une gamme de chaînes de carbones de C1 à C12 saturés et non-saturés d'alcools aliphatiques et d'aldéhydes, dont beaucoup sont connus comme substances volatiles des végétaux. Seulement 2 des 35 composés examinés ont provoqué des EAG significativement plus importants chez les femelles que chez les mâles. Pour les séries des deux groupes fonctionnels examinés, les aldéhydes ont provoqué des réponses supérieures ou égales aux alcools. En général, les réponses aux alcools nonsaturés n'étaient pas significativement différentes des réponses aux alcools saturés. Cependant, les aldéhydes non-saturés, (E)-2-hexénal et 10-undécénal, ont induit des EAG de plus grande ampleur que leurs analogues saturés. Les EAG étaient significativement les plus importants pour une chaîne de longueur particulière, la réponse aux alcools primaires culminant en C6 et les aldéhydes en C7. Les alcools monoéniques (E)-2- culminaient en C6, tandis que les alcools (E)-3- étaient étales entre C5 et C8. Les EAG les plus importants ont été obtenus pour tous les composés examinés avec les alcools et aldéhydes en C6 qui appartiennent à “l'odeur verte complexe” émise par beaucoup de plantes. Le bénéfice adaptatif potentiel de la sensibilité sélective à “l'odeur verte” des feuilles est examinée en fonction du comportement de prospection de D. dorsalis.
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from unmated, laboratory-reared, male and female oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis, in response to a range of between C1 and C12 carbon chain-length saturated and unaturated aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes, most all of which are known host-plant volatiles. Only two of the 35 compounds tested elicited significantly larger EAGs from female than male antennae. For the two functional-group series tested, aldehydes elicited responses greater than or equal to the responses to the alcohols. In general, the unsaturated alcohols did not elicit responses significantly different from the saturated alcohols. However, the unsaturated aldehydes, (E)-2-hexenal and 10-undecenal, elicited larger amplitude EAGs than their saturated analogs. EAGs were significantly greater for a particular carbon chain-length, with responsiveness to primary alcohols peaking at C6 and aldehydes peaking at C7. The (E)-2- monoenic alcohols peaked at C6, while the (E)-3-alcohols plateaued between C5 and C8. The greatest EAG responses of all compounds tested were elicited by the saturated and unsaturated C6 alcohols and aldehydes which are constitutents of the “general green-leaf volatile complex” that emanates from most plants. The potential adapative benefit of selective sensitivity to green-leaf volatiles is discussed in regards to foraging behaviors of oriental fruit flies.
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  • 51
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 45 (1987), S. 259-263 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dacus tryoni ; Tephritidae ; Diptera ; learning ; oviposition ; host fruit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les éléments apportés montrent que l'exposition de D. tryoni Froggat à un type de fruit déterminé (par exemple, la poire) pendant 3 jours, conduit la femelle à tenter de pondre à une plus haute fréquence dans ce type de fruit que dans d'autres (par example; tomate ou raisin). Les effects de l'exposition à un type particulier de fruit étant réversibles, ceci suggère que les femelles de D. tryoni sont capables d'apprentissage. Des femelles exposées à des poires pendant 3 jours ont conservé l'effet d'une telle exposition pendant 4 jours en présence de tomates, mais moins de 2 jours en présence de raisin. La discussion porte sur la signification possible de la connaissance antérieure d'un type particulier de fruit sur l'aptitude ultérieure des femelles à distinguer parmi des spécimens de ce type, mais de qualités différentes.
    Notes: Abstract Evidence presented indicates that exposure of wild Queensland fruit files, Dacus tryoni (Froggatt), to a given host fruit type (e.g. pear) for 3 days causes females to attempt oviposition to a greater degree in that fruit type than in other fruit types (e.g. tomato, grape). The effects of exposure to a particular fruit type proved reversible, suggesting that D. tryoni females were capable of learning. Females exposed to pear for 3 days appeared to retain the effect of such exposure on acceptance of tomato for up to 4 days but appeared to retain the effect on acceptance of grape for less than 2 days. The possible significance of prior experience of females with a particular fruit type on future ability to discriminate among varying-quality specimens of that type is discussed.
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  • 52
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 61-65 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Entomophthora muscae ; Psila rosae ; Entomophthorales ; Diptera ; abnormal egg-laying behaviour ; population regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wenn Weibchen der echten Möhrenfliegen (Psila rosae) zwischen den ersten und der vierten Tag in dem Laboratorium mit E. muscae infiziert worden waren, könnten sie ihre Eier an den Futterpflanze nicht ablegen. E. muscae-infizierte Weibchen, die ins Feld gefangen worden waren, zeigten auch ein abweichendes Eiablageverhalten. Ihr Behalten war mit dem Verhalten von Fliegen vergleichbar, die an ihrem ersten Lebenstag im Laboratorium infiziert worden waren. Von infizierten Weibchen gelegte Eier waren ebenso fruchtbar wie die von nicht infizierten Weibchen gelegten Eiern. Es wird konkludiert, dass E. muscae-infizierten Weibchen der echten Möhrenfliegen der Entwicklung der Population keinen Beitrag leisten.
    Notes: Abstract Female carrot flies (Psila rosae F.) infected with Entomophthora muscae (C.) Fres. on days 1 to 4 of adult life were unable to lay their eggs near the food plant. Flies infected on day 5 of adult life showed an egg-laying behaviour similar to that of uninfected flies. E. muscae-infected female carrot flies caught in the field showed an egg-laying behaviour comparable to that of the flies infected in the laboratory during the first day of their live. Eggs laid by infected females were equally as fertile as eggs laid by uninfected females, and developed into normal flies. It is concluded that female carrot flies infected with E. muscae in the field do not in general contribute to the development of the carrot fly population, due to their abnormal egg-laying behaviour.
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  • 53
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Leptopilina boulardi ; Cynipidae ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoid ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; field egg laying strategy ; functional response ; switching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le concept de réponse optimale d'un parasite vis-à-vis de l'hôte le plus favorable pour son développement demeure surtout théorique et n'a pu être vérifié que dans les conditions de laboratoire. Nous avons montré que Drosophila melanogaster s'avère être, par rapport à D. simulans, l'hôte le plus favorable pour le développement du cynipide parasite Leptopilina boulardi. Une étude sur le terrain a démontré que ce parasite présente une réponse fonctionnelle densité dépendante vis-à-vis de D. melanogaster et non vis-à-vis de D. simulans, avec un effet de bascule. D'autre part, il s'avère que ce parasite exploite beaucoup mieux son hôte, en évitant le superparasitisme, ceci étant démontré au laboratoire et dans la nature. Enfin, il apparaît qu'il est capable d'allonger sa période de ponte lorsque cet hôte est rare, ce qui ne se produit pas avec D. simulans.
    Notes: Abstract The hypothesis of optimal host species selection predicts that when a parasitoid has the choice between two host species, it will choose the species thay gives the best survival chances for its progeny. We confirmed this hypothesis by laboratory experiments with Leptopilina boulardi Barb. et al., a cynipid parasitoid which prefers Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (the host species most suitable for parasitoid survival) above D. simulans Sturt. As far as fitness parameters are concerned, the fertility of L. boulardi is higher with D. melanogaster; the egg laying can be spread out over a long period when this host is relatively scarce. This does not occur with D. simulans in which parasitic oviposition stops soon when this host is not abundant. Investigations of this foraging strategy were done under more complex natural conditions. We found that L. boulardi has a type III functional response with D. melanogaster only; furthermore, it seems that a switching effect may exist with this host. Parasitoid females appear to distribute their eggs more regularly on D. melanogaster, thus avoiding superparasitism. This seems to be independent of the relative frequency of this host. However, superparasitism of D. simulans did occur more frequently when this host was scarce.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; larval development ; host-parasitoid relationship ; development synchronisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les relations physiologiques entre O. nubilalis et le tachinidae P. nigrolineata ont été étudiées dans des conditions abiotiques telles que l'hôte présente un développement sans diapause. Le parasitoïde ralentit la prise de poids de l'hôte: le poids maximal des chenilles parasitées ne représente que 78% de celui des chenilles saines. Seule la durée du 5ème stade est significativement plus longue chez les chenilles parasitées que chez les saines (10,4 contre 8,0 jours). L'influence de l'hôte sur le développement du parasitoïde à été expérimentée en parasitant des stades 2 à 5 d'O. nubilalis. Lorsque l'infestation a lieu au stade 2, le développement larvaire complet du parasitoî de dure deux fois plus longtemps que lorsque l'infestation a lieu au stade 5. Le meilleur rendement en pupes (50%) est obtenu lorsque l'infestation a lieu au stade 3. Il a été montré qu'il existe une bonne synchronisation entre le développement de l'hôte et de son parasitoî de. Il y a 4 phases physiologiques du développement larvaire de P. nigrolineata qui semblent nécessiter un signal provenant de l'hôte pour être dépassées. Ainsi peuvent être mis en relation: — le début de la croissance de la larve néonate du parasitoî de et l'ecdysis 3/4 de l'hôte; — la première mue du parasitoïde et l'ecdysis 4/5 de l'hôte; — la reprise de la croissance du stade II du parasitoïde, vers un poids de 1 mg et la remontée des taux d'ecdystéroïdes au milieu du stade 5 de l'hôte. et probablement, — la seconde mue du parasitoïde et l'apolyse nymphale de l'hôte. Les expérimentations vont se poursuivre pour déterminer les facteurs en cause. Ces phénomènes de synchronisation seront aussi étudiés dans le cas de la diapause de l'hôte.
    Notes: Abstract The physiological relationships between Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner and its tachinid parasitoid Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata Walker are described under abiotic conditions which induce development of the host without diapause. The parasitoid lowers the larval growth of the host: the maximal weight attained by the parasitized larvae represented only 78% of that of healthy ones. The duration of the last larval host instar increased to 10.4 days in parasitized O. nubilalis compared to 8.0 days in unparasitized ones. The influence of the host on the parasitoid development was studied experimentally after parasitization of O. nubilalis larvae of instars 2 to 5. When the second larval instar of the host is parasitized, the overall duration of parasitoid larval development lasts twice as long as when the fifth instar is parasitized. The best yield of parasitoid pupariae (50%) is obtained when parasitization occurs in instar 3. We show that good synchronisation exists between the larval development of the host and its parasitoid. There are four phases of parasitoid development which would appear to require a ‘signal’ from the host: the start of the growth of newly hatched parasitoid larvae and the 3rd to 4th instar ecdysis of the host; the first moulting of the parasitoid and the 4th to 5th instar ecdysis of the host; the growth resumption of the parasitoid instar II (weight about 1 mg) and the small rise of the ecdysteroid level in the middle of host instar 5; and in all probability, the second parasitoid moulting and the larval-pupal apolysis of the host.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Pherbellia cinerella ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; larva ; pupa ; temperature ; Lymnaea truncatula ; snails ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action de la température a été examinée à 14, 17, 20, 23 et 26°C. Les 2 espèces sont prédatrices de L. truncatula, vecteur de la douve du foie en Irlande, où elle provoque à l'àgriculture une perte évaluée à 10 millions de livres par an. Les données recuellies en conditions contrôlées du laboratoire doivent permettre de définir les conditions optimales pour l'élevage continu de ces espèces. Ceci est indispensable pour évaluer, dans la nature leurs potentialités pour la lutte biologique. Ilione albiseta: C'est à 23°C que le développement des larves de premier et second stades sont les plus brefs; la survie du premier stade est totale à toutes les températures constantes examinées. La durée moyenne du 3ème stade décroît de 104 jours à 17°C jusqu'à 27,5 jours à 26°C. Le taux de survie total est plus élevé à 17°C qu'à 26°C. La durée moyenne de la nymphose diminue quand la température croît, et ceci se produit aussi à la température ambiante extérieure. On réduit de moitié la durée du développement de l'éclosion de l'oeuf à l'apparition de l'adulte, entre la nature et le laboratoire, en utilisant respectivement: 23°, 17° et 26°C pour les premier et second stades, le troisième stade, la nymphé. Cela devrait aider à multiplier la souche pour la lutte biologique. Pherbellia cinerella: Avec élévation de la température la durée du développement larvaire diminue, mais aussi le nombre de larves parvenant à la pupaison (100% à 14° et 33,3% à 26°C). La nymphose tendait à être plus brève aux températures les plus élevées.
    Notes: Abstract The duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of predatory flies was investigated at five constant temperatures. Ilione albiseta (Scopoli): Mean duration of first and second instars was shortest at 23°C and there was 100% survival of first instar larvae at all temperatures. Mean third instar larval duration decreased from 104 days at 17°C to 27.5 days at 26°C. Total percentage larval survival was greatest at 17°C and least at 26°C. Mean pupal duration decreased as temperature increased and this occurred also under outdoor conditions. Pherbellia cinerella (Fallén): As temperature increased mean larval duration decreased but the percentage of larvae pupating also decreased (100% at 14°C, 33.3% at 26°C). There was a trend for shorter mean pupal durations at higher temperatures.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Mediterranean fruit fly ; Ceratitis capitata ; Tephritidae ; Diptera ; trimedlure ; controlled-release ; attractant ; dispenser
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé C. capitata était attiré par des pièges alimentés avec de la trimedlure (TML), attractif déposé sur un distributeur commercial de coton dentaire en rouleau. Puisque ce distributeur ne fonctionne que 2 à 4 semaines, des distributeurs à libération contrôlée peuvent augmenter le temps de fonctionnement de pièges fournis en TML. Un bouchon en polymère contenant en poids 70% de TML a été très efficace pendant 8 à 12 semaines. D'autres formules ont été moins efficaces avec des mouches lâchées. Un taux de libération, de 17 mg ou plus de TML moyen par jour, capture moins, mais sans différence statistique significative, qu'un distributeur témoin qui libérait 61 à 63 mg/j. Les captures d'insectes ont augmenté à peu près comme le carré du taux de libération; l'équation de régression curviligne a conduit à penser que la libération de TML à des taux de 52 et 15 mg/j, provoque des captures égales à 100% et 50% des captures de référence. L'isomère le plus attractif (TML-C) a été un attractif très efficace au taux de libération de 4 mg/j.
    Notes: Abstract Mediterranean fruit flies (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) are detected by traps baited with the attractant, trimedlure (TML), deposited on the standard cotton dental roll dispenser. Since this dispenser is effective for only 2–4 weeks, controlled-release dispensers may extend the field life of TML-baited traps. A polymeric plug containing 70% by weight TML was highly effective for 8–12 weeks. Other formulations were less effective in the tests with released flies. A release rate of ca. 17 mg of standard TML/day or higher gave insect captures which were generally lower but statistically equivalent to those with the reference dispenser which released 61–63 mg/day. Normalized insect catches increased approximately as the square root of the release rate; the curvilinear regression equation suggested that TML release rates of ca. 52 and 15 mg/day give insect captures equal to ca. 100% and 50%, respectively, of the reference catches. The most attractive TML isomer (TML-C) was a highly effective attractant at a release rate of ca. 4 mg/day.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Diptera ; Entomophthora muscae ; infection ; post-mortem growth ; susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixteen species of Diptera from eight families were inoculated with conidia ofEntomophthora muscae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). The following species were susceptible and became infected at the rates indicated:Musca domestica (100%),Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis (86%),Phaenicia sericata (44%),Scatophaga stercoraria (30%),Drosophila melanogaster (11%),Aedes aegypti (3%), andStomoxys calcitrans (2%). The following species were not susceptible under the conditions of this study:Phormia regina, Calliphora vicina, Rhagoletis pomonella, Eristalis arbustorum, Eristalis tenax, Toxomerus geminatus, Sphaerophoria scripta, Syrphus sp. andAllograpta oblique. Differences in susceptibility were not related to the taxonomic affinities of the taxa tested; however, susceptibility may be related to interspecific morphological differences of hosts, such as, scales and hairs on the host or the degree of sclerotization of host integument. Each host-pathogen interaction was examined. Characteristics of the post-mortem growth of the fungus were similar within a host species but differed between host species. These differences in post-mortem growth of the fungus were related to the suitability of host species as a substrate for the pathogen. The incubation period of the mycosis was related to host species and not to host size, it varied from seven days for the relatively largeS. haemorrhoidalis to 17 days for the relatively smallA. aegypti.
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  • 58
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 403-405 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: SHR ; cyclosporin ; immune mechanisms ; hypertension
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In spontaneously hypertensive rats the effect of the T-cell inhibitor cyclosporin was studied at different ages. If treatment was started at the age of 2 weeks the development of hypertension was delayed, but the ultimate level of blood pressure was not affected. These results indicate the involvement of immune mechanisms in the early development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nicardipine ; propranolol ; hypertension ; concomitant administration ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A twelve-week parallel study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of nicardipine plus propranolol with that of propranolol alone in 67 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Efficacy data was analysed for 50 patients. The regimens used were 90 mg · day−1 of nicardipine and 120 mg · day−1 of propranolol. Both treatments significantly reduced supine and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure from baseline values at all visits. At all visits, concomitant administration of nicardipine and propranolol produced a greater reduction in systolic and diastolic pressures than did propranolol alone, although the difference between treatments did not always reach statistical significance. Few adverse events were reported, and none was clinically important. We conclude that nicardipine taken concomitantly with propranolol is more effective than propranolol alone in treating patients with hypertension and that the combined regimen is well tolerated.
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  • 60
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 423-426 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Ketanserin ; pharmacokinetics ; hypertension ; ketanserinol ; predicted plasma concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the pharmacokinetics of ketanserin in 6 hypertensive patients after a single oral 40 mg dose and at steady-state after 4 weeks treatment with 20 mg and then 40 mg 12-hourly. Pharmacokinetic variables after a single dose were similar to those reported in healthy volunteers, with median values for Cmax 112 ng·ml−1, tmax 1 h, and t1/2 19 h. The corresponding values for the metabolite ketanserinol were Cmax 155 ng·ml−1, tmax 2 h, and t1/2 25 h. The median AUC was 3.3 times greater for ketanserinol than for the parent drug. These results were used to predict the mean steady-state plasma concentrations of ketanserin and ketanserinol. Predicted values were on average similar to those observed after four weeks treatment with 40 mg 12-hourly, although there were marked differences between the observed and predicted values in some patients. There was no evidence of time- or dose-dependent kinetics for ketanserin, but the study had insufficient power to exclude the occurrence of these phenomena entirely.
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  • 61
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 119-126 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; nicardipine ; propranolol ; serum lipids ; electrocardiogram ; side-effects ; ECG changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a double-blind controlled trial 22 patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension were treated with nicardipine 30 mg t.d.s. and 19 patients with propranolol 80 mg t.d.s. as monotherapy for 24 weeks. Blood pressure in both groups at the end of trial was equally and significantly reduced; systolic pressure 22.2 mmHg and diastolic pressure 15.5 mmHg in the supine position, and 24.4 mmHg and 18.4 mmHg, respectively, in the standing position in those on nicardipine, and by 23.7 and 16.2 mmHg and 28.0 and 19.2 mmHg, respectively, in the propranolol group. There was an initial increase in heart rate in the nicardipine group, but the rise was only moderate (3 beats/min supine p=0.3219, and 7 beats/min standing, p=0.0203) at the end of the 24 weeks. In the propranolol group heart rate was reduced markedly. Adverse effects occurred in 77% of patients on nicardipine and in 63% of those on propranolol, and there were no unexpected findings. The effects were mild in both groups and did not lead any patient to stop medication. One patient on propranolol was withdrawn from the trial because of poor blood pressure control and suspected angina pectoris after 5 weeks on active medication. There were no significant changes in blood chemistry, including lipoprotein classes. Overall, in comparison with propranolol, nicardipine was effective, well-tolerated and safe to use in the monotherapy of mild or moderate essential hypertension.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: muzolimine ; chlorthalidone ; hypertension ; serum electrolytes ; potassium ; ion transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous short-term studies of muzolimine (a diuretic with frusemide-like activity) had shown that it did not induce a significant change in the serum potassium concentration. In the present study sodium and potassium handling and other metabolic variables have been compared during 16 weeks of therapy with muzolimine and chlorthalidone, a thiazide-like diuretic. During muzolimine treatment, plasma and red cell potassium concentrations remained unchanged, while a significant fall in potassium occured with chlorthalidone. Neither drug affected the activity of sodium-potassium cotransport or sodium-lithium countertransport in red cells in vitro. Muzolimine and chlorthalidone had similar effects on arterial pressure and on the other metabolic variables tested.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: perindopril ; hypertension ; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition ; renin-angiotensin system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the effects of treatment for one month with perindopril, 4 or 8 mg once daily, in seven hypertensive patients. Blood pressure was lowered from 164/93 mm Hg to 145/84 mm Hg by 4 mg of perindopril and after one month remained at 142/82 mm Hg. Neither postural hypotension nor tachycardia occurred. Inhibition of plasma angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) lasting for over 24 h was achieved and there was a significant increase in plasma renin activity (PRA). Maximum plasma concentrations of the active metabolite of perindopril, S-9780, were detected four h after oral administration. After treatment for one month there was evidence of reduced sensitivity of plasma ACE to the action of the inhibitor. The plasma concentration of S-9780 required to produce 50% inhibition of plasma ACE rose from 2.4 ng · ml−1 following the first dose to 5.5 ng · ml−1 after one month.
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  • 64
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 31 (1987), S. 553-557 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ibuprofen ; diclofenac ; sulindac ; anti-inflammatory drugs ; hypertension ; NSAIDs ; hydrochlorothiazide ; plasma renin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an open triple crossover study in 8 patients with essential hypertension, the possibility has been investigated of whether the blood pressure lowering effect of hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg once daily was attenuated by co-administration for 4 weeks of ibuprofen 400 mg t.i.d., diclofenac 25 mg t.i.d. or sulindac 200 mg b.i.d. Only a slight, statistically non-significant change was found, with the exception of a significant increase in systolic blood pressure after 4 weeks treatment with ibuprofen. There was considerable variation in the blood pressure response during treatment with all three NSAIDs, with slight rises in blood pressure in 13 out of 24 periods. Body weight increased significantly on treatment both with ibuprofen and diclofenac, whereas the increase on sulindac was less and was transient. No significant change was found in various biochemical parameters, including plasma electrolytes, plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone, albumin and creatinine, in haematocrit or in the 24-h urinary excretion of sodium and potassium. The sole exception was a decrease in PRA during ibuprofen treatment. From these observations it is concluded that ibuprofen and diclofenac differ from sulindac in their interaction with the diuretic action of hydrochlorothiazide. It appears that all three NSAIDs can safely be combined with hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients, but blood pressure should be monitored carefully when an NSAID are added.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: atenolol ; amiloride ; hydrochlorothiazide ; young ; elderly ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacodynamics ; volunteers ; patients ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six normal young and six normal elderly volunteers and six elderly hypertensive patients took part in an acute and chronic dose study of a combination capsule containing atenolol (50 mg), hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg) and amiloride (2.5 mg) designed for the treatment of hypertension. No difference in any of the drug pharmacokinetic parameters could be detected between the hypertensives and the normal elderly subjects. The bio-availability and the 24-h blood concentrations of all three drugs, half-life of atenolol and amiloride and the peak concentration of hydrochlorothiazide was significantly greater in the elderly. The 24-h blood concentrations of atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide did not alter with chronic dosing, but amiloride concentrations were significantly higher at this time in all groups. A significant fall in the blood pressure was observed in the hypertensive group. Heart rate fell more in the normal and hypertensive elderly subjects than in the young. The combination has shown to be an effective and well tolerated antihypertensive in the elderly patient with a 24-h duration of action.
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  • 66
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 331-334 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prazosin ; clonidine ; interaction ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Prazosin has been reported to reduce the hypotensive and/or bradycardic effect of clonidine in various animal models. Investigations in humans have given conflicting conclusions about the effectiveness of the combination of clonidine and prazosin. In patients with essential hypertension prazosin significantly reduced the hypotensive effect of intravenous clonidine, but it failed to affect the clonidine-induced bradycardia. This finding means that the combination of prazosin and clonidine is inappropriate in antihypertensive therapy.
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  • 67
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: thiazide diuretics ; hypertension ; electrolytes ; frusemide ; loop diuretics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eighteen patients with mild to moderate hypertension on a drug regimen which included a thiazide diuretic had the latter substituted by frusemide for twelve weeks after an initial two-week placebo wash-out period. Blood pressure and heart rate and a number of plasma and urinary biochemical indices were measured. Significant findings included a reduction in standing blood pressure and an elevation of plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, osmolarity, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase levels at the end of the twelve week frusemide phase relative to the values on the thiazide. However the means for all the biochemical indices remained within the normal laboratory reference limits. In the 24-hour urinary studies, no significant findings emerged, apart from an elevated calcium. The foregoing suggest that frusemide is an effective component of an anti-hypertensive drug regimen and that in a dose of 40 mg/day it produces no detectable perturbations of plasma electrolytes. The significance of the enhanced levels of urinary calcium excretion in conjunction with the augmented plasma alkaline phosphatase is unclear.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: cadralazine ; hypertension ; haemodynamic effects ; renal blood flow ; glomerular filtration ; renal function ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antihypertensive effects of the hydralazine-related compound cadralazine (2-{3-[6-(2-hydroxypropyl)ethylamino]pyridazinyl}ethyl carbazate, ISF 2469), were investigated in 16 patients with primary hypertension concurrently treated with β-blockers and diuretics. The protocol included a double-blind placebo controlled haemodynamic evaluation after the first tablet and two 4-week double-blind placebo controlled cross-over periods followed by an open evaluation during 2 months. Cadralazine induced a moderate, prolonged fall in blood pressure that was associated with vasodilatation and slight increases in cardiac output (dye-dilution) and heart rate. Renal plasma flow (PAH) and glomerular filtration rate (51Cr-EDTA) were not significantly influenced, but the filtration fraction was reduced. Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline and adrenaline rose, whereas plasma renin activity was unchanged. The haemodynamic parameters were not correlated with the plasma concentrations of cadralazine. During chronic cadralazine treatment the supine blood pressure was significantly lower than during the double-blind placebo phase (160/93 vs 174/102 mmHg). The compound was generally well tolerated but the body weight increased slightly (1.1 kg), probably because of fluid retention. Several patients who had previously experienced side effects with hydralazine, including one with hydralazine-syndrome, tolerated cadralazine well. This suggests that cadralazine does not cross-react with hydralazine.
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  • 69
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 259-265 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ketanserin ; ketanserin-ol ; pharmacokinetics ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of ketanserin and its main metabolite ketanserin-ol, and the antihypertensive effects of intravenous, single oral and chronic oral (40 mg once daily) administration of ketanserin, have been investigated in a single blind study of 10 patients with uncomplicated mild hypertension. Ketanserin had a terminal half-life of 29.2 h, a plasma clearance of 518 ml/min and a volume of distribution of 18.0 l/kg. Chronic oral intake of 40 mg ketanserin (tablet formulation) gave a peak concentration of unchanged ketanserin of 88 ng/ml after 1.1 h. Its absolute bioavailability was 48%. During chronic therapy the maximal concentration of ketanserin-ol was 208 ng/ml and its half-life of elimination was 35.0 h. As this metabolite can be oxidized back to ketanserin, it contributes to the prolonged half-life of unchanged ketanserin seen during chronic therapy. The blood pressure was reduced by approximately 15% by oral ketanserin. The maximal reduction in blood pressure coincided with the peak concentration of unchanged ketanserin. During chronic therapy with 40 mg once daily blood pressure was reduced over 24 h. The heart rate was slightly reduced and the cardiovascular responses and the plasma noradrenaline concentrations during isometric exercise were only slightly influenced by ketanserin therapy. Thus, unchanged ketanserin has a relatively long half-life during chronic oral therapy and its pharmacokinetics in middle-aged hypertensive patients is similar to that in normal young volunteers.
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  • 70
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 11-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: lisinopril ; hypertension ; converting enzyme inhibition ; serum drug concentratoin ; blood pressure ; renal failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lisinopril (MK521), a lysine analogue of enalaprilic acid, the bioactive metabolite of enalapril, has a longer half-life than enalaprilic acid, and is excreted unchanged in the urine. Its kinetic profile and antihypertensive and hormonal effects have been investigated in an open study in 3 groups each of 6 hypertensive patients, with normal, moderate and severe impairment of renal function. Serum drug level, blood pressure, converting enzyme activity (CEA), plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone concentration (PAC), and serum potassium and creatinine were measured during 1 week following a single oral dose and subsequently following 8 daily doses of 5 mg lisinopril. Accumulation of lisinopril was found in the severe renal failure group. CEA was suppressed to less than 10% of its initial value from 4 to 24 h after the initial dose in all three groups, and the suppression was more marked and lasted longer in patients with severe renal failure. An inverse correlation was found in all patients between log serum lisinopril concentration and log CEA. Lisinopril lowered blood pressure in all three groups over 24 h. PRA rose and PAC fell similarly in the groups. Serum potassium increased in the renal failure groups and creatinine remained unchanged in all groups. Thus, when lisinopril 5 mg is given daily to patients with severe renal failure it may accumulate. The high serum lisinopril concentration does not cause an excessive antihypertensive effect. In patients with severe renal failure, adjustment of the dose or the dosing frequency to the degree of renal failure is recommended to avoid administration of doses in excess of those required to achieve adequate inhibition of converting enzyme.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: verapamil ; hypertension ; bicycle exercise ; isometric hand-grip
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new, slow release formulation of verapamil, “verapamil o.d.” was administered to 12 patients with essential hypertension. Drug administration was started at a dose of 240 mg and increased to 480 mg after 2 weeks of treatment if the cuff blood pressure response was unsatisfactory. The drug reduced the daytime intra-arterial blood pressure significantly from 180.7/106.8 mm Hg to 157.3/89.4 mm Hg. The daytime heart rate fell from 88.1 to 71.8 beats/min. The nighttime blood pressure decreased from 155.7/87.2 mm Hg to 140.5/75.3 mm Hg. The nocturnal heart rate decreased from 62.8 to 57 beats/min. Hourly plots of mean systolic and diastolic pressure showed a significant reduction of systolic pressure for 21 of 24 h and of diastolic pressure for all 24 h following a single morning dose. The drug modified the absolute blood pressure and heart-rate response during both forms of exercise, but did not alter the magnitude or rate of blood pressure change. The tilt-test produced no evidence of postural hypotension. Only one patient experienced any side effects whilst taking the drug. These results indicate good 24-h blood pressure control and reduced exercise blood pressure levels during treatment with this new formulation of verapamil. The reduced frequency of drug administration should improve patient complicance with treatment of hypertension.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: clonidine ; hypertension ; transdermal administration ; baroreflex ; arterial compliance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the efficacy of clonidine hydrochloride administered transdermally once a week for 9 to 15 weeks in 12 patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Clonidine reduced both supine and standing blood pressures on average, but only 8 subjects were responders, i.e. had a decrease in supine diastolic blood pressure to below 90 mm Hg or more than 10% from baseline. Supine heart rate was unchanged, but in the responders the orthostatic increase in heart rate was reduced by clonidine from baseline (p〈0.05). Moreover, in all the patients the change in the orthostatic increase in heart rate was correlated with the change in supine diastolic pressure (p〈0.05). Brachial artery blood flow, forearm arterial compliance, vascular resistance, and venous tone were not affected by clonidine. Thus, transdermal clonidine reduced blood pressure, probably by a baroreflex-mediated effect, but did not affect the vasculature of the forearm.
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  • 73
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 203-204 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: flosequinan ; hypertension ; adverse effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acute and short term antihypertensive effect of flosequinan was determined in 16 hypertensive patients whose blood pressure was inadequately controlled despite treatment with a β-adrenoceptor blocking agent and a diuretic. Erect and supine systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly reduced by flosequinan over the treatment period as compared to placebo. Heart rate was unchanged by flosequinan. Adverse effects were limited to mild headache in 3 patients and taste disturbance in 1 patient, possibly due to salivary excretion of the drug. Flosequinan is a potentially useful vasodilator for the treatment of hypertension.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: renin-angiotensin system ; chlorthalidone ; hypertension ; multicentre study ; plasma renin activity ; dose prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has been established that angiotensin II stimulation may limit the antihypertensive potential of diuretic therapy in some patients. It is less clear, however, whether renin-angiotensin II stimulation is the cause of the flat blood pressure dose-response relationship to diuretics. To investigate this, 75 out-patients with essential hypertension were treated with chlorthalidone 12.5, 25 or 50 mg o.d. for 3 weeks, in a double-blind, placebo controlled cross-over study. Chlorthalidone significantly reduced blood pressure in all the groups, a plateau being reached at 25 mg o.d. Similarly, plasma renin activity was increased by each dose level of chlorthalidone, but it showed a different trend, being increased to a comparable extent at 12.5 mg and 25 mg o.d., and still higher at 50 mg o.d. Thus, greater stimulation of renin was coincident with the levelling of the blood pressure response to chlorthalidone. However no significant correlation was found between interindividual plasma renin activity and change in blood pressure, either in the entire series, or in each treatment subset. The data suggest overall that renin stimulation may influence the characteristic dose-hypotensive response relationship to diuretic agents in antihypertensive therapy, but it is unlikely that measurement of individual plasma renin activity will provide an useful guide to the optimal dose of a diuretic agents.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: beta-adrenoreceptor blockers ; normoglycaemia ; glucose tolerance ; insulin secretion and -sensitivity ; hypertension ; propranolol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of 3 weeks of treatment with the beta-receptor blocking agent propranolol and a placebo on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity have been evaluated in 7 normoglycaemic hypertensive patients by an oral glucose tolerance test and the insulin clamp technique. Significant changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were observed at the end of propranolol treatment, but there were no associated changes in glucose tolerance, insulin secretion or peripheral insulin sensitivity. No difference was observed in glucagon, growth hormone and free fatty acids between propranolol and placebo treatment. The results support the view that the hypothetical pancreatic glucoreceptor, at least in non-acute studies, is not affected by beta blockade. In addition, there was no effect on tissue sensitivity to insulin.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: prazosin ; propranolol ; hypertension ; antihypertensive effects ; lipid metabolism ; multicentre study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have carried out randomized 12-week multicentre study to compare the effects of prazosin and propranolol on blood pressure and serum lipids in 70 patients with essential hypertension after a 4 week minimum period of treatment with thiazide diuretics. After 12 weeks treatment with prazosin (n=40, 1.5–12.0 mg per day) or propranolol (n=30, 30–120 mg per day) with diuretics there was a significant blood pressure reduction from 165.1/97.9 mmHg to 151.2/90.6 mmHg and from 167/96.5 mmHg to 153/91.9 mmHg, respectively. In the 12th week a significant decrease was noted in triglyceride and in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL + VLDL-C), but no significant effects were seen in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients receiving prazosin. On the other hand, a significant decrease in lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) was seen in patients receiving propranolol. Twenty-six of 40 patients receiving prazosin were given an additional 12 weeks of treatment. Twenty-two of 30 patients initially treated with propranolol were switched from propranolol to prazosin after 13 weeks and given prazosin up to the 24th week. At 24 weeks, the blood pressure was 149/93.0 mmHg in the prazosin group and 155/89.2 mmHg in the group which switched from propranolol to prazosin. Triglyceride remained reduced in the prazosin group at the 24th week. In the group which switched from propranolol to prazosin, triglyceride decreased significantly over the next 12 weeks.
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  • 77
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 71-75 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: felodipine ; metoprolol ; hypertension ; aldosterone ; angiotensin ; cardiac output ; catecholamines ; pulmonary vascular resistance ; renin ; systemic vascular resistance ; haemodynamic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oral administration of felodipine to 10 patients with mild essential hypertension acutely reduced systemic vascular resistance (SVR) by 40% after 30 min. The change in SVR was significantly related to age (r=−0.74). The reduction in the intraarterially measured brachial artery pressure was limited to 15/13 mmHg, due to a rise in cardiac output (CO). The tachycardia was sustained for 90 min, as was an elevation of plasma noradrenaline. There was a transient increase in stroke volume, associated with a reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, which was at least partly due to a reduced intravascular volume. In contrast to SVR, pulmonary vascular resistance was not affected by felodipine. Addition of intravascular metoprolol after 90 min decreased HR and CO and augmented SVR. The felodipine-induced rise in plasma renin activity (PRA) of 100% was completely reversed by metoprolol. Plasma angiotensin II (PA II) rose by 15% during felodipine, whereas plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) was not affected. Thus, actuely administered felodipine was a potent dilator of systemic but not of pulmonary arterioles, it stimulated the sympathetic nervous system, and reduced left ventricular filling pressure. The rise in plasma renin did not result in a higher plasma aldosterone level, due partly to reduced generation of angiotensin II.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: co-dergocrine ; sulpiride ; hypertension ; DA-2 receptors ; dopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of the study was to define the role of peripheral dopaminergic mechanisms in the regulation of blood pressure. The data suggest that the hypotensive effect of the dopaminergic agonist co-dergocrine in elderly hypertensive patients is mediated by interaction with peripheral DA-2 receptors, since it was reversed by the selective antagonist sulpiride in a dose that does not significantly cross the blood brain barrier. The findings suggest the possible therapeutic use of dopamine DA-2 agonists in elderly hypertensive patients.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: dopexamine ; hypertension ; renal blood flow ; cardiac output
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of dopexamine on the renal circulation have been examined to show whether any augmentation of renal blood flow (RBF) was secondary to the effect of the drug on cardiac output (CO) or whether it had any additional direct renal vasodilator activity. Eight male patients with mild to moderate hypertension, who were undergoing renal vein catheterization for renin estimation, were studied. Dose related increments in RBF (baseline (B)=504 ml·min−1; after treatment (D)=605 ml·min−1), CO (B=5.9 l·min−1; D=6.7 l·min−1), heart rate (B=77 beats/min; D=100 beats/min) and systolic blood pressure (B=143 mmHg; D=166 mmHg) were observed on administration of dopexamine 3 µg·kg−1·min−1, with insignificant changes in diastolic blood pressure (B=84.4 mmHg; D=90 mmHg) and total peripheral resistance (B=17.85; D=17.25 Units). There was a slight but significant reduction in renal vascular resistance (B=20.59, D=18.75). The ratio of RBF to CO (%) confirmed that the increase in RBF due to dopexamine hydrochloride was greater that attributable to the increase in CO or perfusion pressure alone (RBF/CO B=8.5%, D=9%), consistent with selective renal vasodilation. The fall in renin activity and lack of systemic vasodilatation suggest that this was a DA1-receptor mediated effect.
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  • 80
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 77-80 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: hypertension ; bisoprolol ; beta1-adrenoceptor blocker ; serum lipoproteins ; HDL-cholesterol ; side-effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fifty patients with essential hypertension WHO Grades I–II have been treated for 3 months with bisoprolol, a new selective betablocker, in doses up to 40 mg once daily. Forty-three patients reached the preset target diastolic blood pressure of ≤ 90 mmHg on a mean daily dose of 16.8 mg bisoprolol. There was no effect on serum lipids and HDL-cholesterol during the study. The side-effects were mild and were those usually associated with beta-blocking therapy.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: urapidil ; hypertension ; alpha-adrenoceptor blocker ; antihypertensive agent ; pharmacodynamics ; pharmacokinetics ; adverse effects
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic effects of infused urapidil and an infusion-capsule combination were followed to study the correlation between the serum urapidil level and the blood pressure. Prior to urapidil administration, basal blood pressure and heart rate were measured for 16 h in 12 male hypertensive patients. Six patients received infusions lasting for 4 h of urapidil 10, 2.5 and 5 mg/h. Six patients were infused with urapidil 10 mg/h for 4 h and 2 h after the end of the infusion each took a 60-mg capsule. After a 5 day washout period the procedures were crossed over. A maximum serum urapidil level of 625±232 ng/ml was achieved at the end of the 10 mg/h infusion, when the fall in blood pressure was 37/21 mmHg. During the 2.5 and 5 mg/h infusions the serum urapidil level was 330 and 420 ng/ml, respectively, and the corresponding decreases in blood pressure were 28/16 mmHg and 31/8 mmHg. Although the urapidil concentration 1 hour after beginning the infusion was only 184±89 ng/ml a near maximal blood pressure decrease had already occurred 33±9/20±8 mmHg, whereas, 1 h after the end of the infusion the reduction in blood pressure was only 10±12/3±8 mm, with a urapidil concentration of 358±120 ng/ml. During the plateau phases of both the infusion and infusion-capsule treatments the falls in blood pressure followed the serum urapidil levels. Only in the initial rising and final falling phases of the treatments were the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of urapidil not correlated.
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  • 82
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: nifedipine ; hypertension ; renal function ; proximal tubule effect ; uric acid ; calcium blockade ; sodium excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The acute effects of buccal nifedipine 20 mg on blood pressure, renal haemodynamics and electrolyte excretion were compared in 16 untreated patients (HT) with uncomplicated arterial hypertension (WHO I-II), 11 normotensives (NT) and 6 normotensives given a placebo. Nifedipine caused a significant fall in the systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BP) of 25.7±12/26.5±10 mmHg in the hypertensives, and a minor but significant fall in diastolic BP in the normotensives. Renal vascular resistance fell significantly and renal plasma flow was increased non-significantly in the hypertensives. No changes in these parameters were seen in NT. Glomerular filtration rate remained constant in all groups, also in HT despite the marked haemodynamic changes. Natriuresis was significantly increased to the same degree in the HT and NT groups, in spite of their different haemodynamic responses. Uric acid excretion showed a parallel acute increase in both groups. The significant and close relationship between the acute changes in the excretion of sodium and uric acid provides evidence for a proximal tubular natriuretic effect of nifedipine.
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  • 83
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 335-338 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: chlorthalidone ; magnesium depletion ; hypertension ; adverse effect
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixty patients were treated for 1 year for essential uncomplicated hypertension, 30 with beta-blockers alone (BB) and 30 with BB and chlorthalidone (CTD). BB did not affect serum K+ or Mg++. In the BB-group there was a statistically significant trend towards retention of Mg++ in a loading test, but the effect was clinically marginal. BB + CTD reduced serum K+ and Mg++ and caused significant Mg++ depletion, as shown by the Mg++ loading test. All the effects were highly significant and were clinically important. The metabolic perturbations due to CTD are potentially dangerous and make this drug unattractive as ‘first choice’ treatment for hypertension.
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  • 84
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 2069-2081 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila ; D. mojavensis ; D. nigrospiracula ; D. mettleri ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; cactus ; alkaloids ; viability ; development ; longevity ; host-plant relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila mettleri is a soil-breeding, cactophilic drosophilid which lives in the Sonoran Desert. Several chemical constituents of cacti in this region have been identified as having major roles in insect-host plant relationships involvingDrosophila. For example, isoquinoline alkaloids, which are present in senita cactus, have been shown to be toxic to seven of the nine species tested. The two tolerant species areD. pachea, the normal resident, andD. mettleri. Necroses of senita cacti are often used as feeding substrates byD. mettleri adults, but this species has never been reared from senita rots. Soil, which have been soaked by juice from saguaro and cardón rots, are the typical breeding substrates of this species. The tissues of both of these cacti also contain alkaloids, chemically related to those in senita, but at much lower concentrations. Alkaloid concentration in saguaro-soaked soil was found to be 1.4–27 times the average concentration in fresh tissue. Alkaloids were extracted from saguaro tissue and used in tests of larva-to-adult viability, developmental rate, and adult longevity. Elevated concentrations of saguaro alkaloids had no significant effect on the longevity ofD. mettleri, but significantly reduced the longevity ofD. nigrospiracula andD. mojavensis, two nonsoil breeding cactophilic species. Viability and developmental rates of all three species were affected, but the effect onD. nigrospiracula was comparatively greater. It is argued that the adaptations that allowD. mettleri to utilize the saguaro soil niche also convey tolerance to alkaloids present in senita tissue. The ability to utilize senita necroses as feeding substrates represents an ecological advantage to D. mettleri, in that the density of potential feeding sites is increased as compared to species which are more specific in their host-plant relationships.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hemizonia fitchii ; Asteraceae ; Compositae ; 1,8-cineole ; eucalyptol ; mosquito repellent ; Aedes aegypti ; Diptera ; Culicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The mosquito feeding and ovipositional repellency of the major monoterpenoid present in the volatile oil ofHemizonia fitchii (Asteraceae), i.e., 1,8-cineole, was investigated. Although 1,8-cineole did not exhibit any significant mosquito larvicidal activity, it was moderately effective as a feeding repellent and highly effective as an ovipositional repellent against adultAedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito). The ovipositional repellency of 1,8-cineole, coupled with the presence of severalHemizonia chromenes previously shown to possess mosquito larvicidal activity, may therefore account in large part for the observed suppression of local mosquito populations which was associated withH. fitchii plants in northern California.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Stable fly ; Stomoxys calcitrans ; Diptera ; Muscidae ; sex-stimulant pheromone ; methyl-branched hydrocarbon ; 15-methyltritriacontane ; pulegone ; enantiomer
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis of the racemate and two enantiomers of 15-methyltritriacontane (1), an active component of the sex-stimulant pheromone ofStomoxys calcitrans L., is described. Racemic 15-methyltritriacontane was synthesized in four steps from 1-hexadecene with a 72% overall yield. Both theR- andS-enantiomers were synthesized in eight steps, respectively, starting from optically pure (R)-(+)-pulegone.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (−)-(5R6S)-6-Acetoxy-5-hexadecanolides ; oviposition attractant pheromone ; mosquitoes ; Culex quinquefasciatus ; Culex tarsalis ; Diptera ; Culicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four stereoisomers of 6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide, a mosquito oviposition attractant pheromone, were bioassayed for their activity on mosquitoes. Only (−)-(5R,6S) isomer was active in attractingCulex quinquefasciatus Say females for oviposition at dosages of 0.5 μg/100 ml water and above with the floating-cap method. The activity of this isomer increased 50-fold when it was applied directly to the water surface. The other three isomers, (+)-(5S,6R), (+)-(5R,6R), and (−)-(5s, 6s), were not active. The active isomer was ovipositionally attractive not only toC. quinquefasciatus but also toC. tarsalis Coquillett; however, it was 100 times more active in the former than in the latter species.Aedes aegypti (L.) andAnopheles quadrimaculatus Say were not attracted to the pheromone, thus suggesting that the pheromone is genus-specific.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Alpha-terthienyl ; Aedes aegypti ; Diptera ; Culicidae ; photosensitization ; insecticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Alpha-terthienyl is toxic toAedes aegypti larvae in the dark, but its activity is much enhanced in the presence of ultraviolet light. The development of first-instar larvae treated with alpha-terthienyl and ultraviolet light was followed until the emergence of adults. The LC50 value for first instars was about 0.002 ppm. Practically all the larvae which survived 24 hr reached adulthood. Fourth-instar larvae were also sensitive to photochemical treatment. When their development into adults was followed, the LC50 value was 0.45 ppm. Contrary to earlier reports, alpha-terthienyl was also phototoxic in pupae, but not when the adults were about to emerge. The LC50 value was ca. 0.06 ppm for pupae which were 1 or 2 days old. This is the first example where the activity of a photoinsecticide has been demonstrated in pupae. Alpha-terthienyl did not affect the hatching of eggs.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cabbage root fly ; Delia radicum ; carrot rust fly ; Psila rosae ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; Psilidae ; odor-induced upwind anemotaxis ; host-plant odor ; non-host-plant odor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An inflatable polythene wind tunnel was used for behavioral assays of femaleD. radicum andP. rosae in diffuse host- and non-host-plant odor, alone and in combination. Host-plant odor caused an upwind anemotactic response in both species. Changes in fly distribution, relative to wind direction, occurred when onion odor was combined with host odor forD. radicum andP. rosae, and when sage odor was combined with carrot ordor forP. rosae. The assay has potential for screening volatiles for their behavior-modifying effects.
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  • 90
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    Hydrobiologia 144 (1987), S. 261-268 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: invertebrate drift ; benthos ; stream ; Ephemeroptera ; Plecoptera ; Trichoptera ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An extensive series of drift collections from a Rocky Mountain stream was used to investigate quantitative patterns in the taxonomic composition of drift throughout spring, summer and fall for 1975–1978. Drift was estimated by drift rate, the number of organisms drifting past a point per 24 h; and by drift density, the numbers of organisms collected per 100 m3 of water sampled. Drift densities were up to ten times greater by night than by day, and 24 h drift densities for the total fauna approached 2000 per 100 m3 in June–July, declining to 〈500 by autumn. Ephemeroptera, and especially Baetis, dominated the drift. Drift rates were greatest in late spring, around 106 per 24 h, which are among the highest values reported for small trout streams. Drift rates declined to 〈105 during the summer, and shifts in the taxonomic composition are described. Multiple regression analysis of the relationship between drift rate and density, and the independent variables discharge, benthic density and temperature, showed that discharge typically was a significant predictor of 24 h drift rate, usually the best single predictor. In contrast, 24 h drift density most frequently was independent of discharge, indicating that this measure tends to correct for seasonal variation in discharge, as suggested in the literature. However, this was not invariably true. Drift density significantly correlated with benthic density in five of eight taxa inspected, thus seasonal declines in the benthos probably accounted for parallel declines in drift density.
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  • 91
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    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 7 (1987), S. 151-173 
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: neuropeptides ; atrial natriuretic factor ; atriopeptins ; quantitative autoradiography ; receptors ; circumventricular organs ; dehydration ; hypertension ; cardiovascular control ; fluid metabolism ; choroid plexus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. We have studied the localization, kinetics, and regulation of receptors for the circulating form of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP; 99–126) in the rat brain. 2. Quantitative autoradiographic techniques and a125I-labeled ligand,125I-ANP (99–126), were employed. Afterin vitro autoradiography, quantification was achieved by computerized microdensitometry followed by comparison with125I-standards. 3. ANP receptors were discretely localized in the rat brain, with the highest concentrations in circumventricular organs, the choroid plexus, and selected hypothalamic nuclei involved in the production of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin and in blood-pressure control. 4. Spontaneously (genetic) hypertensive rats showed much lower numbers of ANP receptors than normotensive controls in the subfornical organ, the area postrema, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the choroid plexus. These changes are in contrast to those observed for receptors of angiotensin II, another circulating peptide with actions opposite to those of ANP. 5. Under conditions of acute dehydration after water deprivation, as well as under conditions of chronic dehydration such as those present in homozygous Brattleboro rats, there was an up-regulation of ANP receptors in the subfornical organ. 6. Our results indicate that in the brain, circumventricular organs contain ANP receptors which could respond to variations in the concentration of circulating ANP. In addition, brain areas inside the blood-brain barrier contain ANP receptors probably related to the endogenous, central ANP system. 7. The localization of ANP receptors and the alterations in their regulation present in genetically hypertensive rats and after dehydration indicate that brain ANP receptors are probably related to fluid regulation, including the secretion of vasopressin, and to cardiovascular function. ANP and angiotensin II could act as mutual antagonists in the brain as they do in the periphery. 8. ANP receptors in the choroid plexus may be related to the formation of cerebrospinal fluid.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Rhagoletis pomonella ; apple maggot fly ; pheromone ; oviposition deterrent ; Diptera ; Tephritidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Under dry conditions, oviposition-deterring pheromone (ODP) of the apple maggot fly (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh) on host fruit proved deterrent to ovipositing females for at least three weeks, with a half-life of ca. 11 days. There was no difference in decline of residual activity under lab vs. field conditions or between fly-deposited ODP vs. an application of a water extract of ODP. A decline in pheromone activity resulted from exposure to both natural and simulated rainfall. For natural rainfall, greatest losses (50– 61%) in activity resulted from high-intensity rains, with substantially less activity lost (13–35%) following light or moderate intensity rains.R. pomonella females discriminated against fruit without ODP but with conspecific larvae. Discrimination against infested fruit was manifested within fewer days following infestation of small fruit (9 mm diam.) as compared to larger fruit (15 mm diam.).
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  • 93
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1777-1786 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; Drosophila simulans ; aggregation pheromone ; (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate ; cis-vaccenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Existence of a male-produced pheromone, which attracts both males and females in a wind-tunnel olfactometer, has been demonstrated inDrosophila simulans (Sturtevant). A pheromone component was identified as (Z)-11-octadecenyl acetate (Z11-18: Ac), also known ascis-vaccenyl acetate. The pheromone is synergized by food volatiles. In bioassay ca. 1/1000 of a mature male equivalent of Z11-18: Ac is attractive and activity increases with increased amounts of Z11-18: Ac. Flies do not begin responding to Z11-18: Ac until after they have been away from food for at least 2 hr. Z11-18: Ac is transferred from the male to the female during mating, and the female emits the majority of the transferred Z11-18: Ac within 6 hr after mating.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Drosophila hydei ; Diptera ; Drosophilidae ; aggregation ; pheromone ; 2-methyl-(E)-2-butenoic acid ; ester ; 2-tridecanone ; 2-pentadecanone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Existence of an aggregation pheromone inDrosophila hydei was demonstrated by laboratory bioassay. The pheromone was produced by mature males, but both sexes responded. The nonpolar components consisted of three esters: the methyl, ethyl, and 1-methylethyl (isopropyl) esters of 2-methyl-(E)-2 butenoic (tiglic) acid, and two ketones: 2-tridecanone and 2-pentadecanone. The ketones and esters alone were only minimally active in the laboratory bioassay, but 2-tridecanone was highly synergistic with each of the esters, mixtures attracting 3–60 times more flies than the single components. 2-Pentadecanone was less active, but it did cause significant increases in activity when added to synthetic mixtures. The nonpolar portion of an extract of mature males and an equivalent mixture of the synthetic components were not significantly different in bioassay. Neither the esters nor the ketones were detected in sexually immature males or in females of any age. In extracts of mature males, ethyl tiglate was usually the most abundant ester component, with a mean of 8 ± 5 (SD) ng/male. The absolute and relative levels of the other esters were more variable. The mean level of methyl ketones in the extracts was 122 ± 106 (SD) ng/male, of which 85–93% was 2-tridecanone.
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  • 95
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1419-1430 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Screwworm fly ; Cochliomyia hominivorax ; Diptera ; Calliphoridae ; sex pheromone ; mating-stimulant pheromone ; mating behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory mating tests and bioassays for a contact, mating-stimulant pheromone were conducted within and between two strains of the screwworm fly,Cochliomyia hominivorax. No strain or sex difference in pheromone activity occurred at emergence. However, the pheromone activity of females increased with age in one strain but declined in the other. Activity also declined in males of both strains but more steeply than in the females. Thus, sexual dimorphism in pheromone activity developed with age in both strains but to differing degrees. The decline in female pheromone activity was partly compensated for within that strain by a higher male responsiveness to pheromone. Female pheromone activity and mating success were positively correlated. Virgin females and those inseminated 24–48 hr previously were equally stimulatory. It appears that the strain differences arose from selection for reduced pheromone activity during laboratory colonization.
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  • 96
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1261-1277 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Onion fly ; onion maggot ; Delia antiqua ; Hylemya antiqua ; Diptera ; Anthomyiidae ; host selection ; oviposition ; dipropyl disulfide ; behavior ; herbivore ; plant-insect interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Onion fly females,Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) laid the most eggs on ovipositional dishes havingn-dipropyl disulfide (Pr2S2) release rates of 1–6 ng/sec from polyethylene capsules placed beneath a sand substrate. When dipropyl disulfide was released from the wax coating of surrogate foliage rather than from the substrate, ovipositing females again responded differentially to various concentrations, laying more eggs around stems containing 0.075 and 0.089 mg/stem. Factorial combinations of several concentrations released from surrogate foliage and substrate showed that releases from surrogate foliage stimulated four times more egg-laying than releases from the substrate. Females tended to lay more eggs around surrogate stems having Pr2S2 at the base rather than on the upper half of foliage. Observations of individual females performing preovipositional examining behaviors on Pr2S2-treated surrogate stems indicated that females tended to land on the upper portions of the foliage, but after landing, spent most of their time examining areas of soil and surrogate within 1 cm of the soil-surrogate foliage interface. Surrogate stems provide a realistic context for investigating effects of plant chemicals on host-acceptance behaviors.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Toxotrypana curvicauda ; Diptera ; Tephritidae ; papaya fruit fly ; male sex pheromone ; pheromone ; 2-methyl-6-vinylpyrazine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A male-produced sex pheromone of the papaya fruit fly,Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker, was isolated from volatiles collected from air passed over calling males and was identified as 2-methyl-6-vinylpyrazine by comparative gas-liquid chromatographic and spectroscopic evidence. Synthetic 2-methyl-6-vinylpyrazine elicited typical pheromonal responses from unmated mature female flies such as walking, running, and flying in an arena bioassay; flying upwind with a zigzag flight pattern; and hovering in the pheromone plume in a wind-tunnel bioassay. These responses were similar quantitatively and qualitatively to responses to naturally occurring pheromone from calling male papaya fruit flies.
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  • 98
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1759-1770 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Castanospermine ; 6-epicastanospermine ; deoxynojirimycin ; cellobiase ; lactase ; maltase ; sucrase ; trehalase ; endosymbiote ; insect-plant interactions ; allelochemicals ; Homoptera ; Coleoptera ; Lepidoptera ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The indolizidine alkaloid, castanospermine (1,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-octahydroindolizidine—a stereochemical mimic of glucose found in the Australian legumeCastanospermum australe), differentially inhibited cellobiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, and trehalose hydrolyzing enzymes from a broad taxonomic spectrum of insects (19 species from 12 different families). It was a potent inhibitor of cellobiase activity of all insects tested (50% inhibition at 〈3.2 × 10−5 M castanospermine). With one exception, it also inhibited lactase activity of all insects examined. Only in the sap-feeding Homoptera did castanospermine inhibit all disaccharidase activities assayed. Trehalase activity of the Lepidoptera and Diptera was generally inhibited by castanospermine, whereas inhibition of trehalase activity of the Coleoptera by castanospermine was exiguous or not detectable. Castanospermine was a significant feeding deterrent towards pea aphids,Acyrthosiphon pisum, with an ED50 of 1 × 10−4 M in artificial diets. Two compounds stereochemically related to castanospermine, deoxynojirimycin and 6-epicastanospermine, were each slightly active at deterring the feeding of green peach aphids,Myzus persicae, (ED50=2.5 × 10−3 M) and greenbugs,Schizaphis graminum (ED50=5 × 10−3 M), respectively. Among the insects studied there was no distinct relationship between enzyme inhibition and adaptation to host plants containing castanospermine or other toxic alkaloids.
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