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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spawning behaviour and sex hormone levels in adult and precocious brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) males and the effect of anosmia (1998)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 8 (1998), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: Key words. olfaction - behaviour - hormones - male parr - spawning - Salmo trutta - brown trout - salmonides - Teleóstei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. In the present experiment the behaviour and endocrine status of males of the brown trout, Salmo trutta L., (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) were studied when males were kept in a stream tank with a nest digging female. Groups of mature adult males and precocious intact or anosmic male parr were placed with the nesting female so that the group resembled a natural spawning situation with big anadromous fish acting as dominant males and precocious parr acting as “sneakers”. A control experiment was also run with only males without a female present. In intact parr there were significant positive correlations between the per cent of the total observation time spent with a female, milt volume, and plasma concentration of 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. Anosmic parr had significantly lower volumes of strippable milt and gonadal steroid hormone levels compared with intact parr. However, no differences were found in the control experiment. Significantly fewer anosmic parr attended and courted the nesting female and those anosmic fish that attended the female had significantly lower plasma levels of gonadal hormones. Intact parr also displayed a greater number of agonistic acts against other parr without any difference in fighting ability. No differences in aggression occured in the control experiment. In adult males together with a female, post-experimental gonadal steroid hormone levels were higher than pre-experimental levels. Positive correlations between aggression and androgen hormone levels were observed in adult males. No differences in plasma hormone levels were observed between adult males and intact precocious males. The results show that olfactory occlusion results in low steroid hormone levels and milt volumes in precocious males placed in a spawning situation. The courting behaviour was also affected by anosmia. Odours from the nesting female may have caused the enhanced plasma hormone levels and stimulated the males to attend the female.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00001803
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why do males of the dance flyEmpis borealis refuse to mate? The importance of female age and size (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 2 (1989), S. 387-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: male choice ; size ; age ; swarming ; Empis borealis ; Diptera ; Empididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Empis borealisfemales form swarms, and males carrying a nuptial gift come to swarms to mate. Males either mated with one of the females (accepted swarms) or left swarms without mating (refused swarms). Males mated with the younger (low wing-wear) and relatively larger females in accepted swarms. They seemed to be able to judge the relative size of the females but to ignore their absolute size. Visiting males stayed shorter in accepted swarms as female size variation increased. This probably reflects their greater ease in choosing a mate among females of relatively different sizes. Females in accepted swarms tended to be larger and to have less worn wings than females in rejected swarms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01068063
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-assortative mating patterns in two swarming caddisfly species (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 797-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Age ; assortative mating ; caddisfly ; Trichoptera ; Leptoceridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065967
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sexual dimorphism in relation to swarming and pair formation patterns in leptocerid caddisflies (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 563-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Trichoptera ; Leptoceridae, swarming behavior ; mating ; sexual dimorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract North European Leptoceridae (Trichoptera) perform three types of swarming flight patterns: (1) swarming males of Athripsodesand Ceracleafly in horizontal zigzag patterns over the water surface, (2) the Mystacidesspp. perform vertical zigzag movements, and (3) the flight of males of Triaenodes unanimisMcLach. is a mixture of the horizontal and vertical zigzagging. Also three groups of pair formation behavior can be distinguished. In the first group, of Athripsodesand Ceraclea,the females fly into the male swarms, where they are grasped and carried to the riparian vegetation by the flying males with the females hanging upside-down in genitalia coupling. In the second group, a Mystacidesfemale is caught by a male, when approaching a swarm and both use their wings to fly in tandem to the shore where they copulate. In the third group, of Triaenodes bicolor(Curt.) and Oecetis lacustris(Curt.), the males fly searching for females sitting on aquatic plants and when a female is found the male lands and they copulate immediately while clinging to the plant. The different swarming and mating behaviors might have favored selection for three types of sexual dimorphism: (1) longer forewings in males than females in species which fly in copula, (2) larger eyes in males of the vertically zigzagging species, and (3) much smaller males in the group where males search for females sitting on aquatic plants. In the second group approaching females are detected by males before reaching the swarm and in the third group the female almost always mates with the male which is the first to find her. In conclusion, we suggest that females of Athripsodesand Ceracleahave a greater choice among swarming males than do females of Mystacides, T. bicolor,and O. Lacustris.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048123
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Both Contest and Scramble Competition Affect the Growth Performance of Brown Trout, Salmo Trutta, Parr of Wild and of Sea-ranched Origins (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 59 (2000), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: domestication ; salmonids ; mirror image simulation ; RNA/DNA growth analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of contest and scramble competition on the growth performance of wild and sea-ranched juvenile (0+) brown trout, Salmo trutta, originating from the River Dalälven, Sweden was scrutinised. In a mirror image stimulation (MIS) experiment, and in a 35 000 1 stream-water aquarium the trout was studied for three weeks (20 individuals in each of four replicates). Activity in MIS was correlated with swimming activity in the stream-water aquarium. The MIS results could not be used for predicting any social behaviour patterns or the growth performance of a fish. No behavioural differences between the two strains were noted. However, the sea-ranched strain grew faster than the wild one, both in regard to the RNA/DNA ratio and the weight-specific growth rate. Because the strains had the same genetic background and prior to the experiments were raised under similar hatchery condition, the results of this study suggest that the sea-ranching process selects for faster juvenile growth in brown trout. The ultimate mechanisms underlying the faster growth by the domesticated strain probably involves both contest and scramble competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007645411586
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Swarm Site Fidelity in the Sex Role-Reversed Dance Fly Empis borealis (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 785-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: swarm site ; swarm size ; site fidelity ; swarm marker ; encounter site convention ; dance fly ; Empis borealis ; Empididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the dance fly species Empis borealis (L.), females (1–40) gather to swarm at landmarks (swarm markers, like trees and bushes), and males carrying an insect prey visit these swarms for mating. We noticed earlier that some swarm sites were used for several years and that they appeared to be frequented by a similar number of swarming females in each year, although the numbers of females varied greatly among swarm sites and certain sites attracted more swarming individuals than others. To explore swarm site fidelity in this mating system, in 1993 we monitored the same swarm sites that we studied in 1989, addressing the questions, Would the same swarm sites still attract the same number of females and males after 4 years? and Why do some swarm sites attract more displaying females than others? The number of females swarming at the different markers in 1993 was approximately the same as 4 years earlier. Some of these swarm sites are known to have been used for 18 years. The swarm sites with the largest number of flies had a high sun exposure during the day and were found at coniferous swarm marker trees and in a mixed forest habitat. A swarm site with few females attending and with a low amount of insolation during the day can be predicted to be abandoned as a swarming site soon. Empis borealis swarm sites thus persist over many years and are attended by a similar number of individuals each year. To our knowledge, such site fidelity has not been demonstrated for any swarming insect species earlier.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007826715423
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pheromonal secretions from glands on the 5th abdominal sternite of hydropsychid and rhyacophilid caddisflies (Trichoptera) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 153-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoptera ; Rhyacophilidae ; sex pheromone ; aggregation pheromone ; Rhyacophila nubila ; Rhyacophila fasciata Hydropsyche angustipennis ; electroantennogram ; heptan-2-one ; octan-2-one ; nonan-2-one ; decan-2-one ; (Z)-6-nonen-2-one ; heptan-2-ol ; nonan-2-ol ; GC-EAD ; swarming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of different body parts of adult Trichoptera were tested for electrophysiological activity. Extracts of the IVth and Vth abdominal sternites of femaleHydropsyche angustipennis, Rhyacophila nubila, andR. fasciata, containing a paired exocrine gland, elicited significant electroan-tennographic responses when tested on conspecific male antennae. The paired gland occurs also in males of all the species, and inH. angustipennis, extracts from males were more active than female extracts when tested on male antennae. Female and male extracts from all species were analyzed by gas chromatography with simultaneous flame ionization and electroantennographic detection (EAD). EAD-active peaks in female extracts, stimulating male antennae, were identified inH. angustipennis as nonan-2-one; and inR. nubila andR. fasciata as heptan-2-one, heptan-2-ol, nonan-2-one, and nonan-2-ol. EAD-active components from maleH. angustipennis stimulating male antennae were octan-2-one, nonan-2-one (major peak), (Z)-6-nonen-2-one, decan-2-one, and a methylbranched decan-2-one. Female extracts and synthetic mixtures of compounds identified from femaleH. angustipennis andR. fasciata were tested for attractivity in the field. High catches with control traps obscured the results, but a synthetic mixture of the four identified compounds was significantly attractive and not different from female extracts for attracting maleR. fasciata. InH. angustipennis, a synthetic six-component male blend, in which nonan-2-one was the major component, attracted significant numbers of male and femaleH. angustipennis. Extracts of maleR. nubila andR. fasciata contained acetophenone and hexanoic and octanoic acids but did not have any electrophysiological or behavioral activity on either male or female antennae of conspecifics. The occurrence of a female sex pheromone inRhyacophila and an aggregation pheromone inHydropsyche corresponds to earlier described differences in mating behaviors in the Rhyacophilidae and Hydropsychidae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065998
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why insects swarm: testing the models for lek mating systems on swarming Empis borealis females (1992)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 31 (1992), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Female dance-flies, Empis borealis L., gather to swarm, and males carrying nuptial gifts visit swarms for mating. Field observations and experiments were performed on this behaviorally sex-role reversed species to test models of lekking behavior. The key predictions were: (1) female preference model: male visiting rate and mating rate should increase with the number of females in swarm (swarm size), (2) hotspot model: male visiting rate should be independent of swarm size, and (3) hotshot model: swarm size should be positively correlated with the body size of the largest female in swarm. We found that male visiting rate and mating rate increased with swarm size, and that mating rate per female increased with swarm size. Males also mated more often in larger swarms than in smaller ones. Both males and females visited swarm sites even in the absence of other individuals. When females were successively removed from swarm sites more males than females on average arrived at these sites: 2.25 males per female. When no individuals were present at the swarm site, arriving males moved on to another site, whereas arriving females generally stayed. Larger experimental swarm-markers attracted both more males and more females and even more males when swarming females were present. There was no correlation between mean or median female size in swarms and the number of females in swarms. Thus, the female preference model and the hotspot model were corroborated, while other models were judged unlikely to explain swarming behavior in E. borealis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171680
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mate choice tactics and swarm size: a model and a test in a dance fly (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Mate choice ; Swarm size ; Model ; Dance fly ; Empis borealis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the dance fly Empis borealis (L.) (Diptera: Empididae) females gather to swarm and males visit swarms for mating. A model was constructed, based on previously published data, simulating how males may choose among females of different sizes in swarms of different sizes. The focal question was, what influences the number of individuals in the swarm in this and possibly other swarming insects? The relationships between original swarm size and both the number of males arriving per minute and the proportion of males mating are both logarithmic. The model predicted that if these relationships were linear, or if males were able to judge absolute female size, the mean swarm size should increase and be at least four times as large as those found in the field. The only type of male mate choice strategy that gave rise to very large swarms (〉25) was size-related choice (if males are able to assess the size of a female in relation to the entire population and not merely to the swarm). Furthermore, no swarming behaviour would occur if males mate independently of swarm size. Thus, the numbers of females attending a given swarm site are influenced by male arrival pattern, male preference for larger swarms, the inability of males to judge the absolute body size of females, and female polyandry. Males searching for mates seem to prefer larger swarms than females searching for a swarm to join, but the mean swarm size is primarily set by the swarm size preference of females. Optimal swarm size predicted from the model was 4.68±0.53 females. In order to test model predictions, 69 natural swarm sites were studied during one season. The mean swarm size was 4.85±4.54 females (median 4.03), and about 90% of swarms consisted of 11 females or fewer. Predicted and observed swarm size did not differ significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167955
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mate choice tactics and swarm size: a model and a test in a dance fly (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Mate choice ; Swarm size ; Model Dance fly ; Empis borealis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the dance flyEmpis borealis (L.) (Diptera: Empididae) females gather to swarm and males visit swarms for mating. A model was constructed, based on previously published data, simulating how males may choose among females of different sizes in swarms of different sizes. The focal question was, what influences the number of individuals in the swarm in this and possibly other swarming insects? The relationships between original swarm size and both the number of males arriving per minute and the proportion of males mating are both logarithmic. The model predicted that if these relationships were linear, or if males were able to judge absolute female size, the mean swarm size should increase and be at least four times as large as those found in the field. The only type of male mate choice strategy that gave rise to very large swarms (〉25) was size-related choice (if males are able to assess the size of a female in relation to the entire population and not merely to the swarm). Furthermore, no swarming behaviour would occur if males mate independently of swarm size. Thus, the numbers of females attending a given swarm site are influenced by male arrival pattern, male preference for larger swarms, the inability of males to judge the absolute body size of females, and female polyandry. Males searching for mates seem to prefer larger swarms than females searching for a swarm to join, but the mean swarm size is primarily set by the swarm size preference of females. Optimal swarm size predicted from the model was 4.68±0.53 females. In order to test model predictions, 69 natural swarm sites were studied during one season. The mean swarm size was 4.85±4.54 females (median 4.03), and about 90% of swarms consisted of 11 females or fewer. Predicted and observed swarm size did not differ significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167955
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