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  • Lepidoptera  (64)
  • Springer  (64)
  • Cell Press
  • 1985-1989  (64)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1986  (64)
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  • Springer  (64)
  • Cell Press
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  • 1985-1989  (64)
  • 1980-1984
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etude électroantennographique de la réception de stimulus odorants d'origine végétale chez Acrolepiopsis assectella (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 13-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Acrolepiopsis assectella ; lépidoptère ; phytophage spécialiste ; électroantennogrammes ; substances volatiles ; composés soufrés ; Allium ; plantes non-hôtes ; Acrolepiopsis assectella ; Lepidoptera ; phytophagous speciality ; electroantennograms ; volatiles ; sulphur compounds ; Allium ; non-host plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Electroantennogram studies of adults Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell., Lepidoptera, Hyponomeutoidea, showed that the insects responded to the host-plant's odour whether or not the plant was healthy or damaged by the larvae. The antenna of both sexes also responded to the host-plant's specific volatile sulphur compounds. All these odours attracted the insects in the olfactometer. Propyl propane thiosulfinate (Ti-P2), the most abundant of the host specific compounds was always the most effective. The antenna was also sensitive to certain non-host plants (cabbage and tomato). The insect antenna was also sensitive to compounds of the ‘general green-leaf volatil complex’ which were identified in leek (Allium) odour. The most effective of these, cis-hexen-3-ol-1, was also the only attractive one. Sensitivity to these different olfactory stimuli was similar for 1-day-old females and 5-days-old males. The insect's sensitivity to green-leaf compounds increased with age for both sexes, only males responded better to Ti-P2 with age. These same males were also more attracted by leek odour at 5 days old. These facts confirm the predominant role of the sulphur compounds in host finding by the leek moth. The exact biological effect of green-leaf compounds and the interference exerted by non-host plants odours such as tomato on attraction to leek is discussed.
    Notes: Résumé Les réponses E.A.G. d'Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell., Lépidoptère Hyponomeutoïdea spécialiste des Allium, montrent une sensibilité à l'odeur de la plante-hôte larvaire A. porrum saine ou attaquée, et à ses composés volatils soufrés spécifiques, toutes odeurs actives dans l'attraction des deux sexes en olfactomètre. Le Ti-P2, le plus abondant et le plus spécifique du végétal est toujours le plus efficace. Ceci confirme le rôle prépondérant des substances allélochimiques soufrées dans la recherche de la plante-hôte. Une réactivité antennaire plus ou moins importante est également enregistrée avec l'odeur de certaines plantes non-hôtes (chou et tomate). L'antenne du lépidoptère est également très sensible à certains produits volatils du ‘complexe odorant vert’ des végétaux qui sont identifiés dans l'odeur du poireau, le cis-hexen-3-ol-1 le plus actif est aussi le seul à être attractif. Le rôle biologique exact des ‘composés verts’ et l'interférence de l'odeur complète de la plantehôte avec celle de plantes non-hôtes, telle que la tomate, efficace sur l'antenne et sur le comportement sont discutés.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187018
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The reproductive capacity of Spodoptera littoralis moths fed ascorbic acid analogs (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 173-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ascorbic acid analogs ; Spodoptera littoralis ; Lepidoptera ; moths reproduction ; spermatophore malformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les examens ont porté sur l'action des acides D-ascorbique, L-déhydroascorbique, 6-chloro-6-déoxy-L-ascorbique, 6-bromo-6-déoxy-L-ascorbique et l'ascorbyl-2-sulfate per os. Les actions de ces analogues de l'acide ascorbique ont été comparées à celles de témoins alimentés avec vitamine C et glucose. L'acide D-ascorbique a provoqué la formation de spermatophores anormaux sans qu'il y ait eu réduction de l'activité sexuelle. Les femelles inséminées par ces mâles ont pondu des oeufs stériles, et leur fécondité était inférieure à celles de femelles alimentées sur des régimes contenant des analogues L de l'acide ascorbique ou du sucrose. L'acide 6-chloro-6-déoxy-L-ascorbique et l'ascorbyl-2-sulfate ont réduit la fécondité et la fertilité mais ces analogues n'avaient pas altéré la formation des spermatophores. Les consommations des différents analogues proposés séparément par microalimentation ou au moment de l'accouplement ne diffèrent pas significativement. La discussion a porté sur l'action des analogues dextrogyres sur le spermatophore et l'utilisation de ces analogues dans la protection des cultures.
    Notes: Abstract D-ascorbic acid, L-dehydroascorbic acid, 6-chloro-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid, 6-bromo-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid and ascorbyl-2-sulfate were bioassayed per os on moths of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). The activity of each of the analogs was compared with that of vitamin C and sucrose controls. D-ascorbic acid caused males to produce malformed spermatophores with no reduction in mating capacity. Females mated to these males layed infertile eggs and fecundity was lower than in females fed other analogs, L-ascorbic acid or sucrose diets. 6-chloro-6-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid reduced fertility and fecundity of the females, although this and other analogs did not affect the spermatophores. D-isoascorbic acid (=D-araboascorbic acid; D-erythorbic acid), D-glucoascorbic acid and all the other analogs were equally acquired by males microfed singly or at mating. The effect of D-optically active analogs on the spermatophore and the possible applications of the analogs in pest control are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195574
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population differences in larval hostplant use in the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas chalcedona (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Euphydryas chalcedona ; Scrophulariaceae ; Penstemon spp. ; hostplant specificity ; utilization efficiency ; iridoid glycoside ; insect/plant interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des chenilles de deux populations d'E. chalcedona ont été élevées sur leur propre plante-hôte et sur celle de l'autre population, aux stades avant et après diapause. Les deux populations s'alimentent sur différentes espèces de Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae), et une population—Echo Lake—est monophage sur P. newberry, tandis que l'autre—Chico—utilise d'abord P. breviflorus, mais les chenilles après diapause sont trouvées sur au moins deux autres espèces de plantes. Les taux de croissance et de survie ont été déterminés pour des chenilles avant et après diapause pour les deux populations sur les deux plantes; les efficacités digestives ont été calculées sur les chenilles avant diapause. Les résultats ont montré que les chenilles des deux populations différaient par leur degré de spécialisation digestive sur leur plante hôte normale: les chenilles de Chico ont utilisé aussi bien les deux plantes, tandis que celles d'Echo Lake le faisaient significativement moins bien sur la plante non-hôte, par suite de l'inaptitude à la digérer. Ainsi la population oligophage est alimentairement moins spécialisée et plus capable de se débrouiller avec une plante non-hôte. Après diapause, les chenilles de Chico s'alimentaient significativement mieux sur plante hôte que non-hôte, ce qui était le cas aussi pour la population monophage. Dans l'ensemble, les chenilles de la population monophage semblaient moins capables de se débrouiller dans des conditions défavorables ou moins avantageuses.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae from two populations of Euphydryas chalcedona Doubleday & Hewitson (Nymphalidae) were reared on their own hostplant and that of the other population, in both pre-diapause and post-diapause instars. One population, Chico, uses Penstemon breviflorus Lindl. (Scrophulariaceae), and the other, Echo Lake, uses P. newberryi Gray. Growth rate and survival were determined for pre-diapause and post-diapause larvae from both populations on both plant species; and digestive efficiencies were calculated during the prediapause instars. The results showed that larvae from the two populations differed in their responses to the two plant species. Pre-diapause larvae from Chico performed equally well on both plant species—survival and digestive indices were not significantly different for two Penstemon species. In contrast, pre-diapause larvae from Echo Lake performed significantly worse on the non-hostplant—growth and survival were significantly lower on the non-host, P. breviflorus. In addition, comparison of digestive efficiencies for the two plants showed that larvae from Echo Lake digested P. breviflorus better than P. newberryi, but were significantly less able to convert P. breviflorus to body mass. In the post-diapause instars, larvae from Chico grew faster on the host than on the non-host. Larvae from Echo Lake grew quite slowly on both plant species and significantly more of the Echo Lake larvae returned to diapause instead of completing development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187024
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perception of the oviposition deterring pheromone by tarsal and abdominal contact chemoreceptors in Pieris brassicae (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 71-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition deterrent ; contact chemoreceptors ; electrophysiology ; tarsi ; ovipositor ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une technique d'enregistrement apical a été utilisée pour examiner la perception d'une phéromone dissuadant la ponte par les poils récepteurs chimiques de contact des femelles de Pieris brassicae. Les réponses électrophysiologiques des poils gustatifs des tarses en présence de solutions de rinçage d'oeufs présentent une fréquence marquée des potentiels d'action provenant principalement d'une cellule sensorielle. Ceci suggère que les poils gustatifs des tarses des pattes antérieures des femelles possèdent, en plus de cellules répondant aux glucosinolates, des cellules sensorielles sensibles spécialement à la phéromone dissuadant la ponte. Des études morphologiques au microscope à balayage révèlent que l'oviposition de P. brassicae est pourvu de deux groupes de chimiorécepteurs de contact. Des enregistrements électrophysiologiques de ces sensilles révèlent la présence d'au moins trois cellules sensorielles, l'une d'entre elles étant un mécanorécepteur. La stimulation avec la solution de rinçage des oeufs évoque un léger accroissement de la fréquence des potentiels d'action qui ne peut être attribué à une cellule sensorielle particulière. Ceci indique que les poils gustatifs abdominaux peuvent participer d'une certaine façon à la perception de la phéromone dissuadant la ponte. Les réponses aux glucosinolates ne diffèrent pas significativement des stimulations témoin.
    Notes: Abstract Perception of the oviposition deterring pheromone by contact chemoreceptors in female Pieris brassicae was studied employing a tip recording technique. Electrophysiological responses of tarsal taste hairs to eggwash solutions show a marked increase in frequency of spikes originating from only one sensory cell. This suggests that in foretarsal taste hairs females, apart from the glucosinolate cells also possess sense cells specifically sensitive to the oviposition deterring pheromone. Morphological studies by means of the scanning electron microscope revealed that the ovipositor of P. brassicae is provided with two groups of contact chemoreceptors. Electrophysiological recordings from these sensilla indicate the presence of at least three sensory cells, one of them being a mechanoreceptor. Stimulation with eggwash evokes a slight increase in spike frequency which cannot be ascribed to one particular sense cell. This indicates that abdominal taste hairs in some way may participate in the perception of the oviposition deterring pheromone. Responses to glucosinolates do not differ significantly from control stimulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187025
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of an oviposition deterring pheromone on egglaying in Pieris brassicae (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition deterrent ; pheromone ; egg washings ; Pieris brassicae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences de laboratoire ont été réalisées pour déterminer d'influence d'une phéromone dissuasive de la ponte (ODP) sur la distribution des ooplaques et des oeufs de Pieris brassicae. Cette phéromone est connue comme associée aux oeufs. Les papillons ont eu le choix entre des feuilles de chou traitées de différentes façons avec ODP et des feuilles témoins. La présence d'oeufs intacts de la même espèce sur les feuilles a un effet dissuasif modéré sur la ponte. Une solution aqueuse d'ODP, obtenue par lavage des oeufs à l'eau distillée est quelque peu dissuasive. Le lavage des oeufs de P. brassicae au méthanol est apparu comme le plus dissuasif. Une telle solution au méthanol peut être stockée à basse température au moins 3 ans sans perte de son pouvoir. Les applications de l'eau de rinçage sur les faces supérieures ou inférieures des feuilles induisent le même comportement des femelles. L'effet dissuasif augmente avec la concentration de l'eau de rinçage; aux très faibles concentrations, aucune différence significative n'a pu être observée avec les témoins quant au nombre d'ooplaques et d'oeufs. Par ailleurs, même aux très hautes concentrations du méthanol, l'eau de rinçage n'inhibe pas totalement la ponte sur les feuilles de chou. En lavant 7 fois consécutives les oeufs de P. brassicae dans le méthanol, on obtient une série de solutions de phéromones, dont chacune possède un fort pouvoir dissuasif. Bien que l'effet dissuasif diminue lentement avec des rinçages successifs, la pulvérisation du septième rinçage sur les feuilles de chou réduit encore à moins du quart le nombre total d'ooplaques et des oeufs pondus sur la feuille traitée.
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory study was conducted in order to determine the influence of the oviposition deterring pheromone (ODP) upon the distribution of eggbatches and eggs by Pieris brassicae females. This pheromone is known to be associated with eggs. Butterflies were offered a choice between cabbage leaves treated in various ways with the ODP and control leaves. The presence of intact conspecific eggs on the treated leaf appeared to have a moderate deterrent effect upon oviposition. An aqueous solution of the ODP, obtained by washing eggs in distilled water was found to have a somewhat higher deterrent effect. Most effective in deterrence of oviposition, however, appeared to be a washing of P. brassicae eggs in methanol. Such a methanol solution can be stored at low temperatures for at least three years without loosing activity. Application of eggwash to either the upper or lower surface of the leaf does not make any difference to females. Percentage deterrence was found to increase with the concentration of eggwash. At very low concentrations no significant difference could be observed anymore in the numbers of eggbatches and eggs laid on control and treated leaf. On the other hand, even very high concentrations of methanol eggwash do not fully protect cabbage leaves against oviposition. Washing P. brassicae eggs seven times consecutively in methanol, a series of pheromone solutions is obtained, all of them were found to possess a high deterrent activity. Although percentage deterrence slowly decreases in subsequent washings, the seventh eggwash sprayed onto cabbage leaves still resulted in less than one quarter of the total number of eggbatches and eggs being laid on the treated leaf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00195569
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interacting effects of increased tannin levels on leaf-mining insects (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 40 (1986), S. 297-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae ; Cameraria sp. ; leaf miners ; mortality ; oaks ; parasitism ; tannins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des extraits riches en tanins ont été étalés sur des feuilles de Quercus emoryi contenant des chenilles de ler stade de Cameraria sp., pour contrôler l'influence du tanin dans l'accroissement du parasitisme sans modifier la teneur en protéines ni provoquer de dommages physiques. Les mineuses de feuilles traitées avaient des taux plus élevés de parasitisme par les hyménoptères, mais une diminution des autres causes de mortalité. Les effets négatifs et positifs des tanins se sont équilibrés, puisque la survie des mineuses était la même pour les feuilles traitées que pour les témoins. Les extraits riches en tanin ont agi sur le développement larvaire puisque le poids des chrysalides des mineuses de feuilles traitées était plus faible. Les tanins peuvent ainsi avoir des effets nuisibles et bénéfiques sur ces insectes phytophages.
    Notes: Abstract Tannin-rich extracts were painted on leaves of Q. emoryi (Fagaceae) that contained first instar larvae of a leaf miner, Cameraria sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae, Agrifoliella group), to test the role of tannins in increasing parasitism, while controlling for changes in protein content and physical damage. Miners from leaves that were treated with tannins had higher rates of parasitism by hymenopterans, but decreased mortality from other causes. The negative and positive effects of tannins balanced since overall larval survivorship was equivalent for leaf miners on tannin-enriched and control leaves. The tannin-rich extract also affected larval development because pupal weight was decreased for leaf miners in treated leaves. Tannins can have both adverse and beneficial effects on these phytophagous insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293714
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromone components ofMamestra suasa: chemical analysis, electrophysiological activity, wind tunnel activity and field tests in two European countries (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 291-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenol ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; hexadecanyl acetate ; Mamestra suasa ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a trouvé l'acetoxy-1 hexadécene-11 Z (Z-11-16:Ac), le hexadécene-11 Z al-1 (Z-11-16:Ald), le hexadécene-11 Z ol-1 (Z-11-16:OH) et l'acetoxy-1 hexadécene (16:Ac) dans des extraits de glandes phéromona les des femelles deMamestra suasa. La proportion relative des composés était 100/2/10/5. Tous les quatre composés ont été présents aussi dans les collections d'émanations des femelles en stade d'appel, dans la proportion un peu différente de 100/7/5/5. On n'a détecté aucune trace des tétradécenes al-1 ou d'acetoxy-1 tétradécenes. On a démontré la présence de hexadécenoate-1 methyl, hexadécene-9 Z oate-1 methyl et héxadécene-11 Z oate-1 methyl dans des extraits des glandes, par la méthode de ‘base methanolysis’. On n'a trouvé pas des tétradéceneoates methyl. En éléctroantennographie, Z-11-16:Ac a donné les meilleurs réponses, suivis par l'acetoxy-1 tétradécene-9 Z (Z-9-14:Ac), Z-11-16:Ald et Z-11-16:OH. Dans des études de ‘single sensillum’ les cellules à amplitude grande ont répondu à la stimulation avec de Z-11-16:Ac, cependant les cellules à amplitude petite ont répondu à la stimulation avec des deux composés Z-9-14:Ac et Z-11-16:OH. On a trouvé des cellules sensitives à Z-11-16:Ald dans 1 entre 60 sensilla étudiés. À la chambre de vol, le dose de 0.1 μg d'un mélange de 10:1 de Z-11-16:Ac/Z-11-16:Ald a provoqué les mêmes réponses et à l'intensité pareille comme 3 glandes phéromonales isolées des femelles. En piégeages sur le champs des males en quantité importante ont été capturé par un mélange de 10:1 de Z-11-16:Ac/Z-11-15:Ald en Bulgarie et Hongrie. L'addition de 16:Ac au mélange binaire n'avait aucun effet, cependant l'addition de plus de 1% de Z-11-16:OH ou 0.1% de Z-9-14:Ac a sérieusement diminué les captûres. En comparant des proportions différentes du mélange de l'acetoxy/aldéhyde dans des doses différentes, on a observé les meilleurs captûres avec de la proportion 10:1 et à la dose la plus haute (1 000 μg).
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z-11-16:Ac), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z-11-16:Ald), (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z-11-16:OH) and hexadecanyl acetate (16:Ac) were found in pheromone gland extracts of femaleMamestra suasa (Den. et Schiff.) in the relative amounts 100/2/10/5. All four compounds were also present in collections of aiiborne volatiles from calling females in a 100/7/5/5 ratio. No traces of 14 carbon aldehydes or acetates were detected. In gland extracts the presence of methyl hexadecanoate methyl (Z)-9-hexadecenoate and methyl (Z)-11-hexadecenoate was demonstrated by base methanolysis. No methyl tetradecenoates were detected. In EAG tests Z-11-16:Ac gave the best responses, followed by (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z-9-14:Ac) Z-11-16:Ald and Z-11-16:OH. In single sensillum recordings large spike amplitude cells in sensilla responded to Z-11-16:Ac, while small spike amplitude cells to both Z-11-16:OH and Z-9-14:Ac. Cells responding to Z-11-16:Ald were found in one out of 60 sensilla tested. In wind tunnel tests 0.1 μg of a 10:1 blend of Z-11-16:Ac/Z-11-16:Ald evoked the same responses and at a similar intensity as 3 isolated female pheromone glands did. In field tests a 10:1 blend of Z-11-16:Ac/Z-11-16:Ald caught significant numbers of males in both Bulgaria and Hungary. The addition of 16:Ac to the binary blend did not have any effect, while more than 1% of Z-11-16:OH or 0.1% of Z-9-14:Ac dramatically decreased captures. In comparing different ratios of the, acetate/aldehyde blend at different dose levels, best catches were recorded at the 10:1 ratio and at the highest (1000 μg) dose level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00629317
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The courtship behaviour of Yponomeuta padellus (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 45-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Yponomeuta padellus ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; courtship ; behaviour ; quantitative analysis ; pheromone communication ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les séquences du comportement depuis l'attraction du mâle jusqu'à la copulation ont été décrites et analysées chez Y. padellus (L.). Les mâles réagissent à une femelle émenttant une phéromone par un hattement d'ailes suivi d'un vol en zigzag contre le vent. Les mâles atterriront près des femelles et marcheront avec leurs ailes en battement. Les antennes tambourinent le substrat et les pinceaux abdominaux sont déplyés. Lorsqu'il est au contact de la femelle, le mâle tambourine avec ses antennes les ailes, la tête et les antennes. Généralement suit une tentative d'étreinte. Les chances de succès sont les plus élevées quand les premiers contacts du mâle sont avec la partie postérieure de la femelle plutôt qu'avec la tête. Les femelles refusent les mâles en s'écartant ou en battant des ailes ou les deux à la fois. Il semble qu'en plus des stimuli cliniques, des stimuli mécaniques fournis par les écailles sont nécessaires pour que les mâles localisent la femelle et s'orientent pour une tentative d'étreinte.
    Notes: Abstract The sequence of behavioural steps from male attraction until copulation is described and analyzed for Yponomeuta padellus L. (Yponomeutidae, Lepidoptera). Males respond to a pheromone emitting female with wing fanning followed by upwind zigzagging flight. Males will land near the females and then walk while wing fanning. The antennae drum onto the substratum and the abdominal-hair pencils are displayed. When in contact with a female the male drums with his antennae onto wings, head and antennae. Mostly a clasping attempt follows. A male has a higher chance to be accepted when he firt encounters the rear of a female instead of the head. Females refuse males by walking away or wing fanning or a combination of both.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186157
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence du type de culture et de l'antécédent cultural sur les déplacements des adultes de la pyrale du maïs Ostrinia nubilalis (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pyrale du maïs ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; attraction plante-hôte ; peuplement-refuge ; piégeage lumineux ; lâcher insectes marqués ; coloration interne ; protandrie ; phéromone ; European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; host plant attraction ; refuge plant association ; light trapping ; internal coloration technique ; release of marked insects ; protandry ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The authors used their light trapping method associated with the release of marked insects. The experiment took place in an agrosystem in Charente (North of Aquitaine) between June 5 and July 15, 1983. The site included four adjoining plots from 1 to 3 ha each: one plot of wheat (previous crop: maize); two plots of maize (previous crop: barley) and a plot of barley (previous crop: wheat). To demonstrate the possible emergence of moths from hibernating larvae, the marked insects (510 ♂ ♂ and 467 ♀ ♀) were released in the plot of wheat equidistant from the four light traps placed in each plot. The captures of wild insects (1625 ♂ ♂, 786 ♀ ♀) showed an 8-days protandry and a considerable predominance of males in June/July 1983. This seems to have been caused by their being more mobile than the females. Despite the first males were distributed at random in the different plots, the remainder moved towards the maize. Such behaviour could be associated with that of the females; the latter move very early into the maize and probably lure the males by the release of sex-pheromone. The captures of marked insects (12% of the released population) confirmed the observations obtained with wild insects. The ecological and agronomical consequences of these migrations are discussed. It is suggested that there exists a pattern of two types of movements of European corn borer moths: emergence migration and diurnal migration.
    Notes: Résumé Au cours de l'été 1983 dans un agrosystème de Charente (Nord du Bassin Aquitain), les auteurs ont utilisé la technique du piégeage lumineux associée à des lâchers d'insectes marqués. Afin de mimer les émergences possibles des papillons à partir de chenilles hivernantes, les insectes colorés étainent lâchés dans une parcelle de blé (Triticum) (à antécédent cultural maïs), à égale distance de 4 pièges disposés dans 4 parcelles adjacentes. Les captures d'insectes colorés montrent clairement que les femelles quittent le blé et se dirigent vers le maïs, confirmant par là le rôle de l'antécédent cultural sur les infestations annuelles. Les captures d'insectes sauvages indiquent à cette époque une prédominance des mâles due probablement à la protandrie d'environ 8 jours chez l'espèce et à une mobilité naturelle supérieure à celle des femelles. Les implications écologiques et agronomiques de ces déplacements sont discutées et un schéma d'explication des différents types de mouvements des papillons de pyrale: déplacements d'émergence et déplacements quotidiens alternatifs, est proposé.
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    Synergism of positional isomers in sex-attractant systems of clearwing moths (Sesiidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 311-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; clearwing moths ; Synanthedon ; sex attractants ; pheromone synergism ; pheromone receptors ; octadecadienyl acetates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221262
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    The disruption of proleg clasping by sublethal doses of chlordimeform in silk moth larvae: A possible mechanism of crop protection (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; behaviour ; formamidines ; pyrethroids ; prolegs ; crop protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des doses sublétales de chlordiméforme (CDM), insecticide formamidine, injectées dans des chenilles de Saturniidae, provoquent divers effets comportementaux. Ceux-ci comprennent l'arrêt de l'alimentation, l'augmentation du taux de locomotion, une hyperactivité générale de la tête et de ses appendices, et des mouvements désordonnés des pattes; Une conséquence de ce dernier effet est une réduction de l'étreinte réelle du substrat par les chenilles. Il a été étudié en détail sur les chenilles de cinquième stade de Philosamia cynthia ricini. Pour toute une gamme de doses, les effets les plus nets ont été observés sur les fausses pattes. Ils on été évalués par une série d'observations continues de chenilles placées sur une baquette de bois, permettant d'observer clairement le comportement d'étreinte. Les effet étaient réversibles. Des comparaisons ont été réalisées en utilisant la cyperméthrine, insecticide pyréthroïde. Les chenilles traitées ont présenté un certain nombre de comportements d'irritation, mais aucune réponse spécifique d'étreinte n'a été notée. La discussion de ces résultats examine les possibilités d'action de CDM dans la nature. Compte tenu de l'importance jouée par les fausses pattes dans le maintien sur la plante, on peut envisager que la suppression de l'étreinte peut entraîner une protection efficace des cultures.
    Notes: Abstract General observations of the behavioural effects of sublethal doses of the fomamidine pesticide chlordimeform (CDM) on saturniid larvae led to a detailed investigation of the disruption of proleg clasping caused by CDM in Philosamia cynthia ricini Hutt. (Castor Silk Moth) larvae. Subjects received doses ranging from 5.09×10−3 to 19.3 μg/g body weight. Doses above 0.15 μg/g caused uncoordinated movements of the legs which led to reductions in the effective grip on the substrate. Greatest interference was recorded in the prolegs. The effects were reversible. Significance of these results is discussed in relation to their possible role in crop protection mechanisms. In investigating the degree of specificity of the observed effects as a mode of insecticidal action, larvae were treated with a pyrethroid compound, cypermethrin. Doses ranging from 0.002 to 0.842 μg/g resulted in reduction in the times the larvae spent firmly attached to the substrate. It is concluded that this is a consequence of an overall excitation caused by the insecticide, displayed as a number of described irritant behaviours, rather than any specific disruption of proleg action.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186152
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    Role of trichomes in soybean resistance to cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 109-117 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Glycine max ; soybeans ; trichomes ; plant resistance ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la densité et de la longueur des trichomes de Glycine max sur la résistance à Trichoplusia ni a été évaluée suivant la position des feuilles sur une lignée résistante (‘PI 227687’) et sur un cultivar sensible (‘Davis’). Les feuilles apicales (juvéniles) tant de PI 227687 que de Davis, recouvertes de trichomes denses, résistèrent mieux à l'alimentation larvaire et à la survie de T. ni. Quand ces trichomes étaient éliminés, ces feuilles ne résistaient pas plus à l'alimentation des larves de T. ni que les feuilles non rasées TL3 et TL5 de PI 227687 ou toutes les autres feuilles de Davis. Les tests avec des extraits dans l'acétate d'éthyle et l'hexane de feuilles provenant de différentes positions de PI 227687 et Davis, destinés à mettre en évidence des phagodissuadants, ont montré que la résistance observée chez les feuilles apicales de Davis était attribuable aux trichomes (c'est-à-dire à un caractère morphologique), tandis que chez les mêmes feuilles de PI 227687 elle impliquait à la fois des trichomes (morphologie) et des substances chimiques, mais avec une prédominance de l'influence des trichomes.
    Notes: Abstract Role of leaf trichome density and length in Glycine max (L.) Merr. resistance to Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) was evaluated at different leaf positions on a relatively resistant soybean, plant introduction (PI) 227687, and a relatively susceptible cultivar, ‘Davis’. The uppermost (juvenile) leaf within both PI 227687 and ‘Davis’ plants, which is densely covered with trichomes, was most resistant to T. ni larval feeding and survival. When these trichomes were shaven off, such leaves became as susceptible to T. ni larval feeding as unshaven TL3 and TL5 leaves (PI 227687) or all other unshaven leaves (‘Davis’). Bioassays for antifeedants in ethyl acetate and hexane extractables from leaves at the different positions on PI 227687 and ‘Davis’ plants showed that the resistance observed in the uppermost ‘Davis’ leaf is attributable to trichomes (i.e., a morphological factor); whereas, in the uppermost PI 227687 leaf it involves both morphological (trichomes) and chemical factors, but the trichome parameter is dominant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343536
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    Cellobiase activity in the larvae of Eri silk worm,Philosamia ricini Hutt. (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 301-302 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Philosamia ricini ; Eri silk worm ; cellobiose ; cellobiase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00629318
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  • 14
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    Acyl fluorides as reactive mimics of aldehyde pheromones: hyperactivation and aphrodisiac inHeliothis virescens (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 964-966 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Acid fluoride ; aldehyde ; mating disruption ; pheromone analogs ; Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; fluorination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Substitution of fluorine for the aldehydic hydrogen provides behaviorally active, chemically reactive pheromone mimics. In male moths of the tobacco budwormHeliothis virescens, Z9–14:Acf and Z11–16:Acf cause hyperactivity and irreversible extension of the genitalia in over 80% of treated moths. In addition, a combination of the two components leads to 10–50% of the pairs involving one treated partner becoming locked in copula.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941782
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    Influence of host plant and larval diet on ovarian productivity inAcrolepiopsis assectella Z. (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 448-450 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiopsis assectella ; host plant ; larval diet ; ovarian production ; stimulation ; insemination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Females ofAcrolepiopsis assectella, reared on a semi-synthetic diet and laying on artificial substrates, do not respond to external stimuli by increasing ovarian production. When returned to the natural host (Allium porrum) for only one generation, ovarian production again rises and reaches the same level as in wild females, but its variability is strongly reduced. We conclude that selection under artificial conditions eliminates individuals which strictly depend on host plants for stimulation of larval nutrition and of reproduction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118653
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    Confirmation of sex pheromone biosynthesis from (16-D3)palmitic acid in the turnip moth using capillary gas chromatography (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 1059-1061 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Agrotis segetum ; biosynthesis ; palmitic acid ; capillary gas chromatography ; deuterium ; polyethylene glycol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary (16-D3)palmitic acid was applied topically to pheromone glands of the turnip moth. After incubation omega labeled analogues of fatty acid methyl esters and acetates were identified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and selected ion monitoring. The pheromone components (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl- and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate were all biosynthesized from palmitic acid along a common pathway.
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  • 17
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    The adaptive significance of alpine melanism in the butterfly Parnassius phoebus F. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 70 (1986), S. 205-213 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Parnassius ; Lepidoptera ; Radiation ; Temperature ; Melanism ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The adaptive significance of alpine melanism, the tendancy for insects to become darker with increased elevation and latitude, was investigated using the butterfly Parnassius phoebus. The effects on temperature dependent activity of five components of overall wing melanism, as well as size, were examined. The components of wing melanism examined were the transparency of the basal hindwing and distal fore-wing areas, the width of the black patch in the basal hind-wing area and the proportion of black to white scales in that area, and the proportion of the distal fore-wing covered by predominantly black scaling. The body temperature of dead specimens was correlated with air temperature, solar radiation, the width of the black patch at the base of the wings, and the proportion of black to white scales at the base of the wings. The minimum air temperatures and solar radiation levels required for initiation of flight did not vary with wing melanism of P. phoebus, in contrast to the results found for Colias butterflies by Roland (1982). However, under environmental conditions suitable for flight initiation, males with a higher proportion of black to white scales in the basal area of the hind-wing, and wider basal black patches, spent a greater proportion of time in flight at low air temperatures and low insolation. Increased basal wing melanism was also associated with increased movement of males within a population. In contrast, melanism in the distal area of the wings has no effect on activities which are dependant on body temperature. The amount of time spent feeding did not vary with differences in wing melanism. I suggest that in dorsal basking, slow-flying butterflies (Parnassius) basal wing color affects body temperature primarily during flight (rather than while basking), such that butterflies with darker wing bases cool down less rapidly because they absorb more solar radiation during flight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379241
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    Synthesis of pungenin, a foliar constituent of some spruce species, and investigation of its efficacy as a feeding deterrent for spruce budworm [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)] (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Picea pungens ; Picea glauca ; feeding deterrent ; spruce budworm ; Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; pungenin ; protection of OH groups ; glucoside ; phenolic glucoside
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pungenin was synthesized from 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone by a short sequence involving manipulation of protecting groups on the 3 and 4 hydroxyl functions. Bioassays indicated that the glucoside is a modest feeding deterrent for sixth-instar spruce budworm larvae, but it does not appear to retard the development of small larvae or lead to increased mortality.
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    Ultrastructure of exocrine prothoracic gland ofDatana ministra (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) and the nature of its secretion (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 2039-2050 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Datana ministra ; Lepidoptera ; Notodontidae ; exocrine prothoracic gland ; ultrastructure ; dispersal pheromone ; dodecanol ; dodecyl acetate ; dodecyl formate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Datana ministra larvae possess a gland situated in the ventral anterior portion of the prothorax. The gland consists of a single sac and is only charged with secretion in the last instar. Its orifice, a simple slit, opens into a transverse invagination of the integument in the cervical margin of the prosternite. The components of the gland have been identified by GC and GCMS and have been shown to be dodecanol, dodecyl acetate, and dodecyl formate. The morphology of the gland and the chemistry of the secretion are discussed in relation to other notodontid larvae which have been investigated. It is conjectured that the secretion is not defensive in nature but may function as a dispersal pheromone.
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    Sex pheromone biosynthesis in the red-banded leafroller moth, studied by mass-labeling with stable isotopes and analysis with mass spectrometry (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 431-450 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Argyrotaenia velutinana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; red-banded leafroller ; biosynthesis ; sex pheromone ; mass-labeling ; deuterium labeling ; carbon-13 labeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A technique for mass-labeling was developed to study sex pheromone biosynthesis in the red-banded leafroller moth,Argyrotaenia velutinana. With this technique, the pheromone components and all fatty acyl groups in the pheromone gland were analyzed for incorporation of label in the same analytic ran with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, using chemical ionization and selected ion monitoring (GC-SIM-CI-MS). Sex pheromone glands were incubated with fatty acids or triacylglycerols labeled with at least three deuterium atoms or carbon-13 atoms. The results of these incubations support an interpretation in which hexadecanoate is chain shortened to tetradecanoate, which is desaturated to produce (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenoate precursors for the sex pheromone components (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate. Labeled (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenoyl groups in synthetic triacylglycerols were not incorporated into the sex pheromone components, perhaps indicating that this lipid class is not a donor of the immediate fatty acyl precursors in sex pheromone biosynthesis.
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    Cardenolide connection between overwintering monarch butterflies from Mexico and their larval food plant,Asclepias syriaca (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1157-1170 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Danaus plexippus ; monarch butterflies ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; Asclepiadaceae ; milkweeds ; Asclepias syriaca ; Asclepias speciosa ; ecological chemistry ; chemical defense ; cardenolides ; aspecioside ; desglucosyrioside ; syriobioside ; overwintering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The majority (85%) of 394 monarch butterflies sampled from overwintering sites in Mexico contain the same epoxy cardenolide glycosides, including most conspicuously a novel polar glycoside with a single genin-sugar bridge (aspecioside), as occur in the milkweedsAsclepias speciosa andA. syriaca. This cardenolide commonality was established by isolating aspecioside and syriobioside from the wings of overwintering monarchs and the two plant species, and comparing Chromatographie and NMR spectrometric characteristics of the isolates. When combined with the migratory pattern of monarchs and the distribution of these two milkweed species, this chemical evidence lends strong support to the hypothesis thatA. syriaca is the major late summer food plant of monarchs in eastern North America. This finding may be of ecological importance, forA. syriaca contributes less cardenolide and cardenolides of lower emetic potency to monarchs than most milkweeds studied to date.
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    Studies on identification and syntheses of insect pheromones XXII (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1263-1271 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Paranthrene tabaniformis ; poplar twig clearwing moth ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Aegeriidae ; (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E,Z)-3,13-Octadecadien-1-ol (la) was identified as the sex pheromone from the poplar twig clearwing moth,Paranthrene tabaniformis, females by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, synthesis, and laboratory bioassays. In the field tests, a trap baited with 200 μg synthetic la caught more male moths than two live female moths.
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    Stereoselective synthesis of (Z,E)-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate: Sex attractant for carpenterworm moth,Prionoxystus robiniae (Peck) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) and effect of isomers and monounsaturated acetates on its attractiveness (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 619-633 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Prionoxystus robiniae ; Lepidoptera ; Cossidae ; Carpenterworm ; sex attractant ; (Z,E)-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate ; inhibition ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new efficient stereoselective synthesis for (Z,E)-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z3,E5–14∶Ac) a potent male sex attractant for the carpenterworm,Prionoxystus robiniae (Peck), was developed. The effects of the other three isomers (Z,Z; E,Z; E,E) on the field attractiveness of theZ,E isomer toward maleP. robiniae were determined. TheZ, Z isomer inhibited attraction, theE, E isomer synergized attraction, and theE,Z isomer had no effect on attraction. Seven monounsaturated 14-carbon acetates were evaluated for their effect on the attractiveness ofZ3,E5–14∶Ac. (E)-3-Tetradecenyl acetate enhanced attraction and (Z)-9- and (E)-5-tetradecenyl acetate reduced trap captures. (Z,E)-3,5-Tetradecadien-1-ol also reduced the attractiveness ofZ3,E5–14∶Ac.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012097
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    Euphydryas anicia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) utilization of iridoid glycosides fromCastilleja andBesseya (Scrophulariaceae) host plants (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1459-1468 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Euphydryas anicia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Castilleja integra ; Besseya plantaginea ; Besseya alpina ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; macfadienoside ; sequestration ; plant-insect interactions ; herbivory ; ecological chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Iridoid glycosides were found to be sequestered by natural populations ofEuphydryas anicia after ingestion from the host plantsBesseya alpina, B. plantaginea, andCastilleja integra. Both major iridoids ofB. alpina, cataipol and aucubin, were found in butterfly populations where this was the only host plant. The catalpol-aucubin ratio was higher in the butterflies than in the host plant. AnE. anicia population which uses bothB. plantaginea andC. integra as host plants was found to sequester cataipol as well as another iridoid, macfadienoside. Macfadienoside was the major iridoid ofC. integra, while catalpol esters were the major iridoids ofB. plantaginea. Although it was a major sequestered iridoid, catalpol was a minor constituent in both host plants. The macfadienoside-catalpol ratio in the butterflies from this population was highly variable, and there appeared to be both sex and individual variation in host plant and/or iridoid glucoside utilization byE. anicia. Although other iridoids were present in the host plants, none was sequestered in more than trace amounts.
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    Behavioral and growth responses of specialist herbivore,Homoeosoma electellum, to major terpenoid of its host,Helianthus SPP (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1505-1521 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemical defense ; feeding behavior ; glandular trichomes ; Helianthus ; herbivory ; Homoeosoma electellum ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; host-plant resistance ; plant-insect interactions ; sesquiterpene lactones ; terpenoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of a sunflower specialist,Homoeosoma electellum, the sunflower moth, to the terpenoids produced by its host plant,Helianthus, were measured. Larvae were reared on synthetic diet containing one of three concentrations of the dominant sesquiterpene lactone found in glandular trichomes ofH. maximilliani. Treatments were initiated at each of three larval ages. Pupal weight was significantly reduced, but the effect diminished as the larvae aged. Survival and development time were unaffected by various treatments. In behavioral tests, larvae showed no preference for untreated synthetic diet compared to diet containing the secondary compound at a concentration of 1% by dry weight. When the concentration was raised to 5%, all but last-instar larvae showed a significant preference for the untreated diet. A second behavioral test measured the damage done to whole florets and an array of floral parts offered to larvae of different ages. The damage pattern of floral tissues changed as the larvae grew older, demonstrating that the willingness of larvae to eat tissues contaminated with trichome contents increased with age. The value of the glandular trichome contents as a defense againstH. electellum is discussed.
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    Female sex pheromone of the melonworm,Diaphania hyalinata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and analysis of male responses to pheromone in a flight tunnel (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 229-237 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diaphania hyalinata ; D. nitidalis ; melonworm ; pickleworm ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sex pheromone ; insect behavior ; flight tunnel ; 10,12-hexadecadienal ; 11-hexadecenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ten C16 chain-length compounds were identified from heptane extracts of ovipositors of female melonworm,Diaphania hyalinata (L.). The major constituents of the extracts were (E)-11-hexadecenal and (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal [(E,E)-10,12–16:Ald] and the alcohols and acetates of these olefins were found in trace amounts (〈2%). Extracts also contained traces of (E,Z)- and (Z,Z)-10,12-16:Ald, hexadecanal, and 1-hexadecanol. Analysis of the behavioral responses of males to synthetic mixtures of these compounds and responses to ovipositor extracts in a flight tunnel showed that a synthetic mixture of the 10 compounds elicited a behavioral repertoire from males that was indistinguishable from that elicited by ovipositor extract. Flight tunnel studies also indicated that six of the 10 compounds probably represent the essential components of the female's sex pheromone.
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    Dietary effects of phytoecdysones in the leek-moth,Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1979-1986 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allium porrum L. ; Liliaceae ; Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell. ; leek-moth ; Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiidae ; ecdysone ; ecdysteroids ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; 5,20-dihydroxyecdysone ; 20-hydroxy ; 25-deoxyecdysone ; ecdysial failures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Incorporation of certain phytoecdysones (ecdysterone, polypodine B, and ponasterone A) into a semisynthetic artificial diet induces pathophysiological effects in larvae of the leek-moth (Acrolepiopsis assectella Zell., Acrolepiidae). The effects include lethality of the newly hatched, first-instar larvae; special ecdysial failures associated with the appearance of larvae with two head capsules; and developmental anomalies during metamorphosis. The effective range of dietary ecdysteroid, as evaluated by larval mortality, varies from 25 to 250 ppm. The EC50 value is 100 ppm for polypodine B and 130 ppm for ecdysterone. The dietary effects of the phytoecdysones are similar to the previously observed effects caused by the dried flowers, but not leaves, of the leek plant. However, the active compound of the leek flowers is a saponin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01041947
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    Pheromone biosynthesis and role of functional groups in pheromone specificity (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 335-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Acetate esters ; alcohols ; aldehydes ; fatty acid biosynthesis ; insect pheromones ; Lepidoptera ; pheromone biosynthesis ; spruce budworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex attractants for many Lepidoptera are long-chain, monounsaturated acetate esters, alcohols, and aldehydes. In vivo metabolic studies and enzyme analysis in vitro have provided evidence that the aldehyde pheromone of the eastern spruce budworm is synthesized de novo via an acetate ester precursor. Interconversion of the functional groups (ester, alcohol, aldehyde) can explain differences in the pheromone blends used by closely related species.
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    Insect olfactory receptor responses to components of pheromone blends (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 451-467 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; insect attractant ; electrophysiology ; olfactory receptor ; pheromone blend
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Multicomponent pheromone systems are common in many insect species. As our knowledge about the number of different chemical compounds actually involved in a particular communication system increases, so too does the need for an efficient neural mechanism for the encoding of behaviorially relevant odor compounds. Here we consider the electrical activity of olfactory receptor neurons in a subset of the individual pheromone-sensitive sensilla on the antennae of male cabbage looper moths (Trichoplupia ni). Responses to single- and multiple-component stimuli, drawn from seven behaviorally active compounds, were obtained at several different intensities. Some blends elicited electrical responses which were not readily predicted from a knowledge of the receptor neuron's response to individual components.
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    Sex pheromone ofAdoxophyes orana: Additional components and variability in ratio of (Z)-9- and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 763-772 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Summerfruit tortrix ; Adoxophyes orana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol ; individual variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Twelve products related to the sex pheromone main components (Z)-9- and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14∶Ac andZ11–14∶Ac, respectively), were identified in female pheromone gland extracts of the laboratory-reared summerfruit tortrix moth,Adoxophyes orana F.v R. These are the geometric isomers and the alcohols of the main components, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, and saturated acetates of 12–22 carbons. The ratio ofZ9–14∶Ac toZ11–14∶Ac in individuals varied from 3.5∶1 to 11∶1 with an average of 6.2; their total added up to 462 ng/female with an average of 182 ng for 2- to 7-day-old individuals. No qualitative or quantitative differences were observed between laboratory and field insects.Z9–14∶Ac,Z11–14∶Ac and the corresponding alcohols were also found in female effluvia. Addition of either of the two alcohols to a blend of the two acetates augmented trap catch in the field. The same was true for (Z)-9,(E)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate which was not detected in gland extracts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012108
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    Comparative metabolism of [3H]psoralen and [3H]isopsoralen by black swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes Fabr.) caterpillars (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 871-884 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Psoralen ; isopsoralen ; furanocoumarin ; Papilio polyxenes ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; metabolism ; detoxification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The comparative fate of tritiated preparations of a linear furanocoumarin (psoralen) and an angular furanocoumarin (isopsoralen) was determined in last-instar caterpillars of the black swallowtail butterfly (Papilio polyxenes Fabr.). Oral administration of either furanocoumarin at 5 μg/g is followed by rapid metabolism, primarily through oxidative cleavage of the furan ring, and the metabolites are rapidly excreted. Isopsoralen is, however, metabolized at a somewhat slower rate than is psoralen, and levels of unmetabolized isopsoralen in body tissues of the treated caterpillars are about three-fold higher. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that a reduced detoxification rate accounts at least in part for the susceptibility ofP. polyxenes caterpillars to the deleterious effect of isopsoralens.
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    Flavonoid pigments and wing color inMelanargia galathea (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 49-68 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Melanargia galathea ; Lepidoptera ; Satyridae ; marbled white butterfly ; flavonoids ; wing pigmentation ; flavonoid localization ; scales ; reproductive tissues ; sex differences ; ultraviolet radiation protection ; Oudeman's phenomenon ; sex recognition/mate selection ; chemical defense ; insect-plant interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Melanargia galathea L. from four different populations were classified into three categories, white, cream, and yellow, according to the background color of their wings. The flavonoid content of the wing and body tissues of butterflies in each of these categories was spectrophotometrically determined. A direct relationship was found between the wing background color and the flavonoid content of the wings; the greater the flavonoid content, the yellower the wings. Butterflies from the yellow category contained an average of 19.6 μg flavone/mg wing tissue; those from the cream, an average of 14.1 μg/mg tissue; and those from the white an average of 8.3 μg/mg wing tissue. Flavonoids represent on average about 1.9% by weight of the yellow wings; 1.4% of the cream wings; and about 0.8% by weight of the white wings. The most frequently encountered wing background color in each of the populations examined was cream; far fewer individuals had white or yellow wings. Flavonoids were not evenly distributed in the wings ofM. galathea; greater quantities occur on the underside of the hindwings and front margins of the forewings, while the ocelli centers of the underside of the hindwings, and the inner margins on the upperside of the hindwings lack flavonoids. Furthermore, flavonoids were found in the white scales ofM. galathea but not in the black. The flavonoid content of the body ofM. galathea was found to be much lower than that of the wings. When expressed as a percentage of that in the wings, the flavonoid content of the body of both sexes was relatively constant; however, the flavonoid content of the female body represents on average about 59% of that in the wings, compared to about 20% in the male. Both the gross flavonoid content and the flavone concentration per milligram of tissue were found to be greater in female than male butterflies. Since the concentration of flavone per cm2 of wing tissue was the same in both sexes, the greater flavonoid content of female than maleM. galathea has been attributed to the deposition of relatively large quantities in the reproductive tissues of the female. The possible role(s) of flavonoid pigments in wing coloration, in protecting vulnerable tissues from damaging ultraviolet radiation, in mate selection and/or sex recognition, in insect defense against vertebrate predators, and as antimicrobial agents inM. galathea has been discussed.
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    Chemical and behavioral analyses of volatile sex pheromone components released by callingHeliothis virescens (F.) females (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 107-126 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Volatile sex pheromone blend ; behavior ; chemistry ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic and mass spectral analyses were conducted on pheromone gland extracts, volatiles collected from excised pheromone glands, and volatiles collected from calling females. In addition to tetradecanal, (Z)-9-tetradecenal, hexadecanal, (Z)-7-hexadecenal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecenal, four other compounds, tetradecanol, (Z)-9-tetradecenol, hexadecanol, and (Z)-11-hexadecenol, were also identified from gland extracts. Only the six aldehyde components were found in gland and female volatile collections. The mean percentage of components identified from volatiles collected from calling females was 13.0% tetradecanal, 18.1% (Z)-9-tetradecenal, 7.3% hexadecanal, 0.6% (Z)-7-hexadecenal, 1.0% (Z)-9-hexadecenal, and 60.0% (Z)-11-hexadecenal. Bioassays using rubber septa formulated to release the female volatile blend indicated that all six aldehyde components play major roles in close-range male reproductive behavior. Deletion of (Z)-9-hexadecenal from the six-component blend reduced the number of copulation attempts while (Z)-7-hexadecenal exerted subtle effects on all close range behaviors. Tetradecanal affected the number of times males reorient from close range. Deletion of hexadecanal from the six-component blend resulted in a significant reduction in the number of times males landed. Comparison of the six-component synthetic blend (released at somewhat less than 1 female equivalent per hour) with calling females indicated that the six-component blend was indistinguishable from the females in inducing all of the behaviors monitored.
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    Male moth sensitivity to multicomponent pheromones: Critical role of female-released blend in determining the functional role of components and active space of the pheromone (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 659-668 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; active space ; Trichopulsia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; Grapholita molesta ; Tortricidae ; multicomponent pheromones ; sustained-flight tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In the present study male redbanded leafroller (Argyrotaenia velutinana), cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), and Oriental fruit moths, (Grapholita molesta), were tested in a flight tunnel to (1) the major pheromone component, (2) theZ/E pheromone component mixtures for Oriental fruit moth and redbanded leafroller, (3) and the female-released blends, over a series of dosages. Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that male response downwind of a female is initiated by the major component and that minor components function only to elicit behaviors close to the female during close-range approach and courtship. The results did not support this hypothesis, but rather showed that males initiated upwind flight in significantly higher percentages to the complete blends of components, at all dosages, compared to single components or partial blends. Addition of minor components also signficantly enhanced male perception of the major component at lower dosages, resulting in completed flights to dosages of the major component that alone did not elicit any upwind flight. Our results support the concept that minor components function to enhance male sensitivity to the pheromone, and the specificity of the signal. Our results also support the hypothesis that the active space of the pheromone is a function of the upper and lower concentration thresholds for the blend of components, and not simply for the major component.
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    Metabolism of pheromone components and analogs by cuticular enzymes ofChoristoneura fumiferana (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 483-496 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura fumiferana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; pheromone components ; pheromone metabolites ; aldehyde dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In vivo incubation ofChoristoneura fumiferana with (E)-11-tetradecenal, the major pheromone component, resulted in adsorption followed by transformation to (E)-11-tetradecenoic acid, the only observed metabolite. Antennae, legs, and wings from both sexes were investigated for enzyme activity. Specificity studies with the aldehyde dehydrogenase system showed that the enzyme prefers aldehydes of 14-carbon chain length or shorter.
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    Enzymatic adaptations of herbivorous insects and mites to phytochemicals (1986)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 533-560 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: AK-reductases ; arginase ; cytochrome P-450 ; enzyme induction ; esterases ; epoxide hydrolases ; Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; mixed-function oxidases ; rhodanese ; transferases ; urease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of oxidases, reductases, esterases, epoxide hydrolases, and group transferases in herbivorous insects and mites detoxify and facilitate the excretion of toxic phytochemicals (allelochemicals). Current theory indicates that the cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidases (MFOs) are by far the most important enzymes because they have many attributes that are essential for an effective detoxification system. Data presented here on the midgut microsomal MFO activity of larvae of the gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar, are discussed in the light of previous work and support the theory. In the gypsy moth, the MFO levels exhibit a parallel trend with changes in specific feeding rates, and changes in the specific activity of the enzyme appear to be regulated ontogenetically and by inductive effect of chemicals in the diet. The specific activity of the MFOs rises more sharply on leaves of a highly preferred type-1 plant, the pin oak, than on an artificial wheat germ diet; the increase from mid-second instar to mid-fifth is 4.5- and 1.8-fold, respectively. The relationship of food consumption rate to increase in body mass (W) was slightly in excess of a 1∶1 ratio for both pin oak and the artificial diet, indicating that the feeding rate surpasses the increase in W (a rare phenomenon in insects). Moreover, the surface-to-volume ratios are fairly constant for combined data of gut lumen and epithelium in second to fifth instars, because the volume occupied by the epithelial cells is much larger than in older ones. Thus, it is concluded that greater specific activity of the MFO is necessary with larval advancement to higher instars in order that they may process dietary allelochemicals with an efficiency comparable to younger larvae. Additional data suggest that MFO level increases reflect further adaptation to: (1) normal, seasonal changes in plants' allelochemical composition and concentration; (2) increase in allelochemical concentration in response to leaf damage; and (3) the risk faced by dispersing larvae of encountering a greater amount and variety of allelochemicals on suboptimal/ less suitable plants. Evidence also has emerged recently for MFO-catalyzed metabolism/deactivation of numerous plant allelochemicals, including compounds that induce the enzyme. MFOs are further adapted for participation in the biogenesis of substances physiologically important to insects. Moreover, the catalytic center of the MFO system, cytochrome P-450, occurs in multiple forms; the significance of this important feature is discussed.
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    Effects of cuticular duvane diterpenes from green tobacco leaves on tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) oviposition (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1349-1359 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworms ; Heliothis virescens (F) ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; tobacco ; Nicotiana tabacum L. ; diterpenes ; duvanes ; host plant resistance ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Five cuticular chemical components isolated from the green leaves of tobacco introductions (TIs) and a commercial tobacco cultivar were tested for their effects on tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens (F), oviposition in cage bioassays, and field experiments. These chemicals were sprayed onto budworm-resistant TI 1112 tobacco which produces low levels of most cuticular components. Individual duvane diterpenes (α- and β-4,8,13-duvatrien-1-ols and α- and β-4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diols) increased tobacco budworm egg laying on sprayed TI 1112 plants.cis-Abienol, docosanol, and docosanyl myristate were inactive.
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    Study of female sex pheromone of leopard moth,Zeuzera pyrina L. Isolation and identification of three components (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1545-1558 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; leopard moth ; Zeuzera pyrina ; Lepidoptera ; Cossidae ; (E, Z)-2 ; 13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three compounds have been identified in the abdominal tip extracts from the female leopard moth,Zeuzera pyrina L. Gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy data showed that (E, Z)-2, 13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate was the main component and that (Z)-13-octadecen-1-ol acetate and octadecan-1-ol acetate were secondary components. The electroanten-nographic responses of maleZ. pyrina to nanogram amounts of all four 2, 13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate isomers indicated that theE, Z isomer had the maximum activity. A strong EAG response was also recorded for (Z)-7-do-decen-1-ol acetate, which was not detected in the female extracts.
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    Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals (1986)
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    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1247-1262 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Microplitis croceipes ; parasitoid behavior ; habitat location ; Heliothis zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; flight tunnel ; female flights ; preflight handling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oriented responses ofMicroplitis croceipes (Cresson) to airborne odors of actively feedingHeliothis zea (Boddie) larvae were observed in a flight tunnel. The behavior ofM. croceipes prior to and during sustained, oriented flights was videotaped and analyzed in detail. Preflight exposure of the parasitoid to feces and other components of the plant-host complex were found to be vital in effective flight behavior, while maturation of the parasitoid had little effect. The increased frequency of oriented flight that resulted from preflight exposure of a plant-host complex persisted for at least 24 hr.
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    Plant allelochemicals and insect parasitoids effects of nicotine onCotesia congregata (say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) andHyposoter annulipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1319-1328 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant allelochemical ; parasitoids ; three trophic level interactions ; nicotine ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Noctuidae ; Cotesia congregata ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Hyposoter annulipes ; Ichneumonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Parasitoids developing within tobacco hornworms or fall army-worms exhibit significant differences in development and survival depending on whether their hosts fed on nicotine-free or nicotine-containing diets. The effects of nicotine were more severe on the relatively less adapted parasitoid,H. annulipes than the specialist parasitoid,Cotesia congregata. Labeled alkaloid originally placed in herbivore diet was incorporated in several parasitoid tissues. These results suggest that interactions between plant allelochemicals and parasitoids should be considered in the development of theory on insect herbivory and plant defense.
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    Sex pheromone ofGrapholita funebrana occurrence ofZ-8- andZ-10-Tetradecenyl acetate as secondary components (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1361-1368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Grapholita funebrana ; plum fruit moth ; Grapholita molesta ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Z-8-dodecenyl acetate ; Z-8-tetradecenyl acetate ; Z-10-tetradecenyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; delta-10-unsaturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Z-8-Dodecenyl acetate (Z8–12∶Ac),E-8-dodecenyl acetate (E8–12∶Ac),Z-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8–14∶Ac),Z-10-tetradecenyl acetate (Z10–14∶Ac), andZ-8-dodecen-1-ol (Z8–12∶OH) were identified in the proportions 100∶1∶30∶5∶2 in female sex gland extracts ofGrapholita funebrana, accompanied by saturated acetates from 12 to 20 carbons with tetradecyl acetate predominating.Z10–14∶Ac has not previously been described as a lepidopteran sex pheromone component. Best attraction of males is obtained withZ8–12∶Ac in the presence of a higher proportion ofE8–12∶Ac than in the female. Inclusion of the 14-carbon acetates did not augmentG. funebrana catches but inhibitedG. molesta. On the other hand, addition ofZ8–12∶OH at the level optimal forG. molesta reduced attraction ofG. funebrana.
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    Scale esterase (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 469-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect ; pheromone reception ; sex pheromone ; molecular behavior ; cuticular proteins ; Antherea polyphemus ; Lepidoptera ; Saturniidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Body scales of the silk mothAntheraea polyphemus contain an esterase which can degrade the female sex pheromone of this species. This esterase, which appears to be stabilized to the scale cuticle, is present in both sexes, but is species specific. The enzyme may play a significant role in the behaviors associated with sex-pheromone attraction, helping to filter out stimulus noise by degrading adsorbed pheromone, thus preventing adsoptive body surfaces from becoming uncontrolled pheromone sources.
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    The female sex pheromone of sugarcane stalk borer,Chilo auricilius identification of four components and field tests (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1377-1388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sugarcane stalk borer ; Chilo auricilius ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-tridecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-10-pentadecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four pheromonal components have been detected in ovipositor washings and volatiles from female sugarcane stalk borers,Chilo auricilius Dudgeon (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), using combined gas chromatography-electroantennography. The components have been identified as (I) (Z)-7-do-decenyl acetate, (II) (Z)-8-tridecenyl acetate, (III) (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, and (IV) (Z)-10-pentadecenyl acetate by comparison of their gas chromatographic behavior with that of synthetic standards. In field tests carried out in northern India during 1982–1984, a combination of II, III, and IV in their naturally occurring ratio (8∶4∶1) was shown to provide a highly attractive synthetic source for trap use. (Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate was found to reduce catches of maleC. auricilius, both when dispensed with the other three components and when released from dispensers surrounding a trap baited with the other three components.
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    Sensory and behavioral effects of gossyplure alcohol on sex pheromone response of male pink bollworm moths,Pectinophora gossypiella (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 25-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; pink bollworm ; (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate ; (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate ; (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienol ; (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienol ; pheromone analog ; behavior ; electroantennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z)- and (Z,E)-7,11-hexadecadienol, reported to be pheromone precursors, interfere with the normal sequence of behavioral response of malePectinophora gossypiella to sex pheromone. The magnitude of the interference can be diminished with higher release rates of the sex pheromone. (Z,Z)-7,11-Hexadecadienol is more effective than itsZ,E isomer in eliciting the reduction in the behavioral response. Electroantennographic evidence suggests that each alcohol may be interfering more with receptor sites for the conformationally similar pheromone acetate than with receptor sites for the other pheromone isomer. Defining behavioral and physiological effects of pheromone analogs such as the alcohols of gossyplure may help to determine their potential for behavioral manipulations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045588
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    Components of female sex pheromone of cocoa pod borer moth,Conopomorpha cramerella (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cocoa pod borer ; Conopomorpha cramerella ; Acrocercops cramerella ; Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; 4,6,10-hexadecatrienyl acetate ; 4,6,10-hexadecatrien-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cocoa pod borer,Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is the most serious pest of cocoa in Southeast Asia. Analyses of ovipositor washings and entrained volatiles from virgin female moths by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennography (EAG), and comparison of EAG responses from the male moth to synthetic compounds indicated the presence of theE,Z,Z andE,E,Z isomers of 4,6,10-hexadecatrienyl acetate and the corresponding alcohols, and of hexadecyl alcohol. Amounts of pheromone produced were less than 0.1 ng/female, and no peaks for the unsaturated components were observed on GC analysis. Extensive field testing of synthetic mixtures in Sabah, East Malaysia, showed that traps baited with a polyethylene vial impregnated with 1.2 mg of a mixture of the above five components in 40∶60∶4∶6∶10 ratio caught more maleC. cramerella moths than traps baited with a virgin female moth.
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    Fate of ingested iridoid glycosides in lepidopteran herbivores (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 169-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Iridoid glycoside ; Lepidoptera ; Euphydryas phaeton ; Nymphalidae ; Junonia coenia ; Ceratomia catalpae ; Sphingidae ; Lymantria dispar ; Lymantriidae ; chemical ecology ; insect-plant interaction ; unpalatability ; insect defense strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thin-layer chromatography was used to follow the fates of iridoid glycosides ingested by four species of lepidopteran herbivores. These four species differed in their feeding strategy, ranging from generalist to monophagous specialist; and in their predator avoidance strategy, ranging from cryptic and palatable to aposematic and unpalatable. The fates of the iridoid glycosides ranged from sequestration by the unpalatable specialist,Euphydryas phaeton (Nymphalidae); to passage into the hemolymph and eventual elimination in the meconium by the specialistsJunonia coenia (Nymphalidae) andCeratomia catalpas (Sphingidae); to elimination of the intact compounds in the feces of the generalist feeder,Lymantria dispar (Lymantriidae).
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    Female sex pheromone of the pickleworm,Diaphania nitidalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 239-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diaphania nitidalis ; D. hyalinata ; pickleworm ; melonworm ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; (E)-11-hexadecenal ; (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal ; (E,E)-10 ; 12-hexadecadienal ; sex pheromone ; pheromonal specificity ; flight-tunnel bioassays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Heptane extracts of the ovipositors from pickleworm adults (Diaphania nitidalis) were found to contain (E)-11-hexadecenal along with proportionally smaller amounts of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (E)- and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, hexadecanol, hexadecanal, and a trace amount of (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal. Assays conducted in a flight tunnel and in the field showed that a synthetic mixture of the five unsaturated compounds elicited behavioral responses from pickleworm males that were indistinguishable from those elicited by extracts of the female or by mate-calling females. When any component was deleted from the set of five unsaturated compounds, the intensity and extent of male responses to the resulting mixtures were significantly attenuated. The female sex pheromone of the pickleworm resembles the pheromone of a congeneric species,D. hyalinata, but bioassays indicated that (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, produced byD. hyalinata but not by the pickleworm, plays a role in pheromonal specificity.
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    Flavanone glycosides as oviposition stimulants in a papilionid butterfly,Papilio protenor (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1999-2010 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition stimulant ; Papilio protenor ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; flavanone glycoside ; naringin ; hesperidin ; synergy ; Citrus natsudaidai
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Identification of chemical compounds responsible for the oviposition behavior in a Rutaceae feeder,Papilio protenor demetrius, was undertaken with the epicarp of sour orange (Citrus natsudaidai) which exhibited potent stimulatory activity as did its leaves for egg-laying by the females. The stimulants were present in the hydrosoluble fraction, and the kairomonal activity displayed by the peel was regarded as originating from the synergistic effect of the total chemical complex. One of the active compounds was identified as a flavanone glycoside, naringin (naringenin-7β-neohesperidoside), which, although showing no appreciable effectiveness when bioassayed alone, elicited positive response at the concentration of 0.2% either when admixed with other unidentified components or provided the females had been conditioned with them in advance. Another flavanone glycoside, hesperidin (hesperetin-7β-rutinoside) that was contained in a trace amount in the peel also had a positive effect comparable to that of naringin under similar conditions, while their corresponding aglycones were less active or inactive. In contrast, a flavone glycoside, rhoifolin, coexisting in the peel, and some other flavones and flavonols tested as possible candidates for oviposition stimulants were all found entirely ineffective.
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    Identification of the sex attractant pheromone of the southwestern corn borerDiatraea grandiosella Dyar (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 2051-2063 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Southwestern corn borer pheromone ; Diatraea grandiosella Dyar ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; (Z)-9-hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-13-octadecenal ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We report the identification of the southwestern corn borer,Diatraea grandiosella Dyar (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), female sex attractant pheromone as a mixture of (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-13-octadecenal in the ratio 21.5∶70.6∶7.9. Initially, six 16- and 18-carbon aldehydes includingn-hexadecanal, (Z)-9-octadecenal, (Z)-11-octadecenal, and the three above were isolated from female gland rinses and evaluated as potential pheromone components by GLC-MS and laboratory bioassays. By laboratory flight chamber and field tests, the stated mixture of (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-13-octadecenal was shown to be as effective as the female for male attraction. Electrophysiological studies confirmed the requirement for these three compounds, but not forn-hexadecanal, (Z)-9-octadecenal, and (Z)-11-octadecenal.
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    Sabulodes caberata guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 2107-2116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sabulodes caberata Guenée ; Sabulodes aegrotata Guenée ; omnivorous looper ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,Z)-6,9-nonadecadiene ; (Z)-9-nonadecenekw] ; n-nonadecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A 6,9-nonadecadiene, (Z)-9-nonadecene, andn-nonadecane were identified in extracts of sex pheromone glands of femaleSabulodes caberata Guenée. Potential pheromonal activity of gland components was assessed by electroantennogram measurements of gas-chromatographic fractions of abdominal tip extracts. Chemical identification was based on gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of parent compounds, hydrogenation products, ozonolysis products, dimethyl disulfide adducts, and synthesis. The monoene was synthesized via coupling of alkyl and acetylenic intermediates. (Z,Z)-6,9-Nonadecadiene (Z6,Z9-19∶H) was synthesized from methyl linoleate via chain lengthening. SyntheticZ6,Z9-19∶H had the same retention times on polar and nonpolar capillary gas-chromatographic columns as the 6,9-nonadecadiene from the sex pheromone glands. In field testsZ6,Z9-19:H alone produced trap catch of maleS. caberata and addition of (Z)-9-nonadecene orn-nonadecane had no effect on trap catch.
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    Binding and hydrolysis of radiolabeled pheromone and several analogs by male-specific antennal proteins of the mothAntheraea polyphemus (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 323-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Antherea polyphemus ; Lepidoptera ; Saturniidae ; wild silk moth ; radiolabeled pheromone ; pheromone binding ; pheromone hydrolysis ; antennal proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sensory hair proteins from antennae of males of the wild silk moth,Antheraea polyphemus (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) were incubated with radiolabeled 6E,11Z-hexadecadienyl acetate in the presence of unlabeled pheromone analogs as competitive inhibitors. The two extracellular proteins of importance, a highly active sensillar esterase and an abundant 15,000 mol wt binding protein, interact to degrade labeled pheromone less efficiently in the presence of certain unsaturated acetate analogs of the natural pheromone. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the acetate (or diazoacetate) was also examined for three pheromone analogs: [11,12-3H2]-6E,11Z-hexadecadienyl diazoacetate, [11,12-3H2]-hexadecyl acetate, and [9,10-3H2]-9Z-tetradecenyl acetate. The former two are poor substrates at concentrations over four orders of magnitude. The 9Z–14:Ac, however, is the best alternative substrate for this in vitro pheromone metabolism system. Unlabeled 9Z–14: Ac is also the best competitive inhibitor of the hydrolysis of labeled 6E, 11Z–16: Ac. Whereas the tritiated natural pheromone shows a flat response (ca. 40% conversion) to increasing concentrations from 3 × 10−9 to 3 × 10−6 M, tritiated 9Z–14: Ac is degraded more rapidly at higher concentrations.
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    Metabolic transformation of tritium-labeled pheromone by tissues ofHeliothis virescens moths (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 411-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone metabolism ; tritium-labeling ; acetate esterase ; alcohol oxidase ; aldehyde dehydrogenase ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sensory biochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Unsaturated aliphatic pheromones ofH. virescens were prepared at high specific activity (3H, 58 Ci/mmol) and were employed to study tissue specificity of acetate esterase, alcohol oxidase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase in male and femaleHeliothis virescens. Thus, [9,10-3H2]Z9-14:Ac was synthesized by partial tritiation of the corresponding alkyne and was converted to the labeledZ9-14∶OH andZ9-14∶Al for metabolic studies. Soluble and membrane-associated enzyme activities were determined by radio-TLC assays. Esterase activity is highest in legs of both sexes, but also occurs in antennal and glandular tissues. Oxidase activity requires O2 and is highest in female pheromone gland tissues, but it is also high in the male hairpencils. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was uniformly high in all tissues, but highest in antennal tissues of both males and females.
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    Pheromones of two arctiid moths (Creatonotos transiens andC. gangis) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 385-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; pheromone ; chirality ; epoxide ; hydroxydanaidal ; biosynthesis ; polyene ; alkaloid ; Creatonotos transiens ; Creatonotos gangis ; Arctiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The two major components of the female sex pheromones of twoCreatonotos species have been identified as an achiral C21 triene, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene, and a chiral epoxide, (Z,Z)-2(2,5-octadienyl)-3-undecyloxirane. The ratios of these components in the two species fall into nonoverlapping ranges. Two additional achiral minor components, (Z,Z)-6,9-heneicosadiene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-tricosatriene, were also identified in the female sex gland extracts. The male pheromone of both species consists of hydroxydanaidal, a chiral dihydropyrrolizine derived from pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the larval diet.Creatonotos transiens was found to convert dietary heliotrine into (R)-(−)-hydroxydanaidal, with inversion at the single asymmetric carbon atom. The possible biological and biosynthetic significance of the chiral pheromone components are discussed, and they are compared with known examples of chiral lepidopteran pheromones.
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    Western avocado leafroller,Amorbia cuneana (Walsingham), (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1239-1245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Amorbia cuneana ; Amorbia essigana ; sex pheromone ; sex pheromone component ratios ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; (E,E)-10,12-tetra-decadien-1-ol acetate ; (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The most effective lure for maleAmorbia cuneana (Walsingham) in Orange, Ventura, and Riverside counties of California was previously found to be a 1∶1 ratio of (E,E)-10,12- and (E,Z)-10,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetates. In subsequent field tests in San Diego and Santa Barbara counties, this lure was ineffective. Analysis of sex pheromone glands (SPG) of femaleA. cuneana from these two counties showed theEE:EZ ratio to be about 1∶9 and synthetic lures of this composition were highly attractive in these areas. Analysis of the SPG of a number of females from both areas showed that there were three population types: two in the low ratio areas possessed 37 and 58%EZ, and the third in the high ratio areas possessed 89%EZ.
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    Sex pheromone ofEupoecilia ambiguella female: Analysis and male response to ternary blend (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1417-1429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Eupoecilia ambiguella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; synergist ; Z-9-dodecenyl acetate ; dodecyl acetate ; octadecyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Sex gland extracts and washes ofEupoecilia ambiguella contain 10–20 ng/female of the primary sex pheromone componentZ-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9–12∶Ac), accompanied by a number of related compounds. These areE-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9–12∶Ac),Z-9-dodecen-1-ol (Z9–12∶OH), saturated acetates of 12, 16, 18, and 20 carbons, and traces of a doubly unsaturated acetate, tentatively identified as a 9,11-dodecadienyl acetate. Octadecyl acetate predominates among the pheromone-related components, making up 1–2, occasionally 20–30 times the amount ofZ9–12∶Ac. The same compounds were also found in field-collected females and in effluvia.Z-9-Undecenyl acetate, which is a male attractant on its own, was also found in a sample of female effluvia. A hierarchy is observed in the ethological function of the pheromone components.Z9–12∶Ac is an attractant forE. ambiguella males. Dodecyl acetate (12∶Ac) is not attractive on its own but augments male catch when added to the main attractant. Addition of 18∶Ac augments attraction only when bothZ9–12∶Ac and 12∶Ac are present. Windtunnel tests demonstrate that 18∶Ac also raises the disorientation threshold, as previously shown for 12∶Ac. Other compounds, with the possible exception of additional saturated acetates, had either no effect on trap catch or, in the case ofE9–12∶Ac,Z9–12∶OH, andE-9,11-dodecadienyl acetate, were inhibitory above a certain level. A blend of roughly equal parts ofZ9–12∶Ac, 12∶Ac, and 18∶Ac provides the best attractant blend forE. ambiguella known to date.
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    Terminal steps in pheromone biosynthesis byHeliothis virescens andH. zea (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 353-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone biosynthesis ; Heliothis virescens ; H. zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In vivo application to the sex pheromone gland ofHeliothis Virescens andH. Zea of large quantities of alcohols normally present in small amounts resulted in the preferential conversion of the alcohols to the corresponding pheromonal aldehydes. Amounts of the minor component aldehydes were increased up to 15-fold by selectively applying large quantities of the alcohol precursors. Using this technique, we have inducedH. virescens to convert “bombykol,” the sex pheromone of the silkworm, to the corresponding aldehyde, “bombykal,” and have induced femaleH. zea to produce the same sex pheromone components used byH. virescens by applying tetradecanol and (Z)-9-tetradecenol to the surface of the gland. Further, treatedH. zea females were attractive toH. virescens males and caused males to attempt interspecific copulation repeatedly. We have also found that the enyzme involved in this conversion is dependent on the presence of molecular oxygen, indicating that a nonspecific alcohol oxidase is responsible for the terminal biosynthetic step in pheromone production by bothH. virescens andH. zea.
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    Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) pheromone chemistry and behavioral responses to pheromone components and analogs (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 367-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Choristoneura fumiferana ; spruce budworm ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; behavior ; flight tunnel ; pheromone analog ; pheromone fatty acid precursors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the sex pheromone chemistry and pheromone-mediated behavior of the spruce budworm and related coniferophagous (Choristoneura) budworms. InC. fumiferana, temporal changes in pheromone-gland monounsaturated fatty acids (pheromone precursors) enable the prediction of the primary sex pheromone components. This technique may also be applicable for predicting additional pheromone components. Tetradecanal (14∶ Ald), previously shown to enhance close-range precopulatory behavior, lowers the threshold of response by males for upwind flight to a pheromone-component source. Spruce budworm males maintain upwind flight to 95∶5 (E/Z)-1,12-pentadecadiene (diolefin analog) after initiating upwind flight to a primary-component pheromone source (95∶5E/Z11-14∶Ald). This is the first demonstration of apparently normal male flight responses to a pheromone analog.
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    Sex pheromone of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1909-1926 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera frugiperda ; fall armyworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate ; pheromone ; attractant ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analyses of extracts of pheromone glands and of volatiles from calling female fall armyworm moths,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), revealed the presence of the following compounds: dodecan-1-ol acetate, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate, 11-dodecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-9-tetradecenal, (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate. The volatiles emitted by calling females differed from the gland extract in that the two aldehydes were absent. Field tests were conducted with sticky traps baited with rubber septa formulated to release blends with the same component ratios as those emitted by calling females. These tests demonstrated that both (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate are required for optimum activity and that this blend is a significantly better lure than either virgin females or 25 mg of (Z)-9-dodecen-1-ol acetate in a polyethylene vial, the previously used standard. Addition of the other three acetates found in the volatiles did not significantly increase the effectiveness of the two-component blend as a bait for Pherocon 1C or International Pheromones moth traps.
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    Light-mediated allelochemical effects of naturally occurring polyacetylenes and thiophenes from asteraceae on herbivorous insects (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 835-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polyacetylenes ; thiophenes ; Asteraceae ; phototoxicity ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Euxoa messoria ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Sphingidae ; Noctuidae ; coevolution ; photosensitization ; feeding deterrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Polyacetylenes and their thiophene derivatives, characteristic secondary metabolites of the Asteraceae, were examined for their effects on herbivorous insects. Three thiophenes (a monothiophene, a bithiophene, and α-terthienyl) and four polyacetylenes (phenylheptatriyne, phenylheptadiynene, phenylheptadiyene acetate, and matricaria lactone) were studied for their phototoxicity and light-independent toxicity to (1) a polyphagous lepidopteran,Ostrinia nubilalis, whose host range includes a number of phototoxic Asteraceae, (2) a polyphagous lepidoteran,Euxoa messoria, whose host range includes very few species of Asteraceae, and (3) an oligophagous lepidopteran,Manduca sexta, which is a specialist on Solanaceae. Several compounds were phototoxic toM. sexta andE. messoria even at very low irradiance levels, but behavioral adaptations, including spinning silk and boring into diet, allowedO. nubilalis to avoid photosensitization. Light-independent activity of the compounds to all three species involved feeding deterrence increasing in the orderO. nubilalis, E. messoria, andM. sexta, and longterm metabolic toxicity in the form of impaired nutrient utilization. The biosynthetically derived thiophenes were more toxic than their acetylenic precursors, and toxicity increased with increasing number of thiophene rings. The results are discussed in terms of plant-insect coevolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020255
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    Plant and fungal cell wall fragments activate expression of proteinase inhibitor genes for plant defense (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1025-1036 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Induced plant defense ; plant cell wall fragments ; Fungal cell wall fragments ; phytoalexins ; proteinase inhibitors ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Spodoptera exigua ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Plant and fungal cell wall fragments produced by enzymic degradation during pest attacks are hypothesized to be activators of a universal recognition system for locally and systemically activating genes which control the synthesis of plant defense chemicals such as the antibiotic phytoalexins and antinutritive proteinase inhibitors. Proteinase inhibitor cDNAs have been prepared from wound-induced mRNAs, isolated, and characterized. The cDNAs have been utilized to quantify specific proteinase inhibitor mRNAs in leaves following wounding or simulated insect attacks. The cDNAs have also been utilized as hybridization probes to isolate and characterize proteinase inhibitor genes from tomato and potato genomic DNA. Proteinase inhibitor proteins have been induced in tomato leaves by chewing insects and shown to be highly correlated with a systemically mediated reduction in the nutritional quality of the leaves toward the larval noctuidSpodoptera exigua. Thus, the wound-induced proteinase inhibitors, whose genes in tomato leaves can be activated by wounding, insect attacks, and plant and fungal cell wall fragments, can significantly decrease the quality of the leaves for such herbivorous insects. This inducible set of biochemical reactions leading to the de novo biosynthesis of proteinase inhibitors is, therefore, considered to be a potentially important defense of plant leaves that should be considered both in developing general theories on insect-plant interactions and in selecting insect-resistant crop varieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01638994
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    Biochemical insight into insecticidal properties ofl-Canavanine, a higher plant protective allelochemical (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1145-1156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: l-Canavanine ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; Caryedes brasiliensis ; Dioclea megacarpa ; Leguminosae ; Sternechus tuberculatus ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; Curculionidae ; Heliothis virescens ; Noctuidae ; allelochemicals ; toxicology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract l-Canavanine manifests potent insecticidal properties in a canavanine-sensitive insect such as the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta (L.) (Sphingidae). Investigations of the biochemical basis for the antimetabolic properties of this arginine analog reveal that it is activated and aminoacylated by arginyl tRNA synthetase and incorporated into the nascent polypeptide chain. This creates structurally aberrant, canavanine-containing proteins that can possess altered physicochemical properties. Evidence is presented in studies with the tobacco hornworm; the canavanine-adapted bruchid beetle,Caryedes brasiliensis (Bruchidae) and the weevil,Sternechus tuberculatus (Curculionidae); as well as the canavanine-resistant larvae ofHeliothis virescens [Noctuidae] to support the contention that formation of aberrant, canavanyl proteins produce deleterious biological effects and is a significant basis for canavanine's antimetabolic properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01639001
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  • 62
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    In vitro metabolism of a linear furanocoumarin (8-methoxypsoralen, xanthotoxin) by mixed-function oxidases of larvae of black swallowtail butterfly and fall armyworm (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 885-892 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aldrin ; xanthotoxin ; mixed-function oxidases ; black swallowtail butterfly ; fall armyworm ; Papilio polyxenes ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Studies were made of the comparative in vitro metabolism of [14C]xanthotoxin and [14C]aldrin by homogenate preparations of midguts and bodies (carcass minus digestive tract and head) of last-stage larvae of the black swallowtail butterfly (Papilio polyxenes Fabr.) and the fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)]. The two substrates were metabolized by 10,000g supernatant microsomal preparations from both species. Evidence gained through the use of a specific inhibitor and cofactor indicated that mixed-function microsomal oxidases were major factors in the metabolism and that the specific activity of this enzyme system was considerably higher in midgut preparations fromP. polyxenes than in similar preparations fromS. frugiperda. Aldrin was metabolized 3–4 times faster byP. polyxenes, and xanthotoxin 6–6.5 times faster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020258
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  • 63
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    Effects of comsumption of high and low nicotine tobacco byManduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on survival of gregarious endoparasitoidCotesia congregata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1329-1337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plant allelochemical ; parasitoid ; three trophic level interaction ; antibiosis ; nicotine ; tobacco ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; Cotesia congregata ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The significance of nicotine in the three trophic level interaction involving tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), and the parasitoidCotesia congregata was investigated in field plots of two varieties of tobacco which had about a 10-fold difference in their nicotine content. WhileM. sexta mortality, rates of parasitism byC. congregata, and the total number ofC. congregata larvae produced per host were similar on each of the two varieties, the number of parasitoids reaching adult-hood on the low nicotine treatment was nearly twice that on the high nicotine treatment. This difference was due to the significantly greater proportion of parasitoid larvae which failed to emerge from the host or that died prior to pupation after emerging from hosts which fed on the high nicotine variety. A greater proportion of larvae from hosts which fed on the low nicotine tobacco died as pupae. No treatment differences occurred for either sex of the parasitoid in individual dry weight, longevity, or pupal development time, except that female pupal duration was prolonged in the high nicotine treatment. These results support the suggestion that plant allelochemicals, which may function to provide plant resistance against pest herbivores, can be detrimental to natural enemies of the pest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012352
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  • 64
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    Behavior ofHeliothis virescens (F.) in presence of oviposition deterrents from elderberry (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 1523-1531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; oviposition behavior ; oviposition deterrents ; chemoreceptors ; Sambucus simpsonii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts prepared from elderberry,Sambucus simpsonii Rehd., leaves with either acetone, dichloromethane, distilled water, ethanol, hexane, or methanol deterred oviposition byHeliothis virescens (F.) on treated substrates in the laboratory. Doses of the aqueous extract equivalent to as little as 0.8 mg of leaves/cm2 of oviposition substrate were effective in reducing egg deposition. There was no significant difference in the mean number of landings on extract-treated and untreated surfaces. When either the antennae, proboscis, or the metathoracic legs were removed from female moths, there was no significant effect on oviposition on paper towels treated with elderberry leaf-water extract in laboratory bioassays, but in field cages, moths without these appendages deposited significantly fewer eggs on treated leaves of tobacco plants, a preferred host. There was no evidence that elderberry leaf-water extract affected mating byH. virescens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012369
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