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1

Digitale Medien

Effects of nitrification inhibitors and time and rate of slurry and fertilizer N application on silage maize yield and losses to the environment (1993)

Schröder, J. J. ; Holte, L. ; Keulen, H. ; [weitere]

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 267-277

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Schlagwort(e): animal manure ; leaching ; maize ; nitrification inhibitor ; nitrogen recovery

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Field experiments with silage maize during eight years on a sandy soil in The Netherlands, showed that dicyandiamide (DCD) addition to autumn-applied cattle slurry retarded nitrification, thus reducing nitrate losses during winter. Spring-applied slurry without DCD, however, was on average associated with even lower losses and higher maize dry matter yields. Economically optimum supplies of mineral N in the upper 0.6 m soil layer in spring (EOSMN), amounted to 130–220 kg ha−1. Year to year variation of EOSMN could not be attributed to crop demand only. According to balance sheet calculations on control plots, apparent N mineralization between years varied from 0.36 to 0.94 kg ha−1 d−1. On average, forty percent of the soil mineral N (SMN) supply in spring, was lost during the growing season. Hence, the amounts of residual soil mineral N (RSMN) were lower than expected. Multiple regression with SMN in spring, N crop uptake and cumulative rainfall as explanatory variables, could account for 79 percent of the variation in RSMN. Postponement of slurry applications to spring and limiting N inputs to economically optimum rates, were insufficient measures to keep the nitrate concentration in groundwater below the EC level for drinking water.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750573

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2

Digitale Medien

Effect on maize growth of the interaction between increased nitrogen availability and competition with trees in alley cropping (1993)

Haggar, J. P. ; Beer, J. W.

Springer

Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 239-249

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Schlagwort(e): Erythrina ; Gliricidia ; alley cropping ; maize ; competition ; nitrogen availability ; Costa Rica

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Maize growing next toErythrina hedgerows had 44% lower biomass (p〈0.01) and 35% lower N content (p〈0.1) than maize growing in the middle of the alleys. Maize growing next toGliricidia hedgerows had the same biomass but 56% higher N content (p〈0.1) than maize growing in the middle of the alleys. However these differences did not develop until 2 months after sowing of the maize. Spatial variability in soil nitrogen mineralization and mulch nitrogen release did not explain any of the differences in growth or N uptake of the maize with respect to distance from the trees. It is hypothesized that the slower growth of the maize next to theErythrina trees after 2 months is due to increasing light and/or nutrient competition from the trees as the trees recover from pollarding. The apparent lack of competition fromGlirigidia may be due to different rates of regrowth or different shoot and root architecture. A theoretical model is described demonstrating that if a crop is to take advantage of the higher nutrient availability under alley cropping it must complete the major part of its growth before the trees recover significantly from pollarding, and start competing strongly with the crop.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705243

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3

Digitale Medien

The potential of alley cropping in improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia. III. Effects on soil chemical and physical properties (1993)

Dalland, A. ; Våje, P. I. ; Matthews, R. B. ; [weitere]

Springer

Agroforestry systems 21 (1993), S. 117-132

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Schlagwort(e): alley cropping ; maize ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Flemingia congesta

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract A detailed study of the soil chemical and physical properties in seven-year-old alley cropping trial containingLeucaena leucocephala andFlemingia congesta in Northern Zambia is described. There was a strong correlation between the maize yield and the total amount of nitrogen applied, both from prunings and fertiliser, suggesting that a major reason for the observed benefit from alley cropping, particularly withLeucaena, was due to an improvement in nitrogen supply.Leucaena produced significantly more biomass, and its leaves had higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and lower C/N and C/P ratios than did those ofFlemingia. There was also evidence that the trees had a beneficial effect on other soil chemical properties; under the hedgerows, particularly those ofLeucaena, there were higher levels of organic carbon, Mg, K and ECEC, and pH values were also highest. It is suggested that higher levels of organic carbon in the alley crop treatments were responsible for the improvements observed in soil physical properties. Lower bulk density, lower penetration resistance, and a higher infiltration rate and pore volume fraction were measured in the alley crops, although there was no significant change in the soil water release parameters. A deteriorating effect of constant applications of nitrogen fertiliser on soil fertility was observed; as the level of urea application increased, there were significant decreases in Mg, K and pH, increases in Al and soil acidity, and higher penetrometer resistance. These results highlight the urgent need for further research on biological methods of maintaining soil fertility.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705224

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4

Digitale Medien

Characterization of mutation-induced changes in the maize (Zea mays L.) ADH1-1S1108 alcohol dehydrogenase (1993)

Osterman, John C. ; Chiang, Yungping ; Markwell, John

Springer

Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 497-506

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ISSN: 1573-4927

Schlagwort(e): alcohol dehydrogenase ; maize ; Zea mays ; mutation ; cDNA

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie

Notizen: Abstract The homodimeric alcohol dehydrogenase gene product of maize (Zea mays L.)Adh1-1S1108 mutation was purified and compared with the parentalAdh1-1S enzyme. The mutant alcohol dehydrogenase activity had pH optima and substrate specificity similar to those of the parental enzyme, but exhibited somewhat increased and decreasedK mvalues for acetaldehyde and NADH, respectively. The mutant enzyme was also markedly less stable than the enzyme from parental tissues to temperatures as low as 50°C. Sequence analysis of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated cDNA clone revealed a G-to-C mutation at position 406 and a C-to-T mutation at position 974. These would result in residue 103 of each protein subunit being changed from an alanine to a proline and residue 292 being changed from an alanine to a valine. Whether one or both of these changes in primary sequence is responsible for the altered substrate affinities and stability is not yet understood.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554076

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5

Digitale Medien

Characterization of mutation-induced changes in the maize (Zea mays L.) ADH1-1S1108 alcohol dehydrogenase (1993)

Osterman, John C. ; Chiang, Yungping ; Markwell, John

Springer

Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 497-506

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ISSN: 1573-4927

Schlagwort(e): alcohol dehydrogenase ; maize ; Zea mays ; mutation ; cDNA

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie

Notizen: Abstract The homodimeric alcohol dehydrogenase gene product of maize (Zea mays L.)Adh1-1S1108 mutation was purified and compared with the parentalAdh1-1S enzyme. The mutant alcohol dehydrogenase activity had pH optima and substrate specificity similar to those of the parental enzyme, but exhibited somewhat increased and decreasedK mvalues for acetaldehyde and NADH, respectively. The mutant enzyme was also markedly less stable than the enzyme from parental tissues to temperatures as low as 50°C. Sequence analysis of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated cDNA clone revealed a G-to-C mutation at position 406 and a C-to-T mutation at position 974. These would result in residue 103 of each protein subunit being changed from an alanine to a proline and residue 292 being changed from an alanine to a valine. Whether one or both of these changes in primary sequence is responsible for the altered substrate affinities and stability is not yet understood.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426881

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6

Digitale Medien

The amino acid sequence of a protein from wheat kernel closely related to proteins involved in the mechanisms of plant defence (1993)

Caruso, Carla ; Caporale, Carlo ; Poerio, Elia ; [weitere]

Springer

The protein journal 12 (1993), S. 379-386

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ISSN: 1573-4943

Schlagwort(e): Amino acid sequence ; wheat ; wounding ; plant defence

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie

Notizen: Abstract The amino acid sequence of wheatwin1, a monomeric protein of 125 residues isolated from wheat kernel (variety S. Pastore), is reported. Wheatwin1 is highly homologous (95%) to barwin, a protein from barley seed, which was shown to be related to the C-terminal domain of two proteins encoded by the wound-induced geneswin1 andwin2 in potato and to a protein encoded by the same domain of the hevein gene (hev1) in rubber tree. Similarly to barwin, wheatwin1 contains six cysteine residues all linked in disulfide bridges and the N-terminal residue is pyroglutamate. Moreover, structural studies performed on wheatwin1 andwin1 protein by predictive methods demonstrated that these proteins and barwin are closely related in the secondary structure also. The high level of homology found with the product ofwin1,win2, andhev1 genes strongly suggests that barwin and wheatwin1 play a common role in the mechanism of plant defence.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01025037

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7

Digitale Medien

Niacin, thiamin, and pantothenic acid bioavailability to humans from maize bran as affected by milling and particle size (1993)

Yu, B. H. ; Kies, C.

Springer

Plant foods for human nutrition 43 (1993), S. 87-95

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ISSN: 1573-9104

Schlagwort(e): maize ; bran ; niacin ; thiamin ; pantothenic acid

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The objective of the project was to determine the bioavailability of selected B vitamins (niacin, pantothenic acid and thiamin) to humans from wet and dry milled maize brans which were coarsely or finely ground. Using a double cross-over design, the nine subjects were fed laboratory controlled diets containing unsupplemented bread or bread supplemented with finely ground, wet milled maize bran; coarsely ground, wet milled maize bran; finely ground, dry milled corn bran; or coarsely ground, dry milled maize bran. Subjects made complete collections of urine throughout the study which were analyzed for contents of the test vitamins. Although varying somewhat among vitamins, in general, better apparent bioavailability was achieved with the finely ground, dry milled maize bran than with the other test brans.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01088100

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8

Digitale Medien

Mechanism of sugar retention by roots of intact maize and field bean plants (1993)

Mühling, Karl Hermann ; Schubert, Sven ; Mengel, Konrad

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 99-102

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): field bean ; maize ; plasmalemma ATPase ; proton motive force ; retrieval mechanism ; root exudates ; sugar/proton cotransport

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The re-uptake of sugars driven by the proton gradient was studied in sugar net-release and net-uptake experiments using roots of intact maize (Zea mays cv. Blizzard) and field bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Alfred) plants. The net release of sugars into the root medium (0.1 mM CaSO4) was stimulated by: the protonophore CCCP (10 μM); the sulfhydryl reagent NEM (300 μM); the specific inhibitor of plasmalemma ATPase vanadate (0.5 mM); and the inhibitor of the glucose carrier phlorizin (2 mM). Net uptake of glucose, fructose and arabinose from 10 μM external concentrations was also inhibited by these substances. Surprisingly fusicoccin, a stimulator of net proton release did not effect net sugar uptake. Medium pH values only influenced sugar net uptake if the pH was above 7. It is concluded that a degradation of the proton gradient across the plasmalemma stimulates net sugar release because of disturbed re-uptake of sugars (in particular glucose) via a proton/sugar cotransport system. Thus, the retention of sugars by root cells not only depends on the plasmalemma permeability but also on the electro-chemical proton gradient. If an electro-chemical proton gradient is established by plasmalemma ATPase activity the re-uptake of sugars by proton/sugar cotransport minimizes the release of sugars into the rhizosphere.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024993

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9

Digitale Medien

Influx and efflux of amino acids from Zea mays L. roots and their implications for N nutrition and the rhizosphere (1993)

Jones, D. L. ; Darrah, P. R.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 87-90

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): amino acids ; maize ; rhizosphere ; root exudates

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of Zea mays L. roots to regulate the amount of free amino acids present in the rhizosphere. The active uptake of amino acids was shown to conform to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Comparison of amino acid-N and NO3-N kinetic parameters and soil solution concentrations showed that root uptake of free amino acids from soil may contribute significantly to a plant's N budget. The influx of amino acids also helps to minimize net C/N losses to the soil, and is therefore important in regulating the size of the rhizosphere microbial population. Experimental data and a computer simulation model of amino acid influx/efflux in a sterile solution culture, showed that roots were capable of re-sorping over 90% of the amino acids previously lost into solution as a result of passive diffusion.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024990

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10

Digitale Medien

Effect of various metal ions on growth of two wheat lines known to differ in aluminium tolerance (1993)

Wheeler, D. M. ; Power, I. L. ; Edmeades, D. C.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 489-492

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): aluminium ; analog ; boron ; copper ; gallium ; iron ; lanthanum ; manganese ; scandium ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; toxicity ; wheat ; zinc

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The effects of aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga), scandium (Sc) and lanthanum (La) on growth of an Al-tolerant and an Al-sensitive line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were measured in solution culture. The concentrations of nutrients in the basal nutrient solution were (μM) 500 Ca, 100 Mg, 300 K, 600 N (150 NH4, 450 NO3), 600 SO4, 2.5 P, 3 B, 2.5 Fe, 0.5 Zn, 0.5 Mn, 0.1 Cu at a pH of 4.7. The major solution nutrient concentrations were maintained at the nominal concentration with monitoring, frequent additions and weekly renewal. Differentiation in yield between the Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive line only occurred in the presence of Al indicating that, in the long term, none of the other metals tested could be used as an analog for Al. The visual symptoms in the roots of Cu toxicity (in both lines) and Al toxicity (in the sensitive line) were similar. The solution concentration (μM) at which yield of the roots of the tolerant line was reduced by 50% was, in order of increasing tolerance, Cu 0.5, Sc 1.1, La 7.1, Ga 8.6, Al 15, Zn 19, Fe 84, B 490 and Mn 600.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025090

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11

Digitale Medien

What is the significance of herbicide-nutrient interactions on wheat? (1993)

Osborne, L. D. ; Robson, A. D.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 529-532

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): chlorsulfuron ; mineral nutrition ; sulfonylurea ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Sulfonylurea herbicides have been found to decrease the uptake and utilization of some nutrients by wheat. This paper reviews the effects of sulfonylureas on nutrient uptake, proposes physiological mechanisms which might explain the effects; and examines the agronomic implications.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025100

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12

Digitale Medien

Modelling nutrient responses in the field (1993)

Angus, J. F. ; Bowden, J. W. ; Keating, B. A.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 57-66

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): nitrogen ; wheat ; simulation ; yield-response curve

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Models of the yield responses of crops to applied nutrients are a recent addition to the methods available for making fertilizer recommendations. They have a place in integrating nutrient information with information on other factors which affect yield and its response to added nutrients. This review deals with nitrogen models classified into three groups: those which predict yield-response curves based on empirical factors; those which simulate the yield response from complex simulation models of many processes regulating crop growth and the soil environment; and those which aim to simulate yield and selected processes based on simplified functional relationships which apply to a target region or industry. Three case studies representing the three classes of model are drawn from research on dryland wheat in different parts of Australia. They show examples in which models provide information which is unobtainable from experimental procedures and which provide information useful to farmers in making decisions about fertilizers. Suggestions are made for future developments in crop-nutrient modelling including further comparisons of models, linkage of models with tissue tests, modelling co-limiting nutrients, deciding on the appropriate level of detail within a model and the need for methods for calibrating and testing models on attributes other than yield alone.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024984

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13

Digitale Medien

In-situ determination of the P-relations around the primary root of maize with respect to inorganic and phytate-P (1993)

Hübel, Frank ; Beck, Erwin

Springer

Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 1-9

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): autoradiography ; freeze-cutting ; maize ; P-accumulation ; P-depletion ; phytate-P

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Autoradiographs of soil slices mapping the distribution of phytate-derived33P around the primary root of 6-day-old maize seedlings were used to investigate the uptake of phytate by the root. Analysis of the autoradiographs with a laser densitometer and processing of the data with image analysing software resulted in a resolution of 40 μm. The effect of33P-crossfire was corrected by analysis of the apparent33P-gradient around a phosphate-impermeable teflon tube that was inserted into the labeled soil as a standard. In spite of the high resolution achieved, a significant depletion zone could not be detected when the soil was equilibrated with33P-phytate. However, with33P-inorganic phosphate, 2 concentric zones were obvious. Within the inner zone, P was accumulated by about 20%, while in the outer zone a corresponding depletion of P could be detected. The accumulation zone coincided with the extension of the root hair cylinder, whereas the depleted area was clearly beyond the range of the root hairs.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02390221

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14

Digitale Medien

Modifications of the carbon and nitrogen allocations in the plant (Triticum aestivum L.) soil system in response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration (1993)

Billes, G. ; Rouhier, H. ; Bottner, P.

Springer

Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 215-225

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): carbon partitioning ; CO2 enrichment ; nitrogen mineralization ; nitrogen partitioning ; rhizosphere ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The aim of this work was to examine the response of wheat plants to a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration on: (1) carbon and nitrogen partitioning in the plant; (2) carbon release by the roots; and (3) the subsequent N uptake by the plants. The experiment was performed in controlled laboratory conditions by exposing fast-growing spring wheat plants, during 28 days, to a 14CO2 concentration of 350 or 700 μL L−1 at two levels of soil nitrogen fertilization. Doubling CO2 availability increased total plant production by 34% for both N treatment. In the N-fertilized soil, the CO2 enrichment resulted in an increase in dry mass production of 41% in the shoots and 23% in the roots; without N fertilization this figure was 33% and 37%, respectively. In the N-fertilized soil, the CO2 increase enhanced the total N uptake by 14% and lowered the N concentration in the shoots by 23%. The N concentration in the roots was unchanged. In the N-fertilized soil, doubling CO2 availability increased N uptake by 32% but did not change the N concentrations, in either shoots or roots. The CO2 enrichment increased total root-derived carbon by 12% with N fertilization, and by 24% without N fertilization. Between 85 and 90% of the total root derived-14C came from respiration, leaving only 10 to 15% in the soil as organic 14C. However, when total root-derived 14C was expressed as a function of root dry weight, these differences were only slightly significant. Thus, it appears that the enhanced carbon release from the living roots in response to increased atmospheric CO2, is not due to a modification of the activity of the roots, but is a result of the increased size of the root system. The increase of root dry mass also resulted in a stimulation of the soil N mineralization related to the doubling atmospheric CO2 concentration. The discussion is focused on the interactions between the carbon and nitrogen allocation, especially to the root system, and the implications for the acquisition of nutrients by plants in response to CO2 increase.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011050

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15

Digitale Medien

Genotype-environment interaction and correlation between vegetative and grain production measures of potassium use-efficiency in wheat (T. aestivum L.) grown under potassium stress (1993)

Woodend, J. J. ; Glass, A. D. M.

Springer

Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 39-44

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): efficiency ratio ; harvest index ; potassium ; Triticum aestivum ; utilization index ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Nutrient use-efficiency (NUE) is commonly measured in relation to vegetative growth without regard for economic productivity of crops whose valued product is reproductive. Although vegetative measures can be useful, particularly in forage crops, their validity in the quantification of NUE in grain crops is questionable. This study was undertaken primarily to examine the relationship between vegetative and economic potassium use-efficiency (KUE) in several wheat (T. aestivum) genotypes under conditions of potassium stress. Genotype environment interaction for vegetative KUE was also examined. Vegetative KUE was assessed as shoot fresh weight, efficiency ratio (VKER) and utilization index (VKUI) whereas economic KUE was evaluated as grain weight, total weight and economic efficiency ratio (EKER). Significant genotype-environment interactions for shoot weight, VKER and VKUI were observed. In some instances interaction was associated with crossovers between genotypes indicating that it can affect selection. Correlations between vegetative and economic measures of KUE were generally nonsignificant, but negative and significant for shoot weight of three-week-old plants and grain weight. It appears that if genotypes differ considerably for harvest index and it is not positively correlated with total biomass, vegetative measures of KUE are unreliable as indicators of economic KUE. Therefore, economic rather than vegetative measures should be used to evaluate KUE in crops whose valued product is reproductive. ei]{gnH}{fnMarschner} ei]{gnH.}{fnLambers}

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010784

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16

Digitale Medien

Inhibition of nitrate uptake by aluminium in maize (1993)

Durieux, R. P. ; Jackson, W. A. ; Kamprath, E. J. ; [weitere]

Springer

Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 97-104

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): aluminium ; ammonium ; induction ; maize ; nitrate ; Zea mays

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Experiments with two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids were conducted to determine (a) if the inhibition of nitrate uptake by aluminium involved a restriction in the induction (synthesis/assemblage) of nitrate transporters, and (b) if the magnitude of the inhibition was affected by the concurrent presence of ambient ammonium. At pH 4.5, the rate of nitrate uptake from 240 μM NH4NO3 was maximally inhibited by 100 μM aluminium, but there was little measurable effect on the rate of ammonium uptake. Presence of ambient aluminium did not eliminate the characteristic induction pattern of nitrate uptake upon first exposure of nitrogen-depleted seedlings to that ion. Removal of ambient aluminium after six hours of induction resulted in recovery within 30 minutes to rates of nitrate uptake that were similar to those of plants induced in absence of aluminium. Addition of aluminium to plants that had been induced in absence of aluminium rapidly restricted the rate of nitrate uptake to the level of plants that had been induced in the presence of aluminium. The data are interpreted as indicating that aluminium inhibited the activity of nitrate transporters to a greater extent than the induction of those transporters. When aluminium was added at initiation of induction, the effect of ambient ammonium on development of the inhibition by aluminium differed between the two hybrids. The responses indicate a complex interaction between the aluminium and ammonium components of high acidity soils in their influence on nitrate uptake. ei]{gnA C}{fnBorstlap}

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010790

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17

Digitale Medien

Non-structural carbohydrate: Analysis by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and its importance as an indicator of plant growth (1993)

Batten, G. D. ; Blakeney, A. B. ; McGrath, V. B. ; [weitere]

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 243-246

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): fructans ; NIR ; nitrogen ; non-structural carbohydrates ; rice ; starch ; stress ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Plant shoot samples are frequently analysed to assess if crops require additional nitrogen or mineral elements to maintain satisfactory growth. If plant growth is limited by temperature, water stress, disease, lodging or a mineral deficiency, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) may be accumulated in, or depleted from, tissues especially those in the lower stems. Plant testing laboratories do not routinely analyse NSC to assist in the identification of plant stress probably because skilled technicians and time are required for the wet chemical determination. In this paper we report that routine determination of NSC is possible using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy; the errors of determination are comparable with traditional chemical methods. The concentration of NSC in the shoots of rice grown in south eastern Australia ranges from 1.6 to 22.8%, as starch. In the shoots of wheat grown in eastern Australia the range is from 2.4 to 35.2%, as fructans. In both crops the NSC content is highly inversely correlated with the shoot nitrogen content. Based on data from commercial wheat and rice crops we suggest that the ratio between nitrogen and NSC can be used to identify crops in which growth has been limited by a stress other than nitrogen and so are unlikely to show the predicted response to an application of nitrogen fertilizer.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025029

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Digitale Medien

Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the location and function of plant nutrients in vivo (1993)

Lee, R. B. ; Ratcliffe, R. G.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 45-55

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): compartmentation ; cytoplasm ; 39K NMR ; maize ; nitrogen ; 14N NMR ; 15N NMR ; pea ; phosphorus ; potassium ; 31P NMR ; vacuole

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The cytoplasmic and vacuolar pools of ammonium, inorganic phosphate and potassium can be studied non-invasively in plant tissues using high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The techniques that allow these pools to be discriminated in vivo are described and their application to plants is reviewed with reference to the phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium nutrition of root tissues.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024983

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Digitale Medien

In-situ determination of the P-relations around the primary root of maize with respect to inorganic and phytate-P (1993)

Hübel, Frank ; Beck, Erwin

Springer

Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 1-9

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): autoradiography ; freeze-cutting ; maize ; P-accumulation ; P-depletion ; phytate-P

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Autoradiographs of soil slices mapping the distribution of phytate-derived 33P around the primary root of 6-day-old maize seedlings were used to investigate the uptake of phytate by the root. Analysis of the autoradiographs with a laser densitometer and processing of the data with image analysing software resulted in a resolution of 40 μm. The effect of 33P-crossfire was corrected by analysis of the apparent 33P-gradient around a phosphate-impermeable teflon tube that was inserted into the labeled soil as a standard. In spite of the high resolution achieved, a significant depletion zone could not be detected when the soil was equilibrated with 33P-phytate. However, with 33P-inorganic phosphate, 2 concentric zones were obvious. Within the inner zone, P was accumulated by about 20%, while in the outer zone a corresponding depletion of P could be detected. The accumulation zone coincided with the extension of the root hair cylinder, whereas the depleted area was clearly beyond the range of the root hairs.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038742

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Digitale Medien

A new approach to quantify the utilization of non-exchangeable soil potassium by plants (1993)

Meyer, D. ; Jungk, A.

Springer

Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 235-243

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): De ; exchangeable K ; K diffusion ; K release ; K utilization ; model calculation ; non-exchangeable K ; root hairs ; sugar beet ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract To predict the contribution of soil K fractions of different mobility to K supply of plants, the kinetics of K release from soil was related to the kinetics of K uptake of young sugar beet and wheat plants. For this purpose K release rates from soil were measured by continuously percolating samples of a luvisol with 0.01 M CaCl2 solution and effective diffusion coefficients, De, were determined. Two soil K fractions of different mobility were obtained. De values of the more mobile ‘exchangeable K’ and the less mobile ‘non-exchangeable’ K fraction were found to be 58.9 × 10−9 and 8.2 × 10−9 cm2 s−1, respectively. In a pot experiment, sugar beet and wheat plants were grown, for 15 days and both root growth and K uptake were measured. K uptake kinetics of both crops was determined in a separate experiment using flowing solution culture. To integrate these data quantitatively, the simulation model of Claassen et al. (1986) was applied. Results show that calculated total K uptake agreed closely with real K uptake of the plants. On this basis, 64 and 79% of the K taken up by wheat and sugar beet plants was derived from the rapidly released ‘exchangeable’ and 21–36% from the less mobile ‘non-exchangeable’ soil K fraction.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016614

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Digitale Medien

Regulation of NH4 + uptake in wheat plants: Effect of root ammonium concentration and amino acids (1993)

Causin, H. F. ; Barneix, A. J.

Springer

Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 211-218

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): amides ; free ammonium ; MSX ; net ammonium uptake inhibition ; total free amino acids ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract When N deficient 10-day-old wheat plants were supplied with 1.5 mol m−3 NH4 +, net NH4 + uptake rapidly decreased during the first 6h, while root free-NH4 + and free amino acids concentration increased. However, after 24 h the NH4 + uptake rate increased again, as the internal NH4 + concentration decreased. When plants were pretreated during 40 h with different external NH4 + concentrations, net uptake measured on 1.0 mol m−3 NH4 + decreased with the increasing ion concentration during the pretreatment. This decrement coincided with both root free-NH4 + and total free amino acids levels. When N-starved and NH4 + fed plants were treated during 0, 3 or 6 h with 1.0 mol m−3 NH4 + in the presence of 1.0 mol m−3 MSX2, net uptake (measured without MSX) decreased with the length of the inhibitor treatment. In both groups, MSX significantly increased root free-NH4 + concentration, while the level of total free amino acids was only increased in N-starved plants. When N-starved plants were externally supplied with 1.0 mol m−3 of different amino acids or amides, net NH4 + uptake was only strongly inhibited in the presence of glutamine or asparagine. It is concluded that rapid changes in the concentration of certain amino acids during NH4 + nutrition might regulate the ion absorption, though at high endogenous levels of free NH4 + net uptake could be suppressed independently of the root concentration of free amino acids.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016286

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Digitale Medien

Effect of soil water content on the gravitropic behavior of nodal roots in maize (1993)

Nakamoto, T.

Springer

Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 261-267

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): gravitropism ; growth angle ; maize ; nodal roots ; soil water content ; Zea mays L.

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The direction of root growth is an important factor that determines the spatial distribution of roots in the soil. The influence of soil water content on the direction of growth of maize nodal roots was studied both in the field and in the greenhouse. In the field experiment, the one plot was regularly irrigated (I-plot) and the other non-irrigated (N-plot). In the greenhouse experiment, three water treatments were conducted on plants grown in pots: continuously wet (CW), early drying (ED), and late drying (LD). The direction of root growth was quantified by the angle from the vertical, measured at 1 cm intervals for 10 cm from the first five internodes. Nodal roots grew more vertically in the N-plot and ED treatment than those in the I-plot and CW treatment. This was due to the decrease of the initial angle and/or the liminal angle. It is therefore thought that two events regulate the growth direction of nodal roots under dry soil conditions: gravitropic bending at root emergence from the stem and the later establishment of the angle of growth. Nodal roots appearing after rewatering in the ED treatment grew in a similar direction as those in the CW treatment. It follows from this that the water content of the surrounding soil has a direct effect on the direction of growth. Nodal roots that emerged in rapidly drying soil in the LD treatment ceased growing after showing negative gravitropism. The possible mechanisms determining the growth direction of nodal roots in drier soils are discussed.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029096

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Digitale Medien

Mulching effect of plant residues with chemically contrasting compositions on maize growth and nutrients accumulation (1993)

Tian, G. ; Kang, B. T. ; Brussaard, L.

Springer

Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 179-187

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): alfisols ; maize ; mulch quality ; nutrient uptake

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Effects of application of prunings of three woody species (Acioa barteri, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala), maize (Zea mays L.) stover and rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw as mulch on maize were studied on an Alfisol in southern Nigeria in 1990 and 1991. Maize dry matter and grain yield were higher with applications of plant residues and N fertilizer in both years. Addition of Leucaena prunings gave the highest maize grain yield in both years. Compared to the 1990 results, Acioa showed the least grain yield decline among the mulch treatments in 1991. Nutrient uptake was enhanced by applications of plant residues. Leucaena prunings had the highest effect in both years and increased the mean N, P, and Mg uptake by 96%, 84%, and 50%, respectively, over the control. Addition of Acioa prunings increased K and Ca uptake by 59% and 92%, respectively, over the control. ‘High quality’ (low C/N ratio and lignin level) plant residues enhance crop performance through direct nutritional contributions, whereas ‘low quality’ (high C/N ratio and lignin level) plant residues do so through mulching effects on the microclimate. ‘Intermediate quality’ plant residues have no clear effects on crop performance.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012990

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Digitale Medien

Interaction of salinity and enhanced ammonium and potassium nutrition in wheat (1993)

Shaviv, A. ; Hagin, J.

Springer

Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 133-137

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): ammonium nutrition ; potassium nutrition ; salinity ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown to maturity in a pot experiment in a calcareous silty sand soil. N was applied at two levels as granulated N-P fertilizers, amended or not with nitrification inhibitors (1% and 5% DCD, 1% N-serve). Potassium as KCl was given at three levels of application. P was applied at a uniform rate. Two levels of salinity were obtained by using the soil as such (EC= 0.3 mmho/cm) and by adding NaCl to the same soil (EC=2.4 mmho/cm). 1% DCD and 1% N-serve treatments gave significantly higher wheat grain yields and N-uptake than the other ones. Nitrate content of leachates indicated a prevalent nitrate nutrition in the treatment without nitrification inhibitors. The 5% DCD treatment showed a yield depression. In the lower N level treatments, a significant yield increase, generated by 1% DCD and N-serve was found in the salinized soil as compared to the non-saline soil. Soil salinity reduced N-uptake when nitrification inhibitors were not present. In treatments having the inhibitors, N-uptake was equal or greater in the salinized than in the non saline soil. An enhanced ammonium nutrition increased the P uptake.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011082

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Digitale Medien

The effect of phytase on the availability of P from myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytate) for maize roots (1993)

Findenegg, Günter R. ; Nelemans, Jaap A.

Springer

Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 189-196

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): bioavailability ; maize ; myo-inositol ; phosphorus ; phytase ; phytin ; soil

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The effect of adding phytase to the root medium of maize plants on the P-availability of added myo-inositol hexaphosphate (phytin) has been studied in pot experiments. When 40 mM phytin-P in nutrient solution was incubated in quartz-sand for 15 days in the absence of plants, 80% of it could be recovered from the solution as soluble organic P. Maize plants growing on this mixture assimilated P from phytin at rates comparable to those from inorganic phosphate (Pi). At a lower addition rate (2 mM phytin-P) only 10% was recovered in the soil solution, and plant growth was severely limited by P. At this low phytin level, the addition of phytase (10 enzyme units per kg sand) increased the plants' dry weight yield by 32%. The relative increases of the Pi concentration in the solution and of the amount of P in the plants were even higher, indicating that the observed growth stimulation was due to an increased rate of phytin hydrolysis. The enzyme-induced growth stimulation was also observed with plants growing in pots filled with soil low in P, when phytin was added. However, on three different soils the addition rates of phytin and phytase necessary for obtaining a significant phytase effect were both about 10 times higher than those required in quartzsand. It is concluded that the P-availability from organic sources can be limited by the rate of their hydrolytic cleavage.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012524

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26

Digitale Medien

Understanding zinc reactions in vertisols to predict zinc responses by wheat (1993)

Dang, Y. P. ; Dalal, R. C. ; Edwards, D. G. ; [weitere]

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 247-250

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): rate of Zn desorption ; Vertisols ; wheat ; Zn buffer power ; Zn desorption power ; Zn intensity ; Zn quantity

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Since Zn availability to plants growing in a soil is governed by quantity, intensity, buffer power, rate of Zn desorption and diffusion, an improved understanding of a number of these factors in Vertisols would facilitate a more reliable prediction of crop requirements for Zn. The DTPA-extractable Zn, a quantity factor, together with initial Zn desorption rate coefficients, accounted for 80% of the variation in relative dry matter yield of wheat grown to anthesis. In combination with these factors, desorption (buffer) power explained 92% of the variation in Zn concentration in the young mature leaf blade (YMB) of wheat. Thus, the combination of the quantity, rate of Zn desorption and buffer power better predict growth responses of wheat to applied Zn in Vertisols than the commonly-used single extraction with DTPA alone (quantity), which provides only a static measure of Zn availability.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025030

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27

Digitale Medien

The control of boron accumulation by two genotypes of wheat (1993)

Garnett, Trevor P. ; Tester, Mark A. ; Nable, Ross O.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 305-308

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): boron ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L. ; uptake ; genotypic variation ; toxicity

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The mechanism of boron (B) uptake in wheat was studied using two genotypes with known differences in their ability to accumulate B. Influx and efflux of B was measured in the roots of intact 21 d old plants. Roots grown in 15 μM B, when transferred to solutions containing 1mM B showed a rapid increase in B content for up to 60 min, after which no further increase was evident up to 4 h. No genotypic difference in B influx was apparent over these time periods. Roots grown in 1mM B for 7 d and then rinsed in B-free solutions quickly lost most of B that they contained within 1 hour; little further efflux was observed over the following three hours. As with the influx, no genotypic difference in B flux was evident. It is suggested that the lack of genotypic difference in the short-term B fluxes could be due to a masking effect of extracellular B bound in the cell walls of the roots.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025043

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28

Digitale Medien

Distribution of potassium in the soil profile of a sandplain soil under pasture species (1993)

Edwards, N. K.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 407-410

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): L. cosentinii ; nutrient recycling ; potassium ; subterranean clover ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The influence of pasture species and pasture/crop rotations on the fate of K fertilizer in the soil profile of a sandplain soil was investigated. Results for Lupinus cosentinii, subterranean clover and a subterranean clover/wheat rotation are presented. Potassium was applied as KCl at six rates up to 150 kg K ha-1 for three years; bicarbonate-extractable K was measured at five depths in the profile (0–100 cm) for four years. The net change in available K in the top 100 cm of the profile (kg ha-1) was calculated. There was a gradual increase in K down the profile under all species with fertilizer application. The increase was largest for L. cosentinii, which also appeared to redistribute K from below 100 cm to the soil surface. The K residual value on this soil type was higher than expected with most of the fertilizer applied over three years being retained in the top 100 cm.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025069

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29

Digitale Medien

Development of an ELISA for estimation of the copper nutritional status of wheat and cotton (1993)

Rao, N. R. ; Ownby, J. D.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 453-456

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): copper deficiency ; cotton ; ELISA ; Gossypium hirsutum ; immunoassay ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Studies were carried out with hydroponically grown wheat and cotton to develop the Cu-requiring protein phenolase as a biomarker of Cu nutrient status. Isozymes of phenolase whose levels were reduced by Cu deficiency were identified by Western blots. A competitive enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that could detect as little as 25 ng of phenolase. The ELISA revealed that Cu-sufficient cotton leaves had about 4-fold more phenolase antigen than did Cu-sufficient wheat leaves. In both species, the level of phenolase was reduced by 2- to 5-fold in leaves of Cu-deficient plants. Because the immunoassay for phenolase protein is rapid, inexpensive, and can be carried out with small amounts of leaf material, it has potential as a tool for assessment of the Cu status of crop plants.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025081

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30

Digitale Medien

The 2,4-D-induced wheat para-nodules are modified lateral roots with structure enhanced by rhizobial inoculation (1993)

Francisco, Perigio B. ; Akao, Shoichiro

Springer

Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 121-129

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate ; para-nodule ; Rhizobium trifolii ; structure ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Nodular outgrowths (para-nodules or p-nodules) on the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Miskle seedlings were induced by treatment with 0.3 and 0.6 mg L-1, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). When co-inoculated with Rhizobium trifolii strain ATCC 14480, more p-nodules were formed at these levels and p-nodulation occured at 0.1 mg L-1 indicating that inoculation enhances 2,4-D-induced p-nodulation. Similar to lateral roots, the p-nodules arose from the pericycle opposite the phloem tissues and were free from the cortical cells of the parental root at all stages of development. Structurally, the p-nodules exhibited tissue differentiation. They possessed a highly organized central vascular cylinder connected to that of the parent root, an endodermis, a cap, and an apical and lateral meristems. P-nodules formed by 2,4-D treatment alone were irregularly lobed due to uncoordinated activity of the apical meristem, while those in the combined 2,4-D and inoculation treatment were more globose. The results of the present study indicate that the 2,4-D-induced wheat p-nodules are modified lateral roots, the structure of which is enhanced by rhizobial inoculation.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038755

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31

Digitale Medien

A comparison of minirhizotron techniques for estimating root length density in soils of different bulk densities (1993)

Volkmar, K. M.

Springer

Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 239-245

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): bean ; bulk density ; compaction ; minirhizotron ; root image analysis ; root quantification ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Flexible- and rigid-walled minirhizotron techniques were compared for estimating root length density of 14- to 28-day-old Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and spring whet (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in soil boxes under controlled environment conditions at three soil bulk densities (1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 g cm−3). The flexible-tube system consisted of bicycle inner tubes inflated inside augered access holes and removed only when measurements were taken. Rigid tubes were constructed of extruded polybutyrate plastic. In both cases tubes were oriented horizontally. Despite similar root densities for wheat and beans based on measurements obtained from soil cores, root densities estimated from both types of minirhizotron were higher in bean than in wheat in uncompacted soil. Estimates of root density by the flexible tube minirhizotron were more closely correlated with soil core image analysis estimates than were those by the rigid minirhizotron system. At high soil bulk density, rigid tube measurements consistently overestimated actual rooting density of both wheat and bean. The relationship between estimated and actual rooting densities in the case of flexible tube measurements was not significantly influenced by soil bulk density. These findings were consistent with the theory that preferential root growth is induced by gaps at the soil-observation tube interface, inherent in the rigid tube technique, and was accentuated under conditions of high soil strength.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011052

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32

Digitale Medien

Photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm (1993)

Murai, Koji ; Tsunewaki, Koichiro

Springer

Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 41-48

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): Aegilops crassa ; hybrid wheat ; PCMS ; photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Triticum aestivum cv. Norin 26 with Aegilops crassa, Ae. juvenalis or Ae. vavilovii cytoplasm (all D2 type) has been studied relative to its photoperiodic response of male sterility and fertility restoration patterns. Alloplasmic lines of ‘Norin 26’ with a D2 type cytoplasm showed almost complete male sterility under long-day conditions (≥15 h), but high male fertility under short-day conditions (≤14.5 h). No significant influence of temperature on reduction in male fertility was observed. Thus, this type of male sterility is called ‘photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility’ (PCMS). The PCMS is expressed in the form of pistillody of stamens. Histological studies revealed that there were incomplete ovule-like structures instead of tapetal cells and pollen grains in the pistillate stamens. The floret differentiation stage of the plant is the stage that is sensitive to photoperiod. The PCMS can be used as a new means for hybrid wheat production, named ‘two-line system’. The PCMS line is maintained and multiplied by self-fertilization under short-day conditions, and hybrid seed can be produced by crossing the PCMS line with a pollinator line under long-day conditions. In contrast to the system of hybrid wheat production using the T. timopheevi cytoplasm, the present system requires only PCMS and pollinator lines.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022723

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33

Digitale Medien

Resistance to bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) in winter wheat varieties (1993)

Papp, Mária ; Mesterházy, Ákos

Springer

Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 49-57

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): aphid infestation ; bird cherry-oat aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; cereal aphids ; insect resistance ; leaf pubescence ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary In Hungary the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) is the most frequent aphid species in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Estimations of infestation by R. padi as well as measurements of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass were carried out in 26 winter wheat genotypes in conditions of naturally infested and not infested (protected) control plots. The experiment was performed in isolated conditions in two field cages covered by nets. The aphids overwintered on wheat and got into cage, extremely quickly multiplied, therefore there was no need to apply any artificial aphid infestation. Highly significant differences were demonstrated among genotypes in infestation severity of R. padi as well as in losses of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass. The most resistant variety ‘GK Zombor’ had 25% infestation, and the most susceptible one ‘GK Lili’ had 79.2%. The reduction of grain yield of the most tolerant genotypes (‘GK Korány’, ‘Downy’, ‘Mv 4’, ‘Jubilejnaja 50’, ‘Mv 8’, ‘GK Kincsö’ and ‘GK Zombor’) was 26–33%, and that of thousand-kernel mass was 23–30%. The most sensitive genotypes (‘GK Lili’, ‘GK Örzse’, ‘GK Koppány’ and ‘Mv 13’) suffered 58–63% losses in yield, and 40–50% in thousand-kernel mass. A close correlation was found between infestation of R. padi in different wheat genotypes and losses of grain yield (r=0.7572, P〈0.001). Also there were tolerance differences among genotypes even within the same level of infestation. The reductions of thousand-kernel mass correlated very closely with the reductions of grain yield (r=0.9212, P〈0.001), that makes screening possible by reductions of thousand-kernel mass. These results have found application in breeding. The leaf pubescence of the varieties studied did not generally influence the infestation by R. padi.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022724

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Digitale Medien

Selection for biomass yield in wheat (1993)

Sharma, R. C.

Springer

Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 35-42

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): biomass ; heritability ; response to selection ; selection ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Biomass (above ground plant parts) yield may be a useful selection trait for yield improvement in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study was conducted to estimate realized heritability of biomass yield and to determine the response to selection for high and low biomass yield in 8 genetically diverse populations of spring wheat under two production systems. Selections were made among the F3 lines. Progenies of the selected lines were evaluated in replicated field tests in the F4 generation under high fertility and low fertility production systems at Rampur, Nepal, in 1991. Fertility level had a significant effect on biomass yield, grain yield, effective tiller number, number of kernels per spike, thousand kernel weight, and harvest index. Selection in the F3 for high and low biomass yield was effective in identifying F4 lines with high and low biomass yield, respectively. Biomass yield differences between high and low selection groups in the F4 generation, expressed as percent of the mean of the low selection group and averaged over the eight populations, were 53.9 and 36.5% higher than the mean of the low selection group under the high and the low fertility production systems, respectively. The corresponding figures for grain yield were 48.8 and 34.9% under the high and the low production systems, respectively. Also, selection for high biomass yield resulted in higher effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike, but lower harvest index. Realized heritability estimates for biomass yield were greater at high fertility (range 0.49 to 0.85) than at low fertility (range 0.22 to 0.44). Biomass yield showed positive genotypic correlations with grain yield, effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike but a negative correlation with harvest index. The results indicated that selection for high biomass yield should bring about positive improvements in biomass yield, grain yield, effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike. The correlation between F3 and F4 generations suggested that biomass yield in the F3 generation was a good predictor of biomass yield and grain yield in the F4 generation. Selection for biomass yield in wheat should be made under the standard production system to obtain a realistic response.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029638

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Digitale Medien

Genotype selection via a new yield-stability statistic in maize yield trials (1993)

Magari, Robert ; Kang, Manjit S.

Springer

Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 105-111

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): maize ; genotype × environment interaction ; stability analysis ; cultivar testing ; YSi statistic ; Zea mays

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Genotype × environment (GE) interaction complicates selection of superior genotypes across environments. The main objective of this study was to select maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes via a new yield-stability (YSi) statistic in yield trials conducted in Albania. Another objective was to estimate contribution of environmental index (% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiqadIfagaqeaa% aa!3851!\[\bar X\]·j − % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiqadIfagaqeaa% aa!3851!\[\bar X\].., where % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiqadIfagaqeaa% aa!3851!\[\bar X\]·j is mean of all genotypes in the jth environment and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaiqadIfagaqeaa% aa!3851!\[\bar X\]is mean of all genotypes across all environments), minimum temperature, maximum temperature, preseason rainfall, rainfall during the growing season, and relative humidity to GE interaction by determining heterogeneity (nonadditivity) attributable to each of these environmental factors. In five of eight trials, heterogeneity due to environmental index was significant. Heterogeneity due to the other environmental factors was not significant in any trial. A comparison of δ i 2 (stability-variance statistic derived from total GE interaction) and s i 2 (stability-variance statistic derived from residual GE interaction following removal of heterogeneity due to encovariate) helped identify genotypes that performed stably or unstably because of a linear effect of environmental index. In three of the five trials showing significant heterogeneity due to environmental index, the YSi statistic selected a reduced number of unstable genotypes as compared with selection based solely on yield. However, the circumstances or conditions under which YSi and solely yield-based method select the same or different genotypes are not fully understood.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029647

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Digitale Medien

Genetics of adult plant resistance to stripe rust in ten spring bread wheats (1993)

Singh, Ravi P. ; Rajaram, Sanjaya

Springer

Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 1-7

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; genetics ; resistance

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Nine Mexican spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars derived from CIMMYT germplasm and the U.S. spring wheat cultivar Wheaton were susceptible to the Mexican Puccinia striiformis pathotype 14E14 in seedling growth stage, but displayed different levels of adult plant resistances to the same pathotype when tested in the field. One hundred and eighteen random F2 plant derived F3 and F5 lines from the crosses of these ten adult plant resistant wheats and susceptible cultivar Jupateco 73S were evaluated in the field. The moderate adult plant resistance of Penjamo 62, Lerma Rojo 64, Nacozari 76, Tesia 79, and Wheaton was under monogenic genetic control and was attributed to the adult plant stripe rust resistance gene Yr18. The moderate resistances of Cleopatra 74, Zaragoza 75, and Apache 81 were also monogenic, but gene Yr18 was absent. Pavon 76 carried two partially effective additive genes; and the adult plant resistance of Tonichi 81 was based on additive interaction involving Yr18 and two additional partially effective genes. Tonichi 81 does not carry any seedling resistance gene, however, the adult plant resistance is highly effective worldwide. This resistance, designated as the Yr18 complex, is of a durable nature. The partial adult plant resistance of Pavon 76 has also remained durable in Mexico and other countries where it is grown.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023766

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Digitale Medien

Cytochemical investigation of long-term stored maize pollen (1993)

Georgieva, I. D. ; Kruleva, M. M.

Springer

Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 87-94

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): Zea mays ; maize ; pollen storage ; pollen grain viability ; pollen enzymes ; pollen physiology ; enzyme cytochemistry

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Maize pollen quality was investigated after long-term storage both in a refrigerator and in liquid nitrogen by a combination of viability tests and cytochemical methods. Determination of the activities of a number of enzymes involved in important metabolic pathways was carried out. Quinone formation was also studied, as some products of secondary metabolism affect pollen grain viability. One year of pollen storage in liquid nitrogen had little effect on the activities of oxidoreductases and hydrolases and had no significant effect on pollen grain viability evaluated by acetocarmine, neutral red and acridine organe. Only the FCR test showed slightly decreased viability. After one and two years of storage in a refrigerator, pollen grain viability, tested using acetocarmine, neutral red and acridine orange, did not change substantially. Simultaneously the FCR test showed a considerable decrease in pollen grain viability. Long-term storage in a refrigerator resulted in the loss of cytochrome oxidase activity and rise of alcohol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities as well as of quinone formation.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023776

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Digitale Medien

Effects of recurrent selection for resistance to scab (Gibberella zeae) in wheat (1993)

Jiang, Guoliang ; Wu, Zhaosu ; Huang, Dechong

Springer

Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 107-113

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; recurrent selection ; resistance to scab ; gene pool ; Taigu male-sterile gene Ms2 ; breeding method ; Gibberella zeae ; Fusarium graminearum

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Scab caused by Gibberella zeae Petch., in common wheat, is one of the most severe diseases in China. A source population C0, bred for scab resistance, was developed through three cycles of multiple-parent crossing and intercrossing by means of the dominant male-sterile gene Ta1 (Ms2), according to Wu's scheme. Phenotypic recurrent selection methods for increasing the resistance to scab-infection of spikelets and seeds with the male-sterile plants were carried out simultaneously in Nanjing and Shanghai and at Jianyang, Fujian Province, for three cycles. The generations from C0 to C3 and two check cultivars were evaluated, using a randomized block design, under conditions of an artificially induced epidemic of scab during 1988–1990. The results indicate that there were significant differences in the resistance to scab between these generations. On average, the percentages of diseased spikelets and seeds of the male-fertile plants were reduced by 9% and 10%, respectively. The frequency of resistant plants was distinctly enhanced by recurrent selection. Analysis of variance showed that no significant differences existed between cycles of recurrent selection in agronomic characters such as plant height, spikes per plant, spike length, numbers of spikelets and seeds per spike, weight of seeds per spike and 100-kernel weight, days to heading and to maturity. Except for plant height, most of these traits tended to be slightly improved with improvement of resistance in the gene pool. The variance for resistance in the generations was decreased under selection. Recurrent selection for scab resistance using the dominant male-sterile gene Ta1 (Ms2) was both an effective and feasible breeding method for producing this character in wheat.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023778

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Digitale Medien

The influence of disease complexes involving Leptosphaeria (Septoria) nodorum on detection of resistance to three leaf spot diseases in wheat (1993)

Loughman, R. ; Wilson, R. E. ; Thomas, G. J.

Springer

Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 31-42

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; resistance selection ; disease complexes ; pathogen mixtures ; septoria nodorum blotch ; Leptosphaeria nodorum ; septoria tritici blotch ; Mycosphaerella graminicola ; yellow spot ; tan spot ; Drechslera tritici-repentis ; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary In controlled inoculation studies with Septoria nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, estimates of the relative proportion of each pathogen demonstrated differences in the responses of cultivars to pathogen mixtures that were not apparent from measurements of diseased leaf areas. Under field conditions estimates of the relative proportion of S. nodorum, P. tritici-repentis and S. tritici varied between field screening locations in Western Australian but also between lines within locations. Lines with known resistance to P. tritici-repentis and S. tritici, but susceptible to S. nodorum, could not be distinguished from susceptible lines on the basis of leaf area diseased or grain weight depression when S. nodorum was present in the disease complex. Such conditions, while suitable for the selection of combined resistance to these pathogens, were unsuitable for identifying resistance to individual pathogens. As symptoms were similar, the proportion of diseased leaf area sporulating with each pathogen provided a means of measuring the variation in disease development induced on lines varying in resistance. Knowledge of the components of disease and their relative importance were essential in understanding varietal response information under mixed infections of these leaf spot pathogens.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023770

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Digitale Medien

Recent advances in alien gene transfer in wheat (1993)

Jiang, Jiming ; Friebe, Bernd ; Gill, Bikram S.

Springer

Euphytica 73 (1993), S. 199-212

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): wheat ; Triticum spp. ; gene pool ; wide hybridization ; chromosome translocation ; alien gene transfer

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary The recent advances in alien gene transfer from distantly-related species into wheat are reviewed in the present paper. The main achievements during the last ten years include the great expansion of the range of wide hybridization and development of new techniques for production and characterization of wheat-alien chromosome translocations. Updated results of wide hybridization since 1983 and comprehensive characterization of wheat-alien translocation lines in our laboratory are compiled. The future outlook for alien gene transfer in wheat is also discussed.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036700

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Digitale Medien

Monosomic analysis of Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) resistance in Triticum aestivum line PI137739 (1993)

Schroeder-Teeter, S. ; Zemetra, R. S. ; Schotzko, D. J. ; [weitere]

Springer

Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 117-120

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): Russian wheat aphid ; Diuraphis noxia ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; monosomic analysis ; resistance

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae), has become an important pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the United States. The aphid causes a phytotoxemic reaction in wheat evidenced by local and systemic chlorosis and rolling of infested leaves. Developing resistance in wheat cultivars to D. noxia is an essential factor in controlling the damage caused by this pest. Several sources of genetic resistance to D. noxia have been identified in wheat germplasm. Monosomic analysis of the monogenic resistant T. aestivum accession PI137739 has shown that the gene (Dn1) for resistance is carried on chromosome 7D. It appears that chromosome 7B may carry a second resistance gene for D. noxia that might be a source of minor or complementary gene action for resistance.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033775

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Digitale Medien

Yield responses of Nepalese spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to inoculation with Azospirillum spp. of Nepalese origin (1993)

Bhattarai, Tribikram ; Hess, Dieter

Springer

Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 67-76

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): Azospirillum ; inoculation ; nitrogen fixation ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Azosprilla were collected in wheat fields from subtropical and temperate soils of central Nepal at various elevations. Different wheat cultivars responded positively and significantly in grain yield, grain N-yield, and total N-yield in plant shoots to the inoculation with Nepalese isolate Azospirillum 10SW. Nepalese wheat cv. Seto responded significantly better with Azospirillum 10SW than with the Brasilian isolate A. lipoferum Sp 108 st, a strain which was found highly efficient in earlier experiments with German wheat cultivars, especially cv. Turbo. Yield of Turbo was increased by inoculations of both Azospirillum strains too, but it showed no significant differences depending from the inoculum used. The higher efficacy of combining Azospirillum 10SW and Seto, both collected from the same locality, indicates the possibility of improved associations using traditional cultivars and local bacteria. ei]{gnR O D}{fnDixon}

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010787

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Digitale Medien

Wheat root biomass and nitrogen dynamics—effects of daily irrigation and fertilization (1993)

Kätterer, Thomas ; Hansson, Ann-Charlotte ; Andrén, Olof

Springer

Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 21-30

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): depth distribution ; irrigation ; nitrogen fertilization ; root biomass ; soil-coring ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Root biomass, root nitrogen content, and root distribution down to 50 cm depth in winter wheat were determined by soil coring on five dates in four different treatments: control (C), drought (D), daily irrigation (I), and daily irrigation and fertilization (IF). The first three treatments received the N fertilizer application as a single dose in spring, whereas in IF daily doses of N were supplied in the irrigation water using a drip-tube system, according to the estimated nutrient demand of the crop. All treatments received 20 g N m−2 year−1. The maximum root biomass (104 g m−2) was reached earliest in IF. On 6 June, root samples were taken down to a depth of 100 cm, and the proportion of deep roots (50–100 cm) was least in I, indicating that it had the shaklowest root system. The root biomass as a fraction of the total plant mass decreased during crop development in all treatments down to about 4% at harvest. The decrease was more rapid in I and C than in D and IF. The higher proportion of roots during spring in D and IF coincided with a low nitrogen concentration in the roots, which was attributed to the restricted water supply and to the relative shortage of nitrogen during early crop development in D and IF, respectively. The dynamics of mass and nitrogen in macroscopic organic debris in the soil suggested that root turnover rates were high. ei]{gnB E}{fnClothier}

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010782

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44

Digitale Medien

Gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply in different growth stages (1993)

Noordwijk, M. ; Brouwer, G.

Springer

Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 187-199

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): aeration ; aerenchyma ; carnation ; cucumber ; gerbera ; maize ; oxygen stress ; oxygen transport ; redox dye ; rice ; rose ; sugar beet ; sweet pepper ; tomato ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The development of gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply was tested for a range of edible and ornamental crops: rice, maize, wheat, sugar beet, tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper, carnation, gerbera and rose. In a first experiment, the roots of tomato, maize and gerbera had a higher gas-filled root porosity, Ep (% v/v), when grown permanently in a non-aerated instead of aerated solution. The Ep of roots increased during two weeks when half the root system of a young plant was transferred to a non-aerated solution; in older plants this response was not seen. Carnation had a negligible gas-filled porosity in all treatments. In a second experiment, a comparison was made between high (20 kPa) and low (about 2 kPa) O2 partial pressure in a recirculating nutrient solution. Half of the root system was transferred to low O2 at various growth stages. In most species older plants did not increase Ep on exposure to low O2. For tomato, sweet pepper and rose, Ep was normally in the range 3–8% (v/v). Young plants of cucumber, wheat and sugar beet also had an Ep in that range, but in older plants values ranged from 1 to 3%. Transverse root sections examined by light microscopy showed, on average, 60% more intercellular spaces in the root cortex than the measurements of gas-filled porosity, probably because some gaps and spaces in the cortex were not gas-filled. This effect was most pronounced in tomato. A negative pressure in the cortex may be needed for gaps to be gas-filled. An exodermis may increase the effectiveness of gas spaces in the cortex by closing the gas channels and, by offering some resistance to water uptake, allowing a negative pressure head in the cortex which keeps gaps gas-filled. A redox dye method was developed to study the length of root which is effectively supplied with oxygen, as a function of Ep. Results indicated that for every percent Ep the root can remain aerated over at least 1 cm in a non-aerated medium under the conditions of the test.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029088

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45

Digitale Medien

Interaction between zinc nutritional status of cereals and Rhizoctonia root rot severity (1993)

Thongbai, Pongmanee ; Graham, Robin D. ; Neate, Stephen M. ; [weitere]

Springer

Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 215-222

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): cereal root rot ; Rhizoctonia solani ; wheat ; Zn nutrition

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract An inverse correlation between plant Zn concentration and the severity of Rhizoctonia root rot, described in an earlier paper, was examined in two experiments in a growth chamber. In the first experiment, wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Songlen) was planted in a Zn deficient soil with and without added Zn, and combined factorially with different inoculum densities of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 8. When Zn was added, the percentage of seminal roots infected with R. solani was significantly lower compared to the treatments without added Zn, showing that low Zn potentiated the disease. A subsequent factorial experiment of four inoculum densities and six Zn levels, (0, 0.01, 0.04, 0.1, 0.4 and 6.0 mg Zn kg−1 soil) was conducted to investigate the Zn effect in more detail. Disease severity was markedly decreased by the higher Zn applications; the disease score dropped sharply between treatments of Zn0.04 and Zn0.1, a difference which was reflected in the plant yield response to Zn. For both experiments the Zn concentrations in shoots were significantly different only among Zn treatments, not among the inoculum treatments. This indicated that inoculum density or disease severity did not reduce Zn concentration in the plant. Thus, disease did not exaggerate Zn deficiency, but rather, Zn sufficiency suppressed disease severity. A potentiating link between Zn nutrition and disease severity is thereby established, although this type of experiment did not indicate the mechanism of the Zn effect.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012994

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46

Digitale Medien

The contribution of different regions of the seminal roots of wheat to uptake of nitrate from soil (1993)

Brady, D. J. ; Gregory, P. J. ; Fillery, I. R. P.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 155-158

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): nitrate uptake ; root activity ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract A technique was developed to determine the physiological activity of defined sections of seminal roots of wheat grown in sand. Wheat plants were grown for 2 weeks in narrow columns of N-deficient sand to which all other nutrients had been added. The columns were split longitudinally and 15N-labelled nitrate, in an agar medium, supplied to 2 cm sections of root. Shoots and roots were analysed after 24 h to determine the uptake of 15N. Three sections were examined on either the secondary or tertiary seminal root: 1 cm from the seed (basal segment), 35 cm from the seed (middle segment) and 4 cm from the root apex (apical segment). Total uptake was greatest from the basal and middle segments, declining by 50% from the apical segment. However, uptake per unit root length, including exposed sections of lateral roots, was not significantly different along the root.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025007

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47

Digitale Medien

Nutrient storage pool concentrations in plants as diagnostic indicators of nutrient sufficiency (1993)

Barraclough, P. B.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 175-178

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): diagnosis ; nutrition ; plants ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Macronutrients accumulate as free ions in all plant organs when supplies are abundant but growth requirements are generally satisfied before high concentrations are attained. Low threshold concentrations are necessary to ensure maximum growth and in wheat leaves these are around 10 mM nitrate, 5 mM phosphate, 0.5 mM sulfate and 130 mM potassium. The measurement of inorganic ion concentrations in leaves has potential as a diagnostic toll and might enable soil nutrient supplies to be more accurately matched with crop needs.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025012

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48

Digitale Medien

Effects of boron on pollen viability in wheat (1993)

Cheng, C. ; Rerkasem, B.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 313-315

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): anther ; boron deficiency ; fertilization ; grain set failure ; in vitro pollen germination ; pollen ; pollen tube ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Grain set failure in wheat, caused by boron (B) deficiency, is associated with poorly developed pollen and anthers. This paper presents results of a study of the effect of B on pollen viability when it was supplied "internally" through the roots and externally in an agar medium for in vitro germination. There was no major effect of B supply to wheat plants on the number of pollen anther-1 or the percentage of pollen with positive reaction to iodine. Pollen germination in the medium was, however, responsive to both internal and external B supply. When B was not added to the medium, germination was poor, regardless of the level of B supplied to the plant, in both a B deficiency sensitive (SW41) and a B deficiency tolerant (Sonora 64) genotypes. The percentage of germinated pollen and length of the pollen tube increased with increasing medium B. With 20–100 mg H3BO3 L-1 in the medium, the percentage of germinated pollen and length of the pollen tube responded positively to increasing B supply to the plant. No difference was found between sensitive and tolerant genotypes in the effect of B on their pollen viability. On the other hand, without added B in the nutrient solution applied to the plant, grain set was depressed in the B deficiency sensitive SW41 and not in the B deficiency tolerant Sonora 64. A difference in B supply to the germinating pollen in the stigma and style is one possible explanation for this variation in the response to B among wheat genotypes.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025045

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49

Digitale Medien

Genotypic differences in phosphorus efficiency of wheat (1993)

Horst, W. J. ; Abdou, M. ; Wiesler, F.

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 293-296

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): efficiency ; genotypic differences ; phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract In an attempt to evaluate whether breeding and selection for high yielding capacity did change the P requirements of modern wheat cultivars, the response of two wheat cultivars to different levels of P supply was investigated. A traditional cultivar ("Peragis") and a modern cultivar ("Cosir") were cultivated in a C-loess low in available P and high in CaCO3 in 120 cm high PVC pots. Shoot and root growth at different developmental stages was compared. The grain yield of the modern cultivar Cosir was higher at limiting and non-limiting P supply and, therefore, this cultivar can be considered as more P-efficient than the traditional cultivar. From the results it can be concluded that the main factors contributing to the higher P efficiency of the modern cultivar are (i) efficient use of assimilates for root growth characteristics which enhance P acquisition: smaller root diameter, and longer root hairs, (ii) efficient remobilization of P from vegetative plant organs to the grains, and (iii) lower P requirement for grain yield formation because of lower ear number per plant but higher grain number per ear.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025040

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50

Digitale Medien

Grain set failure in boron deficient wheat (1993)

Rerkasem, B. ; Netsangtip, R. ; Lordkaew, S. ; [weitere]

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 309-312

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): anther ; boron deficiency ; female flower ; fertilization ; grain set failure ; warm areas wheat ; pollen ; pollen germination ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Effects of boron (B) deficiency on reproductive development and grain set in wheat was studied in experiments in a sand culture in which grain set was increased by increasing B supply in the nutrient solution. Early vegetative response was also studied in a solution culture experiment with 5 μM B and without added B. Effects of B deficiency on the male and female part of the wheat flower were studied in a cross fertilization experiment involving B deficient and B sufficient wheat plants. An international trial (the Boron Probe Nursery) was conducted as a collaboration between Chiang Mai University, CIMMYT and National Agricultural Research Systems in various countries, to verify the B response in non-traditional, warm wheat-growing areas. There was a wide genotypic variation in reproductive responses to B among the eight wheat genotypes studied. In sand culture with low B (0.2 μM), grain set index ranged from 9.5% in SW41 to 94.5% in Fang 60; with high B (10 μM) it was ≥90% in all genotypes. Early vegetative response to B was measured in the length of the youngest emerged blade at 12 days after sowing. Without added B the length of the leaf blade relative to that with 5 μM B ranged from 0.82 to 0.92. This indicates some variation in vegetative response to B among the genotpes. However, there was no relationship between vegetative and reproductive responses to B of the wheat genotypes. Fertility of both the male and female part of the wheat flower appears to be affected by B deficiency. Ears from B deficient plants that were bagged to prevent cross fertilization set no grain. Cross pollination of B deficient female flowers with pollen from B sufficient plants resulted in only 28% grain set, compared with 94% percent from manual crossing of B sufficient pollen on B sufficient female. Reponses to B application of SW41 and other sensitive genotypes at field sites of the first international Boron Probe Nursery (1990/91) confirmed that B deficiency can be a major cause of grain set failure in wheat in warm areas.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025044

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51

Digitale Medien

The 2,4-D-induced wheat para-nodules are modified lateral roots with structure enhanced by rhizobial inoculation (1993)

Francisco, Perigio B. ; Akao, Shoichiro

Springer

Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 121-129

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate ; para-nodule ; Rhizobium trifolii ; structure ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Nodular outgrowths (para-nodules orp-nodules) on the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Miskle seedlings were induced by treatment with 0.3 and 0.6 mg L-1, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). When co-inoculated withRhizobium trifolii strain ATCC 14480, morep-nodules were formed at these levels andp-nodulation occured at 0.1 mg L-1 indicating that inoculation enhances 2,4-D-inducedp-nodulation. Similar to lateral roots, thep-nodules arose from the pericycle opposite the phloem tissues and were free from the cortical cells of the parental root at all stages of development. Structurally, thep-nodules exhibited tissue differentiation. They possessed a highly organized central vascular cylinder connected to that of the parent root, an endodermis, a cap, and an apical and lateral meristems.P-nodules formed by 2,4-D treatment alone were irregularly lobed due to uncoordinated activity of the apical meristem, while those in the combined 2,4-D and inoculation treatment were more globose. The results of the present study indicate that the 2,4-D-induced wheatp-nodules are modified lateral roots, the structure of which is enhanced by rhizobial inoculation.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02390234

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52

Digitale Medien

Differences between maize and wheat in growth-related nutrient demand and uptake of potassium and phosphorus at suboptimal root zone temperatures (1993)

Engels, C.

Springer

Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 129-138

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): adaptation ; maize ; nutrient uptake ; root growth ; root temperature ; shoot base temperature ; shoot growth ; shoot demand per unit of roots ; spring wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The effects of low root zone temperatures (RZT) on nutrient demand for growth and the capacity for nutrient acquisition were compared in maize and wheat growing in nutrient solution. To differentiate between direct temperature effects on nutrient uptake and indirect effects via an altered ratio of shoot to root growth, the plants were grown with their shoot base including apical shoot meristem either within the root zone (low SB), i.e. at RZT (12°, 16°, or 20°C) or, above the root zone (high SB), i.e. at uniformly high air temperature (20°/16° day/night). At low SB, suboptimal RZT reduced shoot growth more than root growth in wheat, whereas the opposite was true in maize. However, in both species the shoot growth rate per unit weight of roots, which was taken as parameter for the shoot demand for mineral nutrients per unit of roots, decreased at low RZT. Accordingly, the concentrations of potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) remained constant or even increased at low RZT despite reduced uptake rates. At high SB, shoot growth at low RZT in both species was higher than at low SB, whereas root growth was not increased. At high SB, the shoot demand per unit of roots was similar for all RZT in wheat, but increased with decreasing RZT in maize. Uptake rates of K at high SB and low RZT adapted to shoot demand within four days, and were even higher in maize than in wheat. Uptake rates of P adapted more slowly to shoot demand in both species, resulting in reduced concentrations of P in the shoot, particularly in maize. In conclusion, the two species did not markedly differ in their physiological capacity for uptake of K and P at low RZT. However, maize had a lower ability than wheat to adapt morphologically to suboptimal RZT by increasing biomass allocation towards the roots. This may cause a greater susceptibility of maize to nutrient deficiency, particularly if the temperatures around the shoot base are high and uptake is limited by nutrient transport processes in the soil towards the roots.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00779183

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53

Digitale Medien

Nitrogen cycling in leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) alley cropping in semi-arid tropics (1993)

Xu, Z. H. ; Saffigna, P. G. ; Myers, R. J. K. ; [weitere]

Springer

Plant and soil 148 (1993), S. 63-72

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): alley cropping ; C/N ratio ; decomposition ; fertilizer N ; leucaena N ; leucaena residues ; lignin ; maize ; N mineralization ; 15N recovery ; N uptake

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The success of alley cropping depends to a large extent on the efficiency of transfer of nitrogen (N) from the legume hedgerow plants to the non-legume crop. Here the idea is examined that leucaena prunings (residues) can supply enough N to maize plants to significantly reduce the degree of N deficiency. Two experiments on decomposition of leucaena leaf, stem, and petiole and mineralization of N from leucaena residues were conducted in field microplots which received application of either15N-labelled leucaena materials or ammonium sulphate fertilizer. The microplots were installed in alleys formed by leucaena hedgerows spaced 4.5 metres apart and cropped with maize. The decomposition of leucaena leaves, stems and petioles was estimated by several methods. The decomposition ranged from 50–58% with leaves, 25–67% with stems and 38–51% with petioles 20 days after addition. More than 55% of the N was released in 52 days during decomposition of leucaena residues. By 20 days after application of15N-labelled leucaena 3.3–9.4% of the added15N was found in the maize plants, 32.7–49.0% was in the leucaena residues, 36.0–48.0% in the soil and 0.3–21.9% lost (deficit). By 52 days 4.8% of the15N applied in leucaena prunings was taken up by maize, 45.1% was detected in the residues, 24.9% in the soil and 25.2% lost. However, when N fertilizer was applied, 50.2% of the fertilizer N was recovered by maize, 35.5% was retained in the soil and 14.3% apparently lost. There was a marked increase in maize plant dry matter and N uptake in the microplots with addition of leucaena prunings compared with those in the microplots without leucaena added. Most of the15N remaining in the soil profile, derived from leucaena residues, was detected in the top 25 cm soil with less than 2% found below 25 cm. ei]H Lambers

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185385

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54

Digitale Medien

Further evidence that zinc is required throughout the root zone for optimal plant growth and development (1993)

Nable, Ross O. ; Webb, Michael J.

Springer

Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 247-253

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): deficiency ; efficiency ; genotypic variation ; sub-soil ; water use ; wheat ; zinc

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The effect of variable Zn supply with depth in a soil profile was examined in two wheat genotypes differing in their Zn efficiency. ‘Gatcher’ (Zn-inefficient) and ‘Excalibur’ (Zn-efficient) were grown in a low Zn soil in pots with two treatment zones. The upper zone (10 cm) was supplied with Zn while Zn was either supplied or withheld from the lower zone (25 cm). In both genotypes, withholding Zn from the lower zone had no effect on root growth in either the upper or lower zones; neither did it affect plant appearance prior to booting. However, withholding Zn from the lower zone delayed head emergence in Gatcher by some 10 d and depressed grain yield by 20%. In Excalibur, Zn treatment had no effect on head emergence or grain yield. In Gatcher, withholding Zn from the lower zone depressed water usage by 12% during a 60 d period preceding maturity. No effect of Zn treatment on water usage was seen in Excalibur. Tissue Zn concentrations closely reflected the lower zone Zn treatments in both genotypes. Irrespective of the Zn treatment, Excalibur had higher Zn concentrations in flag leaves but lower concentrations in grain than Gatcher. In whole shoots, genotypic differences in Zn concentration only occurred when Zn was added to the lower zone; Excalibur having almost twice that of Gatcher. Clearly, if Zn is not supplied to the entire root system there is the potential for impaired root function and plant development, and for reduced grain yield. Approaches to managing this problem are discussed.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013021

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55

Digitale Medien

Nutrient fluxes in the shifting cultivation system of south-west Côte d'Ivoire (1993)

Reuler, H. ; Janssen, B. H.

Springer

Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 179-188

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): ash ; burning ; Côte d'Ivoire ; efficiency of utilization of nutrients ; maize ; nutrient uptake ; residual effects ; shifting cultivation ; Taï National Park ; upland rice ; weed growth

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract At two sites, one with a 4-year-old (4-Y) secondary vegetation and the other with a 20-year-old (20-Y) vegetation, the influence of burning slashed vegetation on crop performance was studied during three seasons. In the first season after clearing, also the influence on weed growth was studied. At both sites, burning significantly decreased the number of weed seedlings. The lowest number of seedlings was found on the burnt plots of the 20-Y site. Burning increased yield and nutrient uptake significantly in the first and second season after clearing. In the third season after burning, only at the 4-Y site a significantly higher yield and nutrient uptake were found. At the 20-Y site the effect had disappeared. Calculations of efficiency of utilization of absorbed N, P and K indicated that P was the least available nutrient, also after burning. At both sites three consecutive crops absorbed approximately 40% of P applied in ash, while the cumulative recovery of K was at least 36% at the 4-Y site and at least 59% at the 20-Y site. On non-burnt plots, yields were not lower in the third season than in the first season after clearing, thus indicating that the inherent soil fertility did not decrease. Hence, yield decline on the burnt plots could be ascribed to ash depletion. It was concluded that in the local shifting cultivation system, the combination of ash depletion and infestation of weeds are the main reasons for abandoning the fields.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012523

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56

Digitale Medien

Grain protein and grain yield of tritordeum in comparison to wheat and triticale (1993)

Gallardo, M. ; Fereres, E.

Springer

Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 287-293

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): grain protein concentration ; grain yield ; nitrogen ; tritordeum ; triticale ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The new species of cereal × Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner (Hordeum chilense Roem. et Shultz × Triticum ssp.) has a grain protein concentration (GPC) of up to 25%. The relationship between GPC and yield, and the factors responsible for the high GPC of tritordeum were examined and compared in field experiments. Three experimental tritordeum lines, two early and a later released (recombined and secondary tritordeums) were compared to wheat (cv. Cajeme) and triticale cultivars (cv. Trujillo). GPC's were 19%–22% for recombined tritordeums, 16% for the secondary tritordeum, 12–15% for wheats and 11% for triticale. Grain yields of the recombined and secondary tridordeum were 17–33% and 45–57% that of the wheats and triticale, respectively. Reducing grain sink size by spikelet removal resulted in an increased GPC of remaining grains. Considering all species together there were a strong inverse relationship between GPC and grain yield (GY) per main ear (GPC=26−4.76 ln GY; r2=0.82). In another experiment, frost damage to an early sown treatment of wheat reduced sink size. Harvest index (HI) of early sown wheat was reduced from 0.45 to 0.19, values comparable to that of tritordeum. Having similar HI, the GPC of the early sown wheat was the same as an early sown tritordeum (around 18%). Data for total N uptake and the N concentration of plant tissue during the growing season indicated that enhanced N uptake and remobilisation were not responsible for tritordeum's high GPC. These results suggest that the high GPC of the early lines of tritordeum is a consequence of the small grain yield concentrating the grain protein.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013002

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57

Digitale Medien

Soil transformation of wheat and corn metabolites mboa and DIM2BOA into aminophenoxazinones (1993)

Kumar, Praveen ; Gagliardo, Ronald W. ; Chilton, William Scott

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2453-2461

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Schlagwort(e): DIMBOA ; MBOA ; DIM2BOA ; M2BOA ; 2-amino-7-methoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one ; 2-amino-4,6,7-trimethoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one ; corn ; wheat ; soil microbial transformation ; phytotoxicity

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie

Notizen: Abstract The defensive cyclic hydroxamates 7-methoxy-2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) and 7,8-dimethoxy-2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIM2BOA) of wheat and corn are transformed in nonsterile soil, via 6-methoxy-2(3H)-benzoxazolone (MBOA) and 6,7-dimethoxy-2(3H)-benzoxazolone (M2BOA) respectively, into 2-amino-7-methoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one and 2-amino-4,6,7-trimethoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one. The soil transformation is similar of that undergone by the rye metabolite 2(3H)-benzoxazolone (BOA) into 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one. The transformations to phenoxazinones are not observed in sterile soil. The 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one inhibits barnyard grass radicle elongation, but the methoxylated aminophenoxazinones are not significantly inhibitory.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980682

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58

Digitale Medien

Nitrogen fertilizer in leucaena alley cropping. II. residual value of nitrogen fertilizer and leucaena residues (1993)

Xu, Z. H. ; Myers, R. J. K. ; Saffigna, P. G. ; [weitere]

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 34 (1993), S. 1-8

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Schlagwort(e): leucaena ; maize ; 15N recovery ; residual15N

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Legume residues have been credited with supplying mineral nitrogen (N) to the associated cereal crop and improving soil fertility in the long term. Few studies using15N have reported the fate of legume N and fertilizer N in the presence of legume residues in soil-plant systems over periods of two years or longer. A field experiment was conducted in microplots to evaluate: (1) the residual value of the15N added in leucaena residues; (2) the residual value of fertilizer15N applied in the presence of unlabelled leucaena residues in the first year to maize over three subsequent years; and (3) the long-term fate of residual fertilizer and leucaena15N in a leucaena alley cropping system. There was a significant increase in maize production over three subsequent years after addition of leucaena residues. The residual effect of fertilizer N increased maize yield in the second year when N fertilizer was applied at 36 kg N ha−1 in the first year in the presence of leucaena residues. Of the leucaena15N applied in the first year, the second, third and fourth maize crop recovered 2.6%, 1.8% and 1.4%, respectively. The corresponding values for the residual fertilizer15N were 0.7%, 0.4% and 0.3%. About 12–14% of the fertilizer15N added in the first year was found in the 200 cm soil profile over the following three years. This differed from the 38–41% of leucaena15N detected in the soil over the same period. Most of the residual fertilizer and leucaena15N in the soil was immobilized in the top 25 cm with less than 1% leached below 100 cm. More than 36% of the leucaena15N and fertilizer15N added in the first year was apparently lost from the soil-plant system in the first two years. No further loss of the residual leucaena and fertilizer15N was detected after two years.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749953

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59

Digitale Medien

The effect of feeding maize husk and leucaena mixed or separately on the voluntary intake of the husk (1993)

Phiri, D. M. ; Coulman, B. ; Steppler, H. A. ; [weitere]

Springer

Agroforestry systems 24 (1993), S. 271-276

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Schlagwort(e): intake ; maize ; husk ; leucaena ; goats

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The effect of feeding maize (Zea mays L.) husk and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) as a mixture or separately on the voluntary intake of maize husk was studied over a 40-day period. Ten male goats with an average weight of 15 kg were used. The maize husk intake and total dry matter intake for the two feeding methods was about the same. Thus, total dry matter intake was not affected (P〈0.05) by the feeding method. There was also no significant difference (P〈0.05) between the two feeding methods in the digestibility values. The data were considered to indicate that there were no significant differences in the intake of maize husk when fed in a mixture with leucaena or when offered separately but at the same time.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705626

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60

Digitale Medien

Use of the SCUAF model to simulate natural miombo woodland and maize monoculture ecosystems in Zimbabwe (1993)

Vermeulen, S. J. ; Woomer, P. ; Campbell, B. M. ; [weitere]

Springer

Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 259-271

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Schlagwort(e): SCUAF ; computer model ; soil carbon ; soil nitrogen ; miombo ; maize

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract ‘Soil Changes Under Agroforestry’ (SCUAF), a computer model designed to predict changes in erosion, soil carbon and soil nitrogen over time within various agroforestry systems and climatic regimes, was assessed using input data from an undisturbed miombo woodland and an adjacent maize field in Zimbabwe. Predicted changes in soil carbon were in a realistic range for both miombo and maize treatments. However, the accuracy of the model may be a reflection of the detail required in its initialisation. Several problematic relationships were found within the model, in particular inconsistent patterns between nitrogen uptake and plant productivity under complex fertilisation simulations and a lack of attenuation of productivity in the simulation of miombo woodland as it approached maturity.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705238

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61

Digitale Medien

A study of alley-cropping data from Northern Brazil. I. Distributional properties (1993)

Riley, J. ; Smyth, S.

Springer

Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 241-258

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Schlagwort(e): agroforestry ; Inga edulis ; maize ; beans ; statistical analysis ; distributions

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Measurements from trees and plants of a BrazilianInga/maize/beans alleycrop experiment were assessed for their distributional properties for three years of the study. Results for the tree data were similar to those found in an earlier study. Results for the crop data demonstrated similarities between the distributions for alleycrops and solecrops, nonnormality shown by positive skewness and peaked distributions. Changes in the distributional shapes were demonstrated from year to year as soil nutrient depletion increased and as climatic variables fluctuated. Variation across the rows in the alley was often of a similar size to variation from plant to plant within the rows. Initial recommendations for analysis of such data are given on the basis of these results.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705237

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62

Digitale Medien

Associations and genetics of three components of slow rusting in leaf rust of wheat (1993)

Das, M. K. ; Rajaram, S. ; Kronstad, W. E. ; [weitere]

Springer

Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 99-109

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): wheat ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; slow rusting resistance ; leaf rust ; brown rust ; genetics

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Forty F6 lines, the two parental lines, and a susceptible check cultivar of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were inoculated in the young flag leaf stage with leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) and evaluated for latent period, receptivity, and uredinium size in a greenhouse experiment. Genotypic (rg) and phenotypic (rp) correlations between latent period and uredinium size were −0.81 and −0.62, respectively. A negative correlation (rg=−0.50, rp=−0.41) was found between latent period and receptivity and a positive correlation (rg=0.28, rp=0.26) between uredinium size and receptivity was found. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and final rust severity (FRS) obtained from a subsequent field study with common entries were negatively correlated with latent period and positively correlated with uredinium size. Correlations of receptivity with both AUDPC and FRS were not significant. The distributions of F6 family mean uredinia size and latent period were continuous between slow rusting and fast rusting parents: however, the distribution for receptivity was discrete. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were 63%, 57%, and 47% for uredinium size, latent period, and receptivity, respectively. Estimates of the minimum number of effective factors were three for latent period and three or four for the uredinium size and receptivity. The components are controlled by closely linked genes or due to pleotropic effects of the same gene.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024159

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63

Digitale Medien

Intergenotypic competition and border effect in bread wheat and barley (1993)

Romani, M. ; Borghi, B. ; Alberici, R. ; [weitere]

Springer

Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 19-31

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; grain yield ; plot size ; variety trials ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary A coordinated series of experiments aimed to estimate border effect and intergenotypic competition was carried out on bread wheat and barley in Italy and Germany. The performance of the varieties grown in alternate rows 14–17 cm apart proved to be strictly dependent on the bordering variety. The varieties grown in adjacent plots consisting of eight rows showed significant border effects: the two external rows yielded up to 40% more than the two innermost, and the two 30 cm end hills facing the alleys yielded 29% more than the central part of the plot. Is has been suggested that in variety trials the first 30–40 cm at both ends of each plot should be removed mechanically. In spite of the border effect detected in the outer rows of the plots, the varieties similarly exploited the extra space available at the borders, and the space of 30 cm left between adjacent plots seems to be sufficient to dilute the intergenotypic competition at plot level to an extent only marginally affecting variety performance. In conclusion, grain yield based on whole plot (8 rows, 6–10 m2) appears to provide a good estimate of ‘true yield’, providing that it is based on the actual area of the plot, including the uncropped strip between adjacent plots. By contrast, the reduction of plot size to 1–3 rows is not feasible without introducing considerable bias into the estimation of the yield potential of the varieties.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021722

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64

Digitale Medien

Allelic variation at Glu-1 loci in some Yugoslav wheat cultivars (1993)

Knežević, D. ; Šurlan-Momirovć, Gordana ; Ćirić, Draga

Springer

Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 89-94

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): electrophoresis ; glutenins ; alleles ; sedimentation value ; wheat ; quality score ; high molecular weight glutenins ; Triticum aestivum ; Yugoslavia

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary The high molecular weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin extracted from flour of 36 Yogoslav wheat cultivars were separated by SDS-PAGE to identify their alleles, and the frequency of each allele was calculated. Eleven alleles from the three Glu-loci were recognized, three at the Glu-A1 locus, six at the Glu-B1 locus and two at the Glu-D1 locus. The most frequent allele was “a” (55.5%) from Glu-D1, which controls synthesis of subunits 2+12. The Glu-1 quality score varied from 4 (KG-III/27, KG-75, Morava and KG-101/7) to 10 (Lepenica). The mean Glu-1 quality score of cultivars and lines from Kragujevac was 6.8, for cultivars from Zagreb 7.2, and for cultivars from Novi Sad was 7.9. Most of the genotypes with a quality score of 8 or above, had high sedimentation values (Zeleny test). There were no significant differences in allelic composition at the Glu-1 loci among wheat genotypes from Kragujevac, Novi Sad and Zagreb.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021730

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65

Digitale Medien

Reaction of triticale, wheat and rye accessions to graminaceous Fusarium spp. infection at the seedling and adult plant growth stages (1993)

Arseniuk, E. ; Góral, T. ; Czembor, H. J.

Springer

Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 175-183

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): X Triticosecale ; triticale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; Fusarium spp ; pathogenicity ; head blight ; seedling resistance ; adult plant resistance ; grain yield

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Pathogenicity of 20 isolates of 12 Fusarium species recovered from triticale seed against seedlings of 14 varieties of winter cereals (triticale, wheat, and rye) was tested. The most pathogenic inoculum was a mixture of isolates (a composite isolate) of all the species. The following species were individually the most pathogenic: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum, and F. graminearum. Winter triticale was more resistant to seedling blight than rye but more susceptible than wheat. Also reactions of 31 winter and 12 spring varieties of cereals to head inoculation with a composite isolate of 4 Fusarium spp. (F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. sambucinum var. coeruleum) was studied. In comparison to other cereals of similar type winter and spring wheat appeared to be the most susceptible while winter rye reaction was comparable to winter triticale. Spring and winter triticale varieties responded to head infection intermediately. There was no significant correlation between seedling and head reactions to infection with Fusarium spp. for winter rye and triticale. For winter wheat a negative trend was found. The above findings imply that screening of cereals at the seedling stage can not be used to predict the resistance to head blight. Nevertheless, resistance at the stage is highly desirable to prevent excessive damage of the crops due to the seedling blight incited by Fusarium spp..

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023757

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66

Digitale Medien

Inheritance of stripe rust (yellow rust) resistance in the wheat cultivar Carstens V (1993)

Chen, Xianming ; Line, Roland F.

Springer

Euphytica 71 (1993), S. 107-113

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): Puccinia striiformis ; resistance genes ; stripe rust ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; yellow rust

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Carstens V, one of the wheat cultivars used to differentiate races of Puccinia striiformis (stripe rust or yellow rust) in Europe, was crossed with stripe rust susceptible cultivars and cultivars with genes for resistance to the disease to determine the genetic basis of its stripe rust resistance. Seedlings of the parents and F1, F2, and F3 progeny were evaluated for resistance to North American races of P. striiformis. Based on those evaluations, Carstens V has three genes for resistance to North American race CDL-21, two genes for resistance to races CDL-17, CDL-20, and CDL-29, and one gene for resistance to race CDL-27. The genes that confer resistance to race CDL-17 also confer resistance to race CDL-21. The three genes were either dominant or recessive depending upon the race used in the test and the cultivar used in the cross. None of the genes in Carstens V are the same as the genes for resistance in Cappelle Desprez, Chinese 166, Clement, Compair, Heines Peko, Hybrid 46, Minister, Nord Desprez, Triticum spelta album, and Vilmorin 23.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023473

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67

Digitale Medien

Mid-parent heterosis and combining ability of European corn borer resistance in maize (1993)

Lamb, Elizabeth M. ; Davis, David W. ; Andow, David A.

Springer

Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 65-72

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): diallel analysis ; host plant resistance ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; plant breeding ; Zea mays ; maize ; European corn borer

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Success in breeding maize resistant to the European corn borer has been limited, with the exception of leaf feeding resistance. The inheritance of resistance to leaf, sheath-collar and ear damage in four maize germplasms and their six F1 crosses was evaluated by diallel analysis. Plants in a completely randomized design were artificially infested at the whorl, anthesis or full silk stage of plant development and were evaluated in the field for insect damage. A damage index based on size, number and location of lesions was calculated for each stage. Stowell's Evergreen (susceptible) had a mean damage index three to six times that of Maiz Amargo (resistant) at the whorl stage and the progeny plants were more resistant than the susceptible parent. Maiz Amargo and its crosses had significantly lower mean indices than Stowell's Evergreen for sheath-collar damage in Year 1 but not Year 2. Zapalote Chico, Maiz Amargo and their cross were significantly less damaged than other genotypes at the full silk stage. Heterosis values indicated an increase in resistance of crosses over the midparent average at all three stages of development. General combining ability (GCA) was highly significant for all types of damage, but specific combining ability was significant only for leaf damage. Based on estimates of GCA, Maiz Amargo was the best source of resistance to leaf and sheath-collar damage and both Zapalote Chico and Maiz Amargo would be good parents for ear damage resistance. Results suggest that resistance at different plant development stages can be combined.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023774

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68

Digitale Medien

Long-term association of locations for testing spring bread wheat (1993)

DeLacy, I. H. ; Fox, P. N. ; Corbett, J. D. ; [weitere]

Springer

Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 95-106

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): pattern analysis ; genotype x environment interaction ; grain yield ; mega-environments ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary The International Spring Wheat Yield Nursery (ISWYN) has been distributed annually since 1964 and the results provide a base for investigating relationships among locations. Ordination and clustering of locations was conducted using 26 years of grain yield data. Ordination and clusters based on the discrimination of germplasm were compared with ‘mega-environments’, which are groupings of locations defined by CIMMYT on the basis of climatic factors and perceptions of major biotic and abiotic stresses. Discrepancies among mega-environmental groupings, clusters and ordinations may identify locations for which major stresses affecting wheat yield are yet unidentified. Major environmental discriminators were latitude and the presence or absence of stress, although there was little association of locations due to limited moisture availability. We identified two major spring wheat environments, typified as Asian and European, and suggest the mega-environmental classification does not explain all significant associations among locations. Location groupings based on discrimination of germplasm should be considered in parallel to mega-environments on a regular basis and we propose breeding for a base of broadly adapted germplasm to which specific stress tolerances are incorporated.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023777

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69

Digitale Medien

Nutritional disorders between potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus in soil (1993)

Jakobsen, S. T.

Springer

Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 21-28

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): activity ratio ; ammonium phosphate ; chloride ; maize ; sandy loam ; soil extracts ; sulphate ; superphosphate ; unbalanced nutrition

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract A new soil testing procedure has been used to demonstrate the effect of an overfertilization by potassium during the preceding years. The total concentration of cations was governed by the amount of soluble anions and the proportion between the different cations was dependent on exchange reactions and is described by activity ratio. High activity ratio between potassium and calcium induced Ca-deficiency, which resulted in a restricted root functioning shown by periodic decreases of nutrient uptake rates and plant growth rate. P-deficiency restricted root growth, but although ammonium phosphate was most effective to increase P-concentration in soil extracts and P-absorption by plants, ordinary superphosphate gave the highest yield and the best utilization of the absorbed phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011066

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70

Digitale Medien

Mapping of genes for copper efficiency in rye and the relationship between copper and iron efficiency (1993)

Schlegel, R. ; Kynast, R. ; Schwarzacher, T. ; [weitere]

Springer

Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 61-65

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): Key words ; chromosome translocation ; copper efficiency ; DNA: DNA in situ DNA hybridization ; physical mapping ; phytosiderophores ; rye ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract A 4B/5R wheat-rye translocation line derived from the Danish wheat variety ‘Viking’ was revealed to be highly copper efficient. The chromosomal exchange includes a very small terminal segment of chromosome arm 5RL of rye which was physically mapped by genomic DNA: DNA in situ hybridization and chromosome analysis. The gene for Cu efficiency (Ce) is linked to a dominant hairy neck character from rye (Ha1) and to two rye-specific leaf esterase loci (Est6, Est7), all of which are postulated to map to the distal part of 5RL. Genes coding for mugineic acid synthetase and 3-hydroxymugineic acid synthetase also on chromosome 5R are not included in the 4B/5R translocation and hence map outside the terminal 5R region. These genetic and molecular markers can be useful tools for large-scale screening in wheat breeding programmes.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011072

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71

Digitale Medien

Nitrogen uptake in relation to water availability in wheat (1993)

Abreu, J. P. De M. E. ; Flores, I. ; Abreu, F. M. G. ; [weitere]

Springer

Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 89-96

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): nitrogen concentration ; nitrogen content ; nitrogen uptake ; Trilicum aestivum L. ; wheat ; water stress

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Nitrogen uptake and distribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are dependent on environmental conditions and in particular on the water regime. Under Mediterranean conditions, where high water stress at the end of the crop cycle is frequent, nitrogen uptake can be reduced, affecting yield and quality of the grain. To disclose these relations a field experiment was carried out in Central Portugal. Wheat was grown on a clay soil (Vertisol) at three water treatments: rainfed (WO), with 80 mm of irrigation (W1) and with 50 mm and 70 mm irrigations (W2). All treatments received 50 kg ha−1 of N prior to sowing and were top-dressed with 140 kg ha−1 of N, splitted in two applications, Kjeldahl N was determined in green leaves (GL), yellow leaves (YL), stems (ST), chaff (CH) and grain (GR). N uptake after anthesis was 40% of the total in W2, but was not noticeable in the other two treatments. N concentrations in the total above-ground plant dry matter, and in both YL and ST were not very different according to treatment, but water availability increased grain-N concentration. It seems, therefore, that grain protein concentration and N uptake can be substantially increased by late irrigations.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011076

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72

Digitale Medien

Copper supply and the leaf emergence rate of spring wheat (1993)

Longnecker, Nancy ; Slater, Jenny ; Robson, Alan

Springer

Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 457-459

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): copper ; development ; leaf emergence ; nutrient deficiency ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Copper deficiency can delay flowering and plant maturity. However, the effect of copper deficiency on the rate of leaf emergence has not been quantified. We tested the hypothesis that low copper supply decreases the rate of leaf emergence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Gamenya). Copper foliar sprays are commonly applied to wheat. We examined the response of the rate of leaf emergence to a foliar application of copper sulphate. Wheat was grown in root cooling tanks (20°C) in the glasshouse. Soil copper treatments were applied as solutions of CuSO4.5H2O at three rates: Cu0=no added Cu, Cu400=400 μg Cu per 3 kg pot, and Cu1600=1600 μg Cu per pot. An additional treatment of a foliar spray of CuSO4.5H2O (0.4 mg Cu per plant) was applied to Cu0 and Cu400 plants 45 days after sowing (5.5 leaves on the main stem). Leaves on the main stem were counted and the rate of leaf emergence was estimated from the regression of number of emerged leaves against thermal time (base 0°C). The phyllochron was calculated as 1/rate of emergence. Leaves on Cu0 and Cu400 plants took longer to emerge than on Cu1600 plants, with the phyllochron of Cu1600 plants being 130 compared to 137 for the Cu400 plants and 158 for the Cu0 plants. The foliar application of CuSO4 at the 5–6 leaf stage resulted in a decrease in the phyllochron of the Cu0 plants to 127, but no change in that of the Cu400 plants.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025082

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73

Digitale Medien

Variability in nitrogen fixation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) intercropped with maize (1993)

Tsai, S. M. ; Silva, P. M. ; Cabezas, W. L. ; [weitere]

Springer

Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 93-101

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): common bean ; maize ; intercropping ; nitrogen fixation ; 15N isotope ; 15N natural variation ; Rhizobium

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Thirty one selected bean lines were evaluated in the field for ability to support N2 fixation when intercropped with maize which received 0, 30 and 60 kg N ha−1 as ammonium sulphate. The amount of fixed N2 was estimated using the natural variation of 15N and wheat as the standard non-fixing crop. Nitrogen as low as 15 kg N ha−1 at sowing suppressed nodule weight and activity (acetylene reduction activity) but not nodule number, suggesting that the main effect of mineral N was on nodule development and function. 15N data revealed a high potential of the bean genotypes to fix N2, with the most promising ones averaging between 50–60% of seed N coming from fixation. Bean lines CNF-480, Puebla-152, Mexico-309, Negro Argel, CNF-178, Venezuela-350 and WBR22-3, WBR22-50 and WBR22-55 were ranked as good fixers.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016337

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74

Digitale Medien

Re-sorption of organic compounds by roots of Zea mays L. and its consequences in the rhizosphere (1993)

Jones, D. L. ; Darrah, P. R.

Springer

Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 47-59

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): maize ; mathematical model ; re-sorption ; rhizosphere ; root exudates

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The exudation of soluble carbon compounds from Zea mays roots was investigated over a 10 day growth period under sterile and non-sterile solution culture conditions. The results showed that plants grown in sterile static solution culture, where C was allowed to accumulate, released 8 times less C than plants grown under culture conditions in which the solutions were replaced daily. The increased C loss from plant cultures in which exudates were removed daily was attributable to, (a) the reduced potential for root re-sorption of previously lost C, and (b), increasing diffusion gradients between the root and the surrounding bathing solution increasing passive leakage of exudates from the roots. In treatments where C was removed daily from the root-bathing solution, 86% of the total C lost was of a soluble low molecular weight nature, whereas, in sterile and non-sterile static cultures, allowing the accumulation of C over 10 days, this was reduced to 67.5 and 48% respectively. The main C fluxes operating in a solution culture system (efflux and influx of C by both roots and microorganisms) were examined using a computer simulation model to describe movement of soluble sugar-C in both sterile and non-sterile conditions. In sterile static cultures where C was allowed to accumulate in solution over a 10 day growth period, 98% of the C exuded was re-absorbed by the plant. Where C was removed daily from the root-bathing solution this was reduced to 86%. The predicted patterns of C accumulation were similar to those found in the experiments. Simulations showed that the pattern of accumulation and final equilibrium concentrations were dependent on the rate of exudation, the spatial characteristics of exudation, solution volume, root growth rate and the presence of a microbial population. Simulations under non-sterile conditions showed that roots can compete with microorganisms for exudates in solution indicating the possible importance of re-sorption in a soil environment. The results clearly indicate that roots are capable of regulating the net amount of C released into a solution culture with the amount of C collected being highly dependent on the experimental conditions employed. The possible implications of soluble C influx on processes operating within the rhizosphere and in experimental systems is discussed.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010543

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75

Digitale Medien

Effects of plant growth regulators on acetylene-reducing associations between Azospirillum brasilense and wheat (1993)

Sriskandarajah, Sridevy ; Kennedy, Ivan R. ; Yu, Daiguan ; [weitere]

Springer

Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 165-178

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): acetylene reduction ; Azospirillum ; nitrogen fixation ; para-nodulation ; plant growth regulators ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Treatment of wheat seedlings with the synthetic auxin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), induced nodule-like structures or tumours (termed para-nodules) where lateral roots would normally emerge. The formation of these structures promoted increased rates of acetylene reduction at reduced oxygen pressure (0.02–0.04 atm) in seedling inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense, compared to seedlings inoculated without auxin treatment. Fluorescent microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy and direct bacterial counts all showed that the 2,4-d treatment stimulated internal colonization of the root system with azospirilla, particularly in the basal region of the nodular structures. Both colonization with azospirilla and acetylene-reducing activity were further stimulated by simultaneous treatment with another synthetic auxin, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and, less reliably, with indoleacetic acid (IAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA). These auxins produced shortening of many initiated lateral roots, although 20 times the concentration of NAA was required to achieve rounded structures similar to those obtained with 2,4-d. Treatment with NAA, IAA or IBA alone also stimulated colonization with azospirilla and acetylene reduction rates at 0.02 atm oxygen, but less effectively than by treatment with 2,4-d. Such exogenous treatments of wheat seedlings with synthetic growth regulators provide an effective laboratory model for studies on the development of a N2-fixing system in cereals.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012989

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76

Digitale Medien

Interaction between zinc nutritional status of cereals and Rhizoctonia root rot severity (1993)

Thongbai, Pongmanee ; Hannam, Robert J. ; Graham, Robin D. ; [weitere]

Springer

Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 207-214

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): barley ; cereal root rot ; Rhizoctonia solani ; wheat ; Zn nutrition

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract The severity of a root rot disease of cereals, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG8, was inversely correlated to the Zn status of plants in field studies in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, a preliminary survey was conducted in a farmer's field in South Australia where Zn deficiency and disease were both widespread. Zn concentration in ‘Spear’ wheat plants at the 3-leaf to early tillering stage was negatively correlated with severity of the disease. For the elevent elements analysed, a correlation matrix showed that Zn had the highest, and only significant (R2=0.52**) association with disease. The effect of Zn applications and their residual value on disease severity was further studied in a long-term field experiment in 1989 and 1990 to which Zn had been applied in 1986. There was a decrease in the area of Rhizoctonia bare patch as Zn rate was increased, a result consistent with the field survey results; the recommended rate of 2.5 kg Zn ha−1 reduced the area affected by bare patch from 42% to 21% of the total crop area compared with no Zn application, overcame Zn deficiency and increased grain yield from 1.1 to 2.8 t ha−1. In 1990, fresh Zn application treatments were applied to trial plots designed for this purpose, in order to compare the response with the older Zn treatments applied in 1986. The areas of bare patch in the older Zn treatments were approximately 5% greater than those in the fresh Zn treatments. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that Zn deficient plants are more susceptible to root rot caused by R. solani. Testing this hypothesis is the subject of a companion paper.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012993

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77

Digitale Medien

Estimates of the residual nitrogen benefit of groundnut to maize in Northeast Thailand (1993)

McDonagh, J. F. ; Toomsan, B. ; Limpinuntana, V. ; [weitere]

Springer

Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 267-277

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Schlagwort(e): added nitrogen interactions ; groundnut ; maize ; nitrogen ; 15N-isotope methodology ; residual effect

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Four cultivars of groundnut were grown in upland soil in Northeast Thailand to study the residual benefit of the stover to a subsequent maize crop. An N-balance estimate of the total residual N in the maize supplied by the groundnut was made. In addition three independent estimates were made of the residual benefits to maize when the groundnut stover was returned to the land and incorporated. The first estimate (Estimate 1) was an N-balance estimate. A dual labelling approach was used where 15N-labelled stover was added to unlabelled microplots (Estimate 2) or unlabelled stover was added to 15N-labelled soil microplots (Estimate 3). The nodulating groundnut cultivars fixed between 59–64% of their nitrogen (as estimated by the 15N isotope dilution method using non-nodulating groundnut as a non-fixing reference) producing between 100 and 130 kg N ha-1 in their stover. Although the following maize crop suffered from drought stress, maize grain N and dry weights were up to 80% and 65% greater respectively in the plots where the stover was returned as compared with the plots where the stover was removed. These benefits were comparable with applications of 75 kg N ha-1 nitrogen in the form of urea. The total residual N estimates of the contribution of the nodulated groundnut to the maize ranged from 16.4–27.5 kg N ha-1. Estimates of the residual N supplied by the stover and fallen leaves ranged from 11.9–21.3 kg N ha-1 using the N-balance method (Estimate 1), from 6.3–9.6 kg N ha-1 with the labelled stover method (Estimate 2) and from 0–11.4 kg N ha-1 with the labelled soil method. There was closest agreement between the two 15N based estimates suggesting that ‘apparent added nitrogen interactions’ in these soils may not be important and that N balance estimates can overestimate the residual N in crops following legumes, even in very poor soils. This work also indicates the considerable ability of local groundnut cultivars to fix atmospheric nitrogen and the potential benefits from returning and incorporating legume residues to the soil in the upland cropping systems of Northeast Thailand. The applicability of the 15N methodology used here and possible reasons for the discrepancies between estimates 1, 2 and 3 are discussed.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012532

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78

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Crossability percentages of bread wheat landraces from Shaanxi and Henan provinces, China with rye (1993)

Luo, M. C. ; Yen, C. ; Yang, J. L.

Springer

Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 1-8

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): China ; crossability ; landrace ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary The crossability percentages of 118 landraces of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Shaanxi and Henan provinces, China with rye (Secale cereale L.) have been tested. 14 landraces possess a higher crossability percentage than Chinese Spring, 30 landraces have a similar to and 74 landraces have a lower crossability percentage than Chinese Spring or are non-crossable with rye. Most landraces with high crossability percentage occur in south part of Shaanxi, and the west and southwest of Henan, their geographical distribution in these regions fits up with that in the Sichuan province.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022718

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79

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Agronomic and quality characters of near-isogenic lines of wheat carrying genes for stem rust resistance (1993)

Knott, D. R.

Springer

Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 33-41

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; stem rust ; near-isogenic lines ; linkage drag

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Two sets of near-isogenic lines of wheat carrying single genes for stem rust resistance were grown in yield tests to determine whether the resistance genes were deleterious. One set was based on the cultivar Marquis and the second set on a susceptible, day-length insensitive line, LMPG. The results indicated that the effects of resistance genes vary with different genes and different environments. However, there appeared to be a tendency for resistance genes to reduce yield. In most cases the reductions were too small to be of much concern to wheat breeders.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024152

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80

Digitale Medien

Crossability percentages of bread wheat collections from Tibet, China with rye (1993)

Luo, M. C. ; Yen, C. ; Yang, J. L.

Springer

Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 127-129

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): China ; crossability ; landrace ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary The crossability percentages of 282 accessions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected in Tibet, China with rye (Secale cereale L.) have been tested. Five collections have a similar to and 277 accessions have a lower crossability percentage than Chinese Spring or are non-crossable with rye. The accessions with high crossability percentage occur along the highway near Lhasa. No landraces with higher crossability than Chinese Spring and rare landraces with similar crossability to Chinese Spring indicated that the landraces in Tibet region are different from those in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Henan provinces in the distribution frequency of high crossability, and there is no distribution of recessive kr4 alleles.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029649

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81

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Components of adult plant resistance to leaf rust in wheat (1993)

Denissen, C. J. M.

Springer

Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 131-140

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): adult plant resistance (APR) ; area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) ; infection frequency (IF) ; latency period (LP) ; partial resistance (PR) ; P. recondita f.sp. tritici ; sporulating leaf area (SLA) ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; wheat leaf rust

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Winter wheat genotypes were tested for resistance in the field by assessing the percentage sporulating leaf area after infection with wheat leaf rust. The disease level in the first field trial was too low for selection. In the second field trial a low sporulating leaf area was found on several genotypes showing a susceptible infection type. These genotypes possibly have partial resistance. Six genotypes possibly possess adult plant resistance, as they showed a resistant infection type and a low sporulating leaf area. The latency period, infection frequency and uredosorus size of sixteen genotypes were determined in the greenhouse after infection with two races of leaf rust at two temperature regimes. The temperature × genotype interaction, found for latency period and infection frequency, was mostly influenced by the cultivars Cerco, Tundra and Miller. Adult plant resistance was postulated for four genotypes whereas another four appeared to have partial resistance. Only one of the sixteen genotypes (Apexal) possessed adult plant resistance and two genotypes (Arminda and Cappelle Desprez) showed partial resistance in the field as well as in the greenhouse.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029650

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82

Digitale Medien

Does interplot interference affect the screening of wheat for yellow rust resistance? (1993)

Danial, D. L. ; Broers, L. H. M. ; Parlevliet, J. E.

Springer

Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 217-224

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; interplot interference ; quantitative resistance ; representational error ; airborne pathogen

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary In small plots, adjacent to one another, a representational error can be expected when screening for quantitative forms of resistance to airborne pathogens. The representational error or interplot interference may occur as an underestimation of the level of resistance and/or as an error in the ranking of the entries tested. Four experiments were carried out with wheat (Triticum aestivum) exposed to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis), three in Kenya, one in Mexico (exp. III). In experiment I 57 entries were compared in an unreplicated trial with three adjacent and one isolated plot situation. The range in the standard deviation of and the ranking order for disease severity (DS) between the 57 entries were the same for all plot situations at all observation dates. In experiment II nine entries from experiment I, representing a wide range of quantitative resistance and having a similar heading date, were compared in adjacent plots consisting of two rows of 10 m in eight replicates and isolated plots of one, six and ten rows of 4 m in three replicates. The range in the standard deviation of and the ranking order for DS between the entries were very similar for the four plot situations. The 10 entries in experiment III differed from those in experiment II, but represented a similar wide range of resistance. Three adjacent plot situations of 0.9×0.5 m, 0.9×2.0 m and 2.7×2.0 m, respectively, were compared with one isolated one with plots of 2.7×2.0 m. The ranking order was not affected, the range in and the standard deviation of the DS in the isolated plots were slightly larger than in the adjacent plots. In experiment IV two mixtures of two entries each were made. Per mixture one entry was fairly resistant (R) the other rather susceptible (S). Within each mixture the entries had a similar heading date. The ratios of the R:S mixtures were 0:100, 50:50, 67:33, 75:25, 82:18 and 100:0. The DS of each entry was the same as its DS in monoculture irrespective of the mixture ratio. There was no mixture effect on DS. The three experiments in Kenya gave no indication of any interplot interference occurring. In Mexico there was a very slight underestimation of the resistance in adjacent plots. The ranking order was always the same irrespective of the test plot situation. The screening of wheat for yellow rust resistance in small adjacent plots is representative for the farmers fields. This is contrary to what has been found in other windborne pathosystems such as barley-barley leaf rust (strong under estimation of resistance), barley-powdery mildew (some under estimation of resistance and different ranking order) and durum wheat-stem rust (fair under estimation of resistance).

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023762

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83

Digitale Medien

Ear:stem ratios in breeding populations of wheat: significance for yield improvement (1993)

Siddique, K.H.M. ; Whan, B.R.

Springer

Euphytica 73 (1993), S. 241-254

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): breeding populations ; ear:stem ratio ; grain yield ; harvest index ; heritability ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Abstract Earlier studies showed that the ratio of the weight of the wheat ear to stem at anthesis (ear:stem ratio) may give a better indication of potential yield than harvest index because it is determined early in the life cycle and is not affected by post anthesis stress. These studies concluded that selection for high ear:stem ratio at anthesis may lead to further improvement in grain yield of wheat. The present work was undertaken in the field to identify lines varying in ear:stem ratio in breeding populations and to study its implications for yield improvement. At anthesis stem length, ear length, tiller number, dry weight of stem and ear and ear:stem ratio were measured in 14 crosses on F2 single plants and F2 derived lines grown in the F3, F4, and F5 at three locations in Western Australia over four seasons. In addition, biomass, grain yield and yield components were measured on selected crosses at two locations on F2 derived lines grown in the F4 and F5. There was a considerable range of ear:stem ratio between and within the crosses studied. Although ear:stem ratio was strongly correlated with stem length, there was substantial variation within stem length classes. Ear:stem ratio had a high mean broad sense heritability (82%), whereas HI, grain yield and above ground biomass had lower heritabilities, 68, 55 and 35% respectively. Ear:stem ratio was strongly correlated between generations and sites indicating stability of this character. Ear:stem ratio had a significant positive correlation with grain yield, HI, grains per ear and per m2. The correlation of grain yield with HI was equal or slightly higher than that of grain yield with ear:stem ratio. Ear:stem ratio offers promise as a predictor of HI and yield potential where post-anthesis moisture stress can influence HI. Ear:stem ratio measurement is unlikely to be adopted for selection purposes in routine breeding programs, as it is laborious and time consuming. However, ear:stem ratio could be used to identify superior parental genotypes and early generation selections from special crosses in terms of its ability to partition assimilate.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036703

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84

Digitale Medien

Analysis of the yield potential and yield components of F1 and F2 hybrids of crosses between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spelt (Triticum spelta L.) (1993)

Winzeler, H. ; Schmid, J. E. ; Winzeler, M.

Springer

Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 211-218

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): hybrids ; crosses ; spelt ; Triticum spelta ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; yield components

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary F1 and F2 hybrids were produced using three winter wheat varieties (Bernina = biscuit wheat, Arina and Forno = bread wheat) and two spelt cultivars (Oberkulmer and Rouquin). Data are based on field trials in 1989 and 1990. All the combinations tested gave a very high relative heterosis on grain yield per ear, varying between 29.9% and 47.6% with an average of 42.1%. Even the higher parent was outyielded by 24.1% to 45.7%. This was the result of a heterosis effect on the two yield parameters grain number per ear and single grain weight. In the F2, heterosis for grain yield per ear was not significant with a range between 3.9% and 12.0%. F1 hybrids showed a heterosis effect on plant height but no hybrid was taller than the spelt parents. These data show that the gene pool of spelt could be potentially usefull for the selection of parents for hybrid production. For practical applications there remain several problems to be solved. Despite the very high heterosis effect the yield potential of spelt needs to be improved. No short spelt varieties exist at present to produce hybrids short enough for commercial application. Technical problems in the seed production arise because of the close tightness of the spelt glumes hampering either the pollination by the wheat parent or the pollen dispersal if used as a pollinator. However, a breeding effort to select for improved parents within the gene pool of spelt appears useful for future F1 hybrids between spelt and wheat.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040403

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85

Digitale Medien

Variation in resistance of Mexican landraces of maize to maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais, in relation to taxonomic and biochemical parameters (1993)

Arnason, J. T. ; Baum, B. ; Gale, J. ; [weitere]

Springer

Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 227-236

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Schlagwort(e): resistance ; taxonomy ; maize ; maize weevil ; indigenous landraces ; phenolic acids ; life history components ; indirect selection ; Zea mays ; Sitophilus zeamais

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Notizen: Summary Accessions representing twenty eight landraces of maize were assessed for susceptibility to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais in standardized resistance tests. Susceptibility parameters such as weight loss of grain, number of insect progeny produced, the Dobie index of susceptibility, and oviposition on grain were found to vary significantly by genotype, with exceptional resistance found in accessions representing the Naltel, Chapalote and Palomero landraces. As in improved genotypes, susceptibility was negatively correlated to phenolic and protein content of the variety tested but positively correlated to moisture content. A detailed analysis of the phenolics revealed the presence of diferulate which may contribute to mechanical resistance of the seed by cross-linking of cell wall hemicelluloses. A canonical discriminant analysis of the resistance data suggests that most of the five landrace groupings are significantly different. The ancient indigenous and prehistoric mestisos groupings are sources of resistant genotypes.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040405

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86

Digitale Medien

Host-size preference of the parasitoidAnisopteromalus calandrae [Hym: Pteromalidae] onSitophilus zeamais (Col.: Curculionidae) larvae with a uniform age distribution (1993)

Smith, L.

Springer

BioControl 38 (1993), S. 225-233

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ISSN: 1573-8248

Schlagwort(e): host size preference ; parasitoid ; stored product ; maize ; biological control

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La première génération d'Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) récoltée dans du maïs stocké commercialement en Caroline du Sud fut exposée, dans du maïs écossé, à un mélange de jeunesSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, de toutes tailles représentant une distribution d'âge uniforme. On a observé 87% de parasitisme sur les larves comportant un tunnel de 0,9 à 1,8 mm et 6% sur les prépupes et pupes pour cette distribution d'âge. Le taux de préférence était le plus élevé pour les grosses larves-hôte (1,6 mm de diamètre), moyen pour les autres larves de 0,9 à 1,8 mm, et le plus bas pour les pupes et les petites larves. On a discuté de la sélectivité des hôtes en utilisant les paramètres de Chesson (1983): préférence, αi, probabilité de parasitisme, Pi, et index d'électivité ɛi.

Notizen: Abstract First generationAnisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) collected from commercial stored maize in South Carolina were exposed to a mixture of all sizes of immatureSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, representative of a uniform age distribution, in shelled maize. Eighty-seven percent of parasitism is expected on larvae with tunnel diameters of 0.9 to 1.8 mm and 6% on prepupae and pupae, given this host-size distribution. Preference was greatest for large host larvae (1.6 mm diameter), intermediate for other larvae in the range 0.9 to 1.8 mm, and least for pupae and small larvae. Host-stage preference is discussed with respect to Chesson's (1983) parameters for preference, αi, probability of parasitism, Pi, and electivity index, ɛi.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372557

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87

Digitale Medien

Dryinid (Hym.: Dryinidae) parasitoids ofDalbulus leafhopper (Hom.: Cicadellidae) in Mexico (1993)

Moya-Raygoza, Gustavo ; Trujillo-Arriaga, Javier

Springer

BioControl 38 (1993), S. 41-49

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ISSN: 1573-8248

Schlagwort(e): Insect parasitoids ; Dryinidae ; Dalbulus ; maize ; teosintes ; Tripsacum

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les connaissances relatives aux ennemis naturels des Cicadelles du genre Dalbulus [Hom.: Cicadellidae] sont encore limitées. Dans l'état du Jalisco, au Mexique, a été réalisée une étude sur les dryinides (petites guêpes), parasitoïdes de ces cicadelles. L'état du Jalisco abrite le plus grand nombre d'espèces deDalbulus et se trouve localisé dans la région d'origine deDalbulus ainsi que de ses plantes hôtes: maïs, téosinte (Zea) etTripsacum. Le dryinideGonatopus bartletti a été rencontré parasitantDalbulus maidis sur des plantes de maïs ainsi que sur le téosinte annuelZea mays spp.parviglumis: G. flavipes a été identifié parasitantD. elimatus sur le téosinte pérenne,Zea perennis; de plus, une nouvelle espèce,G. moyaraygozai, ainsi queAnteon ciudadi ont été observés en tant que parasites deD. quinquenotatus surTripsacum pilosum et surTripsacum dactyloides. Le parasitisme par des dryinides a été observé à des altitudes comprises entre 680 et 2 000 m s.n.m..Dalbulus maidis, espèce qui cause les pertes de rendement les plus importantes en Amérique latine, est parasité entre 680 m s.n.m. et 1 760 m s.n.m.. Les espèces deDalbulus associées à des plantes hôtes annuelles (maïs etZ. mays spp.parviglumis) ont été parasitées par des dryinides pendant la saison des pluies alors que les espèces deDalbulus associées à des plantes hôtes pérennes (Z. perennis etTripsacum) ont été parasitées par des dryinides pendant la saison des pluies et la saison sèche. La plus grande diversité d'espèces parasitantDalbulus spp. ainsi que la plus grande fréquence de parasitisme ont été rencontrées sur ces espèces pérennes, suggérant que ces plantes sont des réservoirs d'ennemis naturels deDalbulus spp.

Notizen: Abstract Little is known about the natural enemies of the leafhopperDalbulus spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Searches for its dryinid (wasps) parasitoids were made in Jalisco, Mexico. Jalisco contains the greatest number ofDalbulus species, and is considered to be near to the center of origin of this leafhopper genus and its host plants: maize, teosintes (Zea spp.) and gamagrasses (Tripsacum spp.). The dryinidGonatopus bartletti was found parasitizingD. maidis on maize and on annual teosinteZea mays spp.parviglumis. G. flavipes was found parasitizingD. elimatus on perennial teosinteZ. perennis; and a new speciesG. moyaraygozai andAnteon ciudadi parasitizingD. quinquenotatus onTripsacum pilosum andT. dactyloides. Parasitism by dryinids was found at altitudes of 680–2,000 m.Dalbulus maidis, the leafhopper species which causes the greatest losses in maize in Latin America, was found to be parasitized from 680–1,760 m. TheDalbulus species associated with annual host plants (maize andZ. mays spp.parviglumis) were parasitized by dryinids during the rainy season, while theDalbulus species associated with perennial host plants (Z. perennis andTripsacum) were parasitized by dryinids during both the rainy and dry season. The greatest diversity of dryinid parasitoids ofDalbulus spp. and the highest levels of parasitism were recorded from perennial plants, indicating that such species are reservoirs of natural enemies ofDalbulus spp.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373137

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88

Digitale Medien

Evaluation of lycosid, micryphantid and linyphiid spiders as predators ofRhopalosiphum padi (Hom.: Aphididae) and their functional response to prey density-laboratory experiments (1993)

Mansour, F. ; Heimbach, U.

Springer

BioControl 38 (1993), S. 79-87

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Details

ISSN: 1573-8248

Schlagwort(e): wheat ; functional response ; predation ; prey density ; Araneae

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des expériences ont été menées en laboratoire afin de déterminer sur, un plan quantitatif, le rôle, dans l'élimination des populations deRhopalosiphum padi (L.), des principales espèces d'araignées rencontrées sur blé d'hiver en Allemagne:Erigone atra (Blackwall),Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall) etPardosa agrestis (Westring). Leur réponse fonctionnelle à différentes densités de proies a également été étudiée. La présence des araignées provoque une réduction importante, de 34 à 58%, de l'accroissement de la population aphidienne sur blé, par rapport à l'accroissement de cette population en l'absence d'araignées. Les courbes de réponse fonctionnelle pour ces araignées s'attaquant àR. padi semblent de type II caractéristique avec une augmentation de plus en plus faible de la consommation des proies jusqu'à ce que les densités de pucerons atteignent un plateau. Les proies tuées sans être ingérées présentent une courbe de type linéaire.

Notizen: Abstract Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the potential of dominant spider species in winter wheat in Germany,Erigone atra (Blackwall),Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall) andPardosa agrestis (Westring) adults and youngs, in suppressing the population ofRhopalosiphum padi (L.) on wheat plants and their functional response to different aphid densities. The presence of spiders significantly caused between 34 and 58% reduction in aphid population development on wheat plants compared to the aphid population in the absence of spiders. The functional response curves for these spiders as predators ofR. padi seem to descrive a typical type II functional response with the prey consumed increasing to a plateau as aphid densities increased. Prey killed without eating was linear on prey density.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373142

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