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  • VAR 000  (120)
  • ddc:330  (77)
  • 550 - Earth sciences  (73)
  • Life and Medical Sciences
  • English  (270)
  • 2010-2014  (270)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-08-06
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: conferenceobject , doc-type:conferenceObject
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Description: The concept Material Input per Service Unit (MIPS) was developed 20 years ago as a measure for the overall natural resource use of products and services. The material intensity analysis is used to calculate the material footprint of any economic activities in production and consumption. Environmental assessment has developed extensive databases for life cycle inventories, which can additionally be adopted for material intensity analysis. Based on practical experience in measuring material footprints on the micro level, this paper presents the current state of research and methodology development: it shows the international discussions on the importance of accounting methodologies to measure progress in resource efficiency. The MIPS approach is presented and its micro level application for assessing value chains, supporting business management, and operationalizing sustainability strategies is discussed. Linkages to output-oriented Life Cycle Assessment as well as to Material Flow Analysis (MFA) at the macro level are pointed out. Finally we come to the conclusion that the MIPS approach provides relevant knowledge on resource and energy input at the micro level for fact-based decision-making in science, policy, business, and consumption.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 3
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    Linköping : Greening of Industry Network
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Cham : Springer | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Description: Increasing concerns regarding the world's natural resources and sustainability continue to be a major issue for global development. As a result several political initiatives and strategies for green or resource-efficient growth both on national and international levels have been proposed. A core element of these initiatives is the promotion of an increase of resource or material productivity. This dissertation examines material productivity developments in the OECD and BRICS countries between 1980 and 2008. By applying the concept of convergence stemming from economic growth theory to material productivity the analysis provides insights into both aspects: material productivity developments in general as well as potentials for accelerated improvements in material productivity which consequently may allow a reduction of material use globally.The results of the convergence analysis underline the importance of policy-making with regard to technology and innovation policy enabling the production of resource-efficient products and services as well as technology transfer and diffusion.​
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: There are a variety of economic and ecological benefits to increased resource efficiency. Social, institutional and technical innovations can all contribute towards efficiency increases. Companies face different hurdles in fostering such innovation. Small and medium-sized companies are subject to specific constraints that may prevent them from benefiting from innovation-induced resource efficiency improvements. Qualitative interviews were conducted among German small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and intermediaries to identify barriers for resource efficiency innovations and to elaborate a policy mix at the federal level that could help SMEs to overcome these. We found five major barriers to resource efficiency innovations in German SMEs, comprising deficits in innovation culture, inter-firm cooperation along the value chain, finance, awareness and take-up of government funds. We propose a distinct policy mix as a response to this situation. The policy mix comprises the interlocking and synergistic elements of government funding schemes, innovation agents and innovation laboratories.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Although there are already some qualification offers available for enterprises to support resource efficiency innovations, the high potentials that can be identified especially for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) have not been activated until now. As successful change lies in the hands of humans, the main aim of vocational education has to be the promotion of organisational and cultural changes in the enterprises. As there is already a small but increasing number of enterprises that perform very well in resource efficiency innovations one question arises: What are typical characteristics of those enterprises? Leaning on a good-practice approach, the project "ResourceCulture" is going to prove or falsify the hypothesis that enterprises being successful with resource efficiency innovations have a specific culture of trust, which substantially contributes to innovation processes, or even initially enables them. Detailed empirical field research will light up which correlations between resource efficiency, innovation and cultures of trust can be found and will offer important aspects for the improvement of management instruments and qualification concepts for workplace training. The project seizes qualification needs that were likewise mentioned by enterprises and consultants, regarding the implementation of resource efficiency. This article - based on first empirical field research results - derives preliminary indications for the design of the qualification module for the target groups resource efficiency consultants and managers. On this basis and in order to implement "ResourceCulture" conceptual and methodological starting points for workplace training are outlined.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The food and agricultural sector will face numerous challenges in the next decades, arising from changing global production and consumption patterns, which currently go along with high resource use, causing ecological and socio-economic impacts. The aim of this paper is to illustrate and evaluate the practical applicability of the Hot Spot Analysis methodology in the context of supply chain management in companies. The HSA is a method to identify social and ecological problems along the entire life cycle of a product. Special emphasis is put on a customized implementation in the value chain beef of McDonald's Germany. The HSA of McDonald's beef value chain shows that the main ecological problems arise in the phase of raw material extraction, whereas the main social problems can be identified in the phase of slaughtering. Finally, the paper shows potentials and shortcomings of such a customized application and how the results can be implemented in the sustainability management of a company.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Critical metals are in great demand by the electrical and electronics industry, so waste electrical and eletronic equipment represents a significant source of secondary raw materials. Owing to low recycling rates and the concomitant supply risks associated with critical metals, the closure of the material cycles is highly relevant to the German economy. Losses of these metals occur from collection until their material recovery, along the entire disposal chain of waste electrical and electronic equipment. This paper develops planning criteria for the design of collection groups to achieve higher recovery amounts of such metals. The aim is to clarify what amounts of metals exist, both product-specific and on the market, how the dismantling of the products is constructed and how collection groups can be arranged with planning criteria oriented towards resource conservation. The analysis is a snapshot using the example of indium and selected products. A procedure is presented and findings identified which are transferable to various critical metals and to waste electrical and electronic equipment. The results show that grouping of products according to resource amounts and the dismantling effort enables forward-looking and resource-efficient planning of the treatment of every single collection group.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: This paper reflects the socio-economic power of renewable energy production cooperatives for a wider energy system transformation in Germany. Energy cooperatives have turned into important supporters of renewable and decentralised energy structures, due to their strong growth since the year 2006, their participation in local renewable energy projects and their democratic awareness. The cooperative form of coordinating local renewable energy projects applies to a decentralised energy system that is managed by many smaller firms - a system concept that is preferred by the majority of German citizens. However, there is not enough knowledge to understand to what extent this organisational form is able to unify a broad group of actors in promoting a renewable energy system (societal power) and to gather capital for elaborating renewable energy supply structures (economic power). The reflection is based on an empirical assessment of all energy cooperatives that were registered in Germany before 31st December 2013. Their growth dynamic and their business approaches are discussed. A special focus lies on renewable energy production cooperatives. The study presents the development of their members, their capital, their profit and loss, as well as their investment intensity over a timeframe of three years (2010-2012). The socio-economic potential of renewable energy production cooperatives for supporting a renewable energy system is discussed against the background of empirical results.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 10
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    Kiel : Kiel Inst. for the World Economy
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Description: In the past decades, risk management in the financial community has been dominated by data-intensive statistical methods which rely on short historical time series to estimate future risk. Many observers consider this approach as a contributor to the current financial crisis, as a long period of low volatility gave rise to an illusion of control from the perspectives of both regulators and the regulated. The crucial question is whether there is an alternative. There are voices which claim that there is no reliable way to detect bubbles, and that crashes can be modeled as exogenous "black swans". Others claim that "dragon kings", or crashes which result from endogenous dynamics, can be understood and therefore be predicted, at least in principle. The authors suggest that the concept of "Bayesian risk management" may efficiently mobilize the knowledge, comprehension, and experience of experts in order to understand what happens in financial markets.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Only three days after the beginning of the nuclear catastrophe in Fukushima, Japan, on 11 March 2011, the German government ordered 8 of the country's 17 existing nuclear power plants (NPPs) to stop operating within a few days. In summer 2011 the government put forward a law - passed in parliament by a large majority - that calls for a complete nuclear phase-out by the end of 2022. These government actions were in contrast to its initial plans, laid out in fall 2010, to expand the lifetimes of the country's NPPs. The immediate closure of 8 NPPs and the plans for a complete nuclear phase-out within little more than a decade, raised concerns about Germany's ability to secure a stable supply of electricity. Some observers feared power supply shortages, increasing CO2-emissions and a need for Germany to become a net importer of electricity. Now - a little more than a year after the phase-out law entered into force - this paper examines these concerns using (a) recent statistical data on electricity production and demand in the first 15 months after the German government's immediate reaction to the Fukushima accident and (b) reviews the most recent projections and scenarios by different stakeholders on how the German electricity system may develop until 2025, when NPPs will no longer be in operation. The paper finds that Germany has a realistic chance of fully replacing nuclear power with additional renewable electricity generation on an annual basis by 2025 or earlier, provided that several related challenges, e.g. expansion of the grids and provision of balancing power, can be solved successfully. Already in 2012 additional electricity generation from renewable energy sources in combination with a reduced domestic demand for electricity will likely fully compensate for the reduced power generation from the NPPs shut down in March 2011. If current political targets will be realised, Germany neither has to become a net electricity importer, nor will be unable to gradually reduce fossil fuel generated electricity. Whether the reduction in fossil fuel use will be sufficient to adequately contribute to national greenhouse gas mitigation targets significantly depends on an active policy to promote electricity savings, continuous efforts to increase the use of renewables and a higher share of natural gas (preferably used in combined heat and power plants) in fossil fuel power generation.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The European electricity market is linked to a carbon market with a fixed cap that limits greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, a number of energy efficiency policy instruments in the EU aim at reducing the electricity consumption. This article explores the interactions between the EU's carbon market on the one hand and instruments specifically targeted towards energy end-use efficiency on the other hand. Our theoretical analysis shows how electricity demand reduction triggered by energy efficiency policy instruments affects the emission trading scheme. Without adjustments of the fixed cap, decreasing electricity demand (relative to business-as-usual) reduces the carbon price without reducing total emissions. With lower carbon prices, costly low emission processes will be substituted by cheaper high emitting processes. Possible electricity and carbon price effects of electricity demand reduction scenarios under various carbon caps are quantified with a long-term electricity market simulation model. The results show that electricity efficiency policies allow for a significant reduction of the carbon cap. Compared to the 2005 emission level, 30% emission reductions can be achieved by 2020 within the emission trading scheme with similar or even lower costs for the industrial sector than were expected when the cap was initially set for a 21% emission reduction.
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: On 2012 May 20 and 29, two damaging earthquakes with magnitudes Mw 6.1 and 5.9, respectively, struck the Emilia-Romagna region in the sedimentary Po Plain, Northern Italy, causing 26 fatalities, significant damage to historical buildings and substantial impact to the economy of the region. The earthquake sequence included four more aftershocks with Mw ≥ 5.0, all at shallow depths (about 7–9 km), with similar WNW–ESE striking reverse mechanism. The timeline of the sequence suggests significant static stress interaction between the largest events. We perform here a detailed source inversion, first adopting a point source approximation and considering pure double couple and full moment tensor source models. We compare different extended source inversion approaches for the two largest events, and find that the rupture occurred in both cases along a subhorizontal plane, dipping towards SSW. Directivity is well detected for the May 20 main shock, indicating that the rupture propagated unilaterally towards SE. Based on the focal mechanism solution, we further estimate the co-seismic static stress change induced by the May 20 event. By using the rate-and-state model and a Poissonian earthquake occurrence, we infer that the second largest event of May 29 was induced with a probability in the range 0.2–0.4. This suggests that the segment of fault was already prone to rupture. Finally, we estimate peak ground accelerations for the two main events as occurred separately or simultaneously. For the scenario involving hypothetical rupture areas of both main events, we estimate Mw = 6.3 and an increase of ground acceleration by 50 per cent. The approach we propose may help to quantify rapidly which regions are invested by a significant increase of the hazard, bearing the potential for large aftershocks or even a second main shock.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey) earthquake occurred on Sunday, October 23, 2011 with a moment magnitude of 7.2. The tectonics of this region is characterized by strike–slip faulting on the Bitlis Suture Zone, and thrusting in the Zagros fold and thrust belt. Using high-rate (1 second) GPS data from permanent GNSS stations from the CORS-TR network, co-seismic displacements of eleven stations were determined using precise point positioning during this earthquake. We used the time series of coordinate changes for fourteen CORS-TR stations, and calculated the crust movements before and after the earthquake. According to the PPP solutions computed using high frequency GPS data to determine the co-seismic motions of stations, we conclude for the Van earthquake an occurrence time of 10:41:22 (UTC). No pre-seismic horizontal movement of stations at the level more than 5 mm before the earthquake could be observed. That means that no kinematic warning or prediction before the earthquake exists. Along an east–west horizontal line north of the Van Sea with a length of about 100 km, the northern part of this line experienced extension of 0.2–1 ppm in a NW–SE direction. The southern part experienced N–S shortening of 0.5–1.5 ppm. The N–S shortening we estimated geodetically matches well with the N–S shortening and thrust focal mechanism derived independently using seismic data by the USGS. Co-seismic surface displacements derived from the GPS data are consistent with the teleseismic source model given by the USGS. The geodetic source model derived from the GPS data reproduces the same moment magnitude and centroid as the teleseismic model, but shows a higher spatial resolution of the slip distribution. We also analyzed the post-seismic surface displacements derived from the GPS data within the first two weeks after the mainshock. No reasonable slip distribution on the co-seismic fault plane could be found, indicating that the sources for the early post-seismic deformation might come from the widely scattered aftershocks.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We use local earthquake data observed by the amphibious, temporary seismic MERAMEX array to derive spatial variations of seismic attenuation (Qp) in the crust and upper mantle beneath Central Java. The path-averaged attenuation values (t∗) of a high quality subset of 84 local earthquakes were calculated by a spectral inversion technique. These 1929 t∗-values inverted by a least-squares tomographic inversion yield the 3D distribution of the specific attenuation (Qp). Analysis of the model resolution matrix and synthetic recovery tests were used to investigate the confidence of the Qp-model. We notice a prominent zone of increased attenuation beneath and north of the modern volcanic arc at depths down to 15 km. Most of this anomaly seems to be related to the Eocene–Miocene Kendeng Basin (mainly in the eastern part of the study area). Enhanced attenuation is also found in the upper crust in the direct vicinity of recent volcanoes pointing towards zones of partial melts, presence of fluids and increased temperatures in the middle to upper crust. The middle and lower crust seems not to be associated with strong heating and the presence of melts throughout the arc. Enhanced attenuation above the subducting slab beneath the marine forearc seems to be due to the presence of fluids.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 17
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    In:  25. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: For a long time the root mean square (RMS) error has been used in the EM community: - to characterize data fit for a particular model; - as a criterion to compare several models obtained from inversion. The RMS error appears to be a natural choice since we usually tackle inverse problems in a least-squares sense. Over the years, RMS became a customary criterion and gained ultimate significance. However, on the hunt for low RMS values, one often needs to introduce subjectivity by arbitrarily adjusting error floors or masking “bad” data without referring to the assumptions behind RMS. In this contribution, we revisit basic assumptions behind RMS, demonstrate its deficiency and propose alternative ways, which may provide more insight into our data and allow a more comprehensive assessment of the quality of the modelling result/resistivity model.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Amplitude ratio of 30 short-period conspicuous P5KP and PKPab phases from five intermediate depth or deep events in Fiji-Tonga recorded at European stations around 150° distance shows a mean value two to three times the ratio of the synthetic amplitudes obtained by the normal-mode theory (and ak135 model) or by full-wave theory (and PREM). There is a large variance in the results, also observed in five amplitude ratios from one event in Argentina observed at temporary stations in China around 156°. Global recordings of three major deep earthquakes in Fiji, Bonin, and Western Brazil observed at ASAR, WRA, and ZRNK arrays, at 59 North America stations and at six South Pole stations displayed conspicuous P4KP and PcP (or ScP) phases. The amplitude ratio values of P4KP vs P(S)cP are sometimes almost one order of magnitude larger than the corresponding values of the synthetics. In both cases, arrival times and slowness values (corrected for ellipticity and station elevation) at the distances up to 23° beyond the A cutoff point predicted by ray theory match both the synthetics, suggesting the observations are the AB branch of PmKP (m = 4, 5) around 1 Hz. In disagreement to ray theory, no reliable BC branch is observed neither on the recordings nor on the normal-mode synthetics. The high amplitude ratio values cannot be explained by realistic perturbations of the velocity or attenuation values of the global models in the proximity of the core-to-mantle boundary (CMB). We speculate that the focusing effects and/or strong scattering most likely associated to some anomalous velocity areas of the lowermost mantle are responsible for that. The results suggest limitations of the previous evaluations of the short-period attenuation in the outer core from PmKP amplitudes (m ≥ 3), irrespective of the fact that they are obtained by using ray theory, normal-mode or full-wave synthetics. Attempts to use PmKP arrival times in order to refine velocity structure in the proximity of CMB should be also regarded with care if the propagation times have been computed with ray theory.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The territory of Lithuania and adjacent areas of the East European Craton have always been considered a region of low seismicity. Two recent earthquakes with magnitudes of more than 5 in the Kaliningrad District (Russian Federation) on 21 September 2004 motivated re-evaluation of the seismic hazard in Lithuania and adjacent territories. A new opportunity to study seismicity in the region is provided by the PASSEQ (Pasive Seismic Experiment) project that aimed to study the lithosphere–asthenosphere structure around the Trans-European Suture Zone. Twenty-six seismic stations of the PASSEQ temporary seismic array were installed in the territory of Lithuania. The stations recorded a number of local and regional seismic events originating from Lithuania and adjacent areas. This data can be used to answer the question of whether there exist seismically active tectonic zones in Lithuania that could be potentially hazardous for critical industrial facilities. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to find any natural tectonic seismic events in Lithuania and to obtain more general view of seismicity in the region. In order to do this, we make a manual review of the continuous data recorded by the PASSEQ seismic stations in Lithuania. From the good quality data, we select and relocate 45 local seismic events using the well-known LocSAT and VELEST location algortithms. In order to discriminate between possible natural events, underwater explosions and on-shore blasts, we analyse spatial distribution of epicenters and temporal distribution of origin times and perform both visual analysis of waveforms and spectral analysis of recordings. We show that the relocated seismic events can be grouped into five clusters (groups) according to their epicenter coordinates and origin and that several seismic events might be of tectonic origin. We also show that several events from the off-shore region in the Baltic Sea (at the coasts of the Kaliningrad District of the Russian Federation) are non-volcanic tremors, although the origin of these tremor-type events is not clear.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We performed a teleseismic P wave tomography study using seismic events at both teleseismic and regional distances, recorded by a temporary seismic array in the Argentine Puna Plateau and adjacent regions. The tomographic images show the presence of a number of positive and negative anomalies in a depth range of 20–300 km beneath the array. The most prominent of these anomalies corresponds to a low-velocity body, located in the crust, most clearly seen in the center of the array (27°S, 67°W) between the Cerro Peinado volcano, the Cerro Blanco caldera and the Farallon Negro in the east. This anomaly (southern Puna Magmatic Body) extends from the northern most part of the array and follows the line with the highest density of stations towards the south where it becomes smaller. It is flanked by high velocities on the west and the east respectively. On the west, the high velocities might be related to the subducted Nazca plate. On the northeast the high velocity block coincides with the position of the Hombre Muerto basin in the crust and could be indicating an area of lithospheric delamination where we detected a high velocity block at 100 km depth on the eastern border of the Puna plateau, north of Galan. This block might be related to a delamination event in an area with a thick crust of Paleozoic metamorphic rocks at the border between Puna and Eastern Cordillera. In the center of the array the Southern Puna magmatic body is also flanked by high velocities but the most prominent region is located on the east and is interpreted as part of the Sierras Pampeanas lithosphere with high velocities. The position of the Sierras Pampeanas geological province is key in this area as it appears to limit the extension of the plateau towards the south.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Clear S-to-P converted waves from the crust–mantle boundary (Moho) and lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) have been observed on the eastern part of the Dead Sea Basin (DSB), and are used for the determination of the depth of the Moho and the LAB. A temporary network consisting of 18 seismic broad-band stations was operated in the DSB region as part of the DEad Sea Integrated REsearch project for 1.5 years beginning in September 2006. The obtained Moho depth (∼35 km) from S-to-P receiver functions agrees well with the results from P-to-S receiver functions and other geophysical data. The thickness of the lithosphere on the eastern part of the DSB is about 75 km. The results obtained here support and confirm previous studies, based on xenolith data, geodynamic modeling, heat flow observations, and S-to-P receiver functions. Therefore, the lithosphere on the eastern part of the DSB and along Wadi Araba has been thinned in the Late Cenozoic, following rifting and spreading of the Red Sea. The thinning of the lithosphere occurred without a concomitant change in the crustal thickness and thus an upwelling of the asthenosphere in the study area is invoked as the cause of the lithosphere thinning.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Human activities, including operations related to mining and reservoir exploitation, may induce seismicity and pose a risk for population and infrastructures. While different observations are commonly used to assess the origin of earthquakes, there is a lack of rules and methods for the discrimination between natural and induced seismicity. The inversion and decomposition of the full moment tensor and the observation of relevant deviation from a pure double couple (DC) model may be an indicator for induced seismicity. We establish here a common procedure to analyse a set of natural and induced events of similar magnitude, which occurred in Germany and neighbouring regions. The procedure is based on an inversion method and on a consistent velocity model and recording network. Induced seismicity is recorded during different mining and/or reservoir exploitations. Moment tensors are inverted using a multi-step inversion approach. This method, which was successfully applied in previous studies at regional and teleseismic distances, is further developed here to account for full moment tensor analysis. We first find a best DC solution and then perform a full moment tensor inversion, fitting full waveforms amplitude spectra at regional distances. The moment tensor solution is decomposed into DC, compensated linear vector dipole and isotropic terms. The discrimination problem is then investigated through the evaluation of distributions of non-DC source components for natural and induced data sets. Results illustrate the potential of the inversion and discrimination approach. Additional detailed analyses are carried out for the two most significant induced earthquakes, and rupture models are compared with the full moment tensor solutions.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Near‐field ground‐motion data are available in semi‐real time either from modern strong‐motion or continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) networks, allowing robust solutions for earthquake source parameters, which are useful for rapid disaster assessment and early warning. These wide applications require the ground‐motion data to cover a very broad frequency band that, however, is usually not available. This paper presents a case study on the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake, showing how the ground‐motion information from geodetic and seismic instrumentations is complementary, and suggesting the joint use of both types of data, particularly when the network coverage is sparse. First the strong‐motion records from the two Japanese networks, K‐NET and KiK‐Net, are analyzed using an automatic empirical baseline correction tool. The static coseismic displacement data are obtained by double integration and then used to derive the permanent slip distribution on the earthquake fault. Comparisons with the corresponding GPS‐based solutions yield a quantitative estimation of uncertainties of the empirical baseline correction. Furthermore, a dozen nearby GPS and strong‐motion station pairs are selected to demonstrate that the information in their time series agrees with each other. Finally, methods for combining both types of ground‐motion observation systems are discussed, and the wide applicability of this approach is highlighted.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Based on passive seismic interferometry applied to ambient seismic noise recordings between station pairs belonging to a small-scale array, we have obtained shear wave velocity images of the uppermost materials that make up the Dead Sea Basin. We extracted empirical Green’s functions from cross-correlations of long-term recordings of continuous data, and measured inter-station Rayleigh wave group velocities from the daily correlation functions for positive and negative correlation time lags in the 0.1–0.5 Hz bandwidth. A tomographic inversion of the travel times estimated for each frequency is performed, allowing the laterally varying 3-D surface wave velocity structure below the array to be retrieved. Subsequently, the velocity-frequency curves are inverted to obtain S-wave velocity images of the study area as horizontal depth sections and longitude- and latitude-depth sections. The results, which are consistent with other previous ones, provide clear images of the local seismic velocity structure of the basin. Low shear velocities are dominant at shallow depths above 3.5 km, but even so a spit of land with a depth that does not exceed 4 km is identified as a salt diapir separating the low velocities associated with sedimentary infill on both sides of the Lisan Peninsula. The lack of low speeds at the sampling depth of 11.5 km implies that there are no sediments and therefore that the basement is near 10–11 km depth, but gradually decreasing from south to north. The results also highlight the bowl-shaped basin with poorly consolidated sedimentary materials accumulated in the central part of the basin. The structure of the western margin of the basin evidences a certain asymmetry both whether it is compared to the eastern margin and it is observed in north–south direction. Infill materials down to ∼8 km depth are observed in the hollow of the basin, unlike what happens in the north and south where they are spread beyond the western Dead Sea shore.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Adapting the magnetotelluric (MT) method for monitoring the dynamic behaviour of the Andean subduction system in Northern Chile is focus of this thesis. Electromagnetic fields, sampled at nine permanent MT stations which cover an area of approximately 250 x 100 km² in the Andean fore-arc, are evaluated to monitor the electrical resistivity structure associated with the deep hydraulic system of the subduction zone. The long term monitoring of geo-electromagnetic fields reveals different types of temporal variations of vertical magnetic transfer functions (VTF) in different period ranges which are evaluated and interpreted. Computation of time series of daily VTFs of an overall length of 4 years exhibit seasonal variations with amplitudes of more than 100% of their absolute values for different components at all sites of the array. The observed seasonal variation affects almost exclusively the east-west magnetic field component for periods between 100 and 3000 seconds. These ground-based measurements of magnetic and electric fields exhibit statistically significant coherences with the interplanetary electric field (IEF) derived from solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field data of the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite. The IEF penetrates the polar ionosphere from where it propagates towards equatorial latitudes by wave guide transmission, with ionosphere and solid Earth acting as conducting boundaries. Signal coherence between IEF and ground data peaks at periods of approximately 90 min and up to the four harmonics. Coherence values reach 0.4 at these periods and depend on the electromagnetic field component. They vary with season and local time. Transfer functions computed between IEF and ground-based electric and magnetic fields show local maxima at similar periods (90 min and harmonics). The coupling between the east-west magnetic field component and the IEF shows significant seasonal variability, much larger than for the other electromagnetic field components. We conclude that the IEF drives primarily a global circuit of Pedersen currents in the ionosphere. Resulting time-varying magnetic fields induce electric currents in the ground. Related ground-based magnetic (primarily north-south) and electric (primarily east-west) signals vary coherently at all local times and seasons. Conversely, magnetic signals caused by the IEF-driven Hall currents depend much on local time and season. We show for the first time that these ionospheric Hall currents cause no induction in the ground, but they generate magnetic signatures that are confined to the waveguide between ionosphere and Earth's surface. Geo-electromagnetic depth sounding applications as MT assume both spatial and temporal uniform external electromagnetic source fields. The seasonal variation of VTFs exhibits a systematic violation of this basic assumption in Northern Chile. The consequence is a systematic seasonal rotation and length variation of the induction arrows of the period band between 100 and 3000 seconds. If not taken into account, the structure of an electrical resistivity model of the subsurface, obtained by MT inversion, would be distorted. Removing this source field effect with a low-pass filter allows evaluation of residual variations of the VTF time-series which last longer than one year. During 2008 and 2009, I observe a significant variation of the VTFs in the southern part of the network for periods between 1500 and 4000 seconds. To simulate this variation, a 3D reference resistivity model is obtained by inversion of MT and VTF data using eight stations of the network. A region of high conductivity matches spatially with the hydrated mantle wedge. By trial and error, the 3D reference image of the deep electrical resistivity structure is modified and 3D forward modelling is applied to explain temporal variations in the VTFs similar to our observations. That requires modification of the electrical resistivity structure in a region which coincides roughly with the plate interface directly down-dip of the Mw7.7 2007 Tocopilla earthquake. We speculate that the anomalous temporal variations of the VTFs may be caused by large scale fluid relocation in the aftermath of the seismic event.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau are uplifted by the ongoing northward underthrusting of the Indian continental lithosphere below Tibet resulting in lithospheric stacking. The layered structure of the Tibetan upper mantle is imaged by seismic methods, most detailed with the receiver function method. Tibet is considered as a place where the development of a future craton is currently under way. Here we study the upper mantle from Germany to northern Sweden with seismic S receiver functions and compare the structure below Scandinavia with that below Tibet. Below Proterozoic Scandinavia, we found two low-velocity zones on top of each other, separated by a high-velocity zone. The top of the upper low-velocity zone at about 100 km depth extends from Germany to Archaean northern Sweden. It agrees with the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) below Germany and Denmark. Below Sweden it is known as the 8°discontinuity, or as a mid-lithospheric discontinuity (MLD), similar to observations in North America. Seismic tomography places the LAB near 200 km in Scandinavia, which is close to the top of our deeper low-velocity zone. We also observed the bottom of the asthenosphere (the Lehmann discontinuity) deepening from 180 km in Germany to 260 km below Sweden. Remnants of old subduction in the upper about 100 km below Scandinavia and Finland are known from controlled source seismic experiments and local earthquake studies. Recent tomographic studies indicate delamination of the lithosphere below southern Scandinavia and northern Germany. We are suggesting that the large-scale layered structure in the Scandinavian upper mantle may be caused by processes similar to the ongoing lithospheric stacking in Tibet.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 27
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    Brussels : European Trade Union Inst. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2020-06-29
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 28
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2021-05-04
    Description: This paper addresses future perspectives for the management of resources on an international level. Failures of international open markets result in significant material leakage. Here, taking the example of material used vehicles, we develop elements of an international metal covenant that should allow for a more sustainable management of global material flows in that area. Our proposal is based on two principles: any regulation should actively seek industry participation, taking advantage of business interest in supplying a sufficient quantity of materials while lowering materials costs; and it should also address public issues such as sustainability of recycling and waste. In this paper we first analyse contracts as a tool for bridging gaps in knowledge when multiple actors are involved. We then give empirical evidence for material leakage in the case of used vehicles from Germany, before outlining the elements of a proposed international metals covenant. Finally, we analyse potential impacts and discuss legal and institutional issues.
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 29
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie for Climate, Environment, and Energy | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 30
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    Berlin : Springer | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 31
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    Wuppertal : Bergische Univ. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 32
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    Berlin : Heinrich Böll Foundation | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-23
    Description: Natural resources are back on the agenda. After the rise of new economic powers such as China, India, and Brazil, global competition has perceptibly increased strategic concerns as regards high commodity prices and possible supply shortages. Germany, the EU, the United States, and many others have formulated raw material strategies that put concern over access and supply at center stage - but the environmental and the socio-political dimensions are widely neglected in these strategies. This paper underlines a new dimension of international relations and pleads for new approaches, called international resource politics, which can be used for ongoing debates concerning green economy and transition strategies.
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2020-06-29
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 34
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    Dresden : Forum für Abfallwirtschaft und Altlasten | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 35
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    Heidelberg : Physica-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Description: Human societies face a threatening future of resource scarcity and environmental damages. This book addresses the challenge of turning these risks into opportunities and policies. It is a collection of high level contributions from experts of sustainable growth and sustainable resource management. Focussing on economics, sustainability, technology and policy, the book highlights system innovation, leapfrogging strategies of emerging economies, possible rebound effects and international market development. It puts natural resources centre stage and will make an important contribution to achieving the goal of a 21st century Green Economy.
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2020-06-29
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  • 37
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    Kongens Lyngby : COWI | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 38
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    Wien : European Foresight Platform | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 40
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie for Climate, Environment, and Energy | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-11-19
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 41
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    Riga : Ekodoma | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: The exploitation of coltan in Central Africa can be considered a case of conflict minerals due to its nature. Many international organizations and bodies, national governments and private sector organizations seek to address this conflict, in particular via transparency, certification and accountability along the material supply chain. This paper analyses the international trade dimension of coltan and gives evidence on the dimension of illicit trade of coltan. The authors start from the hypothesis that illicit trade of coltan sooner or later will enter the market and will be reflected in the statistics. The paper is structured in the following manner: first, a short section gives a profile of coltan production and markets; second, an overview of the mining situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and related actors. The third section addresses mechanisms, actors and measurement issues involved in the international trade of coltan. The final part draws lessons for certification and conflict analysis and offers some guidance for future research. The paper identifies two main possible gateways to trace illegal trade in coltan: the neighboring countries, especially Rwanda, and the importing countries for downstream production, in particular China. Our estimation is that the value of such illicit trade comes close to $ 27 million annually (2009), roughly one-fifth of the world market volume for tantalum production. With regard to any certification the paper concludes that this will become challenging for business and policy: (a) Central Africa currently is the largest supplier of coltan on the world market, many actors profit from the current situation and possess abilities to hide responsibility; (b) China will need to accept more responsibility, a first step would be the acceptance of the OECD guidelines on due diligence; (c) better regional governance in Central Africa comprises of resource taxation, a resource fund and fiscal coordination. An international task force may provide more robust data, however more research will also be needed.
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: Increasing resource efficiency can potentially deliver important economic and environmental benefits. Many of these benefits are regularly foregone because the financial sector's capacity to adequately take the opportunities and risks arising from resource utilization and related climate change aspects into account has so far remained relatively undeveloped. Focusing on the case of Germany, a number of barriers to the inclusion of resource efficiency and climate change aspects into financial services' considerations are presented. Corresponding measures for improving the capacity of the financial sector to better integrate resource efficiency considerations and climate change related risks into its operating procedures are introduced. The measures encompass the areas of risk controlling, company reporting, institutional reporting requirements, as well as additional supporting measures.
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 44
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: This paper focuses on market incentives by the introduction of a construction minerals tax as an example of a resource tax. Currently, various European countries levy taxes or duties on primary construction materials, but a harmonisation of the taxation is not planned. Provided the tax rate has a perceptible price effect, the taxation of a resource can foster a demand management or the reduction of the raw material consumption and the governance of side and secondary effects. A construction minerals tax can target the stimulation of demand for secondary raw materials and recycled products, and - because the reuse of construction and demolition waste has technical limits - a stronger emphasis on the conservation of buildings and infrastructures. This has positive effects on the environment and the innovation efforts and it helps to internalise externalities. Germany, used as a case study in this paper, does not raise any taxes on other raw materials than energy sources at the federal level. For this reason, potential impacts of the introduction of a construction minerals tax will be explored and the results of a simulation will be provided.
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 48
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2022-10-28
    Description: For decades, the Chinese government has been searching for solutions to cope with the increasing imbalance between the supply and demand of water in the Yellow River Basin. This paper aims at a better understanding of the development of the water allocation regime in the Yellow River Basin between 1950 and 2009, introducing a fresh perspective based on the notion of "regime transition". Accordingly, we investigated 1) whether so-called "Windows of Opportunity for Transition (WOPTs)" emerged, triggering a transition, and whether WOPT(s) resulted in a stable transition towards the new regime; 2) how informal learning processes and epistemic communities have contributed to the regime change. We adapted Kingdon's "multiple stream model" and identified four WOPTs from the 1950s, analyzing the reconfiguration process of the regime after the onset of the transition. Our examples of two types of informal learning processes demonstrate their contribution to the creation of WOPTs and the reconfiguration of the regime. Furthermore, this study indicates, in a qualitative manner, how epistemic communities contribute to the knowledge base of the regime, and thus to its development. Finally, we have provided a general insight into the further development of the water allocation regime and highlighted potential avenues for further studies.
    Keywords: ddc:330
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: On 12 September 2007, an Mw 8.4 earthquake occurred within the southern section of the Mentawai segment of the Sumatra subduction zone, where the subduction thrust had previously ruptured in 1833 and 1797. Traveltime data obtained from a temporary local seismic network, deployed between December 2007 and October 2008 to record the aftershocks of the 2007 event, was used to determine two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) velocity models of the Mentawai segment. The seismicity distribution reveals significant activity along the subduction interface and within two clusters in the overriding plate either side of the forearc basin. The downgoing slab is clearly distinguished by a dipping region of high Vp (8.0 km/s), which can be a traced to ∼50 km depth, with an increased Vp/Vs ratio (1.75 to 1.90) beneath the islands and the western side of the forearc basin, suggesting hydrated oceanic crust. Above the slab, a shallow continental Moho of less than 30 km depth can be inferred, suggesting that the intersection of the continental mantle with the subducting slab is much shallower than the downdip limit of the seismogenic zone despite localized serpentinization being present at the toe of the mantle wedge. The outer arc islands are characterized by low Vp (4.5–5.8 km/s) and high Vp/Vs (greater than 2.0), suggesting that they consist of fluid saturated sediments. The very low rigidity of the outer forearc contributed to the slow rupture of the Mw 7.7 Mentawai tsunami earthquake on 25 October 2010.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In the framework of the Dead Sea Integrated Research project (DESIRE), 59 seismological stations were deployed in the region of the Dead Sea Basin. Twenty of these stations recorded data of sufficiently high quality between May and September 2007 to be used for ambient seismic noise analysis. Empirical Green’s functions are extracted from cross-correlations of long term recordings. These functions are dominated by Rayleigh waves, whose group velocities can be measured in the frequency range from 0.1 to 0.5 Hz. Analysis of positive and negative correlation lags of the Green’s functions makes it possible to identify the direction of the source of the incoming energy. Signals with frequencies higher than 0.2 Hz originate from the Mediterranean Sea, while low frequencies arrive from the direction of the Red Sea. Travel times of the extracted Rayleigh waves were measured between station pairs for different frequencies, and tomographically inverted to provide independent velocity models. Four such 2D models were computed for a set of frequencies, all corresponding to different sampling depths, and thus together giving an indication of the velocity variations in 3D extending to a depth of 10 km. The results show low velocities in the Dead Sea Basin, consistent with previous studies suggesting up to 8 km of recent sedimentary infill in the Basin. The complex structure of the western margin of the Basin is also observed, with sedimentary infill present to depths not exceeding 5 km west of the southern part of the Dead Sea. The high velocities associated with the Lisan salt diapir are also observed down to a depth of ~5 km. The reliability of the results is confirmed by checkerboard recovery tests.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Multibeam bathymetry revealed the occurrence of numerous craterlike depressions, so-called pockmarks, on the sea floor of the Hammerfest Basin and the Loppa High, south-western Barents Sea. To investigate whether these pockmarks are related to ongoing gas seepage, microbial processes associated with methane metabolism were analyzed using geochemical, biogeochemical and microbiological techniques. Gravity cores were collected along transects crossing individual pockmarks, allowing a direct comparison between different locations inside (assumed activity center), on the rim, and outside of a pockmark (reference sites). Concentrations of hydrocarbons in the sediment, particularly methane, were measured as headspace (free) gas, and in the occluded and adsorbed gas fraction. Down to a depth of 2.6 m below sea floor (mbsf) sulfate reduction rates were quantified by radiotracer incubations. Concentrations of dissolved sulfate in the porewater were determined as well. Neither the sulfate profiles nor the gas measurements show any evidence of microbial activity or active fluid venting. Methane concentrations and sulfate reduction rates were extremely low or even below the detection limit. The results show that the observed sediment structures are most likely paleo-pockmarks, their formation probably occurred during the last deglaciation.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In 2004 and 2005 a passive seismic experiment was carried out in the northern and northeastern part of the Bohemian Massif (Sudetes) to study the lithospheric structure. We present results from Ps and Sp receiver function analyses. With one exception, Moho depth at stations in the northwestern part of the study area varies between 28 and 32 km. Thicker crust up to 35 km was mapped toward the south (Moldanubian unit) and toward the east (Moravo–Silesian and Brunovistulian units) confirming results from previous active seismic measurements. There exists a relatively sharp step in Moho depth between units of the central Sudetes (~ 30 km) and the Moravo–Silesian unit (~ 35 km). The vp/vs ratios inverted from primary and multiple Moho Ps conversions hint for different crustal compositions of the units. Toward the Carpathian thrust we have no clear indications for any crustal root or slab beneath the western Carpathians. However, our data suggests a deepening of the Moho or at least a complicated crust–mantle transition in this area. Additional Ps phases were observed between 6 and 10 s delay time in the Sudetes. These phases cannot be explained by Moho reverberations, but are most probably caused by low velocity zones in the middle crust or lithospheric mantle as shown by modeling of theoretical receiver functions. The stations showing these abnormal phases are located in the area of Permo-Carboniferous basins on probably Teplá–Barrandian crust. Therefore we assume that the phases hint at a mid-crustal low velocity zone between 16 and 20 km depth, which is interpreted as a felsic solidified magma reservoir of the Permo-Carboniferous volcanism beneath the Sudetic Basins. Sp receiver functions show phases with negative polarity at 9 to 12 s lead time on average, which we interpret as lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary at about 80 to 110 km depth.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The transition between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere is subject to numerous contemporary studies as its nature is still poorly understood. The thickest lithosphere is associated with old cratons and platforms and it has been shown that seismic investigations may fail to image the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in these areas. Instead, several recent studies have proposed a mid-lithospheric discontinuity of unknown origin existing under several cratons. In this study we investigate the Tanzania craton in East Africa which is enclosed by the eastern and western branches of the East African Rift System. We present evidence from S receiver functions for two consecutive discontinuities at depths of 50–100 km and 140–200 km, which correspond to significant S wave velocity reductions under the Tanzania craton and the Albert and Edward rift segments. By comparison with synthetic waveforms we show that the lower discontinuity coincides with the LAB exhibiting velocity reductions of 6–9%. The shallower interface reveals a velocity drop that varies from 12% beneath the craton to 24% below the Albert-Edward rift. It is interpreted as an infiltration front marking the upper boundary of altered lithosphere due to ascending asthenospheric melts. This is corroborated by computing S velocity variations based on xenolith samples which exhibit a dense system of crystallized veins acting as pathways of the infiltrating melt. Mineral assemblages in these veins are rich in phlogopite and pyroxenite which can explain the reduced shear wave velocities. Melt infiltration represents a suitable mechanism to form a mid-lithospheric discontinuity within cratonic lithosphere that is underlain by anomalously hot mantle.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Local earthquake data from a dense temporary seismological network in the southern Dead Sea area have been analysed within the project DESIRE (Dead Sea Integrated Research Project). Local earthquakes are used for the first precise image of the distribution of the P-wave velocity and the vP/vS ratios. 65 stations registered 655 local events within 18 months of observation time. A subset of 530 well-locatable events with 26 730 P- and S-arrival times was used to calculate a tomographic model for the vP and vP/vS distribution. Since the study area is at first-order 2-D, a gradual approach was chosen, which compromised a 2-D inversion followed by a 3-D inversion. The sedimentary basin fill is clearly imaged through high vP/vS ratios and low vP. The basin fill shows an asymmetric structure with average depth of 7 km at the western boundary and depth between 10 and 14 km at the eastern boundary. This asymmetry is reflected by the vertical strike-slip eastern border fault, and the normal faulting at the western boundary, caused by the transtensional deformation within the last 5 Myr. Within the basin fill the Lisan salt diapir is imaged through low vP/vS ratios, reflecting its low fluid content. The extensions were determined to 12 km in E–W and 17 km in N–S direction while its depth is 5–6 km. The thickness of the pre-basin sediments below the basin fill cannot be derived from the tomography data—it is estimated to less than 3 km from former investigations. Below the basin, down to 18 km depth very low P-wave velocities and low vP/vS ratios are observed—most likely caused by fluids from the surrounding crust or the upper mantle.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We present a series of 1-D shear velocity models for the Sumatran Forearc and Arc derived from Rayleigh wave group dispersion in noise correlation functions from vertical and pressure records from an onshore–offshore seismic deployment. The 1-D models represent the crustal structure of the downgoing Indian Plate, the accretionary prism and the arc. There is a progression in shear velocity across the forearc to the arc associated with thickening of the accretionary prism and the development of an arc crust. The velocity structure inferred for the upper 20 km based on path averages between stations on the accretionary prism has velocities consistent with a thick sediment package in agreement with estimates of depth to the plate boundary determined from active source experiments. We also find low Indian Plate shear velocities, 〈4 km s−1 to 25 km depth beneath our station locations on the downgoing plate. These low seismic velocities are consistent with at least 14–24 per cent serpentinization of the oceanic crust and upper mantle of the downgoing plate. This high degree of serpentinization, may weaken the plate interface and explain the segmentation observed in the great Sumatran thrust earthquakes if the serpentinization is localized. The success of this study suggests that future onshore–offshore seismic deployments will be able to utilize this method.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Earthquake early warning systems should provide reliable warnings as quickly as possible with a minimum number of false and missed alarms. Wireless meshed networks, coupled with low-cost seismometers for monitoring, evaluation, and information about seismic vibrations in space and time are introducing a new generation of warning infrastructures for mega-cities. The use of a cooperative method for signal analysis makes it possible to distinguish earthquakes (with a certain minimal magnitude) from other ground shaking in a city. The paper gives a short overview of our approach for developing decentralized early warning systems and an evaluation based on experiences gained from model investigations, testbeds in Berlin, and prototype installations in Istanbul.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Determining the relative orientation of the horizontal components of seismic sensors is a common problem that limits data analysis and interpretation for several acquisition setups, including linear arrays of geophones deployed in borehole installations or ocean bottom seismometers deployed at the seafloor. To solve this problem we propose a new inversion method based on a complex linear algebra approach. Relative orientation angles are retrieved by minimizing, in a least-squares sense, the l2-norm between the complex traces (hodograms) of adjacent pairs of sensors. This methodology can be applied without restrictions only if the wavefield recorded by each pair of sensors is very similar. In most cases, it is possible to satisfy this condition by low-pass filtering the recorded waveforms. The main advantage of our methodology is that, in the complex domain, the relative orientations of seismic sensors can be viewed as a linear inverse problem, which ensures that the preferred solution corresponds to the global minimum of a misfit function. It is also possible to use simultaneously more than one independent data set (other seismic events) to better constrain the solution of the inverse problem. Furthermore, by a computational point of view, our method results faster than the relative orientation methods based on waveform cross-correlation. After several tests on synthetic data sets we applied successfully our methodology to different types of real data. These applications include the alignment of borehole sensors relative to a Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) acquisition and the orientation of Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) relative to a neighbouring land station of known orientation. Using land stations, the absolute orientation of OBS can be retrieved. Finally, as a last application, we checked the correct orientation for land stations of a seismological array in Germany.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: While the Dead Sea basin has been studied for a long time, the available knowledge about the detailed seismicity distribution in the area, as well as the deeper structure of the basin, is limited. Therefore, within the framework of the international project DESIRE (DEad Sea Integrated REsearch project), a dense temporary local seismological network was operated in the southern Dead Sea area. We use 530 local earthquakes, having all together 26 730 P- and S-arrival times for a simultaneous inversion of 1-D velocity models, station corrections and precise earthquake locations. Jackknife tests suggest an accuracy of the derived hypocentre locations of about 1 km. Thus, the result is the first clear image of the absolute distribution of the microseismicity of the area, especially in depth. The seismicity is concentrated in the upper crust down to 20 km depth while the lower limit of the seismicity is reached at 31 km depth. The seismic events at the eastern boundary fault (EBF) in the southern part of the study area represent the northward transform motion of the Arabian Plate along the Dead Sea Transform. North of the Boqeq fault the seismic activity represents the transfer of the motion in the pull-apart basin from the eastern to the western boundary. We find that from the surface downward the seismic events are tracing the boundary faults of the basin. The western boundary is mapped down to 12 km depth while the EBF reaches about 17 km depth, forming an asymmetric basin. One fifth of the data set is related to a specific cluster in time and space, which occurred in 2007 February at the western border fault. This cluster is aligned vertically, that is, it is perpendicular to the direction of the dominating left-lateral strike-slip movement at the main transform fault.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The Maule earthquake of 27th February 2010 (Mw=8.8) affected ~500 km of the Nazca-South America plate boundary in south-central Chile producing spectacular crustal deformation. Here, we present a detailed estimate of static coseismic surface offsets as measured by survey and continuous GPS, both in near- and farfield regions. Earthquake slip along the megathrust has been inferred from a joint inversion of our new data together with published GPS, InSAR, and land-level changes data using Green's functions generated by a spherical finite-element model with realistic subduction zone geometry. The combination of the data sets provided a good resolution, indicating that most of the slip was well resolved. Coseismic slip was concentrated north of the epicenter with up to 16 m of slip, whereas to the south it reached over 10m within two minor patches. A comparison of coseismic slip with the slip deficit accumulated since the last great earthquake in 1835 suggests that the 2010 event closed a mature seismic gap. Slip deficit distribution shows an apparent local overshoot that highlight cycle-to-cycle variability,which has to be taken into accountwhen anticipating future events from interseismic observations. Rupture propagation was obviously not affected by bathymetric features of the incoming plate. Instead, splay faults in the upper plate seem to have limited rupture propagation in the updip and along-strike directions. Additionally, we found that along-strike gradients in slip are spatially correlated with geometrical inflections of the megathrust. Our study suggests that persistent tectonic features may control strain accumulation and release along subduction megathrusts.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: [1] Long-term monitoring of geoelectromagnetic fields, recorded with a network of nine stations covering an area of approximately 25,000 km2at low geomagnetic latitudes in northern Chile, reveals systematic and seasonally modulated variations of geomagnetic field properties. The observed seasonal variation affects almost exclusively the east-west magnetic field component for periods between 100 and 3000 s. The ground-based measurements of magnetic and electric fields show statistically significant coherences with the interplanetary electric field derived from solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field data of the Advanced Composition Explorer satellite. The interplanetary electric field (IEF) penetrates the polar ionosphere from where it propagates toward equatorial latitudes by waveguide transmission, with ionosphere and solid Earth acting as conducting boundaries. Signal coherence between IEF and ground data peaks at periods of approximately 90 min and up to the four harmonics. Coherence values reach 0.4 at these periods and depend on the electromagnetic field component. They vary with season and local time. Transfer functions computed between IEF and ground-based electric and magnetic fields show local maxima at similar periods (90 min and harmonics). The coupling between the east-west magnetic field component and the IEF shows significant seasonal variability, much larger than the other electromagnetic field components. We conclude that the IEF drives primarily a global circuit of Pedersen currents in the ionosphere. Resulting time-varying magnetic fields induce electric currents in the ground. Related ground-based magnetic (primarily north-south) and electric (primarily east-west) signals vary coherently at all local times and seasons. Conversely, magnetic signals caused by the IEF-driven Hall currents depend much on local time and season. We show for the first time that these ionospheric Hall currents cause no induction in the ground, but they generate magnetic signatures that are confined to the waveguide between ionosphere and Earth's surface.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Splay faults are thrusts that emerge from the plate boundaries of subduction zones. Such structures have been mapped at several convergent margins and their activity commonly ascribed to large megathrust earthquakes. However, the behavior of splay faults during the earthquake cycle is poorly constrained because typically these structures are located offshore and are difficult to access. Here we use geologic mapping combined with space and land geodesy, as well as offshore sonar data, to document surface-fault ruptures and coastal uplift at Isla Santa María in south-central Chile (37°S) caused by the 27 February 2010 Maule earthquake (Mw 8.8). During the earthquake, the island was tilted parallel to the margin, and normal faults ruptured the surface and adjacent ocean bottom. We associate tilt and crestal normal faulting with growth of an anticline above a blind reverse fault rooted in the Nazca–South America plate boundary, which slipped during the Maule earthquake. The splay fault system has formed in an area of reduced coseismic plate-boundary slip, suggesting that anelastic deformation in the upper plate may have restrained the 2010 megathrust rupture. Surface fault breaks were accompanied by prominent discharge of fluids. Our field observations support the notion that splay faulting may frequently complement and influence the rupture of subduction-zone earthquakes.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Rapid estimation of earthquake rupture propagation is essential to declare an early warning for tsunami-generating earthquakes. An increasing number of seismological methods have been developed to determine rupture parameters, such as length, velocity and propagation direction, especially since the occurrence of the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake that resulted in a devastating tsunami in the Indian Ocean region. Here, we present a new method to follow the rupture process in near real time by a polarization analysis of local and regional P phases that permits a faster determination of rupture properties than using teleseismic records. The new technique has the capability to provide detailed information in less than 10 min. Originally, the method stems from a single-station earthquake location method and is expanded here to monitor P-phase polarization variations through time. As the earthquake source moves away from the hypocentre, the backazimuth of an incoming P phase is expected to change accordingly. With polarization analysis we may be able to monitor the temporal change in Pwave backazimuth to follow the rupture process in near real time. Three component P phases are scanned to determine the azimuthal variation as a function of time. The backazimuth of a moving rupture front is determined by the first eigenvector of the covariance matrix. The linearity of the particle motion is used as a measure of the quality of the data. Seismic stations at local and regional distances (〉∼ 30◦) are used. We tested the new method with a theoretical simulation and observed seismograms of the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake (2004 December 26, Mw = 9.3), and we were able to follow the rupture for the first 200 s. For larger ruptures, stations at more than 30◦ epicentral distances would be required. The method is also successfully applied to the Wenchuan earthquake (2008 May 12, Mw = 8.0).
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Lithium elemental and isotopic compositions of 33 glass and whole-rock samples from nine oceanic island regions were determined to characterize the Li inventory of the deep mantle. The Li contents of the investigated lavas range from 1·5 to 13·3 μg g−1, whereas δ7Li ranges from 2·4 to 4·8‰. There are weak co-variations between the Li/Y, δ7Li, and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope compositions of the lavas, indicating that the Li elemental and isotopic characteristics of ocean island basalt to some extent reflect mantle source heterogeneity. In detail, HIMU-type lavas are characterized by δ7Li values (up to 4·8‰) slightly heavier than those for average normal mid-ocean ridge basalt (3·4 ± 1·4‰) and by comparatively low Li contents; EM1-type lavas are characterized by isotopically light Li (average 3·2‰) and relative Li enrichment, whereas EM2-type lavas tend to heavier δ7Li values (up to 4·4‰) with high Li concentrations. The Li contents and isotope characteristics of HIMU-type lavas are consistent with recycling of altered and dehydrated oceanic crust, whereas those of the EM1-type lavas can be attributed to sediment recycling. The Li characteristics of EM2-type lavas may reflect reworking of mantle wedge material that has been infiltrated by fluids derived from the subducting plate.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: We report on a rare example of aseismic response of a creeping fault to the earthquake cycle of a nearby megathrust. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is used to detect and analyze shallow creep of two crustal faults at Mejilones Peninsula, Northern Chile, located in the hanging wall of the 2007 Mw 7.7 Tocopilla subduction earthquake. We generate two independent time series of surface deformation spanning ∼3.5 yr of late interseismic and ∼1.5 yr early postseismic deformation associated with this event. The analysis reveals creep on the Mejillones fault as well as on a previously unmapped fault to the west of the Mejillones fault. The InSAR deformation maps and distributed slip models obtained from the data reveal that fault creep reversed between the interseismic and postseismic periods. Given the regional stress field perturbations due to interseismic and coseismic deformation, we argue that the observed shallow creep and its slip reversal are directly linked to the megathrust seismic cycle. Moreover, from similar eastward dips but opposite slip directions of the two faults, we infer that fault strength must be very low and that the kinematics is controlled by crustal flexure associated with the seismic cycle on the underlying megathrust. ⺠New evidence of crustal fault creep in Northern Chile from InSAR. ⺠New evidence that sense of fault creep is governed by megathrust earthquake cycles. ⺠New evidence that stress induced by megathrust earthquake alters the sense of creep.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The combination of the Sunda megathrust and the (strike-slip) Sumatran Fault (SF) represents a type example of slip-partitioning. However, superimposed on the SF are geometrical irregularities that disrupt the local strain field. The largest such feature is in central Sumatra where the SF splits into two fault strands up to 35 km apart. A dense local network was installed along a 350 km section around this bifurcation, registering 1016 crustal events between April 2008 and February 2009. 528 of these events, with magnitudes between 1.1 and 6.0, were located using the double-difference relative location method. These relative hypocentre locations reveal several new features about the crustal structure of the SF. Northwest and southeast of the bifurcation, where the SF has only one fault strand, seismicity is strongly focused below the surface trace, indicating a vertical fault that is seismogenic to ~15 km depth. By contrast intense seismicity is observed within the bifurcation, displaying streaks in plan and cross-section that indicate a complex system of faults bisecting the bifurcation. In combination with analysis of topography and focal mechanisms, we propose that the bifurcation is a strike-slip duplex system with complex faulting between the two main fault branches.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In 2007 a M7.7 earthquake occurred near the town of Tocopilla within the northern Chile seismic gap. Mainshock slip, derived from coseismic surface deformation, was confined to the depth range between 30-55 km. We relocated ~1100 events during six months before and one week after the mainshock. Aftershock seismicity is first congruent to the mainshock slip and then it spreads offshore west and northwest of Mejillones Peninsula (MP). Waveform modeling for 38 aftershocks reveals source mechanisms that are in the majority similar to the mainshock. However, a few events appear to occur in the upper plate, some with extensional mechanisms. Juxtaposing the Tocopilla aftershocks with those following the neighboring 1995 Antofagasta earthquake produces a striking symmetry across an EW axis in the center of MP. Events seem to skirt around MP, probably due to a shallower Moho there. We suggest that the seismogenic coupling zone in northern Chile changes its frictional behavior in the down-dip direction from unstable to mostly conditionally stable. For both earthquake sequences, aftershocks agglomerate in the conditionally stable region, whereas maximum inter-seismic slip deficit and co-seismic slip occurs in the unstable region. The boundary between the unstable and conditionally stable zones parallels the coastline. We identify a similar segmentation for other earthquakes in Chile and Peru, where the offshore segments break in great M〉8 earthquakes, and the onshore segments in smaller M〈8 earthquakes. Using critical taper analysis, we demonstrate a causal relationship between varying slip behavior on the interface and forearc wedge anatomy that can be attributed to spatial variations in the rate-dependency of friction.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 69
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    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2021-05-07
    Description: Mittels kontinuierlicher und hochauflösender μXRF-Geochemieanalysen wird die Variabilität äolischer Sedimente der letzten 60.000 Jahre rekonstruiert. Dazu werden zwei Sedimentbohrkerne jeweils aus einem Maarsee und einem Trockenenmaar (Eifel, Deutschland) untersucht. Beide Kerne umfassen das letzte Glazial, einschließlich des MIS-3, des LGM und MIS-2, Transition I als auch das Holozän. Die energiedispersive RFA-Messungen der Eagle III μXRF wird direkt an Harz imprägnierten Proben angewendet. Diese sogenannten Tränklinge bilden die Grundlage für die Herstellung von petrographischen Dünnschliffen und somit können die Messergebnisse direkt mit einer Mikrofaziesanalyse verglichen werden. Anhand eines Sedimentkerns wird gezeigt, dass eine Quantifizierung der μXRF-Ergebnisse mittels der undamentalparametermethode geeignete ist. Eine Überprüfung der Ergebnisse findet dabei mit wellenlängen-dispersiven RFA-Messungen an diskreten Proben statt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich jedes einzelne Maar in der lithologischen Zusammensetzung und damit auch geochemisch unterscheidet. Deshalb wird auf die grundlegenden Prozesse der Elementdeposition in die Seen eingegangen, die mit der Ablagerung von Sedimenten, der Variabilität der chemischen Verwitterung oder der Wasserzirkulation in Zusammenhang stehen. Mittels Hauptkomponentenanalysen standardisierter Variablen ist darüber hinaus die objektive Ableitung eines äolischen Sedimentsignals möglich. Es wird gezeigt, dass dieser Ansatz verlässliche Ergebnisse für alle untersuchten Zeitabschnitte liefert, solange für die Interpretation weitere Kenntnisse über die Lithologie und Paläoökologie zur Verfügung stehen. Das auffälligste Element zur Charakterisierung von Staub ist in beiden untersuchten Kernen Kalzium. Die höchsten Werte (〉5 Gew.-%) werden während vollglazialer Bedingungen erreicht. Kalzium hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Staubfaktor der Hauptkomponentenanalyse. Eine zusätzliche Kombination der Kalziumgehalte mit dem Staubfaktor der Hauptkomponentenanalyse sowie Grauwertmessungen verbessert den Nachweis äolischen Staubs in laminierten Seesedimenten zusätzlich. In beiden Kernen konnten Sedimente mit erhöhten Staubkonzentrationen geochemisch nachgewiesen werden: Während des MIS-3 sind das vor allem das größte Heinrich-Ereignis H4 sowie der Anstieg des atmosphärischen Staubgehalts während der Wiedervereisung der Inlandsgletscher. Weiterhin ist das gesamte MIS-2 einschließlich LGM und der Jüngeren Dryas von starker Staubdeposition charakterisiert. Eine erhöhte Staubkonzentration ist ebenfalls ab dem Subboreal nachgewiesen und wird als anthropogene Aktivität gedeutet.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; geochemistry ; lacustrine sediment ; μXFR ; aeolian sediment ; last glacial cycle ; PCA
    Language: English
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Es werden geomorphologische und quartärgeologische Gelände- und Labordaten und deren Auswertung zur maximalen würmzeitlichen (ca. 60-18 ka) Vergletscherung von Zentral- und Süd-Karakorum sowie auf dem Deosai Plateau vorgelegt. Sie zeigen, dass der Zentral-Karakorum und seine Südabdachung im Zeitraum zwischen etwa 60 und 20 ka von einem zusammenhängenden, ca. 125 000 km² großen Eisstromnetz mit einer Mächtigkeit von 2400-2900 m bedeckt gewesen sind. Dieses Eisstromnetz ist zum Indus-Gletscher zusammengeflossen. Das Zungenende des Indus- Gletschers reichte bis auf 850-800 m ü. M. hinab. Die Oberfläche des Indus-Eistromnetzes lag in seinem Zentrum bei gut 6000 m ü. M.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; tibet ; karakoram ; glacial geomorphology ; coalescing ice stream network ; last glacial period ; glacier thickness
    Language: English
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Entstehung der niedersächsischen Küstenlandschaften ist während der letzten 8000 Jahre eng mit Meeresspiegelfluktuationen verbunden, die Phasen von Meeresspiegelabsenkungen und -anstiegen ebenso umfassen wie Stillstandsphasen. Transgressive Abschnitte zeichnen sich vor allem durch sandige und tonig-schluffige Ablagerungen aus, während Regressionsphasen zum Teil durch Torf gekennzeichnet sind, der sich in Phasen verlangsamten Meeresspiegelanstieges seewärts auf marine Ablagerungen ausbreiten konnte. Auch auf den Ostfriesischen Inseln ergeben sich Möglichkeiten paläoökologischer Untersuchungen, die ungefähr bis in die Zeitenwende zurückreichen. Hier können vor allem ältere Salzwiesenhorizonte und Wattschichten genutzt werden, die heute infolge von Strandverschiebungen am seeseitigen Strand einiger Inseln erosiv freigelegt werden. Diese Horizonte bilden natürliche Pegelmarken, an denen zurückliegende Meeresspiegelstände rekonstruiert werden können. In diesem Artikel werden diatomologische Ergebnisse vorgestellt, die an Bohrungen und Profilen der festländischen Küste und Ostfriesischen Inseln erarbeitet wurden. Die Diatomeen-Vergesellschaftungen klastischer Sedimente, die während Transgressions-phasen abgesetzt wurden, sind generell durch pelagische und litorale marine Arten charakterisiert. Im Kontakt zu den Ablagerungen des Basaltorfes treten verstärkt oligo- bis mesohalobe Arten hinzu. Dies legt den Schluss nahe, dass sich dieser erste transgressive Kontakt nicht erosiv, sondern fließend vollzogen hat. Die Wattablagerungen sind vornehmlich durch eine Artenkombination poly- bis mesohalober Arten gekennzeichnet, während lagunäre Sedimente häufiger litorale brackische und schwach verkieselte Arten aufweisen. Dies deutet auf einen geringeren Salzgehalt und ruhige Ablagerungsbedingungen hin. Die eingeschalteten Niedermoortorfe mit Vhragmites zeigen einen Anstieg litoraler oligohalober Arten und bezeugen somit den Rückgang der Salinität und mithin eine regressive Phase innerhalb der Meeresspiegel-Entwicklung. Salzwiesenablagerungen sowohl auf den Inseln als auch im Kontakt zum pleistozänen Hinterland werden durch aerophile litorale Spezies charakterisiert, Überflutungsereignisse deuten sich durch stärkere Nachweise pelagi-scher mariner Diatomeen an. Sowohl Ablagerungen feuchter Dünentäler, die im Untersuchungsgebiet nur auf den Ostfriesischen Inseln auftreten, als auch die am höchsten gelegenen Bereiche der Salzwiese beherbergen eine Vielzahl oligohalober Spezies und unterstreichen auf diese Weise den zurückgehenden marinen Einfluss.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; germany ; north sea ; holocene ; palaeoecology ; diatom analysis ; sea-level change ; palaeoenvironment
    Language: English
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; palaeoecology ; human settlement ; late weichselian ; ne germany ; landscape development
    Language: English
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2021-05-07
    Description: Im Rahmen des Projektes „Prospektion Paläolithikum im Indetal“ der Stiftung Archäologie im Rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier wurden in den Jahren 2005 und 2006 im Tagebau Inden zwischen Jülich-Kirchberg und Lamersdorf die pleistozänen Deckschichten mittels 20 Baggertiefschnitten sondiert. Ziel war es, fossile Landoberflächen und mögliche paläolithische Siedlungsplätze zu finden und freizulegen. Im Dezember 2005 konnte in der Ortslage Inden-Altdorf eine mittelpaläolithische Fundschicht aus dem Eem-Interglazial entdeckt werden, die bis September 2006 auf einer Fläche von 3000 m² archäologisch untersucht werden konnte. Es fanden sich 700 Steinartefakte und herbeigebrachte Gerölle, aber auch evidente Grubenbefunde und Feuerstellen. Drei Baumwürfe lagen mitten in der Hauptartefaktkonzentration und waren wohl in das Siedlungsgeschehen eingebunden. Die Artefaktoberflächen waren kantenscharf und nicht patiniert, so dass die durchgeführten Gebrauchsspurenanalysen außergewöhnlich erfolgreich waren. Auf 120 der insgesamt 136 für die Gebrauchsspurenanalyse ausgewählten Artefakte fanden sich Mikrospuren verschiedenartiger Tätigkeiten sowie Residuen. Diese konnten mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und energiedispersiver Röntgenmikroanalyse als Reste von Birkenrindenpech identifiziert werden. 82 Geräte mit Residuen erwiesen sich entweder als geschäftete Einsätze, die mit diesem Pech an den Schäften befestigt wurden oder als Werkzeuge für die Reparatur von gebrauchten und mit Pech verklebten Schäftungen, und dem Auswechseln verbrauchter Feuersteineinsätze dienten. Birkenrindenpech kann als ältester synthetisch hergestellter Werkstoff angesehen werden und wird in der Regel mit dem Jungpaläolithikum und modernen Menschen assoziiert. Die auf den Micoquien Artefakten aus Inden vorgefundenen Birkenpechreste zeigen, daß sowohl Schäftungstechnologien, Gebrauch und Herstellung von Klebstoff als auch die Anfertigung von komplexen, aus mehreren Komponenten bestehenden Geräten im Mittelpaläolithikum durchaus üblich waren. Deren Vorhandensein, noch dazu in einer vergleichsweise hohen Anzahl, kann als deutlicher Hinweis auf moderne menschliche Verhaltensweisen gewertet werden.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; eemian ; Micoquian ; habitation features ; microwear analysis ; hafting ; birch pitch residues ; behavioural modernity
    Language: English
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2021-05-07
    Description: Anhand von zwei Dünenprofilen wird die Art, Dauer und Intensität von spätglazialen und holozänen Flugsand- und Bodenbildungen innerhalb des Pommerschen Sandergebietes dargestellt. Hierfür wurde ein interdisziplinärer Ansatz aus Sedimentologie, Pedologie, Palynologie und Geochronologie verwendet. Während des Spätglazials kommen auf den Sanderhochflächen flache Flugsanddecken zur Ablagerung, unterbrochen durch die Bildung des Finowbodens. Durch die Ausbreitung einer geschlossenen Vegetationsdecke im Frühholozän, erfolgt eine Stabilisierung der Reliefoberfläche mit anschließender Bodenbildung. Nach intensiven mittelalterlichen Rodungen werden die Oberflächen erneut destabilisiert. Es kommt zur partiellen Aufarbeitung der Flugsande resultierend in Dünenbildungen und einem kuppigen Relief. Eine der untersuchten Dünen wurde dabei komplett im späten Subatlantikum gebildet. Diese Studie unterstreicht die zeitlich-räumliche Variabilität äolischer Aktivität, wobei Umlagerungen entsprechender Korngrößen während verschiedener Phasen nach der Deglaziation ermöglicht wurden.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; aeolian sands ; finow soil ; fossil soils ; late glacial ; holocene dune formation ; geschiebedecksand (gds)
    Language: English
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die 2006 durch das Hessische Landesamt für Umwelt und Geologie (HLUG) abgeteufte Forschungsbohrung nördlich von Viernheim (Hessisches Ried) hat mit einer Endteufe von 350 m hoch aufgelöst fluviatile und limnisch-fluviatile Sedimente (0 bis 225 m) des Pleistozäns und zum Teil stark pedogen überprägte limnisch-fluviatile Sande, Tone und Schluffe des Pliozäns (225 bis 350 m) durchteuft. Die Liefergebiete der pliozänen Sedimente sind eher regional geprägt. Die Sedimente zeigen wiederholt Schüttungen aus dem Odenwald, die durch einen hohen Anteil grüner Hornblende in der Schwermineralfraktion gekennzeichnet sind. Als Teil des Forschungsprogramms „Heidelberger Becken“ zielte diese Bohrung insbesondere im Pleistozän auf die „Normalfazies“ des nördlichen Oberrheingrabens ab, das heißt: auf eine möglichst ungestörte Sedimentabfolge, die im Pleistozän Schüttungen von den Grabenrändern oder kleineren Zuflüssen weitestgehend ausschließt. Die pleistozäne Sedimentabfolge besteht aus drei Einheiten: über einem geringmächtigen Horizont mit aufgearbeitetem pliozänen Material folgen zehn Zyklen, die erosiv mit kiesig sandigen Sedimenten einsetzen und mit schluffig-tonigen bis zum Teil torfigen Ablagerungen abschließen. Mitunter sind interne Zyklen zu erkennen. Charakteristisch sind grünlich-graue stark carbonatische, glimmerführende und gut sortierte Fein- bis Mittelsande des Rheins. In diesen dominiert die Rhein-Gruppe (Granat, Epidot, grüne Hornblende und Alterit) in der Schwermineralfraktion. Diese Sedimente werden als „Rheinische Fazies“ bezeichnet. In der hangenden letzten pleistozänen Sedimentabfolge der Forschungsbohrung Viernheim bestimmen mehrere fining-upward und zum Teil coarsening-upward Sequenzen das Sedimentationsgeschehen. Die Ablagerungen dieses Profilabschnitts sind Kies dominiert, der vom Neckar geschüttet worden ist. Die Schwermineralverteilung der Sandfraktion zeigt aber an, dass es zu einer Vermischung mit rheinischen Sedimenten gekommen ist. Weichsel- bis holozänzeitliche Flugsande schliessen das Profil ab. Die stratigraphische Einstufung der pleistozänen Sedimentabfolge ist in Teilen noch unsicher. Die Pliozän-Pleistozängrenze wird auf Grund des charakteristischen Fazieswechsels auf 225 m gelegt. Eine überregionale Korrelation mit Sedimenten der Niederrheinischen Bucht spricht für eine Diskordanz mit größerer zeitlicher Lücke an der Plio-Pleistozängrenze. Untersuchungen im Umfeld der Bohrung sprechen für cromerzeitliches Alter des jüngsten feinklastischen Abschnitts der Bohrung zwischen 39,76 und 58,55 m.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; pleistocene ; germany ; quaternary ; pléistocène ; pliocene ; heavy minerals ; fluvial sediments ; carbonate ; upper rhine graben ; cromerian complex
    Language: English
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2021-06-05
    Description: Aufbauend auf Arbeiten der letzten 10 Jahre wird ein Abriß der spätpleistozänen und holozänen Entwicklungsgeschichte des nördlichen Jütland gegeben. Neue, die Geschichte des Limfjord betreffende Informationen stützen sich auf zwei Untersuchungsbohrungen im Agger Isthmus. Sie zeigen im südwestlichen Teil des Limfjord eine Transgression während des Boreal und des frühen Atlantikum an, der eine ununterbrochene marine Sedimentation bis in die Eisenzeit, 2110 ± 70 v. h., folgt.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; molluscs ; upper holocene ; marine sedimentation ; morphodynamics ; coastal environment ; marine transgression ; late weichselian ; boreholes ; grain size distribution ; C-14 dating ; northern jutland
    Language: English
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Bohrkerne der Forschungsbohrungen Viernheim und Parkinsel P34 und P35 aus Ludwigshafen wurden auf ihren fossilen Inhalt, besonders auf Molluskenreste, untersucht. Das ausgelesene Material ist geeignet die paläoklimatischen Verhältnisse zu rekonstruieren und erleichtert die chronostratigraphische Einstufung einzelner Schichten. Zwei Molluskenarten und eine Nagetierart wurden erstmalig aus dem Altpleistozän (Altbiharium) der Bohrung Viernheim für den nördlichen Oberrheingraben nachgewiesen. Die aus den altpleistozänen Abschnitten der Bohrung Viernheim vorliegenden Fossilien weisen deutliche Beziehungen zu der in das Obere Villanium/Tegelen datierten Uhlenberg-Fauna aus Bayerisch-Schwaben auf.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; pleistocene ; quaternary ; mollusca ; pléistocène ; upper rhine graben ; arvicolidae ; stylommatophora ; pupilloidea ; gastrocoptinae
    Language: English
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: LOŽEK (1986) vertritt die Ansicht, dass Pupilla loessica rezent in Zentralasien vorkommt. Die vorliegende Studie hat das Ziel zu diesem Thema erste konkrete Diskussionsbeiträge zu liefern. Zu verstehen ist diese Arbeit als Grundlage für weitergehende Untersuchungen. Bei neueren Geländeaufenthalten von 1995-2006 konnten in Zentralasien im Russischen Altay, in der nördlichen Mongolei, im Baikal-Gebiet und im Tien Shan zahlreiche rezente Malakozönosen untersucht werden. An vielen Lokalitäten wurde eine bisher aus dieser Region unbeschriebene Form von Pupilla nachgewiesen, welche gehäuse-morphologisch von Pupilla loessica nicht zu unterscheiden ist. Einen Schwerpunkt der Verbreitung bildet das stark kontinental geprägte Khrebet Saylyugem im SE-Altay. Für das Vorkommen von Pupilla loessica in Zentralasien spricht neben den gehäuse-morphologischen Kriterien, die Präferenz dieser Form zu stärker kontinental geprägten Habitaten, mit Jahresdurchschnittstemperaturen, die deutlich unter 0° C liegen sowie die entsprechenden kälteangepassten Begleitfaunen, z. B. mit Columella columella, Vertigo genesii, Vallonia tenuilabris u. a., welche diese Faunen gut mit den pleistozänen kaltzeitlichen Assoziationen des mitteleuropäischen Raumes vergleichbar machen.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 910 ; 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; central europe ; central asia ; pupilla loessica ; living fossil
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  • 81
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2021-05-07
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; loess ; europe
    Language: English
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2021-05-07
    Description: In einem Aufschluss von Löss-Paläoboden-Sequenzen über Rehberger Amphibolit NW von Langenlois wurden sechs Bodenprofile (Lois 1 bis Lois 6) beprobt und pedologisch, mineralogisch und geochemisch analysiert. Am Profil Lois 7 wurden bodenmikromorphologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Zwei Bodenprofile (Lois 1 und 2) haben sich über Amphibolit entwickelt, zwei über einer Amphibolit/Marmor-Wechsellagerung (Lois 5 und 6) und drei Bodenprofile sind Sequenzen von polyzyklischen Paläoböden mit fossilen Bodenhorizonten ohne unterlagerndes kristallines Gestein (Lois 3, 4 und 7). In den Profilen Lois 1–4 und Lois 7 konnten intensive Karbonatanreicherungen beobachtet werden. Diese hohen Mengen an Karbonat können nicht Produkt einer rezenten Bodenbildung sein, sondern sprechen für eine Infiltration von ursprünglich das Profil überlagernden kalzitreichen Sedimenten (Löss), die erodiert wurden. Zudem wurde in Profil Lois 2 ein Kalksinter angetroffen. Dieser Kalksinter könnte aus der Verwitterung der im Profil Lois 6 aufgeschlossenen Marmorlagen stammen. Die Kalksinter-Schicht scheint die Stoffflüsse zwischen unterliegendem Gestein und Solum in den Profilen Lois 1 und 2 mehr oder weniger zu unterbinden, was auch durch die Ergebnisse der geochemischen Analytik unterstrichen wird. In den fossilen Horizonten wurden auch ältere Anzeichen von Tonverlagerung in Form von Tonkutanen über den Aggregaten und darüber hinaus leichte Pseudovergleyungserscheinungen angetroffen. Die mächtigen Profile ohne aufgeschlossenes Grundgebirge (Lois 3, 4 und 7) weisen mehrere polyzyklische Sedimentationsphasen und dadurch mehrere Generationen von fossilen Horizonten auf. Aufgrund der bodenmikromorphologischen Analyse können die Böden vom „Roten Aufschluss“ altersmäßig im unteren bis mittleren Pleistozän oder älter angesiedelt werden.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; micromorphology ; loess ; paleosol ; amphibolite ; langenlois
    Language: English
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  • 83
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die korrekte Auswertung numerischer Alter mit ihren Plus-Minus-„Fehlerangaben“ oder besser Standardabweichungen und die Anwendung der damit verbundenen statistischen Auswerteverfahren sind für Geowissenschaftler und Geographen oft eine schwierige Aufgabe, weil ihnen dafür die Ausbildung fehlt. Entsprechend finden sich in der Literatur viele nur schwer nachvollziehbare geochronologische Folgerungen. Sie können allerdings auch dann falsch sein, wenn sie sich auf Ergebnisse aus Datenbanken ohne ausreichende Angaben über den Ursprung des datierten Materials und die angewandten analytischen Techniken beziehen. Diese Arbeit führt in die Beurteilung und Handhabung numerischer Altersangaben ein. Mit ihr können elementare Rechnungen und einfache statistische Tests korrekt ausgeführt werden. Entsprechende Beispiele veranschaulichen den Weg dazu. Die mit der Visualisierung von numerischen Altern in Form von einfachen und Dispersions-Histogrammen verbundenen Probleme werden diskutiert.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; numerical ages ; propagation of uncertainty ; histogram
    Language: English
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2021-06-05
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; north sea ; transgression ; interpretation ; shorelines ; marine regression ; morphodynamics ; geomorphological feature ; marine terraces ; cliff ; sedimentary successions ; holocene (9000 years b.p.) ; southern scotland (forth valley)
    Language: English
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: ESR hat sich im letzten Jahrzehnt bei der Datierung verschiedenster littoraler Ablagerungen (Korallenriffterassen, Strandwallsysteme, Dünen) als effizientes Datierungswerkzeug etabliert. Verbesserungen in der Bestimmung der jährlichen Dosisleistung (D’) und ein neu entwickelter Ansatz zur Bestimmung der Äquivalent Dosis (DE – Dmax Verfahren) haben die Präzision der ESR-Datierung sowohl an holozänen und pleistozänen Korallen als auch an marinen und terrestrischen Molluskenschalen verbessert. Dies wurde durch den Vergleich mit anderen numerischen Datierungsverfahren wie Radiokohlenstoff und TIMS-Uranserien- Analyse (TIMS 230Th/234U) unterstützt. Der Vergleich mit letzterer Methode steht im Fokus dieses Artikels. Die mit der ESR-Methode verbundenen Ungenauigkeiten bei der Datierung holozäner Korallen liegt in der Größenordnung der Variabilität von 14C-Altern, die durch den marinen Reservoireffekt bedingt ist. Die Datierung pleistozäner Korallen erlaubt die Differenzierung der wichtigen marinen Isotopenstadien (MIS) 5, 7, 9,11 und 13 sowie der Untereinheiten 5e3/2 und 5e1, 5c und 5a1 und 5a2. Der durchschnittliche Fehler bei der Datierung von Korallen liegt zwischen 5 bis 8%. Weiterhin hat die Datierung mariner und terrestrischer Mollusken mittels ESR viel versprechende Resultate geliefert, die eine Differenzierung der Interglaziale MIS 1, 5, 7 und 9 ermöglichen, bei einem Fehler von 10-15%. Die ESR Datierung von Quarz ist eine weitere vielversprechende Datierungstechnik für quartäre und sogar neogene geologische Formationen. Das Vorkommen von Quarz in vulkanischen Gesteinen, Tephren, Störungen und Sedimenten (thermisch beeinflusst und unbeeinflusst) ermöglicht die zeitliche Bestimmung des letzten Zeitpunkts vor der Erhitzung, Störung oder der Aussetzung von Sonnenlicht. Obwohl durch einige experimentelle Ergebnisse angezweifelt, ist die ESR Datierung von Quarz die einzige Möglichkeit Altersdaten älterer Ablagerungen zu liefern. ESR wurde auch bei einer Vielzahl anderer Materialien angewendet, wie zum Beispiel Foraminiferen, Speleothemen, Travertinen, Kalkkrusten und Zahnschmelz. Die gebräuchlichste und zuverlässigste Anwendung ist die ESR-Datierung von Mammutstoßzähnen. Im Zusammenspiel mit der Laser-Ablation Uranserien Datierung ist ESR eine wichtige Methode zur Altersbestimmung archäologischer Fundstätten jenseits der Bestimmungsgrenzen der Radiokohlenstoffmethode bis in den Bereich von 200 bis 300 ka.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; quaternary ; electron spin resonance ; dating ; geochronology ; littoral
    Language: English
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Lumineszenzdatierung ist eine häufig angewendete Methode zur Altersbestimmung quartärer Materialien, wie z.B. archäologischer Artefakte, vulkanischer Ablagerungen oder von Sedimenten unterschiedlicher Ablagerungsräumen. Das vorliegende Manuskript gibt einen Überblick über die physikalischen Grundlagen der Lumineszenzdatierung, erläutert die notwendigen Prozeduren von der Probennahme bis hin zur Altersberechnung, diskutiert potenzielle Probleme die eine korrekte Altersberechnung beeinträchtigen können und stellt Verfahren vor, mit denen diese Probleme erkannt und beseitigt werden können. Abschließend wird ein kurzer Überblick über die gängigsten Anwendungsgebiete gegeben, von Artefakten bis hin zu verschiedenen Sedimenten, die für Luminszenzdatierung geeignet sind.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; quaternary ; archaeology ; luminescence ; physical dating methods ; geosciences
    Language: English
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Eine Pollensukzession aus der Bohrung Heidelberg UniNord im Oberrheingraben kann mit der bisher selten nachgewiesenen Waal-Warmzeit verknüpft werden. Das wohl nicht vollständig erfasste Thermomer reflektiert eine angedeutete Sukzession, die von einer basalen Fichten-Kiefernzeit über einen Abschnitt mit Kiefer, Hemlocktanne und Fichte, hin zu einer abschliessenden Waldzeit verläuft, in der Hemlocktanne (Tsuga), Eiche und Hainbuche dominieren. Tsuga erreicht im Gesamtdiagramm Werte bis zu 20 % und repräsentiert ein wichtiges Waldelement. Ständig vorhanden sind in geringen Anteilen ferner Carya, Pterocarya, Celtis, Eucommia und Ostrya-Typ. In Nachbarbohrungen deutet sich dasselbe Muster an. Das Pollendiagramm wird korreliert mit den Waal-Profilen aus Leerdam und Eindhoven (Niederlande).
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; pollen analysis ; biostratigraphy ; upper rhine graben ; waalian thermomer
    Language: English
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: In der Löss-/Paläobodenabfolge des Profils Schatthausen aus dem nördlichen Baden-Württemberg ist den Lössen ein Bt-Horizont oberhalb eines letztinterglazialen Paläobodens zwischengeschaltet. Diese Befunde fordern eine genauere Untersuchung von polygenetisch überprägten Paläoböden, um eine mögliche chronostratigraphische Fehlinterpretation zu vermeiden. Der Humushorizont und der darunter liegende Bt-Horizont entstanden während zweier Bodenbildungsphasen. Diese Annahme wird durch paläopedologische Befunde, Phytolite und Lumineszenz-Datierungen unterstützt. Der untere Bt-Horizont (Bt1) wurde vermutlich während des Eem gebildet. Die Sedimente des obersten Bt-Horizontes (Bt2) wurden um 71.5±7.4 ka abgelagert und durch eine Bodenbildung, vermutlich während des Mittelwürm, überprägt. Die Sedimente des Ah-Horizontes des Bt2-Horizontes ergaben Infrarot Optisch Stimulierte Lumineszenz (IRSL)-Datierungen zwischen 52.5±5.5 ka und 45.4±4.7 ka und bestätigen eine Bodenbildung während des Mittelwürm. Perioden unterschiedlicher Staubakkumulation können durch IRSL-Datierungen im Profil quantitativ unterschieden werden: der spätglaziale Löss mit einem gewichteten Alter von 15.2±0.6 ka (n=7), die mittelwürmzeitlichen Sedimente und einem gewichteten Alter von 48.9±2.5 ka (n=4) und die frühwürmzeitlichen Sedimente mit einem Ablagerungsalter von 71.5±7.4 ka sowie nicht physikalisch datierte ältere Lösse. Die IRSL-Alter sind in guter Übereinstimmung mit den geologisch erwarteten Ergebnissen und korrelieren sehr gut mit den letztinterglazialen Perioden maximaler Staubakkumulationsraten aus Grönland (GRIP-Eisbohrkern). Die Lössabfolge von Schatthausen ergänzt die gut gegliederte letztinterglaziale/letztglaziale Löss-Sequenz des benachbarten Nußloch-Profils um den spätglazialen Löss und seine zwischengeschalteten Nassböden.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; pleistocene ; germany ; loess ; pléistocène ; palaeoclimate ; palaeosol ; luminescene dating ; mollusc
    Language: English
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Ein 3,3 m langer Kern aus dem zentralen Bereich der Lagune von Venedig enthielt eine Torflage zwischen 1,3 und 2,0 m unter dem mittleren Meeresspiegel. Pollenanalysen zeigen ein Vorherrschen von Quercus und Alnus und eine transgressive Phase an: der untere Teil des Torfes (nach 14C-Daten 1730±80 v.h.) ist in einem Süßwasser-Environment gebildet worden, der obere Teil (nach 14C-Daten 1140 + 80 v.h.) in einem brackischen. Foraminiferenanalysen zeigen an, daß der Transgression eine Regression vorangegangen ist. Die gesamte Abfolge enthält von unten nach oben (Abb. 3): (1) ein oligohalines bis mesohalines Environment (von —3,3 bis —2,5 m) mit sehr zahlreichen Foraminiferen; (2) ein Süßwasser-Environment (von —2,5 bis —2,0 m); (3) die 0,7 m mächtige Torflage, die fortschreitend brackisch wird; (4) ein mesohalines Environment (oberhalb —1,3 m).Korrelationen mit benachbarten Lokalitäten (Abb. 1) weisen darauf hin, daß vergleichbare Erscheinungen zu gleicher Zeit im Zentralteil der Lagune, aber nicht in ihrem Nordteil, aufgetreten sind. Diese Regressions-Transgressions-Abfolge wird auf eine Periode erhöhter Niederschläge um das Ende der Römerzeit zurückgeführt, die zur Überflutung und zu einer Verlagerung des Laufes zahlreicher Flüsse geführt hat; dabei ist das ökologische Gleichgewicht dieses Marschengebietes zeitweilig verändert worden. Im Verlauf der vergangenen 100 Jahre hat sich die Transgression beschleunigt, überwiegend infolge anthropogener Eingriffe. Die „Barene" werden jetzt erodiert und verschwinden rasch (Abb. 2). Sie werden durch weite Meerwasserbecken eingenommen.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; holocene ; lagoon ; transgression ; peat ; paleogeography ; interpretation ; sea level ; intertidal sedimentation ; core cuttings ; regression ; stratiform deposit ; pollens (quercus ; alnus) ; foraminiferal fauna ; palaeosalinity ; freshwater environment ; C-14 dating ; brackish water ; veneto (lagoon of venice)
    Language: English
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die San Andreas-Verwerfung zwischen Valyermo und Wrightwood ist durch eine Hauptverwerfungslinie charakterisiert, die durch Verwerfungskliffe und -senken und tektonische Depressionen mit Alluvionen, Sumpfland, Torfmooren und Teichen gekennzeichnet sind, ferner durch versetzte und verstellte Abflußrinnen, Querriegel und verstellte Hügel, vertonte Zerrüttungszonen, Stufen, Quellen, Vegetationskontraste und durch von Erdbeben verstellte Bäume. Sekundäre Verwerfungslinien divergieren und konvergieren mit der Hauptverwerfungslinie; bezeichnend für sie sind lithologische Kontraste zu unmittelbar benachbarten Schichten, orientierte Täler und vertonte Zerrüttungszonen. Die relative Rechts-Horizontalverschiebung beträgt mindestens 20 m und ist wahrscheinlich zum Teil durch das Fort Tejon-Erdbeben von 1857 verursacht. Die Rechtsverschiebung von verstellten Abflußrinnen variiert zwischen 20 und einigen hundert Metern. Die Verteilung des Older Alluvium (Jungpleistozän?) deutet auf eine kumulative scheinbare Rechtsverschiebung von etwa 3,5 km hin.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; sedimentation ; morphology ; neotectonic ; marshes ; bog ; fault scarp ; fault trenche ; bassin ; alluvium ; pond ; landform description ; cenozoic ; stratigraphic column ; california ; littlerock-cajon pass region ; san andreas fault
    Language: English
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Arbeit diskutiert die Bedeutung von sechs Zeitgrenzen der gegenwärtigen Chronologie holozäner transgressiver und regressiver Perioden in den nördlichen Niederlanden. Der Schluß wird gezogen, daß (1) die Zeitgrenzen für die regressive Periode Holland III noch festgelegt werden muß; (2) die Zeitgrenze 3525 v. h. wohlbegründet ist, jedoch nicht den Beginn einer Subphase des Calais IVB, sondern den Beginn der transgressiven Periode des Dunkerque 0 markiert; (3) die Zeitgrenze 3325 v. h. ein Kunstprodukt ist; (4) die Zeitgrenze 3000 v. h. einem transgressivem Moorwachstum zuzuordnen ist, das in der ersten Hälfte des transgressiven Intervalls Dunkerque IA liegt und nicht am Beginn einer regressiven Phase, und daß (5) die Zeitgrenze 2650 v. h. wahrscheinlich eher den Beginn des transgressiven Intervalls Dunkerque IB markiert als das Ende der Periode Dunkerque IA.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; north sea ; holocene ; chronology ; time limit ; transgressive period ; peat growth ; regressive period ; northern netherlands ; C-14 dating ; peat
    Language: English
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  • 92
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Arbeiten konzentrierten sich darauf, eine Rekonstruktion früherer Vegetationsmuster für die sudanischen und guineensischen Savannenlandschaften sowie für die tropischen halbimmergrünen und immergrünen Feuchtwälder zu erstellen. Zahlreiche Untersuchungen zum zeitlichen Vegetationswandel haben gezeigt, daß auch die tropischen Regionen von den nachhaltigen Klimaoszillationen der letzten 20000 Jahre nicht unbeeinflußt geblieben sind. Ein zentrales Problem bei der Beurteilung einer sich wandelnden Vegetation ist der in den jüngeren Zeitabschnitten (ab ca. 8.500 B.P.) zunehmend anthropozoogen induzierte Einfluß auf die Ausprägung der tropischen Pflanzendecke. So sehen sich sämtliche Arbeiten zum zeitlichen Wandel tropischer Ökosysteme mit dem Problem konfrontiert, daß über die Erfassung der rezenten Vegetationsbedeckung sicherlich nur in Ausnahmefällen die natürliche Vegetation erfaßt wird. Es stellt sich zunächst die Frage, welche Vegetationsformation Hinweise auf ein noch weitgehend naturnahes Pflanzenkleid liefert. Das Material, das eine vegetationsökologische Analyse der Zeitscheiben 18.000 und 8.500 B.P. ermöglicht, wurde zunächst über eine Dokumentation vorhandener Informationen zu Paläovegetation und Paläoklima zusammengestellt. Es handelt sich dabei um Informationen aus den Sachgebieten Archäologie, Geomorphologie, Dendrochronologie, Paläobotanik, Palynologie, Tiefseebohrung und Isotopenanalyse. Der nächste Schritt enthält die Ableitung rechnerischer Beziehungen der aktuellen Vegetation zu Klima und Boden. Diese Modelle dienen dazu, die rezenten (aktuellen) Analogien Vegetation Klima auch auf die Paläozeitscheiben anzuwenden. Vorgestellt werden Karten der Vegetationsbedeckung West-Afrikas für 18.000 B.P. (Klimapessimum) und post 8.500 B.P. (nacheiszeitliches Klimaoptimum).
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; quaternary ; paleoclimate ; paleovegetation ; savannas ; dry forest ; semi-deciduous and evergreen rainforests
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die anhaltende Kritik eines Teiles der Prähistoriker einschließlich der prinzipiellen Ablehnung von Fundstellen in und auf Flussterrassen ohne zusätzliche archäologische Dokumente, was ja auch Kirchhellen und Weeze einschliesst, veranlasste den Autor zu weiteren Untersuchungen; er begann daher, sich mit Stellen zu beschäftigen, an denen Geofakte produziert werden, die für archaische Artefakte gehalten werden können. Die bisher vorliegenden Resultate scheinen eine besser geeignete Annäherung an dieses Problem zu zeigen und werden im folgenden Teil erklärt. Zur Erstellung von Kriterien, in diesem Fall solcher zur Ermöglichung der Trennung zwischen Artefakten und Geofakten, hatte eine umfangreiche grundsätzliche Studie des generellen Ursprunges von Geofakten und ihres Kontextes vorgelegt werden sollen, als Basis für allfällige Schlüsse und der Erstellung von Kriterien. Diese fehlt jedoch. Der hier vorgelegte Bericht beschreibt einige Beobachtungen, die in eine Richtung deuten, die ein besseres Verständnis für das Problem gestattet. Die Behauptung, verrollte Fundstücke seien keine Artefakte mehr, ebenso sei es nicht möglich, in Geröllansammlungen Arte - von Geofakten zu trennen, kontrastiert mit zahlreichen Fundstellen mit verrollten Artefakten, sogar zu tausenden aus Flussterrassen ergraben, im Mittelmeer-Raum. Die Entstehung von Geofakten aus natürlichen Prozessen ist viel zu komplex, um einfache Kriterien, wie sie im Gebrauch sind, dafür aufzustellen. Die Erforschung einer möglichen archäologischen Fundstelle in einer älteren Flussterrasse erfordert die Untersuchung des Materialflusses über eine längere Distanz des Flusses sowie seiner Zuläufe und dabei die Beachtung zahlreicher komplexer Aspekte, die den jeweiligen Fall beeinflussen. Dazu sollte die Kenntnis so vieler Sammlungen wie möglich aus dem älteren Paläolithikum erworben werden, daneben sind ausgedehnte Feldarbeit auf anderen Terrassen und experimentelles Schlagen eine grundsätzliche Bedingung, um das notwendige Wissen zu erlangen und dies ausdrücklich über eine längere Periode, vorzugsweise eine Reihe von Jahren. Das Endziel ist der Besitz umfangreichen detaillierten Wissens sowohl über die involvierten Artefakte als auch über die generellen Geofakt-Formen und dann als nächster Schritt die der Region, in der sich die abzuklärende Fundstelle befindet. Die Fundstellen von Kirchhellen und Weeze werden mit Blick auf die hier beschriebenen Beobachten überprüft; sie enthalten eine Serie von Artefakten neben einer Reihe von Stücken, die in eine Übergangszone gehören. Es sind noch Fragen offen: so ist, als Beispiel, die Geologie von Kirch hellen Objekt einer neuen Untersuchung, aber ebenso konnten Fragen des generellen Problems Artefakte/Geofakte weiter geklärt werden und dies könnte bei der Ansprache bestimmter Stücke helfen.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; lower pleistocene fluviatil terraces ; separation artefacts/geofacts ; study of pebble accumulations ; complexity in nature versus simplifying criteria
    Language: English
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Der Aufschluß in Usch liegt am Südrand des Thorn-Eberswalder Urstromtales zwischen der Frankfurter Staffel und dem Pommerschen Stadium. Die rund 50 m mächtige Sedimentfolge wird aus vier Geschiebemergelbänken mit zwischengeschalteten glazifluvialen Sanden gebildet. Neben Geschiebeeinregelungsmessungen, granulometrischen Analysen und der Bestimmung des Karbonatgehaltes liegt der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen in den petrographischen Analysen der Kiesanteile der Geschiebemergel in der Fraktion 4 - 12,5 mm und in der Leitgeschiebebestimmung. Beide Methoden geben Erkenntnisse über Eisfließrichtungen im Inlandeis. Der oberste Geschiebemergel (Kolmarer Staffel) enthält viel ostbaltisches Material mit Åland-Graniten, vielen paläozoischen Kalksteinen und relativ vielen devonischen Dolomiten. Der zweite Gechiebemergel (Brandenburger-Frankfurter Stadium) enthält im Vergleich dazu weniger ostbaltisches Material und weniger paläozoische Kalke, dagegen nimmt der Feuerstein-Anteil etwas zu, was ebenfalls auf ein weiter westlich gelegenes Herkunftsgebiet hinweist. Der dritte Geschiebemergel hat saalezeitliches Alter; die zahlreichen Dolomite sowie die sonstige Geschiebezusammensetzung weisen wieder auf ein ostbaltisches Herkunftsgebiet hin, das typisch für warthezeitliche Glazialablagerungen ist. Der unterste Geschiebemergel mit Geschieben aus Dalarna und Småland läßt auf einen Eistransport aus Norden schließen. Diese Moräne ist wahrscheinlich ebenfalls saalezeitlich, ein elsterzeitliches Alter kann jedoch nicht völlig ausgeschlossen werden.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; pleistocene ; pléistocène ; weichselian ; petrographic analysis ; indicator boulders ; ice flow directions ; torun-eberswalde pradolina ; western poland ; saalian ; fabric measurement
    Language: English
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  • 95
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Havara ist eine Lokalbezeichnung für ein gelblich-weißes, hoch kalkhaltiges, klastisches, quartärzeitliches Lockergestein mit weiter Verbreitung auf Zypern. Die Korngröße ist vorwiegend Silt, reicht aber bis Kiesgröße. Der Steinanteil wechselt örtlich bedingt. Regional ist Havara an den Ausstrich kalkig-mergeliger mariner Gesteine des Oberen Maastrichts bis zum Pliozän gebunden, die große Teile Zyperns einnehmen. Genetisch ist Havara Hangschutt mit Anhäufung am Hangfuß. Am Ausgang von Hanghohlformen, Hangrissen und Tälchen ist er zu Schuttkegeln angehäuft und enthält dann vermehrt gröbere Steinanteile. Ebene oder schwach geneigte Flächen werden von dünneren, eher feinkörnigen Kalkstaub- und Kalksanddecken überkleidet. Vorwiegender Transporttyp ist deluvial durch Abspülung am Hang. Ungeregelte Massen mit groben Gesteinsanteilen müssen auch solifluktiv bewegt worden sein. Unter anthropogenem Einfluß (Hangbearbeitung, Beweidung) gesellt sich kolluviale Bewegung hinzu. Sturzschutt und äolische Sedimentation sind sehr untergeordnet. Der Aufschluß Kalavaôs-Márcou (Abb. 1), eine Hangfußakkumulation, erschließt rhythmisch geschichteten Havara mit gradierter Schichtung von grob-unten zu fein-oben mit jeweiligem humosen Bodenabschluß (schwache Rendzina). Zwei solcher Böden ergaben ein 14C-Alter an Holzkohlen von 31.970 a BP im tieferen Profilteil und 27.440 a BP im höheren Profilteil (Abb. 2), also ein Alter des Mittelwürms 4 sensu Schirmer 1991 (Tab. 1). Die terrestrische Havara-Boden-Abfolge drängt zum Vergleich mit den Löß-Boden-Rhythmen im Mittelwürm des Schwalbenbergs am Mittelrhein, die ihrerseits weltweit mit Klimarhythmen aus Eiskernen und Tiefseesedimenten korrelierbar sind (Schirmer 1995: 531). Aus der Tatsache, daß Havara heute in viel geringerem Maße, und dann meist durch anthropogene Rodung bedingt, abgelagert wird, und aus der Wechselfolge von Havara und Interstadialböden in mächtigen Havarapaketen läßt sich für die Havara-Bildung eine vegetationsärmere Zeit folgern als die heutige in Zypern. Der weltweite Klimawechsel Stadial/Interstadial findet also auch im terrestrischen Bereich des östlichen Mittelmeerraumes seinen Niederschlag durch vermehrte Hangaktivität mit Schuttproduktion in den Stadialen und Bodenbildung in den Interstadialen. Im Unterschied zu Havara ist Kafkalla ein Ergebnis der Bodenbildung: Kalkkrusten, Caliche. Sie entstehen durch deszendente Kalkfällung als Kalkknollen und Kalkstangen (Cc-Horizont), vorwiegend aber durch aszendente Kalkverkrustung der Oberfläche und schließlich lateralen Kalktransport in seicht gelegenen Grobsedimenten.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; fossil soils ; havara ; talus ; colluvial deposit ; kafkalla ; caliche ; C-14 dating ; middle würmian ; cyprus
    Language: English
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die flandrischen und Eem-zeitlichen Bewegungen der Erdkruste überwiegend innerhalb Fennoskandias werden verglichen. Die flandrischen Entwicklungsphasen der Ostsee und die mit ihnen verbundenen Bewegungen sind in groben Zügen bekannt. Vorherrschender Faktor der Strandlinien-Verschiebungen im nördlichen Teil der Ostsee ist dabei die Landhebung gewesen. Sie verlief unmittelbar nach dem Abschmelzen des Eises sehr rasch, verlangsamte sich aber im frühen Holozän erheblich. Das Zentrum der Landhebung liegt nahe dem für die ausklingende Weichsel-Kaltzeit angenommenen Zentrum des Eisschildes. Über die Bewegungen der Erdkruste während des Eem-Interglazials liegen nur bruchstückhafte Informationen vor. Die untersuchten Ablagerungen schienen aber darauf hinzudeuten, daß während des Eem keine Strandlinien-Verschiebungen von dem für das Weichsel-Spätglazial und das Holozän ermittelten Typ stattgefunden haben. Deshalb müssen sich die isostatischen Krustenhebungen damals offensichtlich grundsätzlich vom postglazialen Bewegungsmuster unterschieden haben. Diese Unterschiede führt man hauptsächlich darauf zurück, daß sich ein Großteil der Eem-zeitlichen Landhebung unter dem rasch schmelzenden, in seiner Dicke reduzierten und über weite Areale stagnierenden Saale-Eisschild vollzogen haben dürfte. Außerdem hat das Zentrum des Eisschildes gegen Ende der Saale-Vereisung (Warthe-Stadium) wahrscheinlich bedeutend weiter östlich gelegen als dasjenige des Weichsel-Eises. Dies würde bedeuten, daß sich die isostatische Depression und die ihr entsprechende Wiederaufwölbung der Erdkruste sowohl räumlich als auch zeitlich von den Ereignissen in postglazialer Zeit unterschieden haben.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; baltic sea ; eemian interglacial ; discussion ; eustacy ; earth crust ; shoreline displacement ; comparison ; flandrian ; finland
    Language: English
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Aus den Ablagerungen der Yarimburgaz-Höhle werden zwei Kleinsäugerfaunen vorgelegt. Die sehr begrenzte Fauna aus dem älteren Sedimentationszyklus I enthält außer Arten, die auch heute noch in der weiteren Region verbreitet sind, vor allem Cricetus cricetus. Die jüngere Fauna aus dem Zyklus III, der einen großen Teil des archäologischen Materials geliefert hat, ist auch faunistisch erheblich reicher. Die Fauna ist gekennzeichnet durch Einwanderer aus dem südrussichen Steppengürtel (Lagurus transiens/lagurus, Cricetus cricetus, Ochotona pusilla, und Sicista subtilis). Hinzu kommt Rattus rattus als Einwanderer von Süden. Die ökologische Interpretation läßt auf eine erhebliche Ausweitung der Steppenregion nach Süden schließen. Arvicola ist im Mittelmeerraum als stratigraphischer Indikator nicht brauchbar. Dagegen kann aus der Übergangsform von Lagurus transiens zu L. lagurus ein mittelpleistozänes Alter abgeleitet werden. Dabei kann das frühere wie das spätere Mittelpleistozän ausgeschlossen werden.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; yarimburgaz cave ; turkey ; middle pleistocene ; small mammels ; türkisch trace ; pellets
    Language: English
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  • 98
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Geozon Science Media
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Das Weichsel-Spätglazial (ca. 13-000-10.000 Jahre vor heute) markiert den Übergang vom kalten späten Weichsel-Pleniglazial zum wärmeren Holozän. Während dieser Periode änderten sich Klima, Vegetation und die abiotische Landschaft sehr rasch. Die Vegetationsentwicklung im Weichsel-Spätglazial der Niederlande wird in erster Linie durch langfristige Klimaänderungen und an zweiter Stelle durch Veränderungen der Lithologie, Geomorphologie und Hydrologie gesteuert. Pollendiagramme aus verschiedenen Regionen, die das gleiche stratigraphische Intervall umfassen, zeigen oft deutliche Variationen in der Vegetationsgeschichte, die nicht allein mit klimatischen Veränderungen erklärt werden können. Über 400 Profile, die Teile oder das gesamte Weichsel-Spätglazial umfassen, wurden in den Niederlanden von verschiedenen Instituten untersucht. Zur Kompilation von mehr als 250 Pollendiagrammen wurde die European Pollen Databasestruktur genutzt. Datierte Veränderungen im arborealen Pollenbestand bilden die Grundlage des regionalen Zonierungsschemas. Mit Hilfe dieser Daten wurden Iso-Pollen-Karten der wichtigsten Taxa für verschiedene Zeitfenster des Weichsel-Spätglazials konstruiert. Die hohe Beobachtungsdichte palynologischer Daten in den Niederlanden erlaubte die Konstruktion hoch auflösender Iso-Pollen-Karten für den betrachteten Zeitraum. Es gibt eine klare Beziehung zwischen den beobachteten Iso-Pollen-Mustern und dem Landschaftstyp. Es sollte nun möglich sein, klarer zwischen klimatischen und abiotischen Faktoren zu unterscheiden, die die Vegetationsentwicklung steuern.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; climate ; vegetational development ; weichselian late glacial ; the netherlands
    Language: English
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Anfang 1979 ist zum ersten Male in den Niederlanden ein vulkanischer Tuff in den Lößablagerungen von Süd-Limburg gefunden worden (Meijs 1980a). Auf Grund der stratigraphischen Lage, des makroskopischen Aussehens und der mineralogischen Zusammensetzung wurde dieser Tuff mit dem Eltviller Tuff korreliert. In dieser Veröffentlichung werden die Korrelierungsbeweisgründe eingehend behandelt und mit den Ergebnissen mikromorphologischer und röntgenologischer Untersuchungen ergänzt. Die Entdeckung des Eltviller Tuffs in dieser Region gerade unter dem Kesselt-Paläoboden (= Nagelbeek Horizont) bedeutet, daß dieser Paläoboden ein stratigraphisches Äquivalent des E4-Naßbodens ist. Dieses steht im Widerspruch mit der in Belgien und den Niederlanden herrschenden Ansicht, laut der der Kesselt-Paläoboden mit dem im Denekamp Interstadial geformten Stillfried-B Paläoboden korreliert wird (z. B. Zagwijn & Paepe 1968). Der letztgenannte Paläoboden liegt aber stratigraphisch unter dem Eltviller Tuff und ist ungefähr 10.000 Jahr älter als der E4-Naßboden (Semmel 1967, Vogel & van der Hammen 1967).
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; loess ; weichselian ; grain size distribution ; heavy mineral ; interpretation ; parent material ; correlation ; pit section ; evidence presence ; eltville tuff layer ; kesselt paleosol ; interstadial ; x-ray diffraction analysis ; dutsch ; belgian limbourg
    Language: English
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden einige Unsicherheitsfaktoren bei der Rekonstruktion von Paläo-Umweltbedingungen diskutiert. In der Diskussion werden zwei Beispiele aus dem terrestrischen Bereich angeführt, nämlich Frosthügel und Brände; wobei der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen auf dem Gegensatz von lokalen zu regionalen Umweltveränderungen liegt, Es wird demonstriert, daß lokale Veränderungen, die keine klimatischen Ursachen haben, Ablagerungen entstehen lassen können, die den Eindruck erwecken, als seien sie das Ergebnis klimatischer Veränderungen. Es wird festgestellt, daß künftige Untersuchungen eine Fülle zusätzlicher Informationen über Paläo-Umweltentwicklungen und ihre komplexen Beziehungen hinsichtlich Ursache und Wirkung liefern können. Um aber schlüssige Rekonstruktionen machen zu können, ist es notwendig, mögliche Effekte sowohl klimatisch als auch nicht klimatisch induzierter Entwicklungen zu untersuchen
    Description: research
    Keywords: 551.7 ; VAR 000 ; Glazialgeologie ; local conditions ; climate ; weichselian ; palaeoenvironment ; frost mounds ; fires
    Language: English
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