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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 294 (1992), S. 466-478 
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 317 (1993), S. 474-484 
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉〈span〉This study delves into the management of electronic waste (e-waste) stemming from the disposal of personal electronic items and mobile phones, primarily in response to the remarkable surge in the utilization of these devices within the Hassan city populace in recent years. The principal objectives revolved around investigating the existing disposal methods for electronic devices including mobile phones and collecting fundamental data concerning their disposal practices within the geographical confines of Hassan city of Karnataka State. Additionally, an endeavor was undertaken to gauge the level of awareness among respondents regarding the potential hazards posed by e-waste. It was observed that a significant proportion of the Hassan population typically retains especially electronic devices is cell phones, once these devices become outdated and obsolete. Among the prevalent disposal methods, the most widespread approach involves selling these gadgets to scrap dealers or junk shops, whereas recycling practices remain relatively underutilized. Notably, a mere minority of individuals engage in recycling activities. An intriguing revelation emerged, with 65% of respondents expressing concern about the adverse repercussions of improper e-waste disposal on human health and the environment. Astonishingly, all respondents admitted to having no knowledge of the fate of their discarded electronic devices. Based on the findings gleaned from this survey, it is strongly recommended that a comprehensive review be conducted on the overarching management of e-waste stemming from this electronic waste including mobile phones, gadgets in the Hassan city of Karnataka State. The purpose of these surveys and data collection endeavors is to approximate the volume of e-waste generated through the disposal of these devices. This information is envisioned to assist stakeholders and government agencies in formulating effective and efficient legislation and policies for the proficient management of e-waste〈/span〉〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by STM Journals
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Indian Railroads is one of the largest railroad systems in the World. The Indian railway system has grown significantly over the years, as seen by the massive construction of its railroads; nonetheless, some accidents are caused by fractures in the railway track. Splits may occur because of the track's expansion or contraction brought on by seasonal variations. This study proposes a crack monitoring vehicle that employs an ultrasonic sensor to detect fractures on railway tracks and uses an Arduino Uno to facilitate the GSM and GPS module to send an SMS to the testing station, thereby mitigating the problems caused by these cracks. This intelligent system works like a remote monitoring system which gives an alert to stop the passage of trains in that path. The proposed model involves the use of Arduino, ultrasonic sensor, buzzer, GSM module, and GPS module.〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by STM Journals
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: The applicability of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) level 1B range-rate data for detecting gravity changes under the influence of strong earthquakes (M6.0-6.9) has been investigated. The most common product of the GRACE mission is the level 2, science data, as the spherical harmonic Stokes’ coefficients of the geopotential. These coefficients have been generated from Level 1B data which has resulted in missing some information during the smoothing process. In this study, the GRACE level 1B K-band range-rate measurements over three selected cells in Iran were analyzed, including two cells containing the epicenters of the Boroujerd earthquake (6.1 Mw) and the Zarand earthquake (6.4 Mw), which occurred on March 31, 2006, and February 22, 2005, respectively, and one cell far enough from those two cells. Additionally, the range-rate time series attributed to Iran's main catchments containing the above-mentioned zones have been extracted to distinguish between the effects of earthquakes and hydrology on the range-rate time series. Besides, the impact of factors other than earthquakes such as tide and non-gravitational accelerations acting on the GRACE satellites has been corrected. To better explore the extracted signals, their details have been derived using the wavelet transforms and the corresponding anomalies have been detected using the boxplot method. The considerable anomalies that have been observed in areas within or close to the earthquakes' epicenters before and after the earthquakes indicate that the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On range-rate time series can be considered as one of the potential precursors of a strong earthquake.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: سپیدایی از فراسنجﻫﺎی کلیدی در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آب و ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. بررسی آب و هواشناسی سپیدایی می‌تواند ابزاری برای شناخت تغییرات محیطی باشد. ﺳﻨﺠﻨﺪه مودیس سپیدایی سطح زﻣﻴﻦ را ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ در ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ و ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪرت ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ مناسب ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و در دسترس پژوهشگران ﻗﺮار می‌دهد. در این پژوهش جهتِ واکاوی آب و هواشناسی سپیدایی ایران‌، نخست داده‌های فراورده MCD43A4 سنجنده مودیس در محدوده ایران در بازه زمانی 1/1/2001 تا 30/12/2021 با تفکیک مکانی 500 متری و تفکیک زمانی روزانه از وبگاه ناسا برداشت شد. پس از پیش پردازش‌های لازم، میانگین بلندمدت ماهانه، فصلی و سالانه سپیدایی ایران محاسبه گردید. یافته‌ها در مقیاس ماهانه نشان داد که در ماه‌های سرد سال( Jan, Feb, Mar ) که ماه‌های برفپوش ایران شناخته می‌شوند، سپیدایی ایران بیشینه شده و ماه‌های گذار فروکش کرده و سپس در ماه‌های گرم سال (June, July, Aug) به سبب خشکی زمین و افزایش دمای رویه زمین دوباره افزایش می‌یابد. این رفتار دو سویه در مقیاس فصلی نیز آشکار است. بطوری که سپیدایی ایران در فصول زمستان و تابستان بیشینه و در فصول بهار و پاییز (فصول گذار) کمینه می‌باشد. همچنین یافته‌ها گویای آن است که میانگین بلندمدت سپیدایی ایران حدود 5/12 درصد است. با آگاهی از محدود بودن پوشش برفی ایران، پایین بودن سپیدایی ایران طبیعی به نظر می‌رسد.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: Evaluating the susceptibility of regional climates to climate change gives a pattern to realistically analyze the probable future climate changes. This paper investigates human influence on variations in precipitation extremes in Iran by evaluating precipitation data provided from 286 rain-gage stations during 1967-2010 and general circulation simulation results of CanESM2 model. This investigation was based on six forcing factors including natural external (volcanic aerosol, solar radiation), anthropogenic and a combination of them, Green House Gases (GHGs), change of land use, and anthropogenic aerosols. Seven precipitation indices namely Rx1day (Annual maximum 1-day precipitation), Rx5day (Annual maximum 5-day precipitation), R10mm (Annual count of days where daily precipitation is more than 10 mm), R20mm (Annual count of days where daily precipitation is more than 20 mm), CDD (Consecutive dry days), CWD (Consecutive wet days), and PRCPTOT (Annual total wet day precipitation) have been analyzed via the optimal fingerprint method. The results revealed that Rx1day, Rx5day and CWD increased, while R10mm, R20mm, CDD, and PRCPTOT decreased among which CDD and Rx1day indices with values of 18.4% and 10.9%, respectively showed significant variations. Furthermore, the obtained results implied that only the effect of anthropogenic forcing with a value of 1.4 was detected and attributed in CDD variations, also ANT caused increase in the return period of a 20-year event by 1.9 year for CDD. Although human-induced forcing factors presented marked trends in some cases, their effects were not generally detected and attributed on the change in the observations, apart from one exception.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: گردوخاک پدیده هواشناسی رایج در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک جهان است که در اثر عوامل طبیعی یا انسانی ایجاد می‌شود. شناسایی چشمه‌های فعال گردوخاک نخستین گام برای مقابله با آن و کاهش پیامدهای مخرب آن است. برای این منظور از دو شاخص عمق نوری هواویزها (AOD) و اختلاف بهنجار شده پوشش گیاهی (NDVI) از سنجنده MODIS ماهواره Terra برای دو دهه گذشته (2020-2001) استفاده شده است. برای بررسی چشمه‌های فعال هواویز در منطقه مورد مطالعه درصد فراوانی آستانه‌های هواویزها با سه آستانه 0.3، 0.5و 1 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بیشینه مقادیر AOD مربوط به فصول بهار و تابستان است. بطور کلی شش کانون اصلی هواویزها بر اساس مقادیر AOD و شاخص FoO برای منطقه غرب آسیا قابل تشخیص است. این کانون‌های هواویز در پهنه اقلیمی بیابانی گرم و خشک (BWh) دیده می‌شوند. تنها کانون هووایز موثر در شمال شرقی ایران در پهنه اقلیمی بیابانی خشک و سرد (BWk) در کشور ترکمنستان قرار دارد. بررسی ماتریس ضریب همبستگی هواویزها با پوشش گیاهی نشان ازرابطه معکوس دارد، البته این رابطه بیشتر برای چشمه‌های هواویزها صادق است. فارغ از نقش تعیین کننده ویژگی‌های سطحی در رخداد هواویزها، دو پدیده هواشناسی همانند باد شمال تابستانه و باد 120 روزه سیستان در تشکیل کانون‌هایی با مقادیر AOD بالاتر 0.5 و 1 نقش تعیین کننده‌‌ای دارند.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: بازتابسنجی تداخلی GNSS را میتوان بعنوان یکی دیگر از روشهای سنجش از دور برای پایش رطوبت خاک بصورت پیوسته و البته در مقیاس محلی در نظر گرفت که در وضعیتهای مختلف جوی مانند شرایط بارانی و مه آلود و در شرایط متفاوت نور و روشنایی مانند روز و شب قابل اجرا است. سیگنالهای بازتابی از سطح زمین توسط آنتنهای GNSS قابل دریافت است. تغییرات در رطوبت خاک باعث تغییر در مقدار مؤلفه نسبت سیگنال به نویز SNRسیگنال‌های بازتابی میشود. با تجزیه و تحلیل سیگنالهای بازتابی، میتوان به اطلاعات مفیدی در مورد سطح بازتاب دست یافت. SNR به شدت به رطوبت خاک وابسته است. در این تحقیق داده های ایستگاه P038 در منطقه نیومکزیکو مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد. بدینصورت که از سیگنالهای چندمسیری برای برآورد تغییرات رطوبت خاک در طول چهار سال، از 2017 تا 2020 استفاده میشود. طبق برآورد انجام شده سطح محتوای حجمی آب در سال 2017، برابر 8/88 میباشد، که در سال 2018 به 11/74 افزایش مییابد. سپس اندکی کاهش یافته و در سال 2019 به 10/88 رسیده و نهایتاً در سال 2020 به 12/49 افزایش مییابد. در این مقاله کارائی مدل شبکه عصبی LSTM در پیش بینی سری زمانی رطوبت حجمی خاک بدست آمده از تداخل سیگنالهای بازتابی GNSS مورد ارزیابی قرار می‌گیرد. آموزش مدل با استفاده از 80 درصد مشاهدات ایستگاه انجام میگیرد. با به روزرسانی وضعیت شبکه با مقادیر مشاهده شده به جای مقادیر پیش بینی شده، مقدار جذر خطای مربعی میانگین از 0/09 به 0/04 کاهش یافته و پیش بینی ها دقیقتر انجام میشوند.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: Abstract Subsurface channels are stratigraphic features in seismic data that can act as reservoirs or conduits for hydrocarbons. However, detecting and characterizing these channels is challenging due to the limitations of seismic resolution and the complexity of the subsurface geology. Seismic inversion is a technique that can enhance the seismic data by transforming the seismic traces into quantitative estimates such as acoustic impedance (AI), which is a key reservoir rock property. AI inversion can help to identify and delineate the subsurface channels by providing more contrast and detail of the channel geometry, fill, and surrounding sediments. Seismic inversion is often challenged by the non-uniqueness, ambiguity, and uncertainty of the inversion results due to noise and band-limited data. This paper uses a fuzzy model-based seismic inversion method that integrates prior information and fuzzy clustering constraints to produce more realistic and reliable AI models. This method assigns data points to multiple clusters with varying degrees of membership, which can capture the overlapping of AI values of different geological formations. The method is applied to the 3D Poseidon seismic data from the Browse Basin, offshore Western Australia, and the results are compared with those of conventional model-based inversion. Since there is no well-data in an interest channel zone, a qualitative evaluation with seismic attributes is performed. The subsurface structures are further interpreted by various seismic attributes. The comparison shows the fuzzy model-based inversion method can improve the resolution, contrast, and stability of the AI models and reveal more detail of the subsurface geology.
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: یکی از چالش‌های اصلی در بکارگیری مدل‌های ژئوپتانسیلی جهانی، محاسبه توابع لژاندر وابسته نوع اول بر اساس فرمول-های بازگشتی معمول است. از آنجاییکه اکثر نرم‌افزارهای محاسباتی به طور پیش‌فرض از فرمت «دقت مضاعف» در محاسبات استفاده می‌کنند، یک سوال مهم این است که آیا این سطح دقت برای محاسبه توابع لژاندر وابسته نوع اول و ارزیابی مدل‌های ژئوپتانسیلی کافی است؟ نتایج نشان می‌دهد که محاسبه توابع لژاندر در درجه 2190، معادل بالاترین درجه مدل‌های ژئوپتانسیلی جهانی موجود، حتی با بکارگیری دقت مضاعف، برای عرض‌های کروی در بازه [ʹ33˚78 وʹ20˚56] از دقت کافی برخوردار نیست، که بیشترین کاهش دقت در عرض کروی 60 درجه رخ می‌دهد. همچنین نتایج نشان می‌دهد که در عرض کروی 60 درجه، محاسبه توابع لژاندر در درجات بالاتر از 2029، دچار افت دقت شده و این افت دقت با افزایش درجه تشدید می‌گردد. بر اساس نتایج، محاسبه پتانسیل ثقل و شتاب ثقل تا درجه 2190، به ترتیب در محدوده عرض‌های کروی ازʹ32˚57 تاʹ13˚60 و ازʹ41˚57 تا ʹ13˚60 دچار افت شدید دقت می‌شود. از نتایج ما درمی‌یابیم که حداکثر درجه بسط برای محاسبه دقیق پتانسیل ثقل و شتاب ثقل برای تمام عرض‌های کروی، به ترتیب درجه 2065 و 2071 است. در این تحقیق، ما نشان می‌دهیم که برای محاسبه توابع لژاندر بر اساس روابط بازگشتی و تولید تابعک‌های میدان ثقل بر اساس مدل‌های ژئوپتانسیلی درجات بالای کنونی، نیازمند حفظ «دقت مضاعف طویل» در تمام فرایند محاسباتی هستیم.
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Road safety is a critical concern in the modern world, where advancements in technology have made our lives easier but have also given rise to increased traffic hazards and road accidents. The "Car Accident Detector and Informer" project is an innovative system aimed at enhancing road safety by accurately detecting and informing about car accidents in real-time. This project integrates advanced sensors, microcontroller technology, and communication protocols to create an efficient accident detection and notification system. Utilizing GPS and GSM technology for precise location tracking and instant notifications, this system has the potential to reduce emergency response times, save lives, and minimize property damage. This research paper presents a detailed overview of the project, including its objectives, working principles, components, advantages, disadvantages, and prospects.〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by STM Journals
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Spatiotemporal data analytics is a dynamic field that seeks to extract valuable information from data that integrates both spatial and temporal dimensions. This article explores the importance of this emerging field and its applications in a variety of fields, including environmental science, public health, and urban planning. Spatiotemporal data analysis addresses important research questions, such as determining event probabilities, understanding change patterns, identifying associations between events, and predicting events Future. However, this comes with many challenges, including managing large datasets, ensuring data quality, dealing with spatial and temporal autocorrelation, and more. To address these challenges, proposed solutions include data reduction and sampling, dimensionality reduction, data compression, use of spatial and temporal indexes, parallel and distributed processing, data filtering and pre- processing. Furthermore, strategies to handle spatial and temporal autocorrelation include exploratory data analysis, using spatial weight matrices, including spatially lagged variables, and regression models. spatial attribution, cluster analysis, etc for spatial autocorrelation and for temporal autocorrelation, solutions include time series analysis, differencing, ARIMA models, lagged variables, time series decomposition, exponential smoothing, state space modelling, machine learning, cross-validation, and regularization techniques. These approaches provide valuable insights to address the complexity of spatio-temporal data analysis and unlock its potential in various fields.〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by STM Journals
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Diamond drilling, a core drilling technique employing diamond-encrusted drill bits, has emerged as a critical method for extracting cylindrical rock samples from diverse geological formations. This article provides an extensive overview of diamond drilling, encompassing its equipment, applications, challenges, and its pivotal role in geological exploration, mining, and construction projects. The versatility of diamond drilling is evident in its adaptability to various rock types, spanning the gamut from soft sedimentary strata to formidable crystalline structures. In mining, it serves as an indispensable tool for assessing the quality, depth, and size of mineral deposits. Likewise, in construction and civil engineering, diamond drilling aids in ascertaining geological conditions for safe and stable foundation design. Environmental considerations are paramount in contemporary drilling practices, with containment measures for drilling fluids to mitigate ecological impacts. Safety precautions are rigorously adhered to, ensuring the well-being of workers and the integrity of drilling operations. Furthermore, core samples extracted through diamond drilling are instrumental in geological investigations. These samples, meticulously analyzed, yield insights into rock composition, mineral content, and geological structures. They inform decisions in resource exploration, mine planning, and construction project management. This review underscores the invaluable contributions of diamond drilling to our understanding of the Earth's subsurface, emphasizing its adaptability, environmental consciousness, and safety. By examining the critical aspects of this technique, this article illuminates the profound impact of diamond drilling on various industries and the scientific community, positioning it as an indispensable tool for unlocking the secrets hidden beneath the Earth's surface.〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by STM Journals
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: تعیین لبه و موقعیت افقی ساختارهای زمین‌شناسی یکی از مراحل اساسی در تفسیر داده‌های میدان پتانسیل محسوب می‌گردد. در این مقاله مثبت‌ترین و منفی‌ترین انحنا داده‌های گرانی تجزیه و تحلیل گردیده و فیلتری کارآمدتر با استفاده از نشانگرهای انحنا و ترکیبات آن‌ها برای تشخیص گوشه‌های ساختارها و چشمه‌های مدفون گرانی معرفی و استفاده گردیده است. روش پیشنهادی که فیلتر انحنای هیبریدی مثبت و منفی (یا به اختصار PNH) نامیده می‌شود، مثبت‌ترین و منفی‌ترین انحناها را با تنظیم فرمول و جمع وزنی در یک انحنا ترکیب و از مزایای دو انحنا مثبت و منفی برای بهبود تشخیص لبه داده‌های گرانی استفاده می‌نماید. بدین منظور ابتدا توانایی فیلتر PNH با در نظر گرفتن فرض‌های مختلف چگالی (مثبت، منفی و مثبت-منفی) برای مدل گرانی نسبتا پیچیده مصنوعی حاصل از منشورهای مدفون بدون نوفه و همراه با نوفه تصادفی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته که نتایج به دست آمده بر روی مدل‌های مصنوعی نشان می‌دهد فیلتر انحنای هیبریدی مثبت و منفی، از توانایی نسبتا خوبی برای تشخیص مرزهای افقی ساختارهای مدفون با چگالی و عمق‌های مختلف برخوردار است. همچنین از فیلترهای استاندارد تعیین گوشه مانند، مشتق قائم مرتبه دوم گرانی و فیلتر زاویه تیلت یا کجی برای مقایسه و صحت‌سنجی توانایی فیلترهای نشانگر انحنا بر روی مدل مصنوعی استفاده شده است. در ادامه کیفیت فیلتر پیشنهادی PNH ابتدا بر روی داده‌های واقعی یک معدن طلا واقع در منطقه ویتواترزند (آفریقای جنوبی) و سپس بر روی داده‌های گرانی مربوط به گنبد نمکی آجی‌چای (ایران) مورد بررسی و مطالعه قرار گرفته است.
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: برونداد مدل‌های پیش‌بینی عددی وضع هوا دارای خطا است. جهت اصلاح پیش‌بینی‌های کوتاه مدت (24، 48 و 72 ساعته) دمای بیشینه و کمینه مدل WRF، از یک روش یادگیری ماشین به نام ماشین تعقیب کننده استفاده شد. در این روش با سری زمانی 300 روزه از خطای برونداد مدل و با به کارگیری روش کمترین مربعات طیفی شبه فوریه- سری زمانی، خطای پیش‌بینی‌های مدل WRF برآورد شد. خطای پیش‌بینی‌ها در دوره 01/11/2020 الی 05/03/2023 برای 560 ایستگاه هواشناسی برآورد شد. یکی از نقاط قوت این روش، استفاده از تنها یک متغیر برای کاهش خطای پیش‌بینی‌های است. عملکرد پیش‌بینی مدل WRF بسته به مکان و زمان متفاوت است مثلا نمره مهارت مدل برای دمای بیشینه در ماه سپتامبر نسبت به سایر ماه‌ها کمتر و در مناطق جنوب غربی زاگرس نسبت به سایر مناطق کمتر است، که بعد از اصلاح این وابستگی حذف، و پیش‌بینی در تمام مناطق و زمان‌ها عملکرد یکسانی دارد. نتایج نشان داد نمره مهارت، RMSE و شاخص اطمینان‌پذیری پس از اصلاح خطای مدل به شکل قابل توجهی بهبود می‌یابد. پس از اصلاح خطا، نمره مهارت مدل برای پیش‌بینی دمای بیشینه از 1/0- به 85/0 و برای دمای کمینه از 38/0 به 72/0 می‌رسد. به طور متوسط RMSE برای پیش‌بینی دمای بیشینه از 6 به 2 درجه وبرای دمای کمینه از 5/4 به 3 درجه سلسیوس می‌رسد. پس از اصلاح خطای مدل، تغییرپذیری نمره مهارت پیش‌بینی‌ها کاهش یافته و با کاهش مقدار خطای پیش‌بینی‌ها، قابلیت اطمینان‌پذیری به پیش‌بینی‌های مدل به طور متوسط از 60 درصد به 85 درصد می‌رسد.
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: امواج درونی نقش اساسی در وضعیت هیدرولوژیکی و انرژی اقیانوس‌ها دارد یکی از انواع امواج درونی امواج بادپناه است که در اثر عبور جریان‏های زیرسطحی یا جزرومدی بر روی توپوگرافی بستر دریا به وجود می‏آیند و یکی از عوامل جابجایی لایه‏های همچگالی در زیر آب است. این موضوع باعث تغییر میزان مواد مغذی دریا و چگالی دریا خواهد شد. به همین دلیل شناخت امواج باد پناه در صنایع ماهی‏گیری و نظامی از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. در این مقاله با استفاده از ماژول جریان مدل سه بعدی Delft3D به صورت هیدرواستاتیک و غیرهیدرواستاتیک در تنگه هرمز که به دلیل داشتن کم‏عمقی‏های فراوان مستعد تشکیل موج بادپناه می باشد شبیه‏سازی امواج بادپناه انجام شده است و با استفاده از تصویر ماهواره‏ای SAR، داده میدانی و مطالعات پیشین اعتبارسنجی صورت گرفت. نتایج وجود امواج بادپناه در تنگه هرمز را نشان می‎دهند. هر دو مدل هیدرواستاتیک و غیرهیدرواستاتیک توانسته‏اند جهت انتشار و تولید امواج درونی را با تقریب مکانی قابل قبول شبیه‏سازی کنند، با این تفاوت که مدل غیرهیدرواستاتیک دارای مقادیر سرعت جریان بزرگتری می‏باشد، هرچند که نتایج هر دو مدل در رنج 4/0- تا 4/0+ می‏باشد. با این حال می توان گفت حالت هیدرواستاتیک تلاطم‏های بیشتری را نشان می‏دهد و به دلیل استفاده از مختصات عمودی سیگما، لایه ترموکلاین را با دقت بالاتری شبیه‏سازی می‏کند.
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: Both aeromagnetic and radiometric data was deployed to evaluate the Curie point depth and radiogenic heat production (RHP) of the young granitic regions of Jos plateau. An area of 55 by 110 square kilometers bounded by latitude 9°30' to 10°00' N and longitude 8°30' to 9°30' E of central Nigeria. The magnetic data was subjected to spectral analysis to obtain the curie depth which was subsequently used to evaluate the geothermal gradient and Heat flow for the area. Also, the concentration of radioelements (Potassium, thorium and Uranium) and average density of the in-situ rock was used to estimate the radiogenic heat production at each point where the Curie point was evaluated. The heat flow of the study area ranges from 10 to 165.5 mW/m2 with an average value of 111.00 mW/m2. The regions with anomalous heat flow of 165.5 mW/m2 are around Bowon Dodo, Dan Tsofo, Kadunu, Gimi, Kaura and Zankan of plateau state. The geothermal gradient values range from 5 to 68 °C/Km with an average of 26.16 °C/Km. The radiometric data analysis resulted in radiogenic heat values ranging from 0.4 µWm3 to 6 µW/m3 with average radiogenic heat value of 3.36 µW/m3. Both analyses revealed that regions such as Ataka, Gimi, Jimjim and Pari could be explored for geothermal energy. The high concentration of uranium, thorium and potassium associated with the study area must have arisen from the weathered in-situ granitic basement rocks.
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: مدل‌های گردش کلی (GCMs) کم و بیش دارای اریبی هستند و یکی از تکنیک‌های مورد استفاده برای کاهش اریبی مدل‌ها در بررسی پیامدهای تغییر اقلیم به‌کارگیری روش‌های تصحیح اریبی است. این مطالعه کارایی پنج روش تصحیح اریبی شامل دو روش نسبت‌گیری و سه روش نگاشت چندک را برای دو متغیر دمای کمینه و بیشینه در 46 ایستگاه همدید ایران طی دوره 1980-2014 با استفاده از مدل EC-Earth3-CC از سری مدل‌های CMIP6 مورد بررسی قرار می‌دهد. نتایج نشان داد برونداد مستقیم مدل EC-Earth3-CC برای هر دو متغیر دمای کمینه و بیشینه در تمامی پهنه‌های اقلیمی ایران و همچنین متوسط اقلیمی کشور دارای اریبی سرد (کم‌برآوردی) است. به‌طور کلی، پس از تصحیح اریبی، مقدار اریبی دو متغیر دمای کمینه و بیشینه به‌شکل قابل توجهی کاهش یافت. روش‌های نسبت‌گیری نسبت به روش‌های نگاشت چندک بهبود بیشتری را در برونداد مستقیم مدل نشان دادند. براساس تحلیل مقدار RMSE، روش‌های تصحیح اریبی در مقایسه با برونداد مستقیم به‌طور قابل توجهی خطا را کاهش می‌دهند. به‌طوری‌که پس از تصحیح اریبی، مقدار خطای متغیر دمای کمینه برای روش‌های نگاشت چندک تا 42 درصد و برای روش‌های نسبت‌گیری خطی و واریانس به-ترتیب 70.38 و 67.93 درصد کاهش داشته است. مقدار خطای دمای بیشینه نیز پس از تصحیح اریبی به‌ترتیب 59، 65.9 و 67.9 درصد کاهش داشته است. تصحیح اریبی سبب افزایش ضریب توافق (d) تا بیش از دو برابر در متوسط پهنه‌های اقلیمی شده‌است. به‌طور کلی روش‌های تصحیح اریبی بکارگرفته شده در این پژوهش دمای بیشینه را با دقت بالاتری نسبت به دمای کمینه برآورد می‌کنند.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: در این پژوهش اثر گردش بزرگ مقیاس عرض‌های میانی بر موقعیت ناوه مدیترانه برای بارش‌های فوق‌سنگین طی بازه زمانی 1979 تا 2022 بررسی شد. در این راستا با استفاده از شاخص تموج تغییرات تموج و با تحلیل همدیدی الگوی گردسی جو برای150 بارش فوق سنگین کشور تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که بارش‌های فوق سنگین تحت تاثیر تقویت ناوه اطلس، گسترش جریانات از سمت اروپا و شکل‌گیری ناوه مدیترانه رخ می دهد. شکل‌گیری ناوه اطلس سبب افزایش دامنه امواج، شکل‌گیری پشته برروی اروپا و ناوه مدیترانه می شود. با شکل‌گیری این الگو، ناوه مدیترانه تغییرات طول و عرض جغرافیایی 8 درجه را نسبت به میانگین خود تجربه می‌کند. تغییرات مکانی ناوه مدیترانه به دلیل تغییرات نصف‌النهاری امواج باد غربی برروی اروپا و موقعیت ارتفاع زیاد‌ جنب‌حاره است. متغییرترین قسمت باد غربی منطبق بر بلاکینگ شرق اطلس و ناوه مدیترانه است که با تشدید شیو بین ارتفاع زیاد و کم‌ارتفاع، جریانات نصف النهاری شده و مقدار تموج افزایش‌ می‌یابد. این شرایط منجر به تقویت پشته اروپا، افزایش دامنه امواج، تکوین بندال و گسترش ناوه مدیترانه تا عرض 25 درجه می‌شود. تکوین بلاکینگ اطلس سبب تقویت پشته برروی اروپا و گسترش جریانات به سمت مدیترانه‌ می‌شود. همچنین گسترش‌ نصف‌النهاری ارتفاع زیاد اروپایی منجر به تشدید شیو فشار، شارش‌ جریانات سرد شمالی،‌ تشدید جبهه‌ز‌ایی، تعمیق ناوه مدیترانه تا دریای سرخ می شود. همزمان با تقویت ناوه مدیترانه گسترش‌ شرق‌سوی واچرخند عربستان علاوه بر اینکه منجر به گسترش‌ شرق‌سوی ناوه مدیترانه می‌شود‌، رطوبت مناسبی نیز برای رخداد بارش‌های فوق سنگین کشور تامین می‌کند.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: Understanding the stress field is crucial for assessing seismic risks in Northwestern Iran, a region known for its high seismic activity and geological volatility. The intricate tectonic arrangements involving the Arabian, Anatolian, and Eurasian plates contribute to the unstable nature of the area. This study focuses on deducing stress regimes through stress inversion analysis of earthquake focal mechanisms in the North Tabriz Fault system. Analyzing the stress field is essential for understanding the elastic characteristics and geodynamics of the region. The study considers the stress field surrounding the Tabriz Fault, aiming to determine stress parameters and principal stress orientations using focal mechanisms. By analyzing 35 earthquake focal mechanism datasets from the Global Centered Moment Tensor and the Iranian Seismological Center, stress field inversions were conducted using Michael's linear inversion method and the iterative joint inversion method. The two techniques yielded distinct outcomes, with the iterative joint inversion method proving more accurate in determining stress fields and principal stress orientations. The findings indicate the existence of strike-slip faults in proximity to the North Tabriz Fault. The stress direction observed and the trajectory of the fault system suggest the influence of a transpressional mechanism. The predominant right-lateral strike-slip motion observed aligns with the prevailing tectonic regime in the region, providing evidence of strike-slip and thrust faulting stress regimes. The results contribute to a better understanding of the stress field and geodynamic situation in Northwestern Iran. They provide valuable insights for spatial analysis of future earthquakes and assessing seismic hazards in the region.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: کشور ایران جزو کمربند کوهزایی آلپ - هیمالیاست و به ایالت های لرزه زمین ساختی مختلفی تقسیم شده است. استان کرمان بر اساس طبقه بندی ایالت های لرزه زمین ساختی در زون ایران مرکزی قرار گرفته است. شهر هجدک نیز در ایالت لرزه زمین ساختی ایران مرکزی واقع شده است و رویداد زمین لرزه ای بزرگی را تجربه نموده است. در این تحقیق برای اولین بار شهر هجدک کرمان از نظر شرایط لرزه ای به صورت جامع مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است تا با استفاده از نتایج آن فرایند تصمیم‌گیری برای اقدامات پیشگیرانه به ویژه بهسازی و مقاوم سازی ساختمان ها در برابر زلزله در این شهر تسهیل گردد. در این تحقیق از داده های کاتالوگ زمین لرزه های موسسه ژئوفیزیک دانشگاه تهران و نقشه های زمین شناسی سازمان زمین شناسی استفاده شده است و چشمه‌های لرزه‌ای، پارامترهای لرزه‌ای، جنبش نیرومند زمین محاسبه و تحلیل خطر زلزله به روش احتمالاتی انجام شده است. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق، در فاصله 100 کیلومتری از محدوده شهری 6 زمین لرزه تاریخی، 4141 زمین لرزه دستگاهی با بزرگای بالای 4 از سال 1900 تا اواخر 2023 رخ داده و 8 چشمه لرزه زا از نوع ناحیه‌ای تشخیص داده شده است. ضرایب لرزه خیزی a , b محاسبه شده در این محدوده به ترتیب 86/0 و 88/3 و نرخ لرزه خیزی برای بزرگای 4 و بزرگ‌تر، 47/1 است. بیشترین شتاب سنگ کف در محدوده 45/0 است که این شتاب در محدوده شهر هجدک بین 25/0-35/0 می باشد.
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data set was collected to identify hydrological processes and their evolution over it time. It consists of several individual files in tabstop delimeted text format. The data set contains the data obtained from deuterium and brilliant blue tracer experiments at two chronosequence studies in the glacier forefield of the Stone Glacier and the Griessfirn in the central Alps, Switzerland. Each chronosequence consisted of four moraines of different ages (from 30 to 13500 years). At each forefield sprinkling experiments with deuterium and dye tracer experiments with blue dye (Brilliant Blue) were conducted on three plots per moraine. The moraines at the forefield of the Stone Glacier developed from siliceous parent material and at the forefield of the Griessfirn from calcareous parent material. Data from the siliceous forefield are marked with (S) and data from the calcareous forefield are marked with (C). The data set consist of soil moisture time series and soil water isotope profiles of the sprinkling experiments with deuterium, as well as trinary images of stained vertical subsurface flow paths from the dye tracer experiment. The individual plots per moraine are distinguished via their position relative to one another on the moraine (left, middle, and right, looking upslope). The plots used for the sprinkling experiments were located in close vicinity to the plots used for the dye tracer experiments. For the sprinkling experiments with deuterium each plot (4m x 6m) per age class was equipped with 6 soil moisture sensors. Three of these sensors were installed as a sensor profile at one side of the plot about one meter downslope from the upper plot boundary. The sensors were installed at 10, 30, and 50 cm soil depth. On the other side of the plot, two sensors were placed in 10 cm depth, one opposite to the sensor profile and the second sensor one meter upslope from the lower plot boundary. The sixth sensor was placed at 10 cm depth in the center of the plot. The plots were irrigated on three consecutive days with three different irrigation intensities and deuterium concentrations. Per forefield, the soil moisture data are listed in one file per age class. The file contains for each plot, the time stamp and the soil moisture values of the 6 sensors.
    Keywords: Landscape Evolution ; Chronosequence Study ; Proglacial moraines ; Flow paths ; Soil moisture ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 AGRICULTURE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL MOISTURE/WATER CONTENT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 LANDSCAPE 〉 LANDSCAPE PROCESSES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 SOILS 〉 SOIL INFILTRATION
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Teleseismic back-projection imaging has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the rupture propagation of large earthquakes. However, its application often suffers from artifacts related to the receiver array geometry. We developed a teleseismic back-projection technique that can accommodate data from multiple arrays. Combined processing of P and pP waveforms may further improve the resolution. The method is suitable for defining arrays ad-hoc to achieve a good azimuthal distribution for most earthquakes. We present a catalog of short-period rupture histories (0.5-2.0 Hz) for all earthquakes from 2010 to 2022 with Mw {greater than or equal to} 7.5 and depth less than 200 km (56 events). The method provides automatic estimates of rupture length, directivity, speed, and aspect ratio, a proxy for rupture complexity. We obtained short-period rupture length scaling relations that are in good agreement with previously published relations based on estimates of total slip. Rupture speeds were consistently in the sub-Rayleigh regime for thrust and normal earthquakes, whereas a tenth of strike-slip events propagated at supershear speeds. Many rupture histories exhibited complex behaviors, e.g., rupture on conjugate faults, bilateral propagation, and dynamic triggering by a P wave. For megathrust earthquakes, ruptures encircling asperities were frequently observed, with down-dip, up-dip, and balanced patterns. Although there is a preference for short-period emissions to emanate from central and down-dip parts of the megathrust, emissions up-dip of the main asperity are more frequent than suggested by earlier results. The data are presented as follows (and described in detail in the associated README): SUPPORTING DATA SET S1 (2024-001_Vera-et-al_Supporting-Data-S1.zip) This Data Set (S1) consists of *.bp files containing (1) short-period earthquake rupture patterns, (2) energy radiated maps, and (3) source time functions derived from back-projections (0.5-2.0 Hz). The Data Set S1 includes 56 folders, representing 56 processed earthquakes between 2010 and 2022 with a moment magnitude (Mw) greater than or equal to 7.5 and a depth less than 200 km. These folders are labeled in the format YYYYMMDDhhmm_EVENT_NAME_REGION (UTC) in *.bp format. SUPPORTING DATA SET S2 (2024-001_Vera-et-al_Supporting-Data-S2.csv) This Data Set (S2) comprises a *.csv file containing earthquake source information used in the back-projection and the resulting rupture parameter estimates based on **visually determined** rupture end times. The *.csv file includes rupture parameter estimates for each of the 56 earthquake back-projections presented in Data Set S1. SUPPORTING DATA SET S3 (2024-001_Vera-et-al_Supporting-Data-S3.csv) This Data Set (S3) comprises a *.csv file containing earthquake source information used in the back-projection and the resulting rupture parameter estimates based on **automatic** rupture end times. Note: The main difference from Data Set S2 is that rupture parameter estimates in S3 are derived from **automated** rupture end times, whereas S2 provided estimates relative to **visually determined** rupture end times.
    Keywords: teleseismic back-projection ; large earthquakes ; megathrust earthquakes ; complex ruptures ; supershear ruptures ; earthquake rupture catalog ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 EARTHQUAKES
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data provided here is an exemplary dataset for the flux site Zarnekow from one year (2018). The complete dataset that is needed to run the codes for all the years can be obtained from the European Fluxes Database Cluster under site ID DE-Zrk (Sachs et al., 2016) or provided upon request. This repository is intended to provide the necessary MATLAB and R code to reproduce the results by Kalhori et al. (2024). The data are provided as zip folder containing (1) a csv file with associated definition of variables and units (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_README_2018_units.txt), (2) a shapefile (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_2018_LAiV_DOP.shp) and (3) a Geotiff (file: 2023-004_Kalhori-et-al_2018_LAiV_DOP.tiff). In addition, we provide a second zip folder containing the data that produced the figures of the related article (Kalhori et al., 2024, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01226-9).
    Keywords: carbon dioxide emission ; CO2 emission ; methane emission ; CH4 emission ; peatland ; wetland ; eddy covariance ; rewetting ; emission factor ; mitigation ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 〉 WETLANDS 〉 PEATLANDS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The dataset contains source parameters of acoustic emission (AE) events recorded during triaxial friction (stick-slip) experiments performed on the Westerly Granite sample WgN05. In addition we provide raw waveform data of AE events recorded in triggered mode with a network of 16 AE sensors. Basic seismic catalog associated with the stick-slip experiment contains origin time, hypocentral location in local Cartesian coordinate system of the sample (with associated uncertainties), and AE-derived magnitude. In addition, for a subset of AEs we provide full moment tensors. This catalog include information on fault parameters (strike, dip and rake of the two nodal planes), percentage of isotropic, compensated linear vector dipole and double-couple components of the full moment tensor, P, T, B axes orientations in the coordinate system of the sample, uncertainty assessment, as well as the six independent moment tensor components. Finally, we provide a time series of axial stress values as presented in the Kwiatek et al. (2023) as well as the coordinates of the AE sensors. The catalog and parametric data is supplemented with the raw waveform recordings stored in HDF5 format from 16 acoustic emission sensors placed on the surface of the sample.
    Keywords: acoustic emission ; rock mechanics ; earthquake precursors ; stick-slip ; earthquake preparation ; seismomechanics ; intermittent criticallity ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 EARTHQUAKE PREDICTIONS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES 〉 SEISMIC PROFILE 〉 SEISMIC BODY WAVES ; hazard ; hazard 〉 natural hazard ; monitoring 〉 seismic monitoring ; physical property 〉 inversion ; physical property 〉 pressure ; physical property 〉 rock mechanics
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This publication provides the codes produced for the article "Temporally dynamic carbon dioxide and methane emission factors for rewetted peatlands. Nature Communications Earth and Environment" by Aram Kalhori, Christian Wille, Pia Gottschalk, Zhan Li, Josh Hashemi, Karl Kemper, and Torsten Sachs (https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01226-9). In the article, the authors estimate the cumulative GHG emissions of a rewetted peatland in Germany using the long-term ecosystem flux measurements. They observe a source-to-sink transition of annual carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and decreasing trend of methane (CH4) emissions. This software is written in R and MATLAB. Running the codes ([R files and .m files](Code)) and loading the data files ([CSV files and .mat files](Data)) requires the pre-installation of [R and RStudio] (https://posit.co/downloads/) and ([MATLAB]. The RStudio 2022.07.2 Build 576 version has been used for the R scripts. The land cover classification work was performed in QGIS, v.3.16.11-Hannover. Data were analyzed in both MATLAB and R and plots created with R (R Core Development Team 2020) in RStudio®. The following external packages are required to be incorporated into the codes in order to run the provided codes: "zyp" package; "missForest" package;"REddyProc" package and explained in detail in the README. Files: Codes/Kalhori2023_SenSlopes_fig2.r "zyp" package, Maintainer David Bronaugh 〈bronaugh@uvic.ca〉 Depends R (〉= 2.4.0), Kendall License: LGPL-2.1 https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=zyp Files: Codes/Kalhori2023_gapfillingMF_validation_figSI1.r "missForest" package, Maintainer Daniel J. Stekhoven 〈stekhoven@stat.math.ethz.ch〉 Depends randomForest,foreach,itertools License: GPL (〉= 2) https://www.r-project.org, https://github.com/stekhoven/missForest Files: Codes/Kalhori2023_NEEpartitioning.r "REddyProc" package, Maintainer Thomas Wutzler 〈twutz@bgc-jena.mpg.de〉 Depends R (〉= 3.0.0), methods Imports Rcpp, dplyr, purrr, rlang, readr, tibble, magrittr, solartime, bigleaf (〉= 0.7) License: GPL (〉= 2) https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/REddyProc/index.html Data are provided as .shp, CSV or text files. The MATLAB scripts for footprint calculation and the R scripts used for gapfilling (missForest) and flux partitioning (REddyProc) are also included.The full description of the data and methods is provided in the manuscript.
    Description: Other
    Description: GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 3, 29 June 2007 Copyright (C) 2023 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany (Aram Kalhori). Kalhori2023_Rewetted Peatland_GHG Analysis is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 3 of the License. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see 〈https://www.gnu.org/licenses/〉.
    Keywords: carbon dioxide emission ; CO2 emission ; methane emission ; CH4 emission ; peatland ; wetland ; eddy covariance ; rewetting ; emission factor ; mitigation ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 〉 WETLANDS 〉 PEATLANDS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS
    Type: Software , Software
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set contains the results from a 2023 GFZ Innovative Research Expedition project to explore for natural hydrogen gas (H2) occurrences in the NW Pyrenean foreland, near the town of Biarritz in France. The data represent in-situ measurements of soil and spring water gas, as well as in-situ spring water property measurements, complemented with laboratory analysis results of gas contents and noble gas isotopic compositions of gas and spring water samples collected during the expedition. This GFZ Innovative Research Expedition was inspired by previous exploration efforts in the region by Lefeuvre et al. (2021, 2022). These authors detected elevated concentrations of natural H2 gas in the soil and interpreted this natural H2 to be derived from serpentinizing mantle rocks below the Pyrenees. The main aims of this expedition were the following: (1) in-situ measuring soil gas contents and taking soil gas samples for laboratory analysis at a site near the town of Peyrehorade in the NW of the general study area of Lefeuvre et al. (2021), thus improving the soil gas data coverage along the NW end of the North Pyrenean Frontal Thrust (NPFT); (2) taking gas samples from degassing springs (or water samples from non-degassing springs to be degassed in the lab) in the general Lefeuvre et al. (2021) study area for additional laboratory analysis of gas contents and noble gas isotopic compositions, which may be indicative of (deep) gas origins; and (3) performing a detailed soil gas analysis by means of a portable mass spectrometer at Sauveterre-de-Béarn, a site along the NPFT where Lefeuvre et al. (2022) measured elevated concentrations of natural H2 in the soil. Furthermore, we also measured the properties of the visited springs (temperature, pH, conductivity) while on site, and performed additional in-situ soil gas measurements from manual drillholes. Details on the measurement and sampling methods, on the laboratory analyses, as well as the results of these measurements and analyses are provided in the data description file The expedition involved six field days in July 2023, during which a total of 26 sites were visited. These sites were selected for their vicinity near a major geological contact or fault zone that could have facilitated upward circulation of gas or (thermal) water from the (deep) subsurface (i.e., potentially from the mantle).
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The EU funded project CRM-geothermal aims to establish an overview of the potential for critical raw materials (CRM) in geothermal fluids across the EU and third countries (Ref). Within this framework, the geothermal sites of Tuzla, Seferihisar and Dikili in eastern Turkey have been visited in March 2023. To estimate the potential of CRM at these sites, a comprehensive sampling program was performed. Rock samples (drill gravel) of the production borehole and scaling from gas-water separators were obtained. Furthermore, sampling of geothermal fluids (gas and brine) and precipitates (salt) along the production line was performed. Here, the results of the geochemical analyses of solid sample materials (drill gravel, scales and salt) are presented. All analyses were performed in the ElMiE-Lab (Elements and Minerals of the Earth Laboratory) at German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany (https://labinfrastructure.geo-x.net/laboratories/8). For their major and minor element compositions, bulk samples of drill gravel and scales were analyzed with XRF and ICP-MS, respectively. Salt precipitates were analyzed for dry loss and mineral composition using XRD.
    Description: Methods
    Description: Sampling of drill gravel: Drill core gravel from Tuzla geothermal site was obtained from existing samples taken during drilling in 2010. For the analyses, three samples of the geothermal reservoir horizon at different depth and from two different drill holes were chosen. Sampling of scales: Scales were sampled during geothermal power plant maintenance in 2023 in Tuzla and in 2022 in Seferihisar. It was analyzed from all water-gas separators from the three drill holes in Tuzla. For Seferihisar, fresh scales were obtained from inside a tube, a pump and a fitter. Sampling of salt precipitates: During the visits, fresh salt precipitates were taken from outside the pipeline that transports geothermal brine to the power plant. The sampling points were located near the production well. Here, few connectors were slightly leaking which is negligible for the geothermal power production. Over time, the small amounts of brine release causes salt precipitation, due to brine cooling and evaporation. The residual salts occurs in form of fine crystalline precipitations around the pipe connectors or, stalactite-like salt tubings. Sampling of fresh, slightly moist material was performed by either scratching material off the precipitate deposit or breaking off juvenile stalactite outgrowth. The sample were stored and transported in air-tight zipper plastic bags to avoid sample alteration by atmospheric air.
    Keywords: critical raw materials ; geothermal power plant eastern turkey ; drill gravel ; scales ; salt precipitates ; geochemistry ; XRF ; ICP-MS ; XRD ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 ECONOMIC RESOURCES 〉 ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE 〉 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION/USE ; energy 〉 energy type 〉 non-conventional energy 〉 geothermal energy ; Models/Analyses 〉 CRM
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2024-02-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The dataset is the basis for describing a 60-year-long evolution of groundwater dynamics and thermal field in the North German Basin beneath the Federal State of Brandenburg (NE Germany), covering the period between 1953 and 2014 with monthly increments. It was produced by one-way coupling of a near-surface distributed hydrologic model to a 3D basin-scale thermohydraulic groundwater model with the goal of investigating feedbacks between climate-driven forcing (in terms of time- and space-varying recharge and temperature), basin-scale geology, and topographic gradients. Modeled pressure and temperature distributions are validated against published groundwater level and temperature time series from observation wells. Our results indicate the spatio-temporal extent of the groundwater system subjected to nonlinear interactions between local geological variability and climate conditions. The dataset comprises of input files and scripts required to run the groundwater model in GOLEM and output files from the transient thermo-hydraulic simulations in EXODUS format. The input and output data is organized as separate archived folders (*.gz format).
    Description: Methods
    Description: Hydrological fluxes are simulated via mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM) (Samaniego et al., 2010), a spatially distributed hydrologic modeling tool. We make use of the results from a Germany-wide realization of mHM to derive time and space varying water fluxes, which we translate into boundary conditions at the top of our groundwater model. All groundwater simulations were conducted with GOLEM, a Finite Element Method (FEM) modelling platform for thermal-hydraulic-mechanical and non-reactive chemical processes in fully-saturated porous media (Cacace and Jacquey, 2017). Steady-state conditions were derived by solving separately for the hydraulic and the thermal cases. These uncoupled steady-state simulations have been used as initial conditions to run a coupled pseudo-transient simulation, the results of which have been later imposed to initialize the pore pressure and the temperature in the final transient simulation.
    Description: TechnicalInfo
    Description: The dataset comprises of output fluxes from the hydrological model, input files and scripts required to run the groundwater model, output files from the transient thermo-hydraulic simulations, references to validation data, and workflows for data pre-conditioning and post-processing. The 3D structural model built for groundwater modeling covers an area of 28800 km2, extends down to 6000 m below sea level, and contains 12 stratigraphic units from pre-Permian to Quaternary. It was built using structural surfaces from an earlier basin-scale structural model of Brandenburg (Noack et al., 2013). The model captures large-scale geological features controlling the regional groundwater flow, including salt structures, permeable glacial valleys, and aquitard discontinuities. The simulated finite element mesh has a resolution of 1 km x 1 km. It is divided into 54 computational layers and consists of 1.9 million nodes, giving a total of 3 million degrees of freedom.
    Keywords: groundwater modeling ; groundwater level ; geothermal potential ; groundwater recharge ; mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM) ; North German Basin ; Brandenburg ; climate ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 GROUND WATER 〉 PERCOLATION ; hydrosphere 〉 water (geographic) 〉 groundwater
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: We, the editors of the Code4Lib Journal, sincerely apologize for the recent incident in which Personally Identifiable Information (PII) was released through the publication of an article in issue 58.
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2024-02-21
    Description: Abstract
    Description: A high-resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM) has been processed for the Tillandsia landbeckii study sites at Arica. The original source data have been obtained from drone flight images. The final resolution of the DTM is of about 14 cm. We acknowledge support in the field and during data processing from Alexander Siegmund (PH Heidelberg). RE Stein and D Jäger contributed equally to the work.
    Description: TableOfContents
    Description: The zip.file contains the following 5 files: 1) Arica.blend 2) Arica_Ortho_clipped_0-5res.tif 3) DEM_Arica_final_clipped_rescale2.tif 4) DEM_Arica_final_clipped_rescale2_0-5res_raw.tif 5) DEM_Arica_final_clipped_rescale2_0-5res_rendered.tif Please do not change file names nor file extensions when loading files for viewing in BLENDER version 4.0 (https://www.blender.org/download/releases/4-0/). The "0-5res" file-versions refer to a 0.5m/px resolution (EPSG:32719 - WGS 84 / UTM Zone 19S). File DEM_Arica_final_clipped_rescale2.tif was processed to a final resolution of 1.35e-06 °degrees (c. 0.143 m) [EPSG:4326 - WGS 84].
    Description: Other
    Description: Short introduction into the methods: Very-high resolution images were captured using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) [drone: DJI Matrice 200; DJI Zenmuse X5S RGB camera]. With processing of the UAV data images are merged according to their geographical position by means of the Structure-from-Motion (SfM) algorithm and a digital elevation model was created (Micheletti et al. 2015; Westoby et al. 2012). High-resolution topographic surveying using the Structure-from-Motion (SfM) algorithm is a low-cost and user-friendly photogrammetric technique to obtain high-resolution datasets. The SfM method solves the camera pose and scene geometry simultaneously and automatically, using highly redundant bundle adjustment based on matching features in multiple overlapping, offset images (Westoby et al. 2012). SfM-Processing was performed using Agisoft Metashape Professional (Version 1.6.1 64 bit). Agisoft Metashape Professional performs well to reconstruct landscape 3D point clouds and the different steps of the process are configurable and can be controlled (Laporte-Fauret et al. 2019). Images were fed into the software and the quality (tool “estimate image quality”) and position was determined respectives images were chosen to cover the study area. Using the “Aling Photos” tool images were aligned creating tie points (2D) and a Depth Maps (high quality, mild filtering) was created (3D). With the help of the Build Dense Cloud tool, set to high quality, the data points were created that represent the study area in 3D. Consecutively an orthomosaic of the study area was created using the Build Orthomosaic tool. An orthomosaic is a photogrammetrically orthorectified image product that has been mosaicked from a collection of images and corrected for geometric distortion to create a seamless mosaic dataset. Due to the high-resolution input data and the processing without compression a high-resolution orthomosaic was achieved with a pixel size of 2.1 cm/pix covering the study area. This detailed, high-resolution geolocated photo representation of the study site is the basis for the following analytical steps. A digital elevation model (DEM) was computed using the “Build DEM” tool. Its dimensions resulted herein in a 14 cm/pix size to cover the entire study site. Final adjustment of elevation has been done using the Copernicus Digital Elevation Model (https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/de/collections/copernicus-digital-elevation-model) using Q-GIS (https://www.qgis.org/de/site/). Laporte-Fauret, Q., et al. (2019). "Low-Cost UAV for high-resolution and large-scale coastal dune change monitoring using photogrammetry." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7(3): 63. Micheletti, N., Chandler, J. H., & Lane, S. N. (2015). Structure from motion (SFM) photogrammetry. In L. E. Clarke, & J. M. Nield (Eds.), Geomorphological techniques (Online Edition) (pp. 1–12, Chapter 2.2.2). British Society for Geomorphology Westoby, M. J., et al. (2012). "‘Structure-from-Motion’photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications." Geomorphology 179: 300-314.
    Keywords: Biota ; Landscape Evolution ; Biodiversity
    Type: Dataset , Sub data for DTM configuration
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2024-02-21
    Description: Abstract
    Description: A high-resolution Digital Terrain Model (DTM) has been processed for the Tillandsia landbeckii study sites at Arica. The original source data have been obtained from drone flight images. The final resolution of the DTM is of about 16 cm/px. We acknowledge support in the field and during data processing from Alexander Siegmund (PH Heidelberg).
    Description: TableOfContents
    Description: The zip.file contains the following 5 files: 1) Caldera.blend 2) Caldera_Ortho_0-5res_clipped.tif 3) Caldera_DEM_clipped_rescale.tif 4) Caldera_DEM_clipped_rescale_0-5res.tif 5) Caldera_DEM_clipped_rescale_0-5res_rendered.tif Please do not change file names nor file extensions when loading files for viewing in BLENDER version 4.0 (https://www.blender.org/download/releases/4-0/). The "0-5res" file-versions refer to a 0.5m/px resolution (EPSG:32719 - WGS 84 / UTM Zone 19S). File Caldera_DEM_clipped_rescale.tif was processed to a final resolution of 1.67e-06 °degrees (c. 0.165 m) [EPSG:4326 - WGS 84].
    Description: Other
    Description: Short introduction into the methods: Very-high resolution images were captured using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) [drone: DJI Matrice 200; DJI Zenmuse X5S RGB camera]. With processing of the UAV data images are merged according to their geographical position by means of the Structure-from-Motion (SfM) algorithm and a digital elevation model was created (Micheletti et al. 2015; Westoby et al. 2012). High-resolution topographic surveying using the Structure-from-Motion (SfM) algorithm is a low-cost and user-friendly photogrammetric technique to obtain high-resolution datasets. The SfM method solves the camera pose and scene geometry simultaneously and automatically, using highly redundant bundle adjustment based on matching features in multiple overlapping, offset images (Westoby et al. 2012). SfM-Processing was performed using Agisoft Metashape Professional (Version 1.6.1 64 bit). Agisoft Metashape Professional performs well to reconstruct landscape 3D point clouds and the different steps of the process are configurable and can be controlled (Laporte-Fauret et al. 2019). Images were fed into the software and the quality (tool “estimate image quality”) and position was determined respectives images were chosen to cover the study area. Using the “Aling Photos” tool images were aligned creating tie points (2D) and a Depth Maps (high quality, mild filtering) was created (3D). With the help of the Build Dense Cloud tool, set to high quality, the data points were created that represent the study area in 3D. Consecutively an orthomosaic of the study area was created using the Build Orthomosaic tool. An orthomosaic is a photogrammetrically orthorectified image product that has been mosaicked from a collection of images and corrected for geometric distortion to create a seamless mosaic dataset. Due to the high-resolution input data and the processing without compression a high-resolution orthomosaic was achieved with a pixel size of 2.1 cm/pix covering the study area. This detailed, high-resolution geolocated photo representation of the study site is the basis for the following analytical steps. A digital elevation model (DEM) was computed using the “Build DEM” tool. Its dimensions resulted herein in a 16.5 cm/pix size to cover the entire study site. Final adjustment of elevation has been done using the Copernicus Digital Elevation Model (https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/de/collections/copernicus-digital-elevation-model) using QGIS (https://www.qgis.org/de/site/). Laporte-Fauret, Q., et al. (2019). "Low-Cost UAV for high-resolution and large-scale coastal dune change monitoring using photogrammetry." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7(3): 63. Micheletti, N., Chandler, J. H., & Lane, S. N. (2015). Structure from motion (SFM) photogrammetry. In L. E. Clarke, & J. M. Nield (Eds.), Geomorphological techniques (Online Edition) (pp. 1–12, Chapter 2.2.2). British Society for Geomorphology Westoby, M. J., et al. (2012). "‘Structure-from-Motion’photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications." Geomorphology 179: 300-314.
    Keywords: Biota ; Landscape Evolution
    Type: Dataset , Sub data for DTM configuration
    Format: ZIP
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Crystallographic Information File (CIF) of the magnesium phosphate mineral struvite collected by single-crystal X-Ray diffraction.  The magnesium phosphate mineral struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) is of interest for the recovery of phosphorus from wastewaters and for use as a fertilizer in agriculture, yet its structure is still debated. The structure of synthetic single crystals of struvite was characterized through refinement of a single-crystal X-ray diffraction pattern acquired at 100 K. The crystal structure was processed into a crystallographic information file (CIF), which is an internationally used data format used by crystallographers, mineralogists and chemists, containing all relevant information about the structure of a specific crystalline phase (Hall et al.: International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. G, ch. 2.2, pp. 20-36). Detailed description and experimental outline of the structural determination is found in Volkmann et al. (2024), DOI: https://doi.org/10.31223/X5KQ4F
    Keywords: Struvite ; Crystal structure ; Mineral ; Phosphate ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 〉 SEDIMENTARY ROCK PHYSICAL/OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: Abstract
    Description: In near-Earth space, a large population of high-energy electrons are trapped by Earth’s magnetic field. These energetic electrons are trapped in the regions called Earth’s ring current and radiation belts. They are very dynamic and show a very strong dependence on solar wind and geomagnetic conditions. These energetic electrons can be dangerous to satellites in the near-Earth space. Therefore, it is very important to understand the mechanisms which drive the dynamics of these energetic electrons. Wave-particle interaction is one of the most important mechanisms. Among the waves that can be encountered by the energetic electrons when they move around our Earth, whistler mode chorus waves can cause both acceleration and the loss of energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts and ring current. Using more than 5 years of wave measurements from NASA’s Van Allen Probe mission, Wang et al (2019) developed chorus wave models which depend on magnetic local time (MLT), Magnetic Latitude (MLat), L-shell, and geomagnetic condition index Kp. To quantify the effect of chorus waves on energetic electrons, we calculated the bounce-averaged quasi-linear diffusion coefficients using the chorus wave model developed by Wang et al (2019) and extended to higher latitudes according to Wang and Shprits (2019). Using these diffusion coefficients, we calculated the lifetime of the electrons with an energy range from 1 keV to 2 MeV. In each MLT, we calculate the lifetime for each energy and L-shell using two different methods according to Shprits et al (2007) and Albert and Shprits (2009). We make the calculated electron lifetime database available here. Please notice that the chorus wave model by Wang et al (2019) is valid when Kp 〈= 6. If the user wants to use this lifetime database for Kp 〉6, please be careful and contact the authors.
    Keywords: Earth's radiation belt; ring current; electron precipitation; electron lifetime ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SUN-EARTH INTERACTIONS 〉 IONOSPHERE/MAGNETOSPHERE DYNAMICS 〉 PLASMA WAVES ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 SOLAR-ATMOSPHERE/SPACE-WEATHER MODELS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 36
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    GFZ Data Services
    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This database contains a compilation of published zircon geochronology, chemistry and isotope data. The database was created through automated web scraping of the Figshare data repository. Data included U-Pb and Pb-Pb dating, Lu-Hf isotopes, trace element and rare earth element chemistry and isotopes. Where available, metadata on the analytical method, lithology, sample description and sampling coordinates are included. All analyses include a citation and doi link to the original data hosted on Figshare. See metadata table for descriptions of table headers. See associated manuscript for web scraping code.
    Description: Other
    Description: The DIGIS geochemical data repository is a research data repository in the Earth Sciences domain with a specific focus on geochemical data. It is hosted at GFZ Data Services through a collaboration between the Digital Geochemical Data Infrastructure (DIGIS) for GEOROC 2.0 (https://digis.geo.uni-goettingen.de) and the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. The repository archives, publishes and makes accessible user-contributed, peer-reviewed research data that fall within the scope of the GEOROC database. Compilations of previously published data are also made available on the GEOROC website (https://georoc.eu) as Expert Datasets.
    Keywords: data compilation ; zircon geochronology ; geochemistry data ; isotope data ; GEOROC Expert Dataset ; zircon ; magmatic ; detrital ; U-Pb age ; Pb-Pb age ; Lu-Hf isotopes ; trace elements ; rare earth elements ; adakite ; amphibolite ; andesite ; anorthosite ; aplite ; arenite ; ash ; basalt ; basaltic andesite ; basaltic trachyandesite ; bentonite ; biotitite ; charnockite ; conglomerate ; dacite ; diamictite ; diorite ; dolerite ; dunite ; gabbro ; granite ; granodiorite ; granulite ; greenschist ; greywacke ; hornblendite ; kersantite ; kimberlite ; lamprophyre ; leucogranite ; lherzolite ; limestone ; migmatite ; monzodiorite ; monzogranite ; monzonite ; norite ; orthogneiss ; paragneiss ; pegmatite ; pelite ; psammite ; pumice ; pyroxenite ; quartzite ; radiolarite ; rhyodacite ; rhyolite ; rodingite ; sandstone ; schist ; serpentinite ; shale ; siltstone ; spessartite ; syenite ; syenogranite ; tonalite ; trachyandesite ; trachydacite ; trachyte ; trondhjemite ; tuff ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPE RATIOS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPES ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPIC AGE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS 〉 MINERALS 〉 MINERAL AGE DETERMINATIONS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the necessity for digital infrastructure and accessibility, particularly in the education sector. This paper investigates the benefits and effectiveness of utilizing Green Cloud Computing (GCC) techniques for the dissemination of educational library data in remote regions of India during this critical period. The GCC model, known for its energy efficiency and reduced environmental impact, is proposed as a robust, scalable, and eco-friendly solution for providing remote educational access. The research utilizes a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative assessments of data reach and usage, and qualitative surveys to understand user experiences. The study reveals that GCC techniques can significantly improve educational resource distribution, thereby mitigating the educational disparities further exacerbated by the pandemic. These findings reinforce the potential of GCC techniques as a sustainable and inclusive technology in reshaping the educational landscape in remote regions.〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by STM Journals
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉One of the most crucial global issues of our era is climate change, whose consequences are presently being felt all over the world. As climate change keeps on forgoing, it's important that governments, organizations, and businesses take visionary actions for adapting and protecting themselves from calamities.〈/em〉〈em〉 This paper summarizes the application of Remote Sensing (RS) and 〈/em〉〈em〉Geographic Information System (〈/em〉〈em〉GIS) in observing impact of climate change on drought, soil moisture, land degradation, food security, EHIs’ characterization and blue carbon science and review of AI based climate solutions. The〈/em〉〈em〉 〈/em〉〈em〉integration of advanced machine learning algorithms,〈/em〉〈em〉 〈/em〉〈em〉real-time data analysis, and other cutting-edge technologies could lead to even more effective climate change〈/em〉〈em〉 〈/em〉〈em〉adaptation strategies. AI-activated climate change adaptation strategies have the prospective to significantly〈/em〉〈em〉 〈/em〉〈em〉improve the resilience of infrastructure communities, and businesses to the changing climate.〈/em〉〈strong〉〈/strong〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by STM Journals
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉Urban transportation systems face significant challenges due to rapid population growth and development. This study delves into the enhancement of road safety in Navi Mumbai by employing Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques. The escalating rate of vehicular accidents in Navi Mumbai presents a pressing concern. This research investigates accident data and traffic patterns, identifying vulnerable areas prone to accidents and congestion. By conducting spatial analysis using GIS and RS, the study aims to uncover accident hotspots and traffic congestion zones, offering insights into underlying road safety issues. The research methodology involves a multi-stage process. Initial data collection from various sources, including police reports, live traffic data, and satellite imagery, forms the foundation. Geographic coordinates extracted and processed through GIS applications aid in plotting accident locations and creating density maps. Additionally, on-site investigations at strategically chosen locations provide invaluable insights into local conditions, traffic patterns, and contributing factors to congestion and accidents. The findings are presenting tailored solutions for each area, ranging from optimized traffic signal timings to infrastructural improvements. The findings of this study present actionable insights aimed at improving road safety and traffic management in Navi Mumbai. Recommendations encompassing signal optimizations, infrastructure enhancements, and community engagement strategies offer a holistic approach to mitigate traffic congestion and reduce accidents. The collaborative effort with relevant authorities, as highlighted in the study, serves as a crucial step towards implementing these recommendations for meaningful change. This research not only identifies critical areas for intervention but also serves as a model for leveraging GIS and RS techniques to enhance the road safety in urban areas, paving the way for safer and efficient transportation networks in the future.〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by STM Journals
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2024-02-26
    Description: Abstract
    Description: To enhance the EU's economic autonomy, feasible options for local sourcing of critical raw materials that would allow for shorter supply routes along with ethical and responsible value chains are under contemplation. Social acceptance of mining in Europe is, however, low, and the establishment of new mining sites faces strong public opposition. Therefore, innovative solutions for the production of primary raw materials need to be developed. A new idea for raw material extraction is the extraction of essential elements from geothermal fluids. Deep geothermal fluids, increasingly used for energy production, often contain high concen-trations of dissolved ions and gases in commercially interesting concentrations. The EU-funded project CRM-geothermal aims to develop new technologies to extract these highly relevant elements, including helium, during geothermal production cycles. In this way, an environmentally friendly and socially acceptable exploration and exploitation method could be deployed. One aim of the CRM-geothermal project is to gain an overview of the actual quantities of critical raw materials in various geothermal fluids in Europe by taking and analyzing fluid samples. In Turkey for instance, classical high enthalpy (volcanic) systems exist, which are representative for many geothermal areas worldwide. The sites are located at the edges of tectonic plates and close to areas undergoing volcanic activity. The brines are mixed with seawater and circulate in the deeper crust. The data publication contains analyses results of three gas samples from Tuzla, two samples from Seferihisar geothermal power plant and one sample from the Dikili geothermal field in Turkey, taken in 2023 as part of the CRM-geothermal project.
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset comprises event peak flows, representing extreme floods at 516 stations in Germany. The data generation process involves several key steps. Initially, observed rainfall events associated with 10 historical flood disasters from 1950 to 2021 are undergone spatial shifts. These shifts involve three distances (20, 50, and 100 km) and eight directions (North, Northeast, East, Southeast, South, Southwest, West, Northwest), resulting in 24 counterfactual precipitation events. Including the factual (no shift) event, a total of 25 distinct shifting events are considered. Subsequently, these shifted fields are used as atmospheric forcing for a mesoscale hydrological model (mHM) set up and calibrated for the entire Germany. The model produces daily stream flows across its domain, from which the event peak flows are derived. This dataset is expected to provide a valuable resource for analyzing and modeling the dynamics extreme flood events in Germany.
    Keywords: extreme floods ; counterfactuals ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 HUMAN DIMENSIONS 〉 NATURAL HAZARDS 〉 FLOODS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2024-03-06
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Intercropping is the simultaneous growth of two or more crops in the same space for a significant part of their life cycle (Willey, 1979). In this context, samples from one farm experiments in the growing season 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, embedded in the cropping systems of one arable farm in the surrounding of Pisa, central-western part of Italy, were collected for analysis. The treatments were: PCW, a temporary intercropping system of wheat and persian clover, sown in paired rows; CONTROLSTRIP, unfertilized wheat as a sole crop, sown in paired rows.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The samples were collected from a farm located in Valtriano, around 20 km from Pisa (43°36’N 10°29’E). The temporary intercropping system comprises common wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Bolero) and persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L., cv. Laser). Sampling of above-ground plant biomass was done by hands in March 2016 and 2017. For each treatment, above-ground plant biomass was collected several plots which includes three subplots with dimension of 0.25m2 in 2016 and 0.075 m2 in 2017. The samples collected, only for the green part of the plant, were dried at 60°C for 48 h. Then, coarse grinding of the plant fibres (about 1 mm in diameter) was carried out, followed by further cryogenic grinding.
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; geochemistry and microscopy ; geochemistry data ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 VEGETATION 〉 NITROGEN
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2024-03-08
    Description: Abstract
    Description: In autumn 2022, an expedition to Tanzania was undertaken within the framework of the research project “CRM-geothermal” and Scintific Priority Program (SPP) 2238 “Dynamics of Ore Metal Enrichment”. Within „CRM-geothermal“ we are looking for an environmentally friendly co-production of critical raw materials together with the provision of geothermal energy. In the EARS, high levels of rare earth elements (REE), Sr, Ba and Mg are expected in waters and solids in areas with alkaline volcanic rocks, while other critical elements, including helium, have been sought in other localities. In particular, the eastern branch is the most juvenile sector and has increased geothermal potential related to hot fluids migrating along permeable faults. Tanzania was crossed from north to south, along the eastern arm of the EARS, to collect gas, water, rock and sediment samples associated with natural hot springs, lakes and vents. On site, physical and chemical parameters were measured in-situ and documented together with the geology, infrastructure and the domestic use of the hot site. In the south, existing drill sites and geothermal development areas were visited and gas and water samples were taken from boreholes and rocks sampled from drill cores. The survey covered 13 sites, from Lake Natron in the north to Lake Malawi in the south (see map).
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Geysers are localized hydrothermal vents that periodically erupt with gas bubbles at the surface. Understanding their distribution, dynamics, and conduit geometry is critical to understand the fluid and heat transfer through the crust. To explore this at the Geysir geothermal field in Iceland, we analyzed the spatial distribution of thermal features using high-resolution UAV-based optical and infrared cameras. Based on this, Walter et al. (2020) identified 364 distinct thermal spots. Here we release the high-resolution drone orthomosaic dataset at the Geysir geothermal field, Iceland.
    Description: Methods
    Description: The field campaign and subsequent findings are derived from UAV data collected between July 27th and August 5th, 2016. We used lightweight cameras mounted on a modified DJI Matrice 100 quadcopter drone, allowing flight durations of over 30 min and simultaneous use of optical and thermal cameras. Flight control was based on GPS, with live video feed to the operator and predefined flight paths. Overflights were conducted at different times to optimize image quality: daylight flights at 5:00 local time for optimal contrast for the optical camera, and cold night flights at 3:00 local time for the infrared camera. Altitudes were 120 meters above ground to ensure comprehensive image coverage. The optical camera, a DJI Zenmuse X5R, captured 16-megapixel images at 2 frames per second, with each image geotagged by GPS. The thermal camera, a FLIR Tau 2, had a fully radiometric resolution of 640 × 512 pixels and a spectral band of 7.5-13.5 μm, with GPS geotagging for each image.
    Keywords: Strokkur ; Iceland ; thermal map ; orthomosaic ; Aircraft 〉 UAV ; Earth Remote Sensing Instruments 〉 Passive Remote Sensing 〉 Thermal/Radiation Detectors 〉 FLIR ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 MARINE VOLCANISM 〉 HYDROTHERMAL VENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 GEYSER ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC LANDFORMS 〉 VOLCANO ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 DIGITAL ELEVATION/DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS ; energy 〉 energy type 〉 non-conventional energy 〉 geothermal energy ; hydrosphere 〉 water (geographic) 〉 surface water 〉 thermal water ; monitoring 〉 monitoring technique 〉 photogrammetry
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2024-03-16
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains simulation data using the LPJmL-FIT model (Billing et al., 2019). The purpose of this dataset is to investigate the influence of functional diversity on European forest biomass dynamics under varying climate change scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5). The LPJmL-FIT ("Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land – Flexible Individual Traits") model is a dynamic flexible-trait vegetation model that simulates the establishment, growth, competition, and mortality of individual trees and grasses. Each tree individual is categorized into one of four main plant functional types (PFTs) and assigned a set of functional trait values, including specific leaf area (SLA), leaf longevity (LL), and wood density (WD). The model is driven by daily climate input data, atmospheric CO2 concentration, and soil texture. For this dataset, the model was applied to six different regions across central and eastern Europe, covering a range of environmental gradients. Those sites include: Alpine Mountains, Boreal flatland, Carpathian Mountains, central European flatland, central European low mountain range and eastern European flatland. Each region is represented by a set of 9 grid cells of 0.5° x 0.5° longitude and latitude in size. Four experimental set-ups were investigated, varying in the degree of functional diversity. These set-ups specify characteristics of newly establishing trees, including assignment to PFTs and the range of leaf traits drawn from the full spectrum. This dataset provides detailed model outputs from simulations exploring the effects of different levels of functional diversity on forest adaptation under changing climatic conditions.
    Keywords: vegetation carbon ; forests ; future ; Europe ; temperate forests ; boreal forests ; mountainous forests ; functional diversity ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS 〉 FORESTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 VEGETATION 〉 BIOMASS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 BIOSPHERE 〉 VEGETATION 〉 CARBON ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 DYNAMIC VEGETATION/ECOSYSTEM MODELS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉〈em〉The urgency to transition to renewable energy sources is underscored by the environmental crises stemming from our reliance on non-renewable fuels. This study focuses on assessing wind energy potential in Odisha, India, utilizing satellite data and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies. The research addresses the critical need for strategic planning and site selection before investing in renewable energy infrastructure. By employing a model that integrates various free satellite datasets and leverages fundamental physical principles, the study calculates wind power density (WPD) at a height of 90 meters above the surface for both onshore and offshore locations. The methodology involves acquiring and processing datasets such as temperature, wind speed, digital elevation model (DEM), pressure, air density, and land use/land cover (LULC) classifications. The model applies equations derived from physical laws to determine key parameters necessary for calculating WPD. Specifically, temperature and pressure data are used to estimate air density, while surface roughness is assigned based on LULC classes with windspeed at 10m to extrapolate wind speed at 90 meters above ground level. The method can be used at any hub height. Results reveal significant wind energy potential in Odisha, particularly along the coastal regions. Jagatsinghpur and Puri emerge as areas with high WPD onshore, while the offshore exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Odisha exhibits substantial wind energy resources. The model outputs provide valuable insights for various studies related to renewable energy and facilitate informed decision-making in site selection analyses. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the simplicity and effectiveness of the developed model,〈/em〉〈br〉〈em〉making it a practical tool for assessing wind energy potential in other regions as well. Overall, this research contributes to the global effort towards transitioning to sustainable energy sources and combating climate change. By highlighting the renewable energy potential of Odisha, it underscores the importance of harnessing wind energy as a viable pathway towards a cleaner, greener future.〈/em〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 2321-421X
    Electronic ISSN: 2230-7990
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2024-03-21
    Description: Abstract
    Description: To seismically monitor the GEOREAL hydraulic stimulation experiment, that took place during the period 6-15 November 2023, a station network was set up in the vicinity of the Kontinentale Tiefbohrung/ KTB deep crustal lab near Windischeschenbach, Germany. The network comprised both surface stations, shallow borehole (25-150 m deep) stations as well as a borehole chain at 2000 m depth in the main borehole, ca. 200m apart from the pilot borehole. First stations were installed in early 2022 and removed in mid-2024. A total of 600 m³ of water was injected into the 4 km deep pilot borehole (KTB-VB, 12° 7.16' E, 49° 48.98' N, 513.418 m above NN ). This volume was injected through a stuck packer in the cased borehole into the open borehole section a depth of 3.85-4 km. No induced seismicity was observed during the injection experiment. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 4R, and is fully open.
    Keywords: EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS ; MiniSEED ; Seismometers ; GIPP ; Local network
    Type: Dataset , Seismic Network
    Format: ~300G
    Format: .mseed
    Format: XML
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Tables that include information and calculations associated with water samples collected from rivers in Central Italy. The goal of the project was to determine the carbon budget for the Central Apennine Mountains of Italy, by accounting for weathering reactions that are responsible for either CO2 drawdown or release into the atmosphere. The carbon budget was created by: 1) analysing samples from different water bodies and sources in the Central Apennines (rivers, lakes, and groundwater) for ion and isotope signatures, and 2) by incorporating the ion and isotope signatures from the waters into an inversion model that partitions these signatures into different sources (e.g. minerals, vegetation, atmospheric sources) around the landscape. All data associated with this publication are provided in a single excel spreadsheet that contains a separate tab for each of the 18 Tables. The supplementary data include: 1) Information on the locations of the water samples and associated water bodies, described in the “Sampling Methods” section, 2) ion and isotope measurements from the water samples, described in the “Analytical Procedure” section, 3) the setup and output from the inversion model, and 4) the CO2 calculations that form the basis for the carbon budget, described in the “Data Processing” section. Water samples were collected over two seasons, in winter and summer; data in the tables are divided by sampling season, where indicated in the content description. For a full description of the sampling strategy, data, and methods, please refer to: Erlanger et al. (2024) “Deep CO2 release and the carbon budget of the central Apennines modulated by geodynamics” Nature Geoscience.
    Keywords: major element chemistry ; water isotopes ; rivers ; Central Italy ; CO2 budget ; geodynamics ; Apennine Mountains ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES 〉 CHEMICAL WEATHERING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOCHEMISTRY 〉 GEOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES 〉 ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 FLUVIAL PROCESSES 〉 WEATHERING ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 SUBDUCTION
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Numerical model supporting the article: "Uplifted marine terraces at active margins: understanding the effects of sea reoccupation and coseismic uplift on uplift rate calculation. The forward numerical model reproduces the evolution of an uplifting margin subject to sea erosion. The age-mixing resulting from reoccupation and the likelihood of missing terraces along a staircase sequence increase the inaccuracy of terrace ages assigned through geometrical cross correlation; this may result in erroneous uplift rates and consequent misinterpretation of the uplift evolution. Further research is needed to explore whether vertical displacement reproducing the full seismic cycle, inclusive of both permanent and elastic deformation, and variable uplift rates, have a similar relevance in shaping the geometry of terrace sequences. The code provides the possibility to have steady uplift, i.e. aseismic and constant over time, or coseismic uplift, i.e. given by instantaneous vertical displacement, reproducing earthquakes. It is possible to define time intervals having different uplift rate values, or different uplift modes (aseismic and seismic periods), or vary the characteristic of the coseismic uplift, such as recurrence intervals and coseismic uplift displacement. The coseismic uplift can also be superimposed to a background uplift rate. All values can be of positive or negative sign. The user can define which variable values are saved in the model output, and these include parameters such as the terrace age and the reoccupation tracker. In the repository we include three sea level curves, but any other sea level curve provided by the user can be used to run the model. The parameter values used in the manuscript models are described in the Supplementary Information file of the manuscript. The data provided in txt format report data published by Saillard et al. (2011) and additional calculations, which have been used for the case study of the manuscript. The model scripts are written in Julia language and can be used to reproduce marine terraces formation at coastal margins subject to uplift. The scripts are organized as Github repository (https://github.com/albert-de-montserrat/LEM1D). Movies S1 to S8 provide a qualitative illustration of the terrace evolution under different uplift conditions.
    Description: Other
    Description: Copyright 〈2020〉 〈albert-de-montserrat〉 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
    Keywords: subduction margin ; marine terraces ; sea erosion ; earthquakes ; coseismic uplift ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 COASTAL LANDFORMS 〉 WAVE-CUT NOTCH/PLATFORMS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOMORPHIC LANDFORMS/PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC PROCESSES 〉 TECTONIC UPLIFT ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 NEOTECTONICS ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geology 〉 tectonics
    Type: Model , Model
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP, 1997-2015) to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. The SG site “Serrahn” is located in the TERENO Observatory in the nort-eastern German lowlands. The observatory contributes to investigating the regional impact of climate and land use change. At the IGETS site Serrahn, the mean annual temperature is 8.8 °C and mean annual precipitation is 591 mm. The land cover is mainly characterized as a mixed forest, dominated by European beech and Scots pine. Influenced by the last glaciation in an outwash close to the terminal morraine, the uppermost soil layer of the site consists of aeolian sands up to a depth of 450 cm, followed by coarser sandy material with intercalated till layers. The unconfined groundwater level is at about 14 m below surface. There is hardly any human activity (e.g., traffic) at this quiet forest site. The nearest town is Neustrelitz at a distance of 5 km. Since December 2017, the superconducting gravimeter iGrav-033 is operated outdoors at this forest location (Latitude: 53.3392 N, Longitude: 13.17413 E, Elevation: 79.60 m). The gravimeter is installed in a dedicated field enclosure on top of a concrete pillar with an area of 1.1 m x 1.1 m at an elevation of 0.80 m above the terrain surface. The pillar has been build to a depth of 2.00 m below the surface. One additional pillar (also 1.1 m x 1.1 m, at surface level) is located right next to the iGrav installation and is used for repeated observations with absolute gravimeters (AG). At the site, meteorological (precipitation, air temperature, humidity, air pressure) and hydrological (groundwater, soil moisture, sapflow, throughfall) parameters are monitored by different sensors. Raw gravity and local atmospheric pressure records sampled at second intervals and the same records decimated at 1‐minute samples are provided as Level 1 products to the IGETS network.
    Keywords: Superconducting gravimetry ; Earth tides ; Geodynamics ; IGETS ; International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service ; geophysics ; geodesy ; hydrology ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 〉 GRAVITY ; environment 〉 geophysical environment ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 GRAVITY STATIONS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 SGO ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Gravimeters 〉 SUPERCONDUCTING GRAVIMETER ; science 〉 geography 〉 geodesy
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This archive disseminated through the GFZ-Data Service includes both results and information as-sociated to Bindi et al. (2023). In particular, the archive includes a seismic catalogue reporting ener-gy magnitude Me estimated form vertical P-waves recorded at teleseismic distances in the range 20°≤ D ≤ 98°, following Di Giacomo et al (2008, 2010). The catalogue is built considering 6349 earth-quakes included in the GEOFON (Quinteros et al, 2021) catalogue with moment magnitude Mw larger than 5 and occurring after 2011. Tools used to compute the energy magnitude are free available. In particular, we used stream2segment (Zaccarelli, 2018) to download data from IRIS (https://ds.iris.edu/ds) and EIDA (Strollo et al., 2021) repositories, and me-compute [Zaccarelli, 2023) to process waveforms and compute Me. The methodology applied to me-compute is also implemented as add-on for SeicomP (GFZ and Gempa, 2020) in order to allow the real time computation of Me (https://github.com/SeisComP/scmert).
    Description: Other
    Description: Version History: 19 February 2024: release of first version 28 March 2024: release of v.1.1 Addition of the complete list of references for the seismic networks analysed with me-compute as described in Bindi et al. (2024, ESSD). The list is provided as additional txt file in the data download section and all references were added to the XML metadata.
    Keywords: Energy magnitude ; seismic catalog ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; geological process 〉 seismic activity 〉 earthquake
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset is the result of an experimental series that was carried out in September/October 2022 at GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany to observe biosorption of lead under extreme conditions. Synthetic solutions, simulating the geothermal fluids from the Heemskerk geothermal power plant were were prepared in 30 ml glass vials (Rotalibo screw neck ND24 EPA). To prepare the stock solutions, sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.8 %, Cellpure, Merck, DE) was added at 265 g/L and Pb(II), in form of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3 )2 , Merck, DE), at 1 g/L to ultrapure water. To assess the impact of acetic acid on lead biosorption, two treatments were done: one without acetic acid and one where acetic acid (100 %, Merck, DE) was added at 60 mg/L. Finally, dead biomass of the fungus Penicillium citrinum was added in the samples at a concentration of 4 g/L (Wahab et al., 2017). The samples were incubated in an autoclave at a pressure of 8 bars on a rotative shaker. The temperature was set at 25 °C, 60 °C or 98 °C with three contact times (1, 2 and 3 h). All treatments were performed in triplicates. For each treatment, two controls without biomass were done. Control samples without the addition of NaCl were done in duplicate, at 25 °C and for 2 h. After incubation, samples were filtered through a 0.22 µm nitrocellulose filter (Sartorius Stedim Biotech, FR) to separate the biomass from the liquid. The biomass on the filters was dried for 24 h at 45 °C before being scraped from the filter and kept in a Falcon tube at room temperature.
    Keywords: geothermal ; biosorption ; lead biosorption ; Penicillium cintrinum ; batch experiments ; brine
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Well logs were utilized to investigate petrophysical properties of the Khurmala Formation’s surface outcrops in Shaqlawa Subdistrict and Tawke Oilfield, e.g., lithology, shale volume, porosity, and fracture. The thickness of the formation is about 15 m in the Shaqlawa section and 42 m in the Tawke Oilfield. Porosity logs were used to estimate porosity; where the porosity values reached a maximum of 52% from the sonic log, 48% from the density log, and 35% from the neutron porosity log. The reservoir quality of the Khurmala Formation, as determined through the analysis of thin sections, which were obtained from outcrop samples, is deemed to be of low quality. The determined shale volume within the examined interval exhibits a moderate level of clay constituents, with the highest gamma-ray measurement indicating a shale content of 29% at some locations within the reservoir. This integrated method using various conventional well logs suggests a great probability of petrophysical properties in the Khurmala Formation to be considered as the reservoir.〈/p〉
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉The seismic survey is based on the reflected wave’s inherent nature from the interface among layers, which depends on the layer's density and velocity. This is called acoustic impedance and is used to resolve the confusion associated with the stratigraphic structure of the Mishrif formations in the Garraf oil field. The seismic section of the Garraf oil field in Thi-Qar Province, south of Iraq, was analyzed and interpreted. Considering the most important petroleum accumulation reservoir in the Garraf oil field, to update the structural images of the Mishrif Formation. A seismic study of the actual amplitude reflections, temporal maps, and three-dimensional depositional models demonstrated that the Mishrif Formation generate hydrocarbon from an individual structural trap in the presence of oil. Numerous abrupt discontinuities were observed in the seismic reflectors of the reservoir units of the Mishrif Formation, suggesting either a reef or a fault. The correct probability can be shown by establishing a historical match between the reservoir model and the actual behavior of the reservoir or by running a 3D vertical seismic profile log (VSP), which is more precise than the seismic survey previously used to explore faults.〈/p〉
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Empirical and statistical methodologies have been established to acquire accurate permeability identification and reservoir characterization, based on the rock type and reservoir performance. The identification of rock facies is usually done by either using core analysis to visually interpret lithofacies or indirectly based on well-log data. The use of well-log data for traditional facies prediction is characterized by uncertainties and can be time-consuming, particularly when working with large datasets. Thus, Machine Learning can be used to predict patterns more efficiently when applied to large data. Taking into account the electrofacies distribution, this work was conducted to predict permeability for the four wells, FH1, FH2, FH3, and FH19 from the Yamama reservoir in the Faihaa Oil Field, southern Iraq.〈/p〉
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Rock identification and classification have contributed to the enhancement of drilling oil wells and production reservoir performance. Therefore, understanding the properties of reservoir rocks is a major concern in the petroleum industry. In this context, Young’s modulus and uniaxial compressive strength are major mechanical rock properties essential for defining the engineering classification and modulus ratio of rocks. However, these parameters are used in order to examine the impact of the petrophysical properties on mechanical strength in the Facha member (reservoir) of the Gir Formation in the western central of Sirte Basin, oilfields of central Libya. Dolomite, limestone, dolomitic limestone, and anhydrite are the main lithofacies rock components of this reservoir, as well as of a third member of the Gir Formation (Lower Eocene). Young’s modulus and uniaxial compressive strength were computed from sonic and bulk density well logs data from six wells in four different oil fields. This oil-rich reservoir has an average thickness of 104 m, an average total porosity of 16%, and argillaceous material content (clay) of 4%. According to the engineering classification chart of Deere and Miller, the Facha reservoir rocks have a very low class (E 〈 27.5 Mpa) to high strength class (B ≈ 110-220 Mpa) and have a medium-to-high modulus ratio (M ≈ 200–500 and H ≈ 500). Generally, the diagenesis process, for instance dolomitization, affected both the strength and the modulus ratio.〈/p〉
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉The Gulneri Formation (Early-Middle Turonian) Deep-water depositional model was constructed using detailed microfacies analysis from the northern Iraqi wells of Kirkuk (K-116) and Bai Hassan (BH-81) as well as the Dokan outcropped area. In the outcropped section, the formation consists of 2 m of thin friable marly limestone with high organic matter and thin-bedded black shale in addition to boulder and gravel-like limestone masses in the lower part. In the K-116 and BH-81 wells, the formation is 4.3 m and 9 m thick, respectively. It is composed mainly of black bituminous, pyritic calcareous shale, and shaley limestone with scattered glauconites. Petrographic studies of seventeen thin sections of the Gulneri rocks reveal that the pelagic/deep marine faunas are the dominant skeletal grain in the micritic groundmass. Three main microfacies were recognized in the studied rocks of the Gulneri Formation, namely lime mudstone, lime wackestone, and lime packstone. However, the latter is absent in the Dokan section. According to their environmental interpretation, these microfacies were grouped into two facies associations (basinal deep water and deep shelf). Based on the results of petrographic and microfacies analyses, it is concluded that the Gulneri Formation was deposited in a basinal deep marine environment with quiet and reducing conditions in the Dokan section and a basinal deep marine environment in the K-116 and BH-81 wells which changed at intervals to a shallower deep shelf setting toward the upper part with semi reducing conditions. The euxinic deep basin that formed at the beginning of the Kurdistan foreland basin's formation was quite anoxic and deeper from the northeast to the relatively shallower basin with semi-reduced conditions towards the southwest. This is how the depositional model of the Gulneri Formation in northern Iraq changed.〈/p〉
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Al-Mansuriya gas field is regarded as one of Iraq's most important gas fields because of its good economic gas reserves. The major gas reserves of the Mansuriya field are situated in the Jeribe Formation. The present study aims to determine the petrophysical properties of the Jeribe Formation in the Mansuriya gas field by using the interpretation of different well logs for the open wells MN-1, MN-2, MN-3, and MN-4. The Jeribe Formation was divided into several reservoir units depending on the final results of CPI computer processing interpretation using the Interactive Petrophysics program (Techlog). According to the results of the CPI, the Jeribe Formation in the Mansuriya gas field was divided into seven units, which are J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, J6, and J7. Matrix definition (MID) and density-neutron cross plots indicate that the lithology of the Jeribe Formation consists of a large proportion of dolomite and limestone and a little anhydrite, also in the direction of the gas evident in the Jeribe Formation. The Gamma-ray log showed that the volume of the shale is very small in the Jeribe Formation, and the formation may be clean of shale content. The reason for this small reading is the presence of some radioactive materials in the rocks of formation. Through the readings of the RHOB and NPHI logs and the results of cutoff boundaries, we can conclude that units J1 and J6 represent non-reservoir units and can be considered a cap rock for the reservoir units, and the units J2, J3, J4, and J5 are the main reservoir units for Jeribe Formation according to CPI results and the results of high porosity in these units, as they are characterized by the porosity of up to 24% and water saturation of 40 to 60%, which makes them reservoirs of high quality. The Mn-4 well showed different results from the rest of the wells, and none of its units can be considered a reservoir due to the large water saturation volume.〈/p〉
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Small islands have unique characteristics that make them highly vulnerable to environmental damage and disasters. A good understanding of geomorphological characteristics will greatly assist in understanding the potential damage to natural resources that may occur, as well as help in planning better environmental management and assist in more effective disaster mitigation in the future. This study aims to analyze geomorphological characteristics and identify their influence on potential environmental damage and existing geomorphological hazards. The analysis shows that the geomorphological characteristics of Pramuka Cay cause〈br〉it to have potential environmental damage and geomorphological hazards consisting of high vulnerability to sea level rise, water resource scarcity, seawater intrusion, groundwater pollution, coastal erosion and tsunami.〈/p〉
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉This study aims to calculate the water balance of the Kubaisa Basin in the Western Iraqi Desert using the SWAT model. The study is based on simulating water discharges and the factors affecting them over several years (1990-2023). The geographical, climatic, and hydrological data were collected to run the model. The research results indicate that water distribution in the Kubaisa Basin was estimated during the studied period, including the quantities of surface water, groundwater, and discharges. Climatic results for the Kubaisa Basin indicated an increase in the trend line for total rainfall, temperature, humidity as a relative, and solar radiation, while the trend line retreated for wind speed for the same period. The results of the hydrological components of the basin, which were shown by the SWAT model, namely rainfall (RN-P), surface runoff (SR-Q), flow as lateral (LT-Q), flow as groundwater (GW-F), evapotranspiration as actual (ET), evapotranspiration as potential (PET), water-yield (WLD), and water that permeates past (percolates) the root zone (PEC) which are considered the main elements of the water balance, had values of 79.72mm, 3.10mm, 0.02182mm, 0.0028mm, 76.47mm, 1742.16mm, 3.12mm, and 0.00mm, respectively. This research makes important contributions to the understanding and management of water resources in the Kubaisa Basin and the Western Iraqi Desert regions and can be a basis for future research in the field of improving water sustainability in these regions.〈/p〉
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉   A regional seismic section was constructed from fourteen local seismic lines from different surveys crossing the central part of Iraq from west to east. The seismic lines’ surveys were performed during the period 1974–1990. The length of the regional seismic section is 662.5 km. The considered seismic lines are unified to the sea level datum. The quality of seismic lines is relatively poor in the western part of the regional seismic section, but it is of good quality in the central and eastern parts. Seven reflectors were identified along the regional seismic section, corresponding to ages from the Ordovician to the Miocene. The formations are Khabour (Mid-Ordovician), Akkas (Upper Silurian), Kurra Chine (Upper Triassic), Najmah (Upper Jurassic), Mauddud (Mid-Cretaceous), Shiranish (Upper Cretaceous) and Fatha (Lower Fars) (Mid-Miocene). The Two-way times for these seismic reflectors from the west to the east are 1691 – 4000 ms, 750-4000 ms, 0-4000 ms, 208-4000 ms, 206 -3310 ms, 205 -2700 ms, and 216-2500 ms for the seven formations; starting from the oldest formation (Khabour Formation to the youngest one (Fath Formation ), respectively. The top depth values of the considered formations were defined from west to east for each formation (0-4.189) km, (0.456-4.880) km, (0.708-5.936) km, (0.802-8.5) km, (0-8.977) km, (0.5-9) km, and (1.8-9) km from the oldest to the youngest formation, respectively. The horizon generally dips towards the east. Two sedimentary basins were identified, the first in the western part of Iraq within the Paleozoic formation, while the eastern basin was within the Cenozoic and Mesozoic formations. These two basins are separated by an uplift at the central part of the regional seismic section. This uplift region was confirmed by gravity and magnetic high anomaly. Many faults were detected along the regional seismic profile. Most of these faults extend from the deeper to the shallower formations. 〈/p〉
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Although the High Folded Zone in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq forms part of the Zagros-Taurus Folds and Thrust belt considered one of the potential hydrocarbon provinces, the oil fields within the zone are still lacking in geophysical exploration and scientific research. So, the rationale behind this study is the prospecting and evaluation of one of the Tertiary carbonate reservoirs at the “WN” oil field in the Duhok area by integrating the 3D seismic and well-log data. The methodology covered seismic interpretation, well logs and their relevant petrophysical analysis, attribute computation, and 3D static property modeling. The constructed reservoir maps revealed a double-plunging rollover anticlinal structure trending in the East-West direction parallel to the Taurus Mountain series. A total of nineteen minor reversal faults trending E-W to ENE-WSW dissecting the northern limb of the anticline were manually interpreted. The isopach map shows various thicknesses ranging from 160 to 330 m, averaging 245 m. The property models show the limited values of their parameters as the effective porosity is limited (0.97-23%), the secondary porosity (0.43-11.7%), permeability (0.00-238.8 mD), the water saturation (12.44-99.8%), and the clay volume (0.00-9.8%). The results of this research indicate that the horizon is a promising reservoir characteristic. 〈/p〉
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉The Dammam Formation, a 250-meter-thick geological formation in the Bahr Al-Najaf Depression that is part of the Salman Platform, comprises re-crystallized limestone mixed with nummulite near the base. It was deposited in a shallow marine environment and extends from Al-Qaim to Samawa along the Euphrates River. The formation is part of the secondary Salman Zone of the main outstanding Stable Shelf. The engineering evaluation of the Dammam Formation in Bahr Al-Najaf depression was determined by ten samples which were chosen to represent the study area. The study includes both field and laboratory components. On the field side, data on the study region and samples were obtained. Physical, engineering, chemical, and mineralogy tests were carried out in laboratories. The total density ranges from 1.848 to 2.664 gm/cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉, the porosity value ranges from 5–20 %, while the water absorption of limestone rocks values 1-7.7 %. Engineering tests were performed, including uniaxial compressive strength, which ranges between 59 and 177 Mpa. The rocks of the Dammam Formation are suitable for the manufacture of Portland cement according to global standards, as supported by chemical analysis.〈/p〉
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉The provenance and tectonic setting of clastic sediments present in the Miocene Red Bed Series located in northeastern Iraq were analyzed. The analysis is based on the composition of detrital chrome spinel and represents the first examination of this topic. The detrital chrome spinel exhibits Cr # (Cr/(Cr + Al)) values ranging from 0.54 to 0.77 and Mg # (Mg/(Mg + Fe〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉)) values ranging from 0.37 to 0.69. This indicates a potential incorporation of ultramafic sources, possibly including peridotites (namely Harzburgite and Lherzolite precursors), within the supra-subduction zone. The analysis of modified Cr-spinels extracted from the Red Beds indicates that the source rocks underwent a process of metamorphism and that the Cr-spinel particles were surrounded by a magnetite rim. The Cr-spinel compositions of the examined samples are situated tectonically in the fore-arc setting of peridotite protoliths, except for a small number of samples that exhibit boninite affinity. The observed resemblance in the Cr-spinel number content between the examined specimens and the Zagros Ophiolite peridotites suggests that the Red Beds may have originated from the Cretaceous Mawat Ophiolite Complex. The deposition of Paleocene Walash-Naopurdan rocks indicates that the lower allochthon served as a source during this process. The tectonic context of the Red Bed Series suggests that the allochthonous terranes in the Mawat region were transported and obducted onto the northeastern Arabian passive margin in the early Miocene period. The deposition of the Red Bed Series occurred concurrently with the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Miocene.〈/p〉
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Indirect geophysical methods are increasingly associated with direct underground methods in〈br〉investigating the subsurface to address environmental and geotechnical problems and reduce〈br〉the cost of underground studies. These methods make it possible to explore large areas with〈br〉acceptable precision, time, and cost. The present study combines the electrical resistivity〈br〉method with the California Bearing Ratio for exploring an area located west of the〈br〉Nouakchott port in Mauritania. The study aims firstly to verify that the thickness of the〈br〉backfill layer must be less than 2 m throughout the entire study area and secondly to map〈br〉areas with low California Bearing Ratio values (〈80%) indicating substandard backfill〈br〉compaction using 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography imaging survey and regression. The〈br〉measured Electrical Resistivity values exhibit a good nonlinear regression with California〈br〉Bearing Ratio, following Archie's equation. A map of California Bearing Ratio variation was〈br〉derived from the Electrical Resistivity values, indicating the distribution and variation of soil〈br〉strength in the study area. The results revealed that the backfill layer did not meet the〈br〉standards, with approximately 35% of the total area having a California Bearing Ratio value〈br〉below 80%. The areas with poor compaction requiring treatment were primarily located in〈br〉the southern sector, followed by the middle and eastern sectors.〈/p〉
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉This study focuses on the Yamama Formation, a significant carbonate reservoir in southern Iraq that is one of the most important productive reservoirs in the region. The Formation is characterized by porous limestone interspersed with thin layers of argillaceous and tight limestone. The Yamama reservoir in the Faihaa oil field is divided mainly into four units; YA, YB, YC, and YD. YA and YB units are considered to be the most important oil-bearing subunits due to their good petrophysical properties. The main objective of the study is to determine the optimum production rates of four naturally flowing wells in the Faihaa oil field using the Inflow Performance Relationship and Vertical Lifting Performance curves. The study investigates four critical parameters; tubing size, water cut, reservoir pressure, and wellhead pressure, and their impact on well performance. The study finds that wellhead pressure is the primary determinant of well performance, and deviations from the original tubing size have adverse effects on well performance. An increase in water cut beyond the recommended threshold, coupled with a reduction in reservoir pressure, results in decreasing well performance. The study underscores the importance of careful monitoring and analysis of these parameters to sustain and enhance well performance in the Faihaa oil field, providing valuable insights for well operators and petroleum engineers. The study's findings can be used to optimize well performance and increase oil production rates, with significant implications for the petroleum industry.〈/p〉
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Among the most important formations to be deposited during the Tertiary period was the Jeribe Formation. It has been investigated in two wells (Mn-1 and Mn-2) in the eastern Iraqi Dyala Government's Mansuria Oil Field. To identify fauna, 65 thin sections are examined under a microscope. Benthonic Foraminifera and limestone, occasionally dolomitized, make up its composition. There are twenty species of coralline and foraminiferan algae known to science. There were two unique biozones in the range. These biozones are the Ammonia beccria Linne Range Zone (Middle Miocene) and the Borelis melo curdica (Reichel) Range Zone (Early Miocene). The age of the formation was estimated to be Early Middle-Miocene based on these biozones of Foraminifera and other fossils such as gastropods, pelecypods, coral, fossils, Brayozoa, shell fragments, Echinoderm, echinoid plate, and echinoid spine.〈/p〉
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Friction angle (φ) and Cohesion (C) are the most important factors to depict rock's shear strength. The friction angle (φ) expresses a unit of rock's capacity to endure shear stress. For the optimization of drilling operations, monitoring of the reservoir, and production of hydrocarbons, the prediction of friction angle is essential. From laboratory measurements or wireline logging data, this parameter can be empirically predicted. The main goal of this study is to develop a new correlation for predicting friction angle for carbonate formations from well logs using the typically accessible well log data (i.e. neutron porosity, gamma ray, bulk density, and sonic logs) and core data. A total of 5197 well log data points were collected from carbonate formation with depth interval of (1920 m to 2711 m) from Rumaila oil field. For all 5197 data points neutron porosity, and gamma ray logs were recorded as a function of depth, and the corresponding shale volume and total porosity were estimated. In addition to these well log data, 20 data core points with 9 different values of friction angle were collected.〈br〉The developed correlation's estimated friction angle has been contrasted with measured ones. The results show that the new correlation is able to predict the friction angle of carbonate rocks with high accuracy (i.e. R coefficient of the new correlation was 90% and average absolute error of 1.6%).Thus, we conclude that the new correltion can be used to estimate the friction angle for carbonate formation. The new correlation helps in providing continues profile for friction angle with depth and leads to reduce the cost of estimating the rock〈br〉strength.〈/p〉
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉In brownfield sites, two proposed shallow horizontal targets were numerically modelled to mimic variable underground conditions; these targets were sequenced vertically in a different manner. Synthetic 2D electrical resistivity datasets were generated using the RES2DMOD and then inverted by using RES2DINVx64. These targets have different lengths, one with a higher and the second with a lower resistivity value relative to the background resistivity. The effectiveness of dipole-dipole, Wenner, and Wenner-Schlumberger configurations was tested by conducting a qualitative comparison. The inverted resistivity images suggest that the target sequence has a significant effect on the configuration detectability. The high resistivity target was conveniently recognized when it overlies a low resistivity target. Dipole-dipole configuration showed optimum results in recognizing complicated underground conditions.〈/p〉
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Permeability derived from magnetic resonance advanced logging tools was used to unlock the Pliocene sandstone reservoir heterogeneity. Permeability prediction from well logs is a significant target due to the unavailability of core data. The hydraulic flow unit approach is used to classify the reservoir rocks according to their porosity-permeability relationship. The predicted permeability is calculated using Sapphire-Dh magnetic resonance porosity and permeability relationship for each flow unit. Flow Zone Indicator and the quality flow〈br〉unit have a direct proportion relationship. For the model's verification, the predicted permeability is plotted against the measured resonance permeability in Sapphire-Dh as a reference studied well, showing highly matching results. Accordingly, the applied approach is implemented in the other three wells, which have neither core samples nor advanced logs measurements.〈/p〉
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Constructing roads in geologically unstable regions such as northern Morocco poses a major challenge. The Tizi Ouadrene sector, located in the Rif External Nappe of the Rif Belt, exemplifies a significant complexity in this issue, with a risk of landslides threatening the road embankments in this area. This study aims to characterize the frequent Cretaceous shales in the study area and analyze the landslides that have occurred on the road embankments cut into these shales. It examines the role of lithology, geometry, tectonics, human activity, and water in these landslides. The geological structure of slopes and their geometric configuration are crucial factors in determining the occurrence, distribution, and other characteristics of these landslides. Defects are controlled by the relative position of sedimentary and tectonic discontinuities, as well as the relative abundance of indurated shales compared to crushed ones. Crushed shales are susceptible to rotational slides, while the indurated ones are prone to planar and wedge sliding. The latter are mainly associated with bedding planes, particularly those oriented N65-80 with slopes facing south and SSE, as well as NW-SE and NE-SW-trending fractures. Hydrological, tectonic, and anthropogenic factors also contribute to the instability.〈/p〉
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉This study deals with the petrography and heavy mineral analysis of the Injana sandstone at Al-Habbaniyah City. Thirteen samples are collected from the Injana Formation. A petrographic study is achieved on ten samples while all samples are analyzed for heavy minerals. The petrographic analysis showed that the common components of the Injana sandstone are rock fragments, especially sedimentary fragments. Quartz grains (monocrystalline and polycrystalline) and feldspars (k-feldspar and plagioclase), bounded by matrix and carbonate cement. The suggested provenance for the Injana Formation is mainly sedimentary and igneous sources and the less dominant metamorphic source. These sandstones are considered to be mineralogically submature-immature and classified as litharenites. Heavy minerals analysis showed two sets of minerals including opaque and transparent minerals, the opaque minerals are significant components of the heavy mineral assemblages, then chlorite, epidotes, amphiboles, garnet, pyroxenes (ortho and clino), zircon, tourmaline, biotite, muscovite, rutile, and others. This assemblage implies that the dense minerals are typically found in basic igneous and metamorphic rocks, with less frequent occurrences in acidic igneous and reworked sediments. According to QLF and QmFLt classifications, the tectonic provenance of the Injana sandstone is described as recycled orogen. The MF-MT-GM classification showed that the sandstone of Injana is derived primarily from active continental margins. The result of maturity MI and ZTR revealed low values of maturity, the MI value ranges between 0.6 to 1.5 with an average of 0.9 and ZTR Maturity ranges between 0.7% and 9% with an average of 3.9%, these low values of maturity indicate sub-mature to immature sandstone.〈/p〉
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉This study included conducting a geometric analysis of the reservoir of the proposed Al-Baghdadi Dam in the downstream area of the Haditha City northwestern part of Anbar Governorate. The digital elevation model with an accuracy of 10 × 10 m per pixel area used to extract the geometric elements by the ArcGIS, Global Mapper, and Surfer software, which are included: negative volume (storage volume), positive volume (size of islands), negative surface area (uneven area of the bottom of the reservoir), and area Positive surface (uneven area of islands), negative flat area (water surface area), positive flat area (area of the projection of islands), average depth of reservoir, and average thickness of islands at each hypothetical level from 77.5 to 106 ms and with a contour interval of 0.5 m above sea level. The relationship between the geometric elements and the water level was used to clarify the extent of variation of the values of these elements with the water level fluctuation, and to delineate the area that will be subjected to immersion in the event of the construction of the dam and to determine the optimal and safest operating level. In contrast, it produces less submerged areas and less contact with the rock exposures of the formation in the study area.〈/p〉
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉The study area is located in the southern desert of Iraq, near the Al-Salman Depression, about 130 km southwest of Al-Samawa City. The Collection of data of this study depends mainly upon field surveys, sample collection of rocks, soil, plants, and animals besides interviews with locals as well as photographing of interesting aspects. The geodiversity of the study area comprises geological features, geomorphological features, soil types, and water resources. The exposed rocks of study area are composed mainly of carbonate rocks, in addition to marl, sandstone, and claystone, which belong to the Middle member of the Dammam Formation (L. Eocene). The main landforms found near the Al-Salman area are flat terrain, depressions (faidhats), wadis, caves, and sinkholes. Three types of soils were recognized; silty clay, clayey silt, and sandy soils. The main water resources are the ephemeral streams (wadis), and water wells in sinkhole, besides the mechanical and hand-dug wells. Geodiversity features formed many habitats in the study area such as Wadi Al-Owja, depressions (faidhats), flat terrain, and sinkhole. The present study reveals that biodiversity includes a wide diversity of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Some species were restricted to certain habitat types in the study area, while other species proved to be more generalist.〈/p〉
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉One key step when interpreting seismic reflection data is sequence stratigraphy, which has improved with well logs and seismic data. By analyzing the different layers of sediment and rock, we can better understand the geologic history of an area and make more accurate predictions for hydrocarbon exploration. The current research focuses on interpreting seismic lines from the 2D seismic surveys conducted in the Al-Fao area and data from wells in the Siba gas field to construct a stratigraphic model within the Yamama Formation, to identify hydrocarbon traps and determine the most promising zones for hydrocarbon exploration. Yamama Formation is divided into two main units representing transgressive and regressive facies deposited in highstand system tract. Six seismic facies were identified (wavy, mound shape, oblique parallel, sigmoid, chaotic, and parallel), which reflected the deposition of Yamama Formation in a ramp setting with a gentle slope. Instantaneous phase attribute was utilized, which focused on the lateral changes of seismic facies and provided detailed information about the architecture of Yamama Formation depositional basin. The results of the seismic attributes analysis included identifying carbonate buildups and progradation stacking patterns with the presence of direct hydrocarbon indicator. Three main seismic stratigraphic indexes representing potential stratigraphic traps have been identified. These three stratigraphic features reflect the facies of shoal carbonate sediments in the last depositional cycle of Yamama Formation (Highstand). The stratigraphic model showed the best image of the depositional environment of Yamama Formation that corresponds with the seismic data interpretation and identifies the promising hydrocarbon traps.〈/p〉
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉In this study, the stable isotop 〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O and 〈sup〉2〈/sup〉H has been used to investigate the interaction of surface water (SW), and groundwater (GW) in Al-Taji district/ Northern Baghdad for two seasons (March and August 2022). 16 Samples were collected from water resources in the Al-Taji district (Tigris channel, Tigris River, and groundwater), in each season water samples from 8 Tigris channel, 5 drilled wells, and 3 Tigris River were taken for the analysis of the isotopes 〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O and 〈sup〉2〈/sup〉H. The average analysis results of 〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O and 〈sup〉2〈/sup〉H in the Tigris channel, Tigris River, and groundwater were found to be -3.435‰ and -18.6094‰, -2.07167‰ and -17.81‰, -4.125‰ and -34.707‰ respectively. The results, generally, show a comparable range of isotope content on the Tigris Channel and groundwater (W1 about 1 km from the Tigris Channel). This indicates a mixing/interconnection between groundwater and the Tigris River, and it could be concluded that the wells (W1 and Ch1 and Ch2) near the Tigris channel have been recharged or mixed from them. 〈/p〉
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉The study is situated in the Kokoe Region of Central Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi,〈br〉specifically in the southern part of Kabaena Island. Its primary objective is to assess the〈br〉potential of nickel laterite in the designated area. The research methodology involved〈br〉microscopic analysis of bedrock using a polarizing microscope, examining the drilling data,〈br〉including logging descriptions, and the utilising of XRF geochemical analysis (Ni, Fe,〈br〉Al2O3, Co, Mg, and SiO2) from 32 drilling sites. Both elementary grade and laterite profiles〈br〉were visualized using Strater 5 software to simplify the representation of laterite profiles.〈br〉Petrographic analysis divided the bedrock into two lithological units: serpentinized〈br〉lherzolite and serpentinite. The laterite profiles in the study area were classified into four〈br〉types: type A, type B, type C, and type D. Type A profiles consist of bedrock, saprolite, and〈br〉limonite layers, covered by clay and colluvium. Type B profiles lack limonite and instead〈br〉exhibit saprolitic rock and rocky saprolite layers on top of the bedrock. Type C profiles〈br〉comprise bedrock, saprolitic rock, rocky saprolite, limonite, and topsoil layers. Type D〈br〉profiles contain three zones, namely bedrock, colluvium, and clay, but lack limonite and〈br〉saprolite layers. Among the four profile types, type A and type C profiles show promising〈br〉potential due to higher average grades of Ni and thicker saprolite zones compared to the〈br〉type B and the type D profiles.〈/p〉
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉The current research aims to evaluate the hydrogeological characteristics of the water-bearing layers in the study area. Because of the absence of observation wells near the pumping wells, the single pumping test experiment was achieved at seven wells GW1, GW2, GW8, GW9, GW11, GW13, and GW16 distributed in the study area. The pumping test records were analyzed by using Aquifer Test 2016.1 software, which is based on four methods namely, Theis, Hantush, Cooper-Jacob, and Theis recovery. The average values of transmissivity for the upper aquifer in the study area ranged between 13.4 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/ day and 279 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/ day, while the hydraulic conductivity ranged between 0.162 m/day and 4.14 m/day, and the storativity is 0.166 and 0.826. For the lower aquifer the transmissivity is ranged between 11.4 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/ day and 177 m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉/ day, the hydraulic conductivity is 0.214 m/ day and 1.17 m/ day, and the storativity is 0.0791 and 0.99.〈/p〉
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉One of the oil field's main reservoirs is the Mishrif Formation, which is found in the Nasiriyah oilfield in the southern part of Iraq (Late Cenomanian-Early Turonian). It was one of the three oil wells selected for this study. To extract various petrophysical parameters for open wells indicated by gamma ray, density, neutron, self-potential, acoustic, and resistance, a variety of well logs were analyzed. The qualitative interpretation of the logs allowed for the identification of different types of rocks, the boundaries and thicknesses of the strata, the depths of the formation, and the zones that contained water and hydrocarbons. The quantitative interpretation, which assesses the reservoir's attributes by computing its porosity, the quantity and distribution of the shales, the levels of water and oil saturation, and other elements, that are necessary to evaluate the reservoir’s units in the research wells. The features of the study wells and the used logs were reported, to make clear how these features were distributed among the sample wells. The collected petrophysical characteristics were handled and shown as charts. There are two types of units within the Mishrif Formation: reservoir-containing CR-I, MA, CR-II, and MB. In most wells, reservoir units are made up of hard, low-porous rocks that are positioned between highly porous reservoir units. For a few wells, the MA unit had low residual and mobile hydrocarbon percentages, whereas the MB unit had large percentages, while the hard rocks had significant percentages of water saturation.〈/p〉
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Soil erosion and sediment transport by runoff are among the largest environmental problems threatening agricultural lands in the world. Their often irreversible degradation is a major source of socio-economic imbalance in vulnerable areas. The management and control of soil loss in these areas are essentially based on erosion rate modeling generally using two methods: Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation. The Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation method results often present outliers' values compared to the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation method. This paper aims to predict and control the MUSLE method values in watersheds based on a database of Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation method values in more than 70 watersheds around the world. For this purpose, Geo-statistical analysis (Simple Linear Regression method) was used to allow the development of a model with a coefficient of determination R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉= 0.96 (validity of 96%) and thus the estimation of the tolerable uncertainties of the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation method by the equation: Y (V_ Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation LE) = 0.76 X (V_RUSLE) + 1.7.〈/p〉
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉This research focuses on the study of the physical and chemical properties of red clay found〈br〉in the Injana and Fatha Formations. The aim is to establish correlations among various〈br〉physical and chemical elements using geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing,〈br〉and a regression analysis model. Laboratory analysis, including X-ray diffraction, was〈br〉conducted to determine the properties of the clay, as well as nonclay minerals. Statistical〈br〉Package for the Social Sciences software was utilized for regression analysis to determine〈br〉property correlations. Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 images were employed to establish〈br〉relationships between digital numbers and soil properties. The study revealed that the dry〈br〉density of the Fatha Formation was lower than that of the Injana Formation. Silt content was〈br〉highest among all samples, ranging from 28% to 93%. The Fatha Formation exhibited a high〈br〉gypsum rate due to the presence of gypsum layers. Strong positive correlations were observed〈br〉between gypsum and sulfate, as well as between electrical conductivity and total soluble salt.〈br〉Multiple linear regression analysis was appropriate for clay properties, with regression〈br〉coefficients ranging from 0.6 to 0.72. Nonlinear regression yielded better results than linear〈br〉regression, with high regression coefficients. Landsat images proved valuable for obtaining〈br〉data in remote or expansive areas. The association between clay characteristics and Landsat〈br〉8 provided superior results compared to Landsat 7.〈/p〉
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉This is the first time that radiological assessment achieved in the Baghdad International Airport (BIA) in Iraq. Twenty-three sites were sampled from upper 5 cm of the surface soil within the BIA to be analyzed for the radioactivity of natural radionuclides Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 and the artificial radionuclide, Cs-137 using gamma spectroscopy based on Hyper pure Germanium detector (HPGe). Ten samples out of the 23 samples were analyzed for U-238, U-235 using the Neutron Activation Analysis method. To determine the percentage of DU [DU (%)] which is calculated from the 〈sup〉235〈/sup〉U/〈sup〉238〈/sup〉U isotope ratio. The study showed that there is a possibility of slight contamination with depleted uranium in two sites out of the 23 sites that were examined. The average activities of Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40 in the study area are within the limits of world averages, while there are evidences that new feeding of Cs-137 in the region, reaches about 19 Bq/kg, from the new global fallout after Chernobyl accident. The measured and calculated absorbed doses in the study area were within international limits and no need for farther monitoring. Annual effective dose equivalent due to resuspension of Ra-226 is estimated to be 1.0E-10Sv, and this value is negligible compared with 1 mSv permissible value for public recommended by ICRP.〈/p〉
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2024-04-10
    Description: Abstract
    Description: We merged various digital elevation models (DEMs) published in the recent years and created an up-to-date composite and global solution for Earth’s topography and bathymetry. Compared to the original geographically limited data sets, the final product is a seamless merged grid which additionally provides high resolution and accuracy topography and depth globally. We provide Earth relief grids w.r.t EIGEN-6C4 global geoid in terms of surface and bedrock elevation, ice thickness, and land-type masks which have been substantially improved w.r.t the global grids found in literature. We assessed the quality of the merged surface elevations w.r.t the heights given for about globally distributed 5000 ITRF stations. The merged surface model shows improvement of a factor of three w.r.t the other commonly used DEMs in terms of standard deviation. In addition to the four grids, GDEMM2024_SUR, GDEMM2024_BED, GDEMM2024_ICE, and GDEMM2024_LTM, we provide two additional files, the surface elevation without water (GDEMM2024_TBI) and the GDEMM2024_GEO file to transform the heights above EIGEN_6C4 geoid to ellipsoidal heights. The final grids are provided both in 30 arcsec and 1arcmin resolution and in GeoTIFF format which is one of the standards that is available in GMT (Generic Mapping Tools), GDAL (Geospatial Data Abstraction Library) and in almost all GIS software systems.
    Keywords: Earth relief grids ; topography ; ice surface elevation ; bedrock elevation ; ice thickness ; land-type masks ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 TDX ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 CRYOSPHERE 〉 GLACIERS/ICE SHEETS 〉 GLACIER TOPOGRAPHY/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY 〉 LANDFORMS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY 〉 SURFACE ROUGHNESS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY 〉 TERRAIN ELEVATION ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY 〉 TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 TOPOGRAPHY 〉 TOPOGRAPHICAL RELIEF ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 BATHYMETRY/SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY 〉 BATHYMETRY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 BATHYMETRY/SEAFLOOR TOPOGRAPHY 〉 WATER DEPTH ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 GLACIERS/ICE SHEETS 〉 GLACIER TOPOGRAPHY/ICE SHEET TOPOGRAPHY ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 MODELS 〉 DIGITAL ELEVATION/DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2024-04-17
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The Turkey heat flow database includes several research articles obtained from the catalogue of The Global Heat Flow Data Assessment Project conducted by the International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC; www.ihfc-iugg.org). The presented database contains 725 heat-flow determinations compiled from 9 different publications generated between 1991-2023 reported within Turkey. For the reporting and sorting of the database, the structure documented by Fuchs et al. (2023) is followed. Within this dataset, 98% of the entries represent continental heat-flow data (onshore), while the remaining 2% correspond to marine data (offshore). 88% of the reported heat flow values were obtained via direct temperature measurements, while the remaining data (12%) were estimated from indirect Curie depth temperature calculations.
    Keywords: Türkiye ; Heat Flow ; Database ; onshore (continental) ; drilling ; surface temperature/bottom water temperature ; bottom hole temperature – uncorrected ; continuous temperature logging in borehole equilibrium using semiconductor transducer or thermistor probe ; Curie Point/Depth estimate ; thermal conductivity source: assumed from literature ; thermal conductivity method: estimation from lithology and literature ; temperature gradient ; thermal conductivity ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 LAND SURFACE 〉 SOILS 〉 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2024-04-24
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data set includes the results of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEM) and digital image correlation (DIC) analysis applied to analogue modelling experiments. Twenty generic analogue models are extended on top of a rubber sheet. Two benchmark experiments are also reported. Detailed descriptions of the experiments can be found in Liu et al. (submitted) to which this data set is supplement. The data presented here are visualized as topography and the horizontal cumulative surface strain (principal strain and slip rake).
    Keywords: EPOS ; multi-scale laboratories ; analogue models of geologic processes ; analogue modelling results ; depression ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ; Digital Image Correlation (DIC) / Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) 〉 StrainMaster (La Vision GmbH) ; Extension box ; fault ; graben ; graben ; High frame rate camera ; horst ; normal fault ; Poisson ratio ; rift valley ; rifting ; Sand 〉 Quartz Sand ; Sandbox ; Silicon/Silly putty/PDMS ; SLR camera ; Structure from Motion (SfM) ; Structure from Motion (SfM) 〉 Photoscan (Agisoft) ; tectonic and structural features ; tectonic process ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup ; tectonic process 〉 continental_breakup 〉 rifting ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting ; tectonic setting 〉 extended terrane setting 〉 continental rift setting ; tectonic setting 〉 intraplate tectonic setting ; wrench fault
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
    Description: Abstract
    Description: A network of 210 continuously running, digital seismic stations equipped with short-period sensors (200 stations) and broadband sensors (10 stations) was deployed in an area of ~8 x ~6 km in the Irish Midlands (north of Collinstown) for a time period of ~6 weeks. The network was part of the EU project VECTOR (https://vectorproject.eu) aiming to investigate – among others – possible solutions for least invasive forms of exploration for mineral resources. In this context the collected data was mainly used to derive a 3D model of the subsurface (seismic shear wave velocity) using ambient noise tomography (down to ~1.5km depth). We thank all field crews for their excellent work rendered to the project. Waveform data is available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 7W, and is embargoed until Feb 2025.
    Keywords: EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS 〉 SEISMOLOGICAL STATIONS ; Seismometers ; Geophone[g] ; Velocity ; MiniSEED ; Passive seismic ; GIPP ; MESI ; Raw[g] ; Local network ; Vertical component[g] ; Three-component[g] ; Land[g] ; Geophysics ; Natural
    Type: Dataset , Seismic Network
    Format: ~300G
    Format: .mseed
    Format: XML
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset includes a shapefile representing the digitized historical road network of Kenya. It contains over 56,000 km of historical roads extracted from 449 historical topographic maps of 1:50,000 scale and 71 maps of 1:100,000 scale covering the time period from the 1950s to the 1980s. The topographic maps were obtained from various sources in Kenya and the UK. Most of maps were collected in Kenya provided by the Survey of Kenya and several local county governments’ survey and urban planning departments. Additionally, some maps were obtained from archives in Great Britain, namely the Bodleian Library of the University of Oxford and the Cambridge University Library. All the acquired maps were originally created and published by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS), the War Office, General Staff, Geographical Section and the Survey of Kenya. The road data was extracted from these maps using deep learning techniques, including a Python script and ArcGIS Pro “Multi-Task Road Extractor” tool.
    Keywords: Infrastructure ; Imagery/Base Maps/Earth Cover ; Road Network ; Roads ; Geodata ; Historical Data ; Vector Data ; GIS ; Africa ; African History ; Historical Maps ; Infrastructure ; Road ; Geographic information system ; Data ; road network ; road ; data ; infrastructure development
    Type: Dataset , Shapefile
    Format: ESRI Shapefile
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2024-04-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The model named EHFM_Earth_7200 was derived by layer-based forward modeling technique in ellipsoidal harmonics, the maximum degree of this model reaches 7200. The relief information was provided by Earth2014 relief model. EHFM_Earth_7200 provides very detailed (~3 km) information for the Earth’s short-scale gravity field, and it is expected to be able to augment or refine existing global gravity models. To meet the existing standard, here we provide spherical harmonic coefficients, which are transformed from original ellipsoidal harmonic coefficients. The maximum degree of the spherical harmonic coefficients is 7300.
    Description: Methods
    Description: - Compute global equiangular reduced latitude grids from degree 10800 Earth2014 SHCs and expanded these grids into EHCs. The grids are band-limited in spherical harmonics instead of in ellipsoidal harmonics so extra degrees beyond the truncation degree are also calculated. We obtained surface EHCs up to degree and order (d/o) 11000 but truncated them to d/o 7200. - Calculate potential models of three layers (crust, water and ice) separately from Earth2014 reliefs by new developed ellipsoidal harmonic forward modeling formulas. The densities of the three layers are 2670, 1030, and 917 kg/m^3. - Sum up results from the three layers and obtain EHFM_Earth_7200 ellipsoidal harmonic coefficients. - Convert ellipsoidal harmonic coefficients to spherical harmonic coefficients. The maximum degree of the spherical harmonic coefficients is 7300.
    Keywords: Gravity forward modeling ; Ellipsoidal topographic potential ; Spectral domain ; Layer concept ; ICGEM ; geodesy ; topographic gravity field model ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD 〉 GRAVITY
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2024-04-30
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The new time series of GRACE and GRACE-FO monthly solution HUST-Grace2024 is recently developed at Huazhong University of Science and Technology. During retrieving our model, the reprocessed GRACE L1b RL03 data and GRACE-FO RL04 data are used, and the newly de-aliasing product AOD1B RL07 is applied. In addition, a hybrid processing chain is applied to improve the quality of final solutions. Further details are presented in Zhou et al. (2024). This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42074018, 41931074, 42061134007).
    Description: Other
    Description: Parameters: product_type: gravity_field modelname: HUST-Grace2024-nLL-YYYYMM generating institute: HuaZhong University of Science and Technology earth_gravity_constant: 3.9860044150E+14 radius: 6.3781363000E+06 max_degree: LL errors: formal norm: fully_normalized tide_system: zero_tide
    Keywords: GRACE ; monthly gravity field model ; ICGEM ; geodesy ; Earth Observation Satellites 〉 NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder 〉 GRACE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEODETICS 〉 GEOID CHARACTERISTICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GRAVITY/GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Drought is a major natural extreme event that can cause significant damage to water 〈br〉resources. This study investigated the implications of drought for Watersheds in Euphrates 〈br〉River basin in Iraq which includes Hilla, Karbala, Najaf, Diwaniyah, and Najaf.. It was 〈br〉found that had an adverse impact on the study region. Among the most often used drought 〈br〉assessment indices globally are the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and its version, the 〈br〉Standard Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The study evaluated several 〈br〉probability distribution functions to model rainfall and water balance in Iraq. The 〈br〉Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S) test and the Anderson–Darling (A–D) test were used to test 〈br〉the goodness-of-fit for rainfall and water balance. The log-normal distribution was found to 〈br〉be the best fit for rainfall at approximately 40% of the stations considered, while the 〈br〉generalized logistic distribution (genlog) was the best fit for water balance at approximately 〈br〉80% of the stations considered. The study also found that the extreme droughts in Samwah 〈br〉in 2012 and Diwiniyah in 1999 had the highest severity values of -2.8957 in SPI-12 and 〈br〉SPEI-12, respectively. 〈/p〉
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉The use of Remote Sensing data in monitoring water bodies and reservoirs is a new and advanced approach that helps to study large areas covered by water in a short time and at a reasonable amount compared to traditional methods. Accordingly, the Remote Sensing technique integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has been used in several studies to monitor changes in water surface body area locally and regionally. In this study, several studies in Iraq were reviewed, using Remote Sensing techniques with the help of GIS to detect changes in the areas covered by the water bodies using satellite images captured in different periods. Natural and artificial lakes represent a large proportion of the water bodies in Iraq, including eight (8) lakes distributed in different regions of Iraq. An evaluation of the hydrological system of the studied water bodies showed that the changes in the area and size of natural and artificial lakes are affected by political, economic, and climatic conditions as the areas increase and decrease over years. 〈/p〉
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Biostratigraphy of the Sinjar Formation is investigated in two sections (Dokan and Sinjar)〈br〉from northeastern and northwestern Iraq, respectively. Two hundred samples from all the〈br〉limestones and marl that form the main lithological components of the studied sections were〈br〉collected. The studied limestones and marl are rich in microfossils. Through thin sections, we〈br〉were able to identify thirty species of benthic foraminifera and fifteen species of other〈br〉microfossils (coral, algae, mollusca, bryozoa, and echinoids) at Dokan section, and fifty-one〈br〉species of benthic foraminifera and thirty species of other microfossils at Sinjar section. 3〈br〉biozones were distinguished from both sections 1-Biozone A: Kathina sp.- Lockhartia hunti〈br〉Assemblage zone (SBZ 5) (Dokan section); (Kathina pemavuti - Lockhartia hunti Assemblage〈br〉zone (Sinjar section), 2- Biozone B: Idalina sinjarica Total Range zone (SBZ 6-7) and 3-〈br〉Biozone C: Alveolina globosa- Alveolina pasitisilata Concurrent Range Zone (SBZ8-10).〈br〉These zones indicate the Late Paleocene –Early Eocene age of the Sinjar formation. The〈br〉biostratigraphic correlations in the studied sections are based on benthic foraminiferal〈br〉zonations. Showed the correlation comparison between the biostratigraphic zones of the〈br〉commonly used benthic zonal scheme around the Late Paleocene -Early Eocene in and outside〈br〉of Iraq. paleoecological studies suggest that the carbonate sedimentation of the Sinjar〈br〉Formation thrived in 18-25oC, with mesophotic to oligophobic light, under an oligotrophic to〈br〉mesotrophic middle ramp environment with normal marine to slightly saline and at water〈br〉depths from 40 - 80 m. Stable isotopic carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) data revealed generally〈br〉hot conditions with high productivity during the deposition of the Sinjar Formation〈br〉accompanied by an abrupt change in paleoenvironmental conditions across the Paleocene-〈br〉Eocene contact.〈/p〉
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉Wellbore instability is one of the most common issues encountered during drilling 〈br〉operations. This problem becomes enormous when drilling deep wells that are passing 〈br〉through many different formations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate wellbore failure 〈br〉criteria by constructing a one-dimensional mechanical earth model (1D-MEM) that will help 〈br〉to predict a safe mud-weight window for deep wells. An integrated log measurement has 〈br〉been used to compute MEM components for nine formations along the studied well. 〈br〉Repeated formation pressure and laboratory core testing are used to validate the calculated 〈br〉results. The prediction of mud weight along the nine studied formations shows that for 〈br〉Ahmadi, Nahr Umr, Shuaiba, and Zubair formations ranges between 12.5 to 15 ppg. The 〈br〉predicted safe mud weight value seems to be narrow with a well deviation higher than 350. 〈br〉Therefore, for Ahmadi, Nahr Umr, Shuaiba, and Zubair formations, the wellbore 〈br〉appears unstable compared to other formations. The results of stability analyses indicate that 〈br〉the breakout mud weight wasn’t affected by wellbore azimuth because of low-stress 〈br〉contrast. Furthermore, shear failure can be prevented by drilling the well with an inclination 〈br〉of less than 350. As well as, to prevent breakdown the well should be drilled with an 〈br〉inclination between 25o to 65o in the direction of minimum horizontal stress. These 〈br〉outcomes could be used to prevent wellbore instability and determine a safe mud-weight 〈br〉window when planning to drill nearby wells in the future. 〈/p〉
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2024
    Description: 〈p〉This study aims to diagnose microfacies of the Jeribe Formation to determine depositional environments and derivation depositional model for this formation. The study consisted of two wells in the Hamrin anticline north of the Saladin Governorate within the foothill zone. In the study area, the lower contact of the Jeribe Formation is unconformable with the Dhiban Formation, whereas the upper contact is conformable with the Fatha Formation. Depending on the microfacies analysis, four significant microfacies were distinguished, including mudstone, wackestone, packstone, and grainstone, and then divided into eight submicrofacies types depending on grain types. The microfacies analysis of the Jeribe Formation revealed the recognition of five environments: open-marine (middle ramp to inner ramp), restricted, shoal, lagoon, and partial environments. The majority of microfacies are determined within the inner ramp setting. The Jeribe Formation was deposited in a shallow marine environment. 〈/p〉
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The data publication contains the compilation of global heat-flow data by the International Heat Flow Commission (IHFC; www.ihfc-iugg.org) of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI). The presented data update release 2024 contains data generated between 1939 and 2024 and constitutes the second intermediate update benefiting from the global collaborative assessment and quality control of the Global Heat Flow Database running since May 2021 (http://assessment.ihfc-iugg.org). The data release comprises new original heat-flow data published since April 2023 (the update 2023). It contains 91,182 heat-flow data from 1,586 publications. 57% of the reported heat-flow values are from the continental domain (n ~ 54,553), while the remaining 43% are located in the oceanic domain (n ~ 36,692).
    Keywords: heat flow density ; Global Heat Flow Database ; International Heat Flow Commission ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 MARINE VOLCANISM 〉 BENTHIC HEAT FLOW ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 OCEAN HEAT BUDGET 〉 HEAT FLUX ; physical property 〉 temperature
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This dataset contains element concentrations of six different hydrological compartments sampled on a daily basis over the course of one year in two neighboured first order headwater catchments located in the Conventwald (Black Forest, Germany). Critical Zone water compartments include above-canopy precipitation (bulk precipitation including rainwater, snow and fog water), below-canopy precipitation (throughfall), subsurface flow from three distinct soil layers (organic layer, upper mineral soil, deep mineral soil), groundwater, creek water and spring water. Element concentrations include major elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, Si, S), trace elements (Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, P, Sr, Zn), anion (Cl), and dissolved organic elements (DOC, DON). The data were used to explore concentration (C) - discharge (Q) relationships and to calculate short-term element-specific chemical weathering fluxes, which were compared with previously published long-term element-specific chemical weathering fluxes. The ratio of both weathering fluxes, described by the so-called “Dissolved Export Efficiency” (DEE) metric revealed deficits in the stream dissolved load. These deficits were attributed to colloid-bound export and either storage in re-growing forest biomass or export in biogenic particulate form. Tables supplementary to the article, including data quality control, are provided in .pdf and .xlsx formats. In addition, data measured in the course of the study are also provided as machine readable ASCII files.
    Keywords: Critical Zone ; Major element concentration ; Trace element concentration ; Anion concentration ; Dissolved organic element concentration ; Stream water ; Groundwater ; Subsurface flow ; Throughfall ; Precipitation ; Spring water ; Time series ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 GROUND WATER 〉 GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 DISCHARGE/FLOW ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 SURFACE WATER 〉 SURFACE WATER CHEMISTRY ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY 〉 NUTRIENTS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 TERRESTRIAL HYDROSPHERE 〉 WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY 〉 TRACE METALS
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Human-wildlife conflict poses a significant challenge to 21st-century conservation, with a limited understanding of these interactions within the broader social and ecological context of coexistence. Specifically, the impact of large-scale refaunation efforts on social-ecological dynamics in landscapes shared by humans and wildlife remains poorly understood. This study aims to enhance this understanding by jointly analyzing the consequences of refaunation involving wildlife and cattle in a mixed-use landscape in sub-Saharan Africa. Applying an interdisciplinary approach encompassing ecology, soil science, agricultural economics, and environmental anthropology, we reconstruct the coupling processes in social-ecological systems triggered by refaunation over the last five decades in Namibia&039;s portion of the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA). To assess ecological impacts of refaunation with cattle or elephants, space-for-time substitutions are used. The findings demonstrate that post-1960s increases in cattle numbers, and the surge in wildlife numbers since the 1990s have shaped the coexistence landscape. Elephant refaunation positively impacted herbaceous vegetation and soil conditions at intermediate elephant densities but negatively affected vegetation at higher densities. Wildlife refaunation, achieved through conservation and tourism, reduced income inequality. However, this effect was outweighed by the concentration of wealth among affluent cattle owners. Increasing rural inequality contributed challenges of local resource governance. Our study highlights that refaunation has profound ecological and socio-economic repercussions, challenging existing forms of resource governance in KAZA-TFCA and similar coexistence landscapes in Africa, and emphasizing the need for further research on the simultaneous increase of wildlife and cattle and its socio-ecological consequences.
    Description: Other
    Description: Article impact statement: Simultaneous refaunation with cattle and elephants poses both ecological and governance challenges, emphasizing the need for balanced conservation policies.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Environment ; Carbon ; Conservation Areas ; Ecology ; National Park ; Vegetation Structure ; Wildlife ; Livestock Grazing ; Future-making ; Economy ; Anthropology ; Human-Environment Interactions ; Tree-Grass Interactions ; Rewilding ; Refaunation
    Type: DataPaper , Scientific Publication
    Format: PDF
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: Abstract
    Description: This data collection contains inundation maps in Lima and Callao (Peru) based on tsunami simulations with two numerical wave propagation and run-up models (Tsunami-HySEA and TsunAWI) for a range of Manning values between 0.015 and 0.06, where constant values were applied in the whole model domain. The simulations were carried out in the framework of the RIESGOS project (https://www.riesgos.de/en/). The source is based on the historic event from October 1746, the parameters are derived from the study Jimenez et al. (2013). The moment magnitude is prescribed to Mw 9.0, the source area is split into five sub-faults, with inhomogeneous slip distribution and static deformation at time zero (this means no kinematic source model). The flow depth distribution in Lima/Callao after four hours simulation time obtained by the two models is interpolated to raster files and provided in geoTIFF format.
    Keywords: numerical modelling ; tsunami inundation ; Nonlinear prosesses ; bottom roughness ; Callao ; Peru ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 OCEANS 〉 OCEAN WAVES 〉 TSUNAMIS ; EARTH SCIENCE SERVICES 〉 DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION ; environmental data ; experiment 〉 simulation 〉 modelling
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: Abstract
    Description: In diesem Bericht werden die durch das GFZ Potsdam am 29. und 30. November 2023 durchgeführte bohrlochgeophysikalische Messungen in den Bohrungen Gt Khn 1/88 und Gt Khn 2/87 in Karlshagen (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) dokumen-tiert. Die Messungen wurden mit dem Ziel der Gewinnung hochaufgelöster und un-gestörter Temperatur-Tiefen-Profile durchgeführt. Die Stillstandszeiten seit Erstel-lung liegen bei mehreren Jahrzehnten; jene seit letzter Befahrung bei fünfzehn Jahren, weshalb von ungestörten Gebirgstemperaturen ausgegangen werden kann. In der Bohrung Gt Khn 2/87 wurde bei 1786,5 m Teufe eine Temperatur von 57,8 °C, welches einem mittleren Temperaturgradienten von 27,8 °C/km entspricht, ge-messen. Die Bohrung Gt Khn 1/88 konnte bis zu einer Teufe von 325,1 m befahren werden, die gemessene Temperatur betrug 16,2 °C, der entsprechende mittlere ge-othermische Gradient beträgt ca. 23,6 °C/km. This report documents the borehole geophysical logging performed by GFZ Potsdam in the Gt Khn 1/88 and Gt Khn 2/87 boreholes in Karlshagen (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania) on the 29th and 30th of November 2023. The measurements were conducted to achieve high-resolution and undisturbed temperature-depth pro-files. The shut-in times since the boreholes were drilled are several decades; the shut-in time since last activities in the boreholes are in the order of 15 years. There-fore, undisturbed formation temperatures can be expected in the boreholes. In the Gt Khn 2/87 borehole, a temperature of 57.8 °C was measured at a depth of 1786.5 m, which corresponds to an average temperature gradient of 27.8 °C/km. The Gt Khn 1/88 borehole could be logged to a depth of 325.1 m and the measured temperature at this depth was 16.2 °C, corresponding to an average geothermal gradient of approx. 23.6 °C/km.
    Keywords: borehole logging ; undisturbed formation temperature ; North German Basin ; Bohrlochmessungen ; ungestörte Formationstemperaturen ; Norddeutsches Becken ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS 〉 GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS 〉 GEOTHERMAL TEMPERATURE 〉 TEMPERATURE PROFILES
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2024-05-08
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Strokkur is a pool geyser in southwest Iceland that erupts every 3.7 minutes. Eruptions start with a blue water bulge that soon turns white (bulge phase) before the water bubble bursts into a jetting water fountain (jet phase). We measured the bulge rising velocity and height and fountain rising velocity and height using video cameras and drones from GFZ and the accompanying ground motion using seismometers from the University of Potsdam. We publish the derived products from video data and seismic data here.
    Keywords: geyser ; eruption ; geothermal ; geothermal tremor ; Earth Remote Sensing Instruments 〉 Passive Remote Sensing 〉 Photon/Optical Detectors 〉 Cameras 〉 VIDEO CAMERA ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 GEOTHERMAL DYNAMICS ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 〉 ERUPTION DYNAMICS ; science 〉 natural science 〉 earth science 〉 geophysics
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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