ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Part 1. Landform Modelling, General Considerations --- The Paradox of Equivalence of the Davisian End-Peneplain and Penckian Primary Peneplain / Hiroo Ohmori / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 3-32 --- Geomorphology: Boundaries between Media / Robert W. Blair, Jr. / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 33-42 --- Evolution of the Ocean Floor Morphostructure: Actualistic Model / Alexander V. Ilyin / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 43-59 --- Scale-Specific Landforms and Aspects of the Land Surface / Ian S. Evans / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 61-94 --- Part 2. Material Transport in Landform Modelling --- Simple Model for the Complex Dynamics of Dunes / Hiraku Nishimori and Hirohisa Tanaka / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 87-100 --- Green's Function of Mass Transport and the Landform Equation / Masashige Hirano / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 101-114 --- Towards Quantitative Modelling of Landform Evolution through Frequency and Magnitude of Processes: A Model Conception / Jochen Schmidt and Nicholas James Preston / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 115-129 --- Part 3. Fluvial Landform Structure: Mathematical and Physical Laws --- Planar Organization of River Networks: A Hidden Gamma Law Structure / Christophe Cudennec, Youssef Fouad and Irianto Sumarjo-Gatot / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 133-145 --- Tiling Properties of Drainage Basins and Their Physical Bases / Eiji Tokunaga / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 147-166 --- Mathematical Modeling of Landforms: Optimality and Steady-State Solutions / Scott D. Peckham / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 167-182 --- Part 4. DEMs, GIS and Modelling in Geomorphology --- A Simple GIS Model for Mapping Landslide Susceptibility / Richard J. Pike, Russell W. Graymer and Steven Sobieszczyk / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 185-197 --- Eigenvector Analysis of Digital Elevation Models in a GIS: Geomorphometry and Quality Control / Peter L. Guth / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 199-220 --- Multiresolution Spline Models and Their Applications in Geomorphology / Jan Rasmus Sulebak and Øyvind Hjelle / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 221-237

Description / Table of Contents: Synthetic Discussions --- Geophysical Studies of the Northern Cascadia Subduction Zone off Western Canada and Their Implications for Great Earthquake Seismotectonics: A Review / Ron M. Clowes and Roy D. Hyndman / pp. 1-23 --- Understanding the Seismotectonics of the Cascadia Subduction Zone: Overview and Recent Seismic Work / Thomas L. Pratt, Craig S. Weaver, Thomas M. Brocher, Thomas Parsons, Michael A. Fisher, Kenneth C. Creager, Robert S. Crosson, Roy D. Hyndman, George Spence, Anne M. Tréhu, Kate C. Miller and Uri S. TEN Brink / pp. 25-36 --- Long-Term Probabilistic Forecast in Japan and Time-Predictable Behavior of Earthquake Recurrence / Kunihiko Shimazaki / pp. 37-43 --- Recipe for Estimating Strong Ground Motions from Active Fault Earthquakes / Kojiro Irikura / pp. 45-55 --- Seismic Velocity --- New Features of Island Arc Crust Inferred from Seismic Refraction/Wide-Angle Reflection Expeditions in Japan / Takaya Iwasaki, Toshikatsu Yoshii, Naoshi Hirata and Hiroshi Sato / pp. 57-70 --- Seeking the Cause of Large Crustal Earthquakes in Japan: Influence of Arc Magma and Fluids / Dapeng Zhao / pp. 71-91 --- Conductivity --- Stress, Stress Release and Geoelectromagnetism / Fiona Simpson / pp. 93-106 --- Network-MT Survey in Japan to Determine Nation-Wide Deep Electrical Conductivity Structure / Makoto Uyeshima, Masahiro Ichiki, Ikuko Fujii, Hisashi Utada, Yasunori Nishida, Hideyuki Satoh, Masaaki Mishina, Tadashi Nishitani, Satoru Yamaguchi, Ichiro Shiozaki, Hideki Murakami and Naoto Oshiman / pp. 107-121 --- Understanding of Seismic Activity Using Conductivity Data in the Central Part of Northeastern Japan / Yukio Fujinawa, Noriaki Kawakami, Jun Inoue, Theodore H. Asch, Shinji Takasugi and Yoshimori Honkura / pp. 123-140 --- Crustal Activity --- Monitoring of Crustal Deformation in Japan Using L-band SAR Interferometry / Makoto Murakami, Satoshi Fujiwara, Takuya Nishimura, Mikio Tobita, Hiroyuki Nakagawa, Shinzaburo Ozawa and Masaki Murakami / pp. 141-146 --- Detection of a Coupling State in the Tokai Plate-Subducting Region Based on Microearthquake Seismicity and on Crustal Deformation / Shozo Matsumura / pp. 147-155 --- Coseismic Slip Distribution of the 1944 Tonankai and 1946 Nankai Earthquakes / Yuichiro Tanioka / pp. 157-165 --- The Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) / Kenneth W, Hudnut, Yehuda Bock, John E. Galetzka, Frank H. Webb and William H. Young / pp. 167-189 --- Crustal Movement in Southwest Japan, Deduced from Continuous GPS Measurements, and Its Seismotectonic Implications / Kaoru Miyashita, Jianxin Li and Takashi Kawachi / pp. 191-200 --- Active Faults --- Deep Geometry and Evolution of Active Faults in Northern Honshu, Japan / Hiroshi Sato, Naoshi Hirata And Takaya Iwasaki / pp. 201-207 --- Rupturing History of Active Faults during the Last 1000 Years in the Central Japan / Eikichi Tsukuda / pp. 209-218 --- Active Faulting, Lower Crustal Delamination and Ongoing Hidaka Arc-Arc Collision, Hokkaido, Japan / Tanio Ito / pp. 219-224 --- Seismotectonics in the Subduction Zone: Japan --- Inhomogeneous Structure of the Crust and Its Relationship to Earthquake Occurrence / Norihito Umino and Akira Hasegawa / pp. 225-235 --- Configuration of the Philippine Sea Slab and Seismic Activity in the Tokai Region, Central Japan / Satoshi Harada and Akio Yoshida / pp. 237-246 --- On-Line Operating Network of the High Gain Seismometers and Tsunami Sensors, Deployed at the Sea-Floor of the Sagami Trough Subduction Zone, Central Japan / Takao Eguchi, Yukio Fujinawa, Eisuke Fujita, Sin-Iti Iwasaki, Isao Watabe, Hiroaki Negishi and Hiroyuki Fujiwara / pp. 247-260 --- Seismotectonics around the Active Convergent Zones --- Seismotectonics of the Frontal Himalaya through the Electrical Conductivity Imaging / B. R. Arora / pp. 261-272 --- Models of Subduction Zones --- A Simple Review on the Simulation of Earthquake Cycle at Subduction Zones / Kazuro Hirahara / pp. 273-282 --- Systematic Variations in Non-Local Seismicity Patterns in Southern California / K. F. Tiampo, J. B. Rundle, S. McGinnis, W. Klein and S. J. Gross / pp. 283-292 --- Earthquake in Turkey --- Deep Resistivity Structure around the Fault Associated with the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake, Turkey / N. Oshiman, R. Yoshimura, T. Kasaya, Y. Honkura, M. Matsushima, S. Baris, C. Celik, M. K. Tuncer and A. M. Isikara / pp. 293-303 --- S Wave Splitting Observation inside of the North Anatolian Fault, Turkey / Keiichi Tadokoro, Masataka Ando, Serif Baris, Kin'ya Nishigami, Mamoru Nakamura, S. Balamir Ücer, Akihiko Ito, Yoshimori Honkura and A. Mete Isikara / pp. 305-310 --- Earthquake in Taiwan --- Drilling the Chelungpu Fault, Taiwan: Cores and Heat-Flow from a Thrust-Fault with Very Large Displacements in a Recent Earthquake / Masataka Ando, James Mori, Hidemi Tanaka and Kuo-Fong Ma / pp. 311-317 --- The Ms7.6 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake of September 20, 1999 / J.-H. Wang, R.-D. Hwang, B.-S. Huang, K.-C. Chen, W.-G. Huang, and T.-M. Chang / pp. 319-324 --- Some Observations about the Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquake of September 21, 1999 / Yi-Ben Tsai / pp. 325-366 --- In-situ Measurements to Understand Seismotectonics in the Subduction Zone --- Borehole Observatories into Subduction Seismogenic Zones / Kiyoshi Suyehiro / pp. 367-374 --- Continental Scientific Drilling for Studying Plate Subduction Earthquakes / Ryuji Ikeda / pp. 375-382 --- Scismotectonics Applied to Earthquake Hazard Mitigation --- Stress Drop Distribution of Micro-Earthquakes at Ootaki, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, Obtained from Waveform Data by Borehole Stations / Shigeki Horiuchi and Yoshihisa Iio / pp. 383-391 --- Site Amplification of' K-NET Sites in the Kanto Region, Central Japan / Shigeo Kinoshita and Yousuke Ogue / pp. 393-405 --- Caltech-USGS Element of TriNet: Remote Stations, Communications, and Data Acquisition / E. Hauksson, P. Maechling, R. Busby and H. Kanamori / pp. 407-423 --- Microzoning Studies for Seismic Risk Mitigation / Kazuoh Seo, Diana Polonska, Katsumi Kurita and Kentaro Motoki / pp. 425-450 --- Earthquake Clusters in the Kanto and Tokai Subduction Zones: Implications for Modes of Plate Consumption / Shin-ichi Noguchi / pp. 451-467 --- Seismic Scattering from Small-Scale Heterogeneities: Numerical Simulations and Observation / Kiyoshi Yomogida / pp. 469-480 --- Tectonic Characteristics of Seismogenic Stress Field in East Asia / Jiren Xu, Zhixin Zhao and Kazuo Oike / pp. 481-497

Description / Table of Contents: Concepts and methods of fractal geometry penetrate various branches of human knowledge to an increasing degree. This tendency is particularly striking in the geosciences, because many processes occurring in and on the Earth result in time dependences and spatial patterns that have a fractal character. The contributions in this volume arose from the "3rd International Symposium on Fractals and Dynamic Systems in Geosciences", held at Stara Lesna, Slovakia in June, 1997. The volume contains new ideas and applications of fractal geometry in such diverse branches of geoscience as engineering geology, the physics of the lithosphere (including faulting, seismicity, and fluid flow), and climate behavior.

Description / Table of Contents: In September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data center, and onsite inspections, to verify compliance. The problem of identifying small-magnitude banned nuclear tests and discriminating between such tests and the background of earthquakes and mining-related seismic events, is a challenging research problem. Because they emphasize CTBT verification research, the 12 papers in this special volume primarily addresses regional data recorded by a variety of arrays, broadband stations, and temporarily deployed stations. Nuclear explosions, earthquakes, mining-related explosions, mine collapses, single-charge and ripple-fired chemical explosions from Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America are all studied. While the primary emphasis is on short-period, body-wave discriminants and associated source and path corrections, research that focuses on long-period data recorded at regional and teleseismic distances is also presented Hence, these papers demonstrate how event identification research in support of CTBT monitoring has expanded in recent years to include a wide variety of event types, data types, geographic regions and statistical techniques.

Description / Table of Contents: In September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data centre (IDC), and on-site inspections, to verify compliance. This volume contains research papers focusing on seismic ecent location in the CTBT context. The on-site inspection protocol of the treaty specifies a search area not to exceed 1000 square km. Much of the current research effort is therefore directed towards refining the accuracy of event location by including allowances for three-dimensional structure within the Earth. The aim is that the true location of each event will lie within the specified source zone regarding postulated location. The papers in this volume cover many aspects of seismic event location, including the development of algorithms suitable for use with three-dimensional models, allowances for regional structure, use of calibration events and source-specific station corrections. They provide a broad overview of the current international effort to improve seismic event location accuracy, and the editors hope that it will stimulate increased interest and further advances in this important field.

Description / Table of Contents: In the wake of the disastrous tsunami which struck Papua New Guinea in 1998, this volume presents 20 state-of-the-art contributions on landslide tsunamis, including earthquake characteristics and ground motions, modeling of landslides in geotechnical engineering, field surveys on land and at sea, simulations of past, present, and potential future tsunamis, and theoretical studies of tsunami generation by landslides.

Description / Table of Contents: District heating can make a substantial contribution to a sustainable energy future in Central Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is a critical energy source for countries in transition, covering 60 percent of heating and hot water needs. These systems can save energy and boost energy security, but a stronger policy framework is needed to encourage wise management and investment. With such a framework, district heating systems in former Socialist countries could save the equivalent of 80 billion cubic meters of natural gas a year through generation improvements alone. This is roughly the annual natural gas consumption in Germany. Reforming district heating is also essential for social reasons in cold countries in transition. District heating companies need to become more customer-oriented. Policy makers can help propel them in this direction either through new market mechanisms or an improved regulatory framework. Coming in from the Cold: Improving District Heating Policy in Transition Economies provides policymakers with a guide to key district heating issues. Countries need a clear policy on district heating, given the significant economic, social and environmental implications of this sector. This is true for IEA member and non-member countries alike if they are to improve their heat supply.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume documents further advances in our knowledge of catastrophic landslides since the pioneering compilations of the late 1970s by Barry Voight. It provides a worldwide survey of catastrophic landslide events written by leading authorities. Catastrophic Landslides begins by drawing upon South America to dramatically illustrate the impact of these phenomena on human populations. The occurrence of catastrophic landslides, including site-specific insights, is shown through six events of the past 20 years. Several other chapters focus on the mechanisms involved with catastrophic landsides both in relation to geologic factors in a particular geographic area as well as to specific geologic processes.

Description / Table of Contents: Volcanic eruptions are the clear and dramatic expression of dynamic processes going on in planet Earth. The author, one of the most profound specialists in the field of volcanology, explains in a concise and easy to understand manner the basics and most recent findings in the field of volcanology. Based on plate tectonics and illustrated with more than 300 color figures, the book offers insights into the generation of magmas and the occurrence and origin of volcanoes. The analysis and description of volcanic structures is followed by process-oriented chapters discussing the role of magmatic gases, as well as explosive mechanisms and sedimentation of volcanic material. The final chapters deal with the forecast of eruptions and their influence on climate. Students and scientists from a broad range of fields will find this book an interesting and attractive source of information.From the reviews:"The science of volcanology has made tremendous progress over the past 40 years, primarily because of technological advances and because each tragic eruption has led researchers to recognize the processes behind such serious hazards. Yet scientists are still learning a great deal because of photographs that either capture those processes in action or show us the critical factors left behind in the rock record.Volcanism by Hans-Ulrich Schmincke has photos of the best quality I have ever seen in a text on the subject. I found myself wishing that I had had the photo of Nicaragua's Masaya volcano, which was the subject of my dissertation, but it was Schmincke who was able to include it in his book. In addition, the schematic figures in their wide range of styles are clear, colorful, and simplified to emphasize the most important factors while including all significant features. The book's paper is of such high quality that at times I felt I had turned two pages rather than one.I have really enjoyed reading and rereading Schmincke's book. It fills a great gap in texts available for teaching any basic course in volcanology. No other book I know of has the depth and breadth of Volcanism. I was disappointed that the text did not arrive on my desk until last August, when it was too late for me to choose it for my course in volcanology. I am also disappointed about another fact--the book's binding is already becoming tattered because of my intense use of it! Schmincke is a volcanologist who, in 1967, first published papers on sedimentary rocks of volcanic origin, the direction traveled by lava flows millions of years ago, and the structures preserved in explosive ignimbrites, or pumice-flow deposits, that reveal important details of their formation. Since then, his studies in Germany's Laacher See, the Canary Islands, the Troodos Ophiolite of Cyprus, and many other regions have forged great fundamental advances. Such contributions have been recognized with his receipt of several international awards and clearly give him a strong base for writing the book.However, as a scientist who has focused on the challenges of monitoring the very diverse activities of volcanoes, I think that the text's overriding emphasis on the rock record has its cost. The group of scientists who are struggling with their goals to reduce or mitigate the hazards of the eruptions of tomorrow need to learn more about the options of technology, instrumentation, and methodology that are currently available. More than 500 million people live near the more than 1500 known active volcanoes and are constantly facing serious threats of eruptions. An extremely energetic earthquake caused the horrific tsunamis of 2004. However, the tsunamis of 1792, 1815, and 1883, which were caused by the eruptions of Japan's Unzen volcano and Indonesia's Tambora and Krakatau volcanoes, each took a similar toll. ( Stanley N. Williams, PHYSICS TODAY, April 2005)

Description / Table of Contents: Disaster impacts are increasing in severity. Annual direct losses for weather-related events have increased from $3.9 million in the 1950s to $63 million in the 1990s. Moreover, a number of ongoing trends have the potential to cause even more severe and broader disaster impacts than ever before. These include increased environmental degradation, the impacts of climate change, population growth in cities, and globalization. In developing countries, disasters can cause major setbacks to economic and social development, inflict massive casualties, and cause the diversion of funds from development to emergency relief and recovery. By applying innovative approaches to disaster risk reduction and by empowering people through effective disaster reduction strategies, communities and government will be more resilient when disaster strikes and better able to protect their lives, homes, livelihoods and assets.

Description / Table of Contents: The wide distribution of dolomite rocks in North American, Middle- and Far-Eastern hydrocarbon reservoirs is reason enough for their intensive study. In this volume dolomite enthusiasts review progress and define the current boundaries of dolomite research, related particularly to the importance of these rocks as reservoirs. As might be expected, reviews provide critical analyses of past ideas on origins and why many are no longer tenable. Discussions range between conceptual models and numerical simulations of the flow paths of dolomitizing fluids, geochemical modelling, and microbial mediation. Case studies from areas as diverse as North America, the Middle East, SE Asia and Australia provide a solid background but illustrate important differences in views on the origins of these enigmatic rocks.

Description / Table of Contents: Intraplate strike-slip deformation belts are common tectonic features, particularly at convergent plate boundaries, where they are produced by both oblique convergence and continental indentation. These lithosphere-scale structures, which also occur in other geodynamic environments such as passive margins, are characterized by complex structural architectures, by the occurrence of large earthquakes, and by the fast uplift and/or subsidence of localized crustal sectors. Intraplate strike-slip belts can also control the ascent and emplacement of deeply sourced magmas. In some cases, intraplate strike-slip belts link with oceanic fracture zones and transform faults, transferring transform shear from the ridges to the interior of the plates. This evidence has an important impact of the classical concept of transform faulting. This volume contains 13 papers from an international field of contributors. Studies of intraplate strike-slip deformation belts from Africa, Antarctica, Eurasia, North America and South America are included.

Description / Table of Contents: As frontier exploration in Africa moves into ever-deeper water and new basins, there is an increasing need to mitigate the high costs by reducing risk. One way of doing this is by drawing on knowledge from other areas. The book includes regional papers ranging from syntheses on a continental scale to details of the salt tectonics of the West African margin. It also addresses the need to continue using technologies to their limits by including papers on topics as diverse as gravity interpretation and fluid inclusion studies. The book provides essential reading for those requiring further insight into the origins of Africa's diverse petroleum systems, and will be key to geologists and geophysicists involved in the exploration for and exploitation of oil and gas throughout Africa. Of particular note is the supplementary CD-ROM containing maps of Africa's petroleum basins classified by age of target reservoir system.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume is a collection of papers on the history of twentieth century geology, of which eight were presented at a Symposium organized by the International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO) for the International Geological Congress at Rio de Janeiro in 2000. The book offers a conspectus of selected developments of twentieth century geology. It has grown from largely a field discipline, chiefly concerned with rocks at the Earth's surface, to one that extends to the planet's interior, and to space beyond. New ideas, instruments, and techniques have extended the scope of earth science to the macro and the micro. Theories abound. One paper raises some of the social and political problems faced by modern geology. The volume is intended as a prolegomenon to some future synthetic understanding of twentieth century earth sciences. It should appeal to a wide range of geoscientists and historians of science.

Description / Table of Contents: Many faults appears to form persistent zones of weakness that fundamentally influence the distribution, arichitecture and movement patterns of crustal-scale deformation and associated processes in both continental and oceanic regions. They act as conduits for the focused migration of economically important fluids and, as most seismicity is associated with active faults, they also constitute one of the most important global geological hazards. This book brings together papers by an international group of Earth Scientists to discuss a broad range of topics centred upon the controls of fault weakening and the role of such faults during lithosphere deformation. The book will be of interests to both academic and industrial Earth Scientists with an interest in geodynamics, structure at all scales, tectonics and the migration of petroleum and water.

Description / Table of Contents: Non-volcanic continental margins may form up to 300f all present-day passive margins, and remnants of them are preserved in mountain belts. The papers in this volume demonstrate the benefits of integrating offshore and onshore studies, and illustrate the range of information obtained at different scales when comparing evidence from land and sea. Data sets collected across a range of spatial scales are evaluated: thin sections, cores, outcrops, seismic reflection profiles, and other geophysical data. The outcrop scale is crucial because it enables the spatial gulf to be bridged between DSDP and ODP cores and marine seismic data. There is also the problem that basins on land and beneath the sea inevitably have had different post-rift histories resulting in their contrasting present-day elevation. In mountain belts, portions of continental margins and oceanic crust are superbly exposed, but dismembered by subsequent compressional tectonics. Off present-day passive margins, extensional features have only been slightly deformed, if at all, by compressional movements, but are buried beneath significant thicknesses of post-rift sediments and so can only be sampled by ocean drilling at a small number of points. The first paper reviews the synergies that have occurred between investigations of the eastern North Atlantic non-volcanic margins and remnants of similar Mesozoic margins preserved in the Alps, and some later papers return to this theme. However, papers describing margins from other parts of the world show that it may be premature to use models based on the Atlantic and the Alps as the paradigm for all non-volcanic margins. The following 25 papers in the book are grouped under the following headings: (1) Margin overviews; (2) Exhumed crust and mantle; (3) Tectonics and stratigraphy; (4)Numerical models of extension and magmatism.

Description / Table of Contents: Palaeogene and Cretaceous palaeoceanography has been the focus of intense international interest in the last few years, spurred by deep ocean drilling at Blake Nose in the North Atlantic as well as the need to use past climate change as input for modelling future climate change. This book brings together a number of review papers that describe ancient oceans and unique events in the Earth’s climatic history and evolution of biota. The papers show evidence of periods characterized by exceptional global warmth such as the Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum and Cretaceous anoxic events. Geochemical records and modelling will make the reader aware that these periods were forced by greenhouse gases. This information is essential for understanding the response of the ocean-climate system to the current input of fossil fuels. In this sense, the book contributes to the understanding of fundamental aspects of Earth’s climate, the carbon cycle, and marine ecosystems. A number of papers describe massive mass wasting deposits resulting from the energy released by the bolide impact at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary as well as the geochemistry of the boundary itself. Additional papers cover aspects of cyclostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of Palaeogene and Cretaceous records. This book will be of interest to a broad audience of Earth Scientists interested in Palaeogene-Cretaceous palaeoceanography, extreme climate modelling, Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum, Cretaceous anoxic events, as well as those specifically interested in radiolarian, dinoflagellate and coccolithophorid stratigraphy.

Description / Table of Contents: World energy demand will rise by two thirds between now and 2030, and the world economy will falter if these energy supplies are not available. How much investment will be required to satisfy this need and can it be financed is looked into, in an attempt to quantify global energy investment needs, fuel-by-fuel and region-by-region. The global financial system has the capacity to fund the required investment, but are the conditions right? For some sectors and regions, the prospects are good. For others, the outlook is bleak. The total figure which emerges for the required global investment over 30 years is large - $16 trillion, but there are no claims that this will be validated in 30 years time. Policymakers perhaps will have failed if the energy economy has not been reshaped to make it more sustainable. Issues looked at by the World Energy Investment Outlook 2003 are global energy investment needs to 2030, financing global energy investment, as well as specifically oil, natural gas, coal, electricity and advanced technologies.

Description / Table of Contents: Duncan McIlroy: The application of ichnology to palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic analysis: introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:1-2, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.01 --- Duncan McIlroy: Some ichnological concepts, methodologies, applications and frontiers / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:3-27, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.02 --- S. George Pemberton, James A. MacEachern, and Tom Saunders: Stratigraphic applications of substrate-specific ichnofacies: delineating discontinuities in the rock record / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:29-62, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.03 --- Ingrid Glaub: Recent and sub-recent microborings from the upwelling area off Mauritania (West Africa) and their implications for palaeoecology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:63-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.04 --- Roland Goldring, Gerhard C. Cadée, Assunta D’Alessandro, Jordi M. De Gibert, Richard Jenkins, and John E. Pollard: Climatic control of trace fossil distribution in the marine realm / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:77-92, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.05 --- Phillip L. Manning: A new approach to the analysis and interpretation of tracks: examples from the dinosauria / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:93-123, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.06 --- Alfred Uchman: Phanerozoic history of deep-sea trace fossils / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:125-139, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.07 --- Kate D. Martin: A re-evaluation of the relationship between trace fossils and dysoxia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:141-156, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.08 --- M. Gabriela Mángano and Luis A. Buatois: Ichnology of Carboniferous tide-influenced environments and tidal flat variability in the North American Midcontinent / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:157-178, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.09 --- Kerrie L. Bann, Christopher R. Fielding, James A. MacEachern, and Stuart C. Tye: Differentiation of estuarine and offshore marine deposits using integrated ichnology and sedimentology: Permian Pebbley Beach Formation, Sydney Basin, Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:179-211, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.10 --- Christopher T. Baldwin, P. K. Strother, J. H. Beck, and Eben Rose: Palaeoecology of the Bright Angel Shale in the eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA, incorporating sedimentological, ichnological and palynological data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:213-236, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.11 --- Duncan McIlroy: Ichnofabrics and sedimentary facies of a tide-dominated delta: Jurassic Ile Formation of Kristin Field, Haltenbanken, Offshore Mid-Norway / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:237-272, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.12 --- Kerrie L. Bann and Christopher R. Fielding: An integrated ichnological and sedimentological comparison of non-deltaic shoreface and subaqueous delta deposits in Permian reservoir units of Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:273-310, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.13 --- Luis A. Buatois and M. Gabriela Mángano: Animal-substrate interactions in freshwater environments: applications of ichnology in facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis of fluvio-lacustrine successions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:311-333, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.14 --- Richardo N. Melchor: Trace fossil distribution in lacustrine deltas: examples from the Triassic rift lakes of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión basin, Argentina / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:335-354, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.15 --- Jorge F. Genise, E. S. Bellosi, and M. G. Gonzalez: An approach to the description and interpretation of ichnofabrics in palaeosols / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:355-382, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.16 --- Mary L. Droser, Søren Jensen, and James G. Gehlîng: Development of early Palaeozoic ichnofabrics: evidence from shallow marine siliciclastics / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:383-396, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.17 --- Richard J. Twitchett and Colin G. Barras: Trace fossils in the aftermath of mass extinction events / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:397-418, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.18 --- Jorge F. Genise: Ichnotaxonomy and ichnostratigraphy of chambered trace fossils in palaeosols attributed to coleopterans, ants and termites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:419-453, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.19 --- Richard G. Bromley: A stratigraphy of marine bioerosion / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 228:455-479, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.228.01.20

Description / Table of Contents: Faults and their deeper level equivalents, shear zones, are localized regions of intense deformation within the Earth. They are recognized at all scales from micro to plate boundary, and are important examples of the nature of heterogeneous deformation in natural rocks. Faults and shear zones are significant as they profoundly influence the location, architecture and evolution of a broad range of geological phenomenao The topography and bathymetry of the Earth’s surface is marked by mountain belts and sedimentary basins that are controlled by faults and shear zoneso In addition, faults and shear zones control fluid migration and transport including hydrothermal and hydrocarbon systems. Once faults and shear zones are established, they are often long-lived features prone to multiple reactivation over very large time-scales. This collection of papers addresses lithospheric deformation and the rheology of shear zones, together with processes of partitioning and the unravelling of fault and shear zone histories.

Description / Table of Contents: Isotope geochemistry has produced many technical developments in the past decade or so that have revolutionized the potential information available on the tectonics of metamorphic belts from geochronology. These include the ability to date minerals and rocks on small spatial scales, scales that at last approach those from which other types of information — structural and petrological — are obtained. However, interpreting the new data, and their integration with the other datasets available, is not straightforward and requires careful chemical and textural observations that go hand-inhand with the geochronology. The increasing realization of the importance of this approach has led to a number of symposia at international conferences devoted to this topic in recent years. The set of papers in this book emanates from one such symposium and describes recent progress in integrating this new information with other datasets from metamorphic petrology on a mineral and sub-mineral scale.

Description / Table of Contents: The Grès d′Annot Formation of SE France constitutes a classic and outstanding example of a sand-rich turbidite system controlled by synsedimentary tectonics, and has often been used as an outcrop analogue for deep-water hydrocarbon reservoirs. Over the last 10 years, research efforts by different academic and industrial teams have led to important reappraisals of prevailing ideas on the Gres d′Annot, particularly on the nature and controlling factors of the depositional processes, the small-scale architecture and sequence organization of the deposits, the tectonic regime of the basin and its impact on palaeogeography, and the interaction between sediment gravity flows and basin-floor topography. This volume offers a multidisciplinary overview and draws up the ′state-of-the-art′ of scientific knowledge on this influential turbidite system. Complementary aspects are covered, from structural geology, sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy, to modelling of sedimentary processes and architectures, geochemistry, reservoir characterization, seismic modelling and uses as analogues for deep-marine hydrocarbon fields. This book will be of use to both academic researchers (geologists and geophysicists) and industry professionals dealing with the characterization and modelling of deep-water sediments.

Description / Table of Contents: Recycling of oceanic plate back into the Earth’s interior at subduction zones is one of the key processes in Earth evolution. Volcanic arcs, which form above subduction zones, are the most visible manifestations of plate tectonics, the convection mechanism by which the Earth loses excess heat They are probably also the main location where new continental crust is formed, the so-called ‘subduction factoiy’ About 400f modern subduction zones on Earth are intra-oceanic. These subduction systems are generally simpler than those at continental margins as they commonly have a shorter history of subduction and their magmas are not contaminated by ancient sialic crust. They are therefore the optimum locations for studies of mantle processes and magmatic addition to the crust in subduction zones. This volume contains a collection of papers that exploit the relative simplicity of intra-oceanic subduction systems to provide insights into the tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal processes associated with subduction.

Description / Table of Contents: Pterosaurs were a peculiar group of Mesozoic vertebrates, which acquired the ability to fly in an original way, using a membrane attached to a single finger of the hand. Ever since the first description of a pterosaur skeleton in 1784, these remarkable animals have elicited much discussion and controversy among palaeontologists, and many basic questions about their origin, evolution and biology remain disputed. In the last few years, interest in pterosaurs has been revived by numerous discoveries of new and sometimes remarkably preserved specimens, which have enlarged and changed our picture of this group. The volume begins with descriptions of several new pterosaurs from the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous of Europe, North and South America, and Africa. Following this, alternative hypotheses of pterosaur phytogeny and evolution are put forward. Several papers discuss the functional anatomy of pterosaurs and its implications for aerial locomotion. The study of pterosaur footprints provides important new evidence concerning their terrestrial locomotion, and this approach is used in several contributions. A developing aspect of pterosaur research is bone histology, as shown by the final papers in this collection.

Description / Table of Contents: The 32 research papers in this volume examine the mode and nature of igneous, metamorphic, tectonic, sedimentological and biological processes associated with the evolution of ophiolites in Earth's history. Divided into six sections, the book presents a wealth of new data and syntheses from ophiotites around the world. Introductory chapters review the distribution of ophiolites in space and time and present a synoptic discussion on their importance in Earth history. Papers in the second section present diverse data from Tethyan ophiolites and provide refined geodynamic models for their evolution. The following two sections present case studies documenting magmatic, metamorphic and tectonic processes in ophiolite genesis and hydrothermal and biogenic alteration of fossil oceanic crust. Mechanisms of ophiolite emplacement are explored in Section V with a focus on the Semail massif (Oman). The last section examines the regional occurrence and geodynamic significance of ophiolite belts on different continents. The book reflects the contemporary work of the international community in a most up-to-date treatment of process-oriented questions on the evolution of ophiolites.

Description / Table of Contents: ‘Commercial oil deposits in basement rocks are not geological “accidents” but are oil accumulations which obey all the rules of oil sourcing, migration and entrapment; therefore in areas of not too deep basement, oil deposits within basement rocks should be explored with the same professional skill and zeal as ccumulations in the overlying sediments’, Landes et al. (1960), AAPG Bulletin. Given that most OPEC countries are currently at or within 5% Production capacity, there is a growing need to look for ‘new oil’ and other hydrocarbons in non-traditional sources. While oil and gas fields in crystalline basement are still discovered mostly by accident, as shown in this book, such reservoirs can be very prolific, especially if the basement rock is highly faulted or fractured. The chapters in this volume cover a diverse range of topics related broadly to the theme of hydrocarbons in crystalline rocks, and challenge explorationists’ definition of basement rock, which needs to be less narrow and more responsive to new geological ideas.

Description / Table of Contents: Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is transforming the way earth scientists and engineers describe and interpret near-surface sedimentary environments in the field. Because of recent advances in equipment, GPR now provides continuous, high-resolution data that other geophysical investigative tools cannot achieve. GPR has proven useful in a wide array of environmental, geological, and engineering applications. Included in this book are practical guidelines for data collection and interpretation, from antennae configurations to sequence stratigraphy, together with new advances such as vertical radar profiles and 3-D GPR imaging for hydrocarbon reservoir modelling, designed to assist new and veteran users get the most from GPR. Case studies in this book detail GPR investigations in a wide array of sedimentary environments including alluvial fans, braided rivers, spits, beaches, sand dunes, lakes, bogs, and floodplains. Examples of GPR investigation applied to stratigraphic correlation problems in Holocene, Pleistocene, and ancient sediments; hydrocarbon reservoir modelling; and detection and mapping of contaminants, reservoir infilling, land mines, and fault displacements are included.

Description / Table of Contents: The study of sediments and sedimentary basins in terms of their tectonic environment requires a multidisciplinary approach and has increasingly drawn both techniques and objectives from fields outside sedimentology. The application of different theoretical, experimental and empirical resources provided by structural geology, geochemistry, geophysics, scale modelling, and field geology, complement sedimentological methods, with the combined aim of achieving a deeper understanding of the origins, evolution and significance of sedimentary sequences in terms of their tectonic history. Studies presented in this volume range across a wide spectrum from the analysis of sedimentary sequence architecture at basin scale down to the chemical properties of individual grains, and include studies from a range of tectonic settings. The volume will be of interest to those involved with, or contemplating, studies involving the linkages between tectonics and sedimentation, as well as a wider audience to whom the results of such studies may provide fresh insight.

Description / Table of Contents: Bivalves are key components of Recent marine and freshwater ecosystems and have been so for most of the Phanerozoic. Their rich and long fossil record, combined with their abundance and diversity in modern seas, has made bivalves the ideal subject of palaeobiological and evolutionary studies. Despite this, however, topics such as the early evolution of the class, relationships between various taxa and the life habits of some key extinct forms have remained remarkably unclear. In the last few years there has been enormous expansion in the range of techniques available to both palaeontologists and zoologists and key discoveries of new faunas which shed new light on the evolutionary biology of this important class. This volume integrates palaeontological and zoological approaches and sheds new light on the course of bivalve evolution. This series of 32 original papers tackles key issues including: up to date molecular phylogenies of major groups; new hard and soft tissue morphological cladistic analyses; reassessments of the early Palaeozoic radiation; important new observations on form and functional morphology; analyses of biogeography and biodiversity; novel (palaeo)ecological studies

Description / Table of Contents: The climate of the early Earth was probably very warm and has, in general, reduced since the Archean. However, it now seems that the world is about 0.6°C warmer than it was 100 years ago and estimates of the rate of global warming over the next century range from 0.16°C to 0.35°C per decade. Concurrently, global sea-level is predicted to rise from 2.4 to 10 cm per decade. These rates of change are much faster than those normally associated with the geological record, causing geologists and palaeontologists to reassess their data and their forecasts on rates of future change. With the current interest in global climatic change and, more specifically, with global warming, it is clear that palaeontologists have valuable information to provide on the impacts of past climatic change. This volume contains papers from an international array of such geologists and palaeontologists, showing how studies of micro- and macrofossils, plant and vertebrate fossils from a range of geological ages have contributed to our understanding of how climate affects both local and more widespread areas. The contributions are arranged in geological order, ranging from the Permo-Carboniferous to the post-glacial recovery of the last 18,000 years, with an emphasis on climate change during the last two million years, particularly in NW Europe. Climates: Past and Present will be of interest to palaeontologists, geologists and palaeoclimatologists who specialize in climatic reconstructions and any professionals enagaged in research into the geological aspects of climate change.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume is a collection of papers, with an introduction, concerning the consequences of organism-environment interactions for modern and ancient carbonate platform systems. They arise from the 1999 Lyell Meeting on ‘Organism-Environment Feedbacks in Carbonate Platforms and Reefs’. The papers presented here provide an integrated view of carbonate platforms, emphasizing dynamic interactions at all hierarchical levels and revealing the limitations of uniformitarian analogy in biotically influenced sedimentary systems. Selected case studies from around the world illustrate aspects ranging from the genesis of growth fabrics to changing patterns of carbonate platform development. The text will be of interest to sedimentologists, palaeontologists and marine ecologists alike.

Description / Table of Contents: Research into the orogenic processes that shaped the continental crust of Europe has a long-standing tradition. Why the need to quantify and model? It is not just satisfactory to identify subduction zones, accretionary prisms, island arcs, extensional collapse and other standard items of the geodynamic menu. Such interpretations need to be quantified: extent and composition of subducted crust, angle and speed of subduction, amount and composition olmelts produced, heat sources for metamorphism. All such interpretations have to conform to first principles, and also to stand the test of quantitative balancing - a concept first developed for the conservation of length or volume in tectonic cross sections. Also in other fields, the correlation of causes and effects and the internal consistency of dynamic models requires a numerical approach. The present volume combines review articles with reports on recent progress in an attempt to address these aims. There is a foldout map of the region, which locates the main areas of outcrop and tectono-stratigraphic units, and a reassesment of the Palaeozoic time scale permits correlation of tectonic, metamorphic and magmatic events with the sedimentary record of the upper crust.

Description / Table of Contents: A New Outlook and New Resources / pp. 1-7 --- Ocean Water and Its Wonderful Potential / pp. 9-30 --- OTEC Is Not a Dream / pp. 31-44 --- Sea-Water Rears Fish / pp. 45-81 --- Learning from the Past / pp. 83-90 --- Earth-Friendly Technology / pp. 91-94

Description / Table of Contents: This volume, "Air Quality", contains many original findings on biomasss fires, transboundary pollution and associated haze and their impacts on health, biodiversity and economy and thus is expected to be a source book for research in South East Asia. Many of the results presented in this volume pertain to this region and are thus available under one "roof". Some papers could be discussed in graduate level classes dealing with Air Pollution, Air Quality, Cloud Physics and Biophysics. The scientific community will find this book a useful addition to their personal and institutional libraries.

Description / Table of Contents: In many past and recent earthquakes it has been shown that the local conditions and, in particular, the local geology have a great influence on the observed seismic ground motion and, consequently, on the damage distribution in housing, industrial stock, and life-lines. Seismic microzoning is the usual procedure to have these local effects taken into account for engineering design and land-use planning, being a useful tool for earthquake risk mitigation. This volume presents a collection of papers mainly originated from a workshop on Seismic Microzoning, organized during the 23rd General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society (EGS) in Nice, France in April 1998. The workshop dealt with various geophysical tools for analysing the effects of the local soils of subsurface geology on seismic ground motion, namely the methods using experimental data such as microtremors, and the theoretical/numerical 1-D and 2-D modelling methods. Additional contributions discussing techniques for characterising soil properties, microzoning applications to several urban areas, and others were added to the volume to broaden this important topic.

Description / Table of Contents: Exciting developments in earthquake science have benefited from new observations, improved computational technologies, and improved modeling capabilities. Designing models of the earthquake of the earthquake generation process is a grand scientific challenge due to the complexity of phenomena and range of scales involved from microscopic to global. Such models provide powerful new tools for the study of earthquake precursory phenomena and the earthquake cycle. Through workshops, collaborations and publications the APEC Cooperation for Earthquake Simulations (ACES) aims to develop realistic supercomputer simulation models for the complete earthquake generation process, thus providing a "virtual laboratory" to probe earthquake behavior. Part I of the book covers microscopic simulations, scaling physics and earthquake generation and cycles. This part also focuses on plate processes and earthquake generation from a macroscopic standpoint.

Description / Table of Contents: Exciting developments in earthquake science have benefited from new observations, improved computational technologies, and improved modeling capabilities. Designing models of the earthquake generation process is a grand scientific challenge due to the complexity of phenomena and range of scales involved from microscopic to global. Such models provide powerful new tools for the study of earthquake precursory phenomena and the earthquake cycle. Through workshops, collaborations and publications, the APEC Cooperation for Earthquake Simulations (ACES) aims to develop realistic supercomputer simulation models for the complete earthquake generation process, thus providing a "virtual laboratory" to probe earthquake behavior. Part II of the book embraces dynamic rupture and wave propagation, computational environment and algorithms, data assimilation and understanding, and applications of models to earthquakes. This part also contains articles on the computational approaches and challenges of constructing earthquake models.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume presents summaries of recent research results on the related subjects of source processes and explosion yield estimation, which are important elements of any treaty verification system. The term Source Processes, in the context of nuclear test monitoring, refers to a wide range of research topics. In a narrow definition, it describes the complex physical phenomena that are directly associated with a nuclear explosion, and the catastrophic deformation and transformation of the material surrounding the explosion. In a broader sense, it includes a host of topics related to the inference of explosion phenomena from seismic and other signals. A further widening of the definition includes the study and characterization of source processes of events other than nuclear, such as earthquakes and, in particular, mining explosions. This latter research is especially important relative to the question of identifying and discriminating nuclear explosions from other seismic events. Explosion Yield Estimation deals with the corresponding inverse problem of inferring explosion source characteristics through analyses of the various types of seismic signals produced by the explosion. This is a complex technical task which has been the focus of some of the most contentious treaty monitoring debates. The current compilation of eight articles on Source Processes and six articles on Explosion Yield Estimation gives a good representation of state-of-the-art research currently being conducted in the broad area of seismic source characterization in the context of nuclear test monitoring.

Description / Table of Contents: The topics included in this issue deal with many aspects of volcanic and seismic activity, two of the natural hazards of geological origin that have the greatest impact and pose the predominant risk to society. This book comprises eighteen papers, most of which were presented at an international seminar organized and held at the Complutense University of Madrid in October 2001. The papers address geodetic, geophysical and geochemical effects caused by seismic and volcanic activity; monitoring of volcanic and seismic processes using space and terrestrial techniques; complementarity of these techniques; theoretical modelling of volcanic and seismic processes; inverse problem; interpretation of observations; hazards; seismicity patterns and application.

Description / Table of Contents: This special issue contains contributions presented at the international workshop Seismic Waves in Laterally Inhomogeneous Media V, which was held at the Castle of Zahrádky, Czech Republic, June 5 - 9, 2000. The workshop, which was attended by about 60 seismologists from 16 countries, was devoted mainly to the current state of theoretical and computational means of study of seismic wave propagation in complex structures. The special issue begins with papers dealing with the study and the application of the ray methods. Problems such as coupling of quasi-shear waves or smoothing of models for effective ray computations are dealt with. Applications of the ray methods in seismic exploration are presented. Further, directional wavefield decomposition, phase space, path integral and parabolic equation methods are discussed. Attention is also devoted to attenuation and scattering problems, and to seismic inversion problems.

Description / Table of Contents: Underpinning international efforts to combat climate change are a series of actions being taken by developed countries' governments to mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases. This volume details more than 200 new policies and measures that were taken in the year 2000 to address energy-related emissions in IEA member countries. Actions are listed for each of the 26 IEA Member countries under five major headings: fiscal policy, tradable permits, regulatory instruments and voluntary approaches, R&D policy, and policy processes. In addition, policies are classified according to energy source and end use.

Description / Table of Contents: Papers from the Research Workshop on Inherently Parallel Algorithms in Feasibility and Optimization and Their Applications, held in Haifa, Israel, Mar. 13-16, 2000

Description / Table of Contents: Geological prior information represents a new and emerging field within the geosciences. Prior information is the term used to describe previously existing knowledge that can be brought to bear on a new problem. This volume describes a range of methods that can be used to find solutions to practical and theoretical problems using geological prior information, and the nature of geological information that can be so employed. As such, this volume defines how geology can be influential far beyond the confines of its own definition.

Description / Table of Contents: Forensic geoscience is an increasingly important sub-discipline within geoscience and forensic science. Although minerals, soils, dusts and rock fragments have been used as only begun to be recognized in the last ten years or so. The police and other investigative bodies are keen to encourage such developments in the fight against crime, particularly since many criminals show a high level of forensic awareness with regard to evidence such as fingerprints, blood and other body fluids. The papers in this volume illustrate some of the main principles, techniques and applications in current forensic geoscience, covering research and casework in the UK and internationally. The techniques described range from macro-scale field geophysical investigations to micro-scale laboratory studies of the chemical and textural properties of individual particles. In addition to forensic applications, many of these techniques have broad utility in geological, geomorphological, soil science and archaeological research.

Description / Table of Contents: Preface / John Mather / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, vi, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.01 --- 200 years of British hydrogeology — an introduction and overview / J. D. Mather / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 1-13, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.02 --- The water-related work of William Smith (1769–1839) / H. S. Torrens / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 15-30, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.03 --- Dr John Snow and an early investigation of groundwater contamination / Michael Price / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 31-49, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.04 --- William Whitaker (1836–1925) — geologist, bibliographer and a pioneer of British hydrogeology / William H. George / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 51-65, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.05 --- Joseph Lucas (1846–1926) — Victorian polymath and a key figure in the development of British hydrogeology / J. D. Mather, H. S. Torrens and K. J. Lucas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 67-88, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.06 --- 19th century studies of the hydrogeology of the Permo-Triassic Sandstones of the northern Cheshire Basin, England / John H. Tellam / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 89-105, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.07 --- Robert Stephenson (1803–1859) — the first groundwater engineer / M. Preene / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 107-119, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.08 --- ‘Making water’: the hydrogeological adventures of Britain’s early mining engineers / Paul L. Younger / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 121-157, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.09 --- The contribution of geologists to the development of emergency groundwater supplies by the British army / Edward P. F. Rose / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 159-182, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.10 --- Groundwater versus surface water in Scotland and Ireland — the formative years / N. S. Robins, J. R. P. Bennett and K. T. Cullen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 183-191, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.11 --- Bath thermal waters: 400 years in the history of geochemistry and hydrogeology / W. Mike Edmunds / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 193-199, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.12 --- Chalybeate springs at Tunbridge Wells: site of a 17th-century new town / J. G. C. M. Fuller / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 201-212, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.13 --- The Scottish hydropathic establishments and their use of groundwater / Iain Spence and Nick Robins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 213-217, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.14 --- British hydrogeologists in North Africa and the Middle East: an historical perspective / J. W. Lloyd / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 219-227, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.15 --- British hydrogeologists in West Africa — an historical evaluation of their role and contribution / Robin Hazell / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 229-237, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.16 --- British attempts to develop groundwater and water supply on Gibraltar 1800–1985 / Edward P.F. Rose, John D. Mather and Manuel Perez / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 239-262, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.17 --- The first use of geophysics in borehole siting in hardrock areas of Africa / Ron Barker / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 263-269, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.18 --- The development of groundwater in the UK between 1935 and 1965 — the role of the Geological Survey of Great Britain / R. A. Downing / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 271-282, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.19 --- Jack Ineson (1917–1970) The instigator of quantitative hydrogeology in Britain / R. A. Downing and D. A. Gray / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 283-286, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.20 --- Stevenson Buchan (1907–1996): field geologist, hydrogeologist and administrator / D. A. Gray and J. D. Mather / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 287-293, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.21 --- Groundwater studies in the Institute of Geological Sciences between 1965 and 1977 / D. A. Gray / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 295-318, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.22 --- Norman Savage Boulton (1899–1984): civil engineer and groundwater hydrologist / R. A. Downing, W. Eastwood and K. R. Rushton / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 319-322, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.23 --- Groundwater in a national water strategy, 1964–1979 / R. A. Downing / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 323-338, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.24 --- Recollections of a golden age: the groundwater schemes of Southern Water 1970–1990 / H. G. Headworth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 339-362, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.25 --- Developments in UK hydrogeology since 1974 / F. C. Brassington / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 225, 363-385, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.225.01.26

Description / Table of Contents: This title has arisen from the Geological Society of London conference of the same name. Since the publication of the predecessor of this book (‘Modern insights into structural interpretation, validation and modelling’, SP99, 1996, edited by Buchanan & Nieuwland) much progress has been made. This has been primarily thanks to the continuously increasing computing speed and computer memory capacity, which has positively affected all fields in structural interpretation, seismics and modelling, directly or indirectly. ‘New insights in structural interpretation and modelling’, presents a balanced overview of what the title promises. It is intended as a book that will serve the experienced professional as well as more advanced students in earth sciences, with a broad selection of topics ranging from classical field based studies to state of the art analogue and numerical modeling. The leaders of their fields have written some of the chapters, whereas younger authors with a fresh outlook and new ideas have written other chapters.

Description / Table of Contents: Humans have long marvelled at (and feared) the odorous and colourful manifestations of volcanic emissions, and, in some cases, have harnessed them for their economic value. The degassing process responsible for these phenomena is now understood to be one of the key factors influencing the timing and nature of volcanic eruptions. Moreover the surface emissions of these volatiles can have profound effects on the atmospheric and terrestrial environment, and climate. Even more fundamental are the relationships between the history of planetary outgassing, differentiation of the Earth’s interior, chemistry of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and the origin and evolution of life. This book provides a compilation of 23 papers that investigate the behaviour of volatiles in magma, the feedbacks between degassing and magma dynamics, and the composition, flux, and environmental, atmospheric and climatic impacts of volcanic gas emissions.

Description / Table of Contents: The weathering of historical buildings and, indeed, of monuments and sculptures of natural stone is a problem that has been encountered for hundreds of years. However, a dramatic increase in deterioration in the structure of our built heritage has been observed during the past century. To understand the complex interaction that the stone in a building suffers with its near environment (the building) and the macro environment (the local climate and atmospheric conditions) requires an interdisciplinary approach and the application of many different theoretical, experimental and empirical resources provided by the geosciences, chemistry, material sciences, biology and construction engineers. The protection of our architectural heritage has both cultural and historical importance, as well as substantial economic and ecological value. Large sums of money are being spent world-wide on measures for the preservation of monuments and historical buildings. Optimization of damage analysis procedures and damage process controls, as well as the development of monitoring and early warning systems for damage prevention, is needed. The past several decades has seen an unprecedented level of research activity in this area, the results of which are often difficult to access. This volume is intended to provide an integrated approach to the study of the deterioration of geomaterials, making the research available to a wide international audience. Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation Strategies and Case Studies comprises thirty chapters divided into six sections: weathering of natural building stones; weathering processes; fabric dependence of physical properties; biodeterioration; quality assessment and conservation of stones; and environmental conditions. Review articles are combined with reports on recent progress in the various research fields, authored by a comprehensive team of international contributors. The volume will be of interest to all those involved in the protection of our built heritage, particularly geoscientists, material scientists, construction engineers, architects and stone conservators.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume focuses on Late Mesoproterozoic to early Cambrian events related to Gondwana assembly and break up. The nineteen papers provide a comprehensive review including advanced knowledge and new data from all critical areas of East Gondwana. The recent knowledge of the evolution of East Gondwana, which was regarded as an integral part of the Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia, is the major theme of the volume, which is reinforced by highlighting this radical and new understanding of the evolution of this region. This volume is of use as both a text and reference book for Earth Science postgraduates, and should appeal worldwide to professional geologists with an interest in Rodinia, Gondwana and that important transition from the Proterozoic to the Phanerozoic Earth.

Description / Table of Contents: This book examines the process and patterns of glacier-influenced sedimentation on high-latitude continental margins and the geophysical and geological signatures of the resulting sediments and landforms. It contains a range of papers concerning modern and glacially-influenced sedimentation in high-latitude areas from both hemispheres, many of which discuss the relationship between glacier dynamics and the sediments and landforms preserved in the glacimarine environment This volume will be of interest to those in academia and industry working in the broad fields of glacimarine environments, the development of high-latitude margins and marine geology and geophysics

Description / Table of Contents: Palaeozoic Amalgamation of Central Europe summarizes recent research designed to clarify the timing, geometry and processes by which discrete terranes of Central Europe became amalgamated during the Palaeozoic Era. The area studied extends from the southern North Sea to Central Poland along the Trans-European Suture Zone, covering much of Germany, Denmark, Belgium, the Czech Republic and Poland. The 16 papers within the volume are divided into five sections: biostratigraphic/provenance evidence; isotopic constraints; petrological and geochemical evidence; structural evolution; seismic traverses and deep crustal structure. The first section contains papers summarizing continent-specific micropalaeontological and sediment provenance information backing current debates about microcontinent derivation and timing of their accretions to the proto-European continent, Baltica. The section on isotopic constraints discusses the use of isotopic dating to constrain the timing of accretions of rock units exposed in the northern Bohemian Massif, while the following section has more detailed studies of metamorphosed ophiolitic complexes adjoining palaeosutures in the same area. The two papers on the structural evolution of the area contrast a detailed review of the structural evolution of the Sudetes, with a broader, more regionally based hypothesis for the structural evolution of all Central Europe. The final section discusses models based on extensive seismic traverses in contrasting parts of the area - Belgium, the southern North Sea and Poland. This wide-ranging study thus encapsulates the most up-to-date ideas on the Palaeozoic amalgamation of Central Europe from the leading international researchers in the field. The volume will be of interest to those earth scientists in industry and academia with a broad-based interest in the construction of the European continent, primarily biostratigraphers, geophysicists, structural geologists and geochemists.

Description / Table of Contents: Fabric is a ubiquitous and significant feature of geological materials. The processes involved in the formation and deformation of rocks and sediments leave their mark on the orientations of the constituent mineral grains. Petrofabrics thus provide essential keys to understanding the history of geological materials. Magnetic anisotropy is directly related to petrofabric, and has become one of the most rapid, sensitive and widely used tools for its characterization. The relationship between magnetic fabric and petrofabric is complex and depends on various factors including the composition, concentration and grain size of mineral grains. Ongoing research in geological applications is paralleled by studies of the fundamental mineral magnetic phenomena involved. The papers in this book represent the current state of investigations in magnetic anisotropy studies as a discipline that integrates geological interpretations, mineral fabric development, technical advances and rock-magnetic properties.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides incentives for further development of sustainable fuel cycles through a novel and interdisciplinary approach to an Earth science-related topic. The main focus is on geochemical concepts in immobilizing, isolating or neutralizing waste derived from energy production and consumption. The book also addresses the issue of using some types of energy-derived waste as alternative raw materials. Moreover, it highlights research on how certain wastes can be used for energy production, an increasingly important aspect of modern integrated waste management strategies. The main objectives are to: (a) identify the most serious environmental problems related to various types of power generation and associated waste accumulation; (b) present strategies, based on natural analogue materials, for the immobilization of toxic and radioactive waste components through mineralogical barriers; (c) discuss modern procedures for reuse of waste or certain waste components; and (d) review the importance of geochemical modelling in describing and predicting the interaction between waste and the environment.

Description / Table of Contents: This book gives an up-to-date overview of the physical geology of sub-volcanic intrusions. Topics covered in this wide-ranging volume include important aspects of the field geology and physical volcanology of sills, laccoliths and sub-volcanic complexes, magma-sediment interaction and numerical and experimental studies aimed at quantifying more precisely the emplacement mechanics of high-level magmatic intrusions. Provocative papers ask whether laccoliths and high-level sills are forming today, and question the nature of the relationship between high-level intrusions and contemporaneous volcanic activity. Several contributions also deal with the more applied aspects of high-level magma emplacement and 3D seismic imaging of sill and laccolith complexes as relevant to the hydrocarbons industry. It is hoped that with the publication of this volume a consensus will emerge that will help to advance our understanding of the more important physical factors governing the emplacement of high-level intrusions in the continental crust, along with their wider geotectonic implications.

Description / Table of Contents: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the main compound identified as affecting the stability of the Earth's climate. A significant reduction in the volume of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere is a key mechanism for mitigating climate change. Geological storage of CO 2, or the injection and long-term stabilization of large volumes of CO 2 in the subsurface in saline aquifers, in existing hydrocarbon reservoirs or in unmineable coal seams, is one of the more technologically advanced options available. A number of studies have been carried out and are reported here. They are aimed at understanding the safety, physical and chemical behaviour and long-term fate of CO 2 when stored in geological formations. Until efficient, alternative energy options can be developed, geological storage of CO 2, the subject of this volume, provides a mechanism to reduce carbon emissions significantly whilst continuing to meet the global demand for energy.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume is a state of the art look at our understanding of joint development in the crust. Answers are provided for such questions as the mechanisms by which joints are initiated, the factors controlling the path they follow during the propagation process, and the processes responsible for the arrest of joints. Many of the answers to these questions can be inferred from the geometry of joint surface morphology and joint patterns. Joints are a record of the orientation of stress at the time of propagation and as such they are also useful records of ancient stress fields, regional and local. Because outcrop and subsurface views of joints are limited, statistical techniques are required to characterize joints and joint sets. Finally, joints are subject to post-propagation stresses that further localize deformation and are the focus for the development of new structures.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume explores geological boundaries in time and space using palynology and micropalaeontology. Boundaries produce distinct signatures in the micropalaeontological record. Diffuse or sharp, gradual or abrupt, boundaries can tell us much about the response of biotic systems to environmental change in both marine and terrestrial realms. Different microfossil groups and geological contexts require their own approaches, definitions and considerations of boundaries. The papers in this compilation capture the current range of thinking on the methodology of boundary identification from biostratigraphical, ecological and palaeoenvironmental perspectives. Contributions span the Cambrian to Miocene and feature many fossil groups (including pollen, dinoflagellates, foraminifera, ostracodes, conodonts, and diatoms). With a strong Canadian and North American focus, the volume also includes contributions from Poland, Egypt, Belgium, Argentina and the United Kingdom.

Description / Table of Contents: The Cretaceous submarine Ontong Java Plateau, in the western Pacific Ocean, is the most volumnous of the world's large igneous provinces(LIPs), and represents the largest known magmatic event on Earth. LIPs are the products of basaltic volcanism on a scale and at an effusion rate not seen on Earth at the present time, and their formation may have had significant effects on the Earth's climate and biosphere. The currently favoured explanation for LIP formation is the rapid decompression and melting of anomalously hot mantle in the heads of newly ascended mantle plumes. This volume summarizes the results of research aimed principally at testing the plume-head hypothesis for the formation of the Ontong Java Plateau, and presents the results of integrated studies following recent basement drilling on the plateau by the Ocean Drilling Program Nineteen papers cover topics as diverse as petrology, geochemistry, tectonics, volcanology, paleomagnatism and biostratigraphy.

Description / Table of Contents: Recent advancements in the understanding of mountain belts have focused on vertical coupling of the lithospheric layers. This volume describes the extent to which observed or inferred sub-horizontal coupling or attachment zones provide vertical kinematic linkage between rheologically distinct layers in the continental lithosphere. A common theme is whether the deformation, which partitioned differently in each layer, is linked kinematically across attachment zones and driven by flow in the deeper crust and mantle lithosphere. The papers are divided into six sections. The first analyses the extent to which mantle flow controls deformation of the overlying layers. The Vertical axis block rotations section uses geological and palaeomagnetic data to constrain the role and magnitude of basal shear across mid-crustal attachment zones. The Lower crustal flow and topography section addresses the time-dependent development of orogenic plateaux and their role in the orogenic cycle. Multiple examples of the spatial and temporal development of lithospheric coupling are given in both the Orogenic examples and Subduction examples sections. Finally, rheological constraints of vertical coupling in the lithosphere are investigated.

Description / Table of Contents: Preface / John Malpas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 1-4, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.01 --- Precambrian --- Determining Precambrian crustal evolution in China: a case-study from Wutaishan, Shanxi Province, demonstrating the application of precise SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology / Simon A. Wilde, Peter A. Cawood, Kaiyi Wang, Alexander Nemchin and Guochun Zhao / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 5-25, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.02 --- Late Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the Trans-North China Orogen: insights from synthesis of existing data from the Hengshan-Wutai-Fuping belt / Guochun Zhao, Min Sun, Simon A. Wilde and Jinghui Guo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 27-55, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.03 --- Precambrian tectonic evolution of the North China Craton / Mingguo Zhai / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 57-72, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.04 --- Palaezoic --- The Central Asian Orogenic Belt and growth of the continental crust in the Phanerozoic / Bor-Ming Jahn / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 73-100, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.05 --- Tectonic evolution of Palaeozoic terranes in West Junggar, Xinjiang, NW China / Solomon Buckman and Jonathan C. Aitchison / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 101-129, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.06 --- Nb-depleted, continental rift-related Akaz metavolcanic rocks (West Kunlun): implication for the rifting of the Tarim Craton from Gondwana / Chao Yuan, Min Sun, Jingsui Yang, Hui Zhou and Mei-Fu Zhou / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 131-143, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.07 --- Basement heterogeneity in the Cathaysia crustal block, southeast China / Chris J. N. Fletcher, Lung. S. Chan, Roderick J. Sewell, S. Diarmad G. Campbell, Donald W. Davis and Jieshou Zhu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 145-155, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.08 --- Mesozoic --- Subduction, collision and exhumation in the ultrahigh-pressure Qinling-Dabie orogen / Bradley R. Hacker, Lothar Ratschbacher and J. G. Liou / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 157-175, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.09 --- UHP rocks and the Dabieshan Orogenic Belt / Qingchen Wang and Bolin Cong / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 177-192, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.10 --- Jurassic intraplate magmatism in southern Hunan-eastern Guangxi: 40Ar/39Ar dating, geochemistry, Sr-Nd isotopes and implications for the tectonic evolution of SE China / Xian-Hua Li, Sun-Lin Chung, Hanwen Zhou, Ching-Hua Lo, Ying Liu and Chang-Hwa Chen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 193-215, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.11 --- Cenozoic-Present --- Evidence for the multiphase nature of the India-Asia collision from the Yarlung Tsangpo suture zone, Tibet / Jonathan C. Aitchison and Aileen M. Davis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 217-233, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.12 --- Conglomerates record the tectonic evolution of the Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone in southern Tibet / Aileen M. Davis, Jonathan C. Aitchison, Badengzhu and Luo Hui / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 235-246, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.13 --- Ultra-high pressure minerals in the Luobusa Ophiolite, Tibet, and their tectonic implications / Paul T. Robinson, Wen-Ji Bai, John Malpas, Jing-Sui Yang, Mei-Fu Zhou, Qing-Song Fang, Xu-Feng Hu, Stanley Cameron and Hubert Staudigel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 247-271, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.14 --- Cretaceous palaeomagnetism of Indochina and surrounding regions: Cenozoic tectonic implications / Cung Thuong Chi and Steven L. Dorobek / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 273-287, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.15 --- Geology of the Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines: an enigmatic South China continental fragment? / Graciano P. Yumul, Carla B. Dimalanta, Rodolfo A. Tamayo, Rene C. Maury, Herve Bellon, Mireille Polvé, Victor B. Maglambayan, Cliff L. Querubin and Joseph Cotten / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 289-312, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.16 --- Cenozoic tectonics of the China continental margin: insights from Taiwan / Louis S. Teng and Andrew T. Lin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 313-332, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.17 --- Precisely relocated hypocentres, focal mechanisms and active orogeny in Central Taiwan / F. T. Wu, C. S. Chang and Y. M. Wu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 226, 333-353, 1 January 2004, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2004.226.01.18

Description / Table of Contents: The widespread extension occured within the Variscan orogen and its northern foreland during late Carboniferous to Early Permian times. This was associated with magnetism and with a fundamental change, at the Westphalian-Stephanian boundary, in the regional stress field, coincident with the termination of orogenic activity and onset of dextral translation between North Africa and Europe. Rifting propagated across basement terranes with different ages and thermal histories. Most of the roft basins developed on relatively thin lithosphere; however, the highly magnetic Oslo graben initiated within the edge of a craton. Early stephanian regional uplift is contemporaneous with the onset of magmatism; inviting speculation that it might have been induced by a thermal anomaly within the upper mantle. The contributions to this volume suggest that the geodynamic setting in which magmatism occurred was complex, involving wrench tectonics, slab detachment, and delimination or thermal erosion of the base of the lithosphere.