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  • 1
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    Energy, Waste and the Environment : A Geochemical Perspective (2004)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: This book provides incentives for further development of sustainable fuel cycles through a novel and interdisciplinary approach to an Earth science-related topic. The main focus is on geochemical concepts in immobilizing, isolating or neutralizing waste derived from energy production and consumption. The book also addresses the issue of using some types of energy-derived waste as alternative raw materials. Moreover, it highlights research on how certain wastes can be used for energy production, an increasingly important aspect of modern integrated waste management strategies. The main objectives are to: (a) identify the most serious environmental problems related to various types of power generation and associated waste accumulation; (b) present strategies, based on natural analogue materials, for the immobilization of toxic and radioactive waste components through mineralogical barriers; (c) discuss modern procedures for reuse of waste or certain waste components; and (d) review the importance of geochemical modelling in describing and predicting the interaction between waste and the environment.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 670 Seiten)
    ISBN: 186239167X
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/236/1.toc
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Energy, waste and the environment -- a geochemical perspective: introduction (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 236: 1-5.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Energy has played a key role in the development of civilizations around the globe. Since prehistoric times, Man has depended on energy sources for heating and cooking purposes. The main energy source at that time was wood, and wood burning continues to be of utmost importance in certain parts of the world. The need to secure energy sources has a direct interaction with the environment. Throughout history, this interaction has been detrimental to the environment, as documented, for example, by early deforestation in the Mediterranean area, where the growth of civilizations was linked to deforestation (Thirgood 1981). Today, the environmental impact resulting from energy production and consumption is more visible and more pronounced than ever before, as Man tries to satisfy an ever-growing energy demand. In the year 2001, the total world consumption of primary energy amounted to [~]426 billion GJ (EIA 2003), an increase of more than 15% compared to 1992. By assuming a world population of 6.1 billion people in 2001, the per capita energy consumption is approximately 70 GJ. This figure, however, represents a global average only, and pronounced differences exist for various regions. Figure 1 demonstrates, for example, that in North America the per capita consumption of primary energy is four times greater than the global average, and nearly twice that of Western Europe. On the other hand, the per capita consumption in Africa is merely a third of the global average. This extreme geographical disparity in energy consumption is mirrored by the data for CO2 ... This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract.
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  • 3
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    Redox states of uranium in samples of microlite and monazite (2016)
    Mineralogical Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-03
    Description: By applying the method of chemical shifts of the uranium L α 1 and L β 1 X-ray emission lines, the oxidation state of U has been determined in select samples of microlite and monazite. From the relative contents of U 4+ , U 5+ , and U 6+ species, the oxygen coefficients have been calculated as a characteristic of U-oxidation rate. It is shown that the oxidation state of U is higher in the studied microlite than in monazite. Possible mechanisms of U oxidation in these two types of minerals are discussed, and it appears that the crystal structure of monazite plays an important role in stabilizing the U redox state. Spontaneous purification of the monazite structure from alien atoms, including U, may be possible via recrystallization of the α-recoil tracks. An explanation is suggested for intensive U oxidation in microlite and in other minerals of the pyrochlore group.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 4
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    Correlation of Growth and Breakdown of Major and Accessory Minerals in Metapelites from Campolungo, Central Alps (2011)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-27
    Description: Regionally metamorphosed pelitic rocks at Campolungo, Central Alps, contain biotite, muscovite, garnet, staurolite, kyanite, and quartz, and the minor minerals tourmaline, plagioclase, chlorite, rutile, and ilmenite. Accessory allanite, apatite, monazite, potassium feldspar, xenotime, and zircon have also been identified. The bulk-rock chemical composition is similar to that of shales, and indicates that the protolith was deposited in an active continental margin setting. Element distribution maps, electron microprobe analyses and in situ UV–laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry data document a pronounced zoning in garnet and tourmaline porphyroblasts. Garnet displays a typical bell-shaped MnO zoning profile, with a maximum (~3 wt %) in the euhedral core. Cores are also rich in Y and heavy rare earth elements (HREE; e.g. 2150 ppm Y). In their broad rim, all garnet crystals display a subhedral annulus (10–15 µm wide), which is distinctly enriched in Ca, Sr, Y, and HREE, and which probably resulted from the breakdown of allanite (at ~550°C, ~6·4 kbar). Another characteristic feature of garnet rims is their sinusoidal chondrite-normalized REE pattern, which may represent partial equilibration with a light REE-enriched medium, probably generated through the breakdown of metamorphic allanite. Similar REE patterns are exhibited by a Ca-poor internal zone (inside the annulus), which may represent an earlier partial equilibration following the breakdown of detrital monazite. The large tourmaline crystals exhibit an optically visible three-stage zoning, which comprises: a euhedral core; a continuously zoned inner rim with a prominent euhedral Ca-rich annulus; and an outer rim, which also displays a distinct Ca-rich annulus and is separated from the inner rim by a sutured boundary. This boundary represents a marked chemical discontinuity, characterized for example by a decrease in the Zn concentration from 250 ppm (inner rim) to 20 ppm (outer rim). This change in Zn content reflects staurolite growth, which started after resorption of the inner rim of tourmaline and after a major deformation event. This chemical and textural discontinuity coincides with a marked shift in 18 O, which increases by ~0·8 across the inner rim–outer rim boundary. Our thermodynamic models suggest that resorption of the inner rim of tourmaline may be associated with small amounts (5–7 vol. %) of melt formed at ~650°C and 8·5 kbar. By using detailed textural observations, major and trace element zoning patterns and thermodynamic data, it was possible to model the metamorphic evolution of these rocks in considerable detail and, specifically, to correlate the growth and breakdown of major and accessory minerals.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3530
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2415
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    The role of Th-U minerals in assessing the performance of nuclear waste forms (2015)
    Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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    Publication Date: 2015-01-03
    Description: Materials designed for nuclear waste disposal include a range of ceramics, glass ceramics and glass waste forms. Those with crystalline phases have provided the momentum for studies of minerals as a means to understand aspects of waste-form crystal chemistry, behaviour in aqueous systems and radiation damage over geological periods of time. Although the utility of natural analogue studies varies, depending upon the degree of analogy to the proposed geological repository and other factors such as chemical composition, the available data suggest that Th-U host phases such as brannerite, monazite, pyrochlore, zircon and zirconolite are resistant generally to dissolution in aqueous fluids at low temperatures. Geochemical durability may or may not extend to hydrothermal systems depending on the specifics of fluid composition, temperature and pressure. At elevated temperatures, for example, davidite may break down to new phase assemblages including titanite, ilmenite and rutile. Perovskite is generally less resistant to dissolution at low temperatures and breaks down to TiO 2 , releasing A -site cations to the aqueous fluid. Studies of radiation damage indicate that the oxide and silicate phases become amorphous as a result of the gradual accumulation of alpha-recoil collision cascades. Monazite tends to remain crystalline on geological time scales, a very attractive property that potentially eliminates major changes in physical properties such as density and volume, thereby reducing the potential for cracking, which is a major concern for zircon. In spite of recent success in describing the behaviour of Th-U minerals in geological systems, considerable work remains in order to understand the P-T-X conditions during alteration and T-t history of the host rocks.
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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  • 6
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    Uranium and technetium interactions with wustite [Fe1-xO] and portlandite [Ca(OH)2] surfaces under geological disposal facility conditions (2015)
    Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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    Publication Date: 2015-01-03
    Description: Iron oxides resulting from the corrosion of large quantities of steel that are planned to be installed throughout a deep geological disposal facility (GDF) are expected to be one of the key surfaces of interest for controlling radionuclide behaviour under disposal conditions. Over the lengthy timescales associated with a GDF, the system is expected to become anoxic so that reduced Fe(II) phases will dominate. Batch experiments have therefore been completed in order to investigate how a model reduced Fe-oxide surface (wüstite, Fe 1– x O) alters as a function of exposure to aqueous solutions with compositions representative of conditions expected within a GDF. Additional experiments were performed to constrain the effect that highly alkaline solutions (up to pH 13) have on the adsorption behaviour of the uranyl ( $${\mathrm{UO}}_{2}^{2+}$$ ) ion onto the surfaces of both wüstite and portlandite [Ca(OH) 2 ; representative of the expected cementitious phases]. Surface co-ordination chemistry and speciation were determined by ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements (both X-ray absorption near-edge structure analysis (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (EXAFS)). Diffraction, elemental analysis and XANES showed that the bulk solid composition and Fe oxidation state remained relatively unaltered over the time frame of these experiments (120 h), although under alkaline conditions possible surface hydroxylation is observed, due presumably to the formation of surface hydroxyl complexes. The surface morphology, however, is altered significantly with a large degree of roughening and an observed decrease in the average particle size. Reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) occurs during adsorption in almost all cases and this is interpreted to indicate that wüstite may be an effective reductant of U during surface adsorption. This work also shows that increasing the carbonate concentration in reactant solutions dramatically decreases the adsorption coefficients for U on both wüstite and portlandite, consistent with U speciation and surface reactivity determined in other studies. Finally, the EXAFS results include new details about exactly how U bonds to this metal oxide surface.
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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  • 7
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    Origin and Formation of Tourmaline-rich Cordierite-bearing Metapelitic Rocks from Alpe Sponda, Central Alps (Switzerland) (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-11
    Description: Tourmaline is known as a forensic mineral that can be used to reconstruct the history of its host rock. Metamorphic rocks are important hosts of tourmaline, where it is stable over a wide P – T range. At Alpe Sponda, tourmaline occurs as an accessory mineral in paragonite-free kyanite–staurolite-bearing metapelitic schists, which at Pizzo Forno contain several lenses of tourmaline-rich, cordierite–garnet–kyanite–paragonite–biotite schists. These lenses are mineralogically distinct, as they lack both quartz and staurolite, and they contain large amounts of tourmaline (up to ~20–25 vol. %). The samples from these lenses are rich in Li and B and exhibit an unusual bulk-rock composition characterized by low Si, but high Al, Mg and Na contents. All samples are enriched in light rare earth elements (REE) relative to the heavy REE and have a minor negative Ce anomaly (average Ce/Ce* = 0·91 ± 0·02), as well as a pronounced negative Eu anomaly (average Eu/Eu* = 0·58 ± 0·03). Tourmaline is dravite and/or ‘oxy-dravite’ with a tendency to povondraite, showing strong colour and chemical zoning. Garnet is also chemically zoned, and both tourmaline and garnet grew during prograde metamorphism. Cordierite has elevated Na and Be contents (Na–Be cordierite), and Li is mainly partitioned into this mineral. Based on the REE a development of tourmaline owing to hydrothermal processes such as metasomatism can be excluded. This is consistent with field relationships, which do not provide evidence for major influx of post-metamorphic fluids or partial melting. The layer from which the samples were collected can be interpreted as an evaporitic layer, which was probably deposited within a clay-rich environment in an intramontane basin. This conclusion is supported by tectonic discrimination diagrams, in which the Alpe Sponda samples plot in the field of an active continental margin. Mineral equilibrium modelling based on the original bulk-rock compositions yielded peak metamorphic conditions of amphibolite-facies grade ( T = 590–660°C and P = 6·4–7·6 kbar), which is consistent with the P – T conditions estimated previously for this part of the Central Alps.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3530
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2415
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Mineralogical and compositional features of rock fulgurites: A record of lightning effects on granite (2017)
    Mineralogical Society of America
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    Publication Date: 2017-07-04
    Description: Fulgurites are a naturally occurring glass formed when sand, rock, or soil is struck by atmospheric electrical discharges (lightning). The aim of this paper is to provide insights into the conditions occurring in rocks during the lightning strike. Rock fulgurites collected from Mt. Mottarone, Baveno (Piedmont, Italy) have been investigated to assess the mineralogical and compositional changes occurring in granite due to a lightning strike. X-ray powder diffraction showed that the samples represent the dominant granitic rock type of the Baveno massif, the so-called "Pink Baveno." Fulgurite coats the surface of the granite as a brown-black, glassy to very fine-grained porous layer. Powder diffraction data for the fulgurite reveal the presence of cristobalite and quartz crystals in a glass matrix, suggesting that temperature exceeded ~1700 °C at near atmospheric conditions, assuming thermodynamic equilibrium. Electron probe microanalysis of the glass revealed that it is mainly composed of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 and that it has a porosity of 5–7 area% in the studied zones. The presence of the amorphous phase indicates that the abrupt electrical (Joule) heating of the rock surface yielded high temperatures, producing a thin melt layer on the surface, which then cooled adiabatically. Idealized physical model was developed to simulate the effects of Joule heating and subsequent thermal conduction close to the rock surface during and after a lightning strike. The quantity of organic matter in the glass, obtained via Elemental Analyzer, suggests that rapid quenching of the melt trapped NO x and CO x gases produced during heating. Raman spectroscopy revealed the presence of polyaromatic hydrocarbon molecules, which, combined with the Elemental Analyzer data, suggest that organic matter was pyrolyzed at around 300–350 °C and then trapped in the glass matrix of the studied rock fulgurites.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 9
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    Book Review: Amazonite: Mineralogy, Crystal Chemistry, and Typomorphism (2017)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-04
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 10
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    Lithium-rich albite-topaz-lepidolite granite from Central Vietnam: a mineralogical and geochemical characterization (2017)
    Schweizerbart
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    Publication Date: 2017-03-08
    Description: A potential lithium deposit has been discovered in the La Vi mining district, located in Quang Ngai Province, Central Vietnam. The Li-rich rocks (average contents: 1.3 ± 0.9 wt.% Li 2 O) are highly fractionated peraluminous granites, which are characterized by high contents of Al 2 O 3 , Na 2 O, and K 2 O, as well as F (up to 2.19 wt.%) and P 2 O 5 (up to 0.65 wt.%), but very low concentrations of CaO, MgO, MnO, and Fe 2 O 3 . Among the trace elements, Rb, Cs, Sb, Nb, and Ta occur in relatively high concentrations. The granites exhibit a light pink colour and contain mainly albite, quartz, muscovite, lithian muscovite, and lepidolite, with minor amounts of amblygonite–montebrasite, herderite, fluorapatite, topaz, and cassiterite, as well as accessory beryl and goyazite. Electron microprobe analyses of amblygonite revealed high Na 2 O concentrations, but these are due to the presence of micrometre-sized lacroixite inclusions. Under the optical microscope, the granite samples are characterized by a range of grain sizes and microfabrics, which indicate that the original granites were hydrothermally altered. We conclude that this late-stage alteration was associated with albitization, greisenization and Li enrichment, so that the unique features of the rare albite–topaz–lepidolite granites are probably of secondary rather than primary origin.
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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