ALBERT

Beschreibung: Various stages of tropical weathering are described using a number of examples of red soil formation derived from rift basalts in Burundi and laterite bauxites from plateau basalts of South Vietnam. The phenomena of decomposition of primary minerals are comparable in the two regions. Fine-grained montmorillonites, kaolinites, halloysites and hematite were formed during an initial stage of weathering. The two generations of kaolinites, goethites and gibbsites are the main products of a more intense stage of weathering. The gradients of chemical activities in the micro-environment (surfaces of grains, pores, microfissures) seem to be the controlling factors of weathering.

Beschreibung: Im letzten Viertel des 19. Jahrhunderts ·entstanden auf dem Potsdamer Telegrafenberg ein astrophysikalisches und ein meteorologisch-geomagnetisches Observatorium sowie ein geodätisches Institut.Die Bedeutung dieser schon bald nach ihrer Gründung weltbekannten Einrichtungen für die deutsche und internationale Polarforschung wird anhand von ausgewählten Beispielen verdeutlicht.

Beschreibung: Mr. ABANG MOHD MOCHTAR ABANG PAWOZAN (SAR) is doing a post- graduate course for his Ph.D. at Reading under the guidance of Dr. D.M. KEITH-LUCAS and Dr. E. SOEPADMO on the systematics and ecology of Palaquium (Sapotaceae). Ms. M.G. AGOO (PNH) left the Philippine Flora Project at the end of February, 1994, to continue her Ph.D. studies at PNH. She has been replaced by Ms. M.S. SAMSON. Mr. J.A. ALVAREZ also left to become a forester with the Philippine National Oil Company.

Beschreibung: The Botanical Survey of India, Andaman, and Nicobar Circle, Port Blair, in 1994 inventoried the Kalpong hill forests and Saddle Peak scrub forests for the proposed Hydro-electric Project in the North Andaman group, the Bakultala and Baratang areas in the Middle and South Andamans were explored, while Rutland Isl. in the South provided collections of mainly marine species.

Beschreibung: Dr. B.P. DEL ROSARIO (PCARRD, Los Baños) has resumed the post of Programme Leader at the Philippine Country Office per April 1993. Dr. N. WULIJARNI-SOETJIPTO (BO) succeeded Dr. J. KARTASUBRATA (BO) as General Editor per August 1993.

Beschreibung: This issue is dedicated to the memories of: Kostermans, André Joseph Guillaume Henri (Ahmad Jahja Goh Hartono), 1 July 1907, Purworejo, Java – 10 July 1994, Bogor. Kramer, Karl U., 1928 – 11 July 1994, Zürich, Switzerland. Stone, Benjamin Clemens, 26 July 1933, Shanghai – 19 March 1994, Manila.

Beschreibung: List of fern species collected on Penang Hill, West Malaysia, between mid January / late February 1992. 105 species in 54 genera, 18 families, with brief notes on habitats and ecology.

Beschreibung: Trees, shrubs or lianas, rarely herbaceous climbers; monoecious, rarely dioecious or polygamous. Indumentum usually of solitary, simple hairs, sometimes also of two-branched hairs, stellate bundles of hairs, or scale hairs (then young parts, buds, and inflorescences viscid). Leaves spirally arranged, rarely opposite or whorled, simple, biternate, digitate or (bi)pinnate; true stipules usually absent, pseudo-stipules sometimes present. Leaflets alternate to opposite, symmetric to distinctly asymmetric, entire or dentate to serrate or crenate. Inflorescences axillary, often together pseudoterminal, terminal or ramiflorous, thyrsoid, with or without branches; bracts and bracteoles present. Flowers usually unisexual, rarely bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic. Sepals 4 or 5, rarely more, free to almost totally connate, equal to distinctly unequal, and then the outer 1 or 2 much smaller than the inner three, herbaceous to petaloid, in bud imbricate, valvate or apert. Petals absent or 2-6, free, usually clawed, often with 1 or 2 scales or auricles (= inrolled margins), scales crested or not. Disc complete or interrupted, lobed or annular to semi-annular, rarely with appendages or an erect (tubular) rim. Stamens 5-10(-74), usually 8, nearly always inserted within the disc, often exserted in male flowers; filaments glabrous or hairy; anthers basifixed, opening introrsely or latero-introrsely lengthwise; in female flowers present as staminodes with non-opening anthers. Ovary superior, 1-3(-8)-celled, lobed or not; style usually apical, rarely inserted between the lobes, stigma entire with (1), 2 or 3 lines or grooves, or (1-), 2- or 3-lobed; in male flowers rudimentary. Ovules 1 or 2 per locule, ascending, anatropous, campylotropous or amphitropous. Fruits capsular or drupaceous, or consisting of 2 or 3 samaras, when capsular usually loculicidal, rarely septicidal or septifragal. Seeds globose to obovoid, sometimes compressed, often with an arillode or a sarcotesta; endosperm absent; embryo usually thick, straight, sometimes sigmoid or convolute, cotyledons above each other (notorrhizal embryo) to laterally besides each other (lomatorrhizal embryo). Distribution â 140 genera with c. 1350 species, widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, especially well represented in South America. In Malesia 42 genera with ca. 235 species.

Beschreibung: In this study descriptions, drawings and observations are presented of rare, critical or less well-known macromycetes that were encountered during mycocoenological investigations carried out in roadside verges planted with Quercus robur L. (53 plots) or Fagus sylvatica L. (23 plots). In this first part, special attention is paid to the genus Cortinarius S.F. Gray emend. Fr.

Beschreibung: In 1985 during the Fourth Expedition to S Aceh, Sumatra, in the neighbourhood of the G. Leuser National Park a representative of Sarcotheca (Oxalidaceae) was collected. It clearly is a member of the S. laxa complex previously known only from Malaya and the Riouw Archipelago. It differs from all by the golden puberulous, soon glabrescent innovations, the thicker, broader, more ovate leaflets, and the structure of the inflorescences (short, slender, subequally branched). In the technical characters it seems closest to var. sericea (Ridley) Veldk., but it differs by the leafblades with fewer pairs of nerves, the sparsely white puberulous inflorescence axes and branches (the hairs can easily be distinguished separately and seem longer), the pedicels with the lower part distinctly much longer than the upper, the rounded petals, and the apparently larger fruits. It does not seem to be identical with the collection from the Riouw Archipelago mentioned earlier [Veldkamp, Blumea 15 (1967) 533; Fl. Males. I, 7 (1971) 171], which has the typical long and narrow leaves of the other varieties of S. laxa, although also rather coriaceous. The infructescence seems similar, but the sepals in fruit are hairy mainly in the midline and not regularly all over as in var. brigittae. Another collection from the same area is De Wilde & De Wilde-Duyfjes 20674 (L).

Beschreibung: In this volume the author concentrates on the comparative study of tropical flowers. He gives a practical approach (see Introduction, page 3) to recognize tropical flowers at three levels: a) Organization (‘Bauplan’), with emphasis on history and macroevolution (see Chapter 2); b) Construction (‘Gestalt’), i.e. architecture (see Chapter 3); and c) Mode, with emphasis on ecology and microevolution (see Chapters 4 & 5). Its scope is the understanding or biological interpretation of characters and character variation of flowers for the phylogenetic reconstruction of the angiosperms at these levels. The author claims that knowledge of the phylogenetic history and of the interactions between animals and plants may be of vital importance for the evaluation of conservation actions and that the modem threats to biodiversity urges more and better knowledge of the biology of flowers in the widest sense. In Chapters 2-7 an enormous number of facts about flowers have been brought together, most from literature but also from original sources, providing a unique insight into the (reproductive) morphology, biology and evolution of flowers, as much as possible indicating the major presumed evolutionary trends.

Beschreibung: Six new species of Dysoxylum (Meliaceae) from the Flora Malesiana region are described and illustrated; two new combinations are made; one species formerly ascribed to Aglaia (Amoora) is assigned to Dysoxylum, a second to Xylocarpus, and a third to Santiria (Burseraceae).

Beschreibung: A critical study of the nongeniculate Corallinaceae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) from the Spermonde Archipelago, Southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia, has been carried out. More than 750 collections, including type- and other relevant collections, were examined. In total 16 taxa belonging to 7 genera of nongeniculate Corallinaceae are reported. These are Lithophyllum (4 species), Hydrolithon (3 species), Mastophora (2 species), Neogoniolithon (1 species), Spongites (2 species), Lithothamnion (1 species), and Mesophyllum (3 species). The synonymy, type collection(s), type locality (ies), specimens examined, a detailed description, and remarks are given for each taxon. Two collections are referred to an unidentified taxon, probably belonging to the genus Spongites.

Beschreibung: This study deals with the systematics of the free-veined Polypodiaceae lacking any soral paraphyses and represented only in the paleotropics. It includes the recognition and description of two species of Thylacopteris Kunze ex J. Sm. a full synonymy and a discussion of its systematic position.

Beschreibung: Alocasia simonsiana A. Hay is described and illustrated. A previously published key to Alocasia in Australasia is amended to include the new species.

Beschreibung: A revision of the genus Kunstleria Prain is presented here. Seven species occur in the Malesian region, while one is found in Kerala (India). Two new species are described, K. geesinkii and K. sarawakensis, while four others are put into synonymy: K. borneensis and K. atroviolacea are regarded as synonymous with K. forbesii, and K. elmeri and K derryi are conspecific with K. ridleyi. A key, distribution maps and descriptions are given.

Beschreibung: The following species, described in Dendrobium but belonging to Cadetia, have not yet been formally transferred: Cadetia citrina (Ridley) Schuiteman, comb. nov. Dendrobium citrinum Ridley, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, 9 (1916) 175. Dendrobium fluctuosum J.J. Sm., Bot. Jahrb. 66 (1934) 186, syn. nov. — Cadetia fluctuosa (J.J. Sm.) P.F. Hunt, Kew Bull. 26 (1971) 179, syn. nov. Note – Cadetia citrina is a distinctive, large-flowered species, related to C. cyclopensis (J.J. Sm.) Schltr., but with relatively much shorter, elliptic petals and broadly rounded side-lobes to the lip. More than half a dozen collections of C. citrina were studied, including the types of Dendrobium fluctuosum and D. citrinum. They are quite constant morphologically, differing only somewhat in the size of the flowers. The description of Dendrobium citrinum is of a relatively small-flowered specimen, that of D. fluctuosum of a large-flowered one. Most of the specimens seen by me were intermediate in size. This very pretty species is widely distributed in New Guinea, from the Cenderawasih [Vogelkop] Peninsula in Irian Jaya to the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea, between 1100 and 2000 m asl. Cadetia doormanii (J.J. Sm.) Schuiteman, comb. nov. Dendrobium doormanii J.J. Sm., Nova Guinea 14 (1929) 397.

Beschreibung: The genera Padbruggea Miq., Whitfordiodendron Elmer, and Millettia sections ‘urybotryae’ and ‘ustromillettia’ were united under Callerya Endl. by Geesink (1984). This article presents the necessary new combinations for Callerya sensu Geesink. An outline of the taxonomic history of the genus is given together with some notes on the taxonomic and phylogenetic position. The genus is separated from the remaining bulk of Millettia on account of its thick paniculate inflorescences and diadelphous stamens. A majority also shares conspicuous bracts and bracteoles and a more or less bilaterally symmetric calyx. A key to the nineteen species recognized and full descriptions of the species are provided in the taxonomic part.

Beschreibung: This book is essentially a much expanded and updated version of Dressier’s well known ‘The Orchids; natural history and classification’ (1981), without the parts on natural history. Dressier divides the orchid family in five subfamilies: Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae, Epidendroideae, Spiranthoideae, Orchidoideae. The Epidendroideae have swallowed the Vandoideae, which he recognized in his earlier book. At the tribal and subtribal level there are many changes too. Most of these changes reflect increased knowledge and the results of in-dept studies, and are therefore likely to be improvements. The classification proposed is the most thorough and best-argued one currently available. Much is still tentative, however, and even the number of subfamilies and their circumscription can by no means be considered definitive. Dressler is an open-minded scientist, who never hides his doubts and uncertainties about his own system. He would be the first to point out weak spots in his scheme. In the same spirit I should like to offer some comments and criticisms.

Beschreibung: Nepenthes pectinata Danser is shown to be based on mixed specimens belonging to two other previously validly described taxa (viz. N. gymnamphora and N. singalana). It is reduced here and the syntypes are referred to the respective valid taxa. A new species of Nepenthes from Taram, Central Sumatra, N. adnata, is described.

Beschreibung: This study comprises a taxonomic revision of Rhysotoechia (Sapindaceae) preceded by a phylogenetic analysis. Fifteen species are recognised and three imperfectly known species are discussed. Five new species from New Guinea are described. Two species from the Philippines, Borneo and one species from Australia are reduced. There are no excluded species. A key, based on both flower and fruit characteristics, gives access to the species. The study was restricted to the macromorphological characters, leading to a data matrix with 25 characters. The cladistic analysis was run with the computerprogram HENNIG86. Eventually one cladogram has been accepted.

Beschreibung: The Indo-Malesian genus Walsura Roxb. is revised and the closely related new genus, Pseudoclausena, is segregated from it. Walsura consists of three sections of which one ( Ruswala) is newly described, and thirteen species of which three (W. dehiscens, W. pachycaulon and W. sarawakensis) are newly described. One new combination is made (W. trifoliolata subsp. acuminata). The Malesian genus Pseudoclausena consists of one species (P. chrysogyne), formerly Walsura chrysogyne, and W. velutina is reduced to a new forma of it. A summary of the taxonomic history of the species is given. Notes on morphology (including micro-features of the leaf surface and pollen), wood, fruit and seed anatomy and chromosome and chemotaxonomic studies are included and seed dispersal systems are considered. Variation within the genera and speciation and biogeography are discussed. Notes on economic botany are given. All species are described and a key is presented.

Beschreibung: After a few years of serious illness Dr. W. L. van Utrecht, born 13 December 1926 in Tiel, died still very unexpected at the age of 67 year on 10 August 1994. After a study of chemistry and biology he joined from 1952 till 1963 the working group for Cetacea of the Netherlands Organisation of Applied Sciences (TNO), and the University of Amsterdam in the periods 1953-1956 and 1963-1988. In the season 1953/54 his first large expedition took place with the catcher “Enern”, a three month trip for whale marking, and two month visit to South Georgia. As an inspector he made a cruise to the Antarctic ocean with the Dutch whalefactory ship “Willem Barendsz” in the seasons 1959/1960 and as a scientist in the period 1962/1963. In 1966 he got his PhD at the same day as his wife C. N. Van Utrecht-Cock. In the period 1955-1963 important contributions were made to the Scientific Subcommittee of the International Whaling Commission. His last important field work was done during a scientific cruise in 1980 to the North Atlantic Ocean, studying bathypelagic fish and eel larvae. Van Utrecht was a broadly educated person, discussing politics, arts and economics with the same ease as biological problems, always having the literature and newest developments at hand to enlighten the discussions. His main interest foccussed on Whales and whaling, growth in all kind of animals, and marine biology as is clear from his literature list. A great number of manuscripts he left, however, in an unfinished state, not inclined to complete minor details in general theory or results. For this reason he did not publish on, for example, the history of whaling and sciences, development of universities, general principles of symmetry in biology. Many students still have great profit from his allround interest and knowledge.

Beschreibung: To verify the potential of fatty acids as trophic markers, feeding experiments were carried out with the dominant herbivorous copepods Ca/anus finmarchicus, C. hyperboreus and C. glacialis from the Greenland Sea during two Arctic expeditions in June/July 1991. Depending on the fatty acid composition of these copepods, the diatom Thalassiosira antarctica or the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae were offered as food to induce deviating fatty acid compositions. Since the copepodite Stages CV of C. finmarchicus had very low amounts of the 16: 1(n-7) fatty acid but high amounts of 18:4(n-3), the specimens were fed on T. antarctica rich in 16: 1(n-7) over a period of up to 42 days. At the end of the feeding experiment the portion of the 16:1(n-7) fatty acid had strongly increased by 11%, while the 18:4(n-3) fatty acid was almost depleted. In contrast, high amounts of the 16: l(n-7) fatty acid in C. hyperboreus (CV) suggested feeding on diatoms, therefore its diet was changed to A. carterae dominated by high amounts of the 18:4(n-3) fatty acid. After 47 days the portion of 18:4(n-3) increased by 8%, whereas 16:1(n-7) decreased by 3%. In female C. glacialis the changes in the fatty acid composition after feeding with A. carterae were less pronounced as compared to the other species, due to a severe lipid loss during the experiment. The feeding experiments document the incorporation and turnover of dietary fatty acids under controlled laboratory conditions and provide clear evidence for the potential of specific fatty acids as trophic marker lipids.Keywords: Arctic; Copepod; Feeding; Lipid; Fatty acid; Alcohol; Trophic marker

Beschreibung: Three dominant Antarctic copepods, Calanoides acutus, Rhincalanus gigas and Metridia gerlachei (copepodite stages V and females), were collected during summer (January/ February) in the southern Weddell Sea south of 70°S Detailed analyses of their lipid and fatty acid/ alcohol compositions were carried out. The trophic positions of these copepods were elucidated by means of the lipid compositions (marker lipids). High amounts of wax esters were found in C. acutus (92% of total lipids) and in R. gigas (84-86%). The level of wax esters in M. gerlachei was relatively low (27-42%), while the accumulation of triacylglycerols tended to be higher (19-22%). Characteristic lipid components of C. acutus were the long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and fatty alcohols 20:1 (n-9) and 22:1 (n-il). These components together with elevated amounts of the 18:4 (n-3) and, to a lesser degree, of the 16:1 (n-7) fatty acids, typical of phytoplankton lipids, indicatc herbivorous feeding for C. acutus. Other abundant fatty acids were 20:5 (n-3) and 22:6 (n-3). Thc fatty acid composition of M. gerlachei was characterized by very high amounts of these 22:6 and 20:5 acids. Other important fatty acids werc 18:1 (n-9) and 16:0, but only small amounts of 16:1 (n-7) and 18:4 (n-3) occurred. In contrast to C. acutus the fatty alcohols of M. gerlachei consisted almost exclusively of the short-chain components 14:0 and 16:0. M. gerlachei is known as an omnivorous species, which was clearly reflcctcd by its lipid and fatty acid/alcohol pattern. Few data arc available on the feeding of R. gigas, but it is usually describcd as an herbivorous small-particle feeder. R. gigas showed fatty acid/alcohol characteristics typical of either C. acutus or M. gerlachei. Higher amounts of the 16:1 (n-7) and 18:4 (n-3) fatty acids suggest herbivorous feeding, whereas the dominance of short-chain alcohols (14:0 and 16:0) resembled the lipid pattern found in the omnivorous M. gerlachei. Hence, the lipid composition of R. gigas showed an intermediate pattern, which implies a tendency towards an opportunistic feeding mode, positioned somewhere between the other two species.

Beschreibung: Changes in high latitude surface salinity have a strong effect on the North Atlantic Deep Water Formation (NADWF) which appears to be very important in driving the global thermohaline conveyor belt. Natural variations of sea surface salinity and sea ice have been observed in the North Atlantic, namely the Great Salt Anomaly (GSA) of the late sixties and seventies. When dealing with climate variability one must consider the sensitivity of the climate system to perturbations.In order to include the atmospheric heat transport mechanisms we coupled an atmosphere energy balance model with a 3-D ocean general circulation model which includes a thermodynamic sea ice model. We explore the feedback mechanisms in the ocean-atmosphere-sea ice system affecting the thermohaline circulation (THC) under perturbations in sea surface salinity at high latitudes.

Beschreibung: Abstract. The air chemistry investigations, performed on R/V Polarstern during the expedition ARK X/1 in July/August 1994, comprised a mapping of the vertical ozone distribution by ozone soundings and the surface mixing ratios of H2O2 and NO above the East Greenland Sea between 70°N and 80°N. The observed H2O2 mixing ratios varied from about 100 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) up to around 1000 pptv. Surface ozone concentrations can be correlated with the source region of the advected air masses. Ozone mixing ratios from around 33 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) up to 60 ppbv have been observed in air parcels emanating from industrialized regions. In contrast, pristine Arctic air masses showed low ozone mixing ratios of about 23 ppbv. The tropospheric part of the vertical ozone profiles occasionally exhibited significant maxima above the planetary boundary layer. Apart from cases where intrusions of stratospheric ozone were obvious, photochemical ozone formation along trajectories originating from polluted regions was most probably the reason for layers with enhanced ozone concentrations. The measured surface NO mixing ratios were extremely low, typically between 3 and 8 pptv. Thus local photochemical surface ozone production could be largely ruled out. In conclusion it can be stated that in summer, intrusion of ozone rich stratospheric air and advection of polluted air masses from lower latitudes appeared to be the dominant ozone sources of the marine Arctic troposphere.

Beschreibung: A hot-water drill developed during the past 2 years at Alfred Wegener Institute was used to penetrate the Ekstrom Ice Shelf several times near the Georg von Neumayer Station. The drilling operation was successful, and the initial large diameter (〉35 cm) allowed easy access to the ocean. One hole was used to install an ultrasonic echo-sounder which recorded the ablation at the ice-shelf bottom continuously. Another hole was used for emplacement of a thermistor string throughout the 237 m thick ice shelf for ice-temperature measurements. Several CTD profiles in the 175 m deepwater column, and the analysis of water samples, provided valuable data for the understanding of ice-shelf-ocean interactions.

Beschreibung: Detailed textural and crystallographic characteristics of the bottom 6 m of the GRIP core (Summit, Central Greenland) are presented. The results are discussed in the light of present-day fabric analogues. Ice fabrics are shown to retain the mark from the entrainment of locally formed ice by the growing ice sheet. This mark is only partly overprinted by the present-day stress configuration at the ice divide.These results corroborate the model put forward by Souchez et al. [1] on stable isotopes and gas composition grounds, in which the basal silty ice appears as a remnant of a growing stage of the ice sheet. During this stage, which probably represents the original build-up, ice of local origin formed at the ground surface was overridden by the main ice sheet and incorporated into its base.Preservation of remnants of ancient fabric patterns and occurrence of annealing recrystallization fabrics just above the first layer of silty ice are used, amongst other arguments, to demonstrate that this basal ice is not presently subject to large cumulative strains. The implications for flow and dating models are discussed.

Beschreibung: A dry extraction method of CO2 included in glacier ice adds a contamination equivalent to 1.8 mg modern carbon for a 35 mg C sample. This enablesradiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry of 35 mg samples to about 25000 BP. Measured 14C/12C ratios are presented for a part of the Vostokice core, and for some surface samples; high 14C/12C values ranging between 65 and 105 pm C indivate in-situ 14C production during the ablation. Thereproducibility of radiocarbon dating of ice is demonstrated by results for some parts of the Caroline core, yielding an age versus depth profile, in which theage does not simply increase with depth. The results indicate that the accuracy of radiocarbon dating of ice is not limited by the statistical error arising in theaccelerator measurements, but by the uncertainty in the contamination background of the samples and by the in-situ production of 14C.

Beschreibung: The principal aim of this study was to test if biochemical and physiological data on decapod crustacean larvae from laboratory experiments can be used for the interpretation of comparable field data. Different parameters measured under identical conditions in laboratory-reared and field-collected larvae of Carcinus maenas were compared with each other. The parameters used were: dry weight (W), elemental composition (C, N), protein and lipid content, activities of digestive enzymes (amylase, trypsin), respiration, and ammonia excretion. Effects of different laboratory diets (Artemia sp., diatoms and no food, representing near optimal, suboptimal and starvation conditions respectively) were evaluated as a possible base for the interpretation of field data. Field data were in a similar range to laboratory data, with the exception of dry weight and protein:lipid ratio. Comparison of pooled data sets for total larval development showed lower nitrogen and higher protein contents (in % of W) in field samples than in laboratory cultures, resulting in different N:protein relations. Best agreement in these parameters was found between field data and laboratory data from phytoplankton-fed or starved larvae, whereas exclusively Artemia-fed larvae showed higher percentages of C, N, and lipid. Larval W in stages later than zoea Il was consistently higher in the field. The protein content (in mug ind.-1) was higher in the field as compared with laboratory cultures, resulting in a lower lipid:protein ratio. Comparison of lipid data and digestive enzyme activities under different nutritional conditions in the laboratory and in field samples shows that nutrition is limited in the field, and phytoplankton may constitute a major component of the natural diet of C. maenas larvae. This conclusion is confirmed by direct evidence from gut fluorescence and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of faecal pellets. Our study suggests that laboratory data on the physiology and biochemistry of decapod larvae may be a useful tool for the evaluation of field data.

Beschreibung: By means of satellite data, maps of sea ice concentration are preparedfor observation of the global distribution of sea ice, for improvement ofice drift models and for support of the navigation in polar regions. At thepresent time, only insufficient accuracies for concentrations can beachieved by the available algorithms - in particular because anarea-covering validation to the actual situation of sea ice is missing.Essentially for this validation, we have developed different airborne linescanner systems, which are prisented in this paper.