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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rafting of reef corals and other organisms at Kwajalein Atoll (1989)
    Springer
    Marine biology 101 (1989), S. 483-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Studies conducted at Kwajalein Atoll (9°N; 168°E) in early 1988 reveal that marine organisms are commonly rafted into the area on drift pumice, drift wood and other flotsam. Coralskeletons on pumice provide the most useful quantitative data because they persist after rafted motile organisms have departed and rafted sessile forms have decomposed or been scavenged. The estimated minimum number of pumice fragments carrying corals into Kwajalein Atoll during its geological history is on the order of 109, with a more realistic estimate in excess of 1011. The estimated number of coral colonies rafted into the atoll would probably have to be increased several-fold if rafting on floating organic materials such as wood, charcoal, nuts and seeds could be determined. In the present study, a typical sample of beached pumice from Kwajalein Atoll contained 103 coral colonies per m3 of bulk pumice fragments. Major pumice rafting episodes frequently result from volcanic eruptions. Estimates based on the observed K wajalein coral fouling rate and literature values for drift pumice production suggest that 105 colonies could be rafted through the tropics by the smallest reported pumice-producing events and up to 1012 colonies for large events. In the present study, most of the rafted corals that were recovered belong to species of the genus Pocillopora, but speccics of Porites and Millepora were also collected. Analysis of surface-current data and reported drift patterns for pumice, logs, drift bottles and wrecks suggests that movement of rafted corals and drifting larvae is predominantly from peripheral areas of low coral-species diversity into centers of high coral diversity. Coral diversity centers might be viewed as areas of coral species accumulation rather than centers of coral species origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00541650
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergistic effects of temperature, salinity and light on the hermatypic coral Montipora verrucosa (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 49 (1978), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Temperature tolerance in the reef coral Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck) is affected by salinity and light. Low salinity reduces ability of the coral to survive shortterm exposure to elevated temperature. High natural light intensity aggravates damage sustained by corals at high temperature. In long-term growth experiments, high light intensity caused substantial loss of zooxanthellar pigment, higher mortality rates, reduced carbon fixation and lowered growth rate at both upper and lower sublethal temperatures Effects of light at optimal temperature were less dramatic. Interactions between physical environmental factors appear to be most important near the limits of tolerance for a given factor. Acclimation capability was indicated, and was influenced by both thermal history and pigmentation state of stressed corals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391130
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature on the mortality and growth of Hawaiian reef corals (1977)
    Springer
    Marine biology 43 (1977), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three common species of Hawaiian reef corals, Pocillopora damicornis (L.), Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck) and Fungia scutaria Lamarck, were grown in a temperature-regulated, continuous-flow sea water system. The skeletal growth optimum occurred near 26°C, coinciding with the natural summer ambient temperature in Hawaii, and was lowest at 21° to 22°C, representing Hawaiian winter ambient. Levels of approximately 32°C produced mortality within days. Prolonged exposure to temperatures of approximately 30°C eventually caused loss of photosynthetic pigment, increased mortality, and reduced calcification. Corals lived only 1 to 2 weeks at 18°C. The corals showed greater initial resistance at the lower lethal limit, but ultimately low temperature was more deleterious than high temperature. Results suggest that a decrease in the natural water temperature of Hawaiian reefs would be more harmful to corals than a temperature increase of the same magnitude.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402312
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency of intercolony graft acceptance or rejection as a measure of population structure in the sponge Callyspongia diffusa (1982)
    Springer
    Marine biology 71 (1982), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sponge Callyspongia diffusa showed a rate of graft acceptance ranging from 5 to 23% between colony pairs tested at random from a highly localized population occurring on a small fringing reef flat in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. The frequency of graft compatibility varied inversely with distance between the colonies over a range of from 0.1 to 11.9 m. Pairs of colonies in close proximity (5 to 50 m), but from opposite sides of deep channels, were invariably incompatible. Likewise, graft acceptance was not observed for colony pairs taken from different reefs of the bay and separated by a distance of from 2 to 3 km. C. diffusa propagates sexually by production of larvae and asexually by means of branch fragments. Graft rejection implies genetic non-identity, whereas acceptance implies identity. The observed spatial pattern of immunogenetic similarity suggestes that rate of graft acceptance is directly proportional to the extent of successful asexual reproduction within a given population. Conversely, rate of graft rejection appears to reflect the importance of sexual means of reproduction, which produces new combinations of histoincompatibility genes. Extensive genetic polymorphism at the locus or loci controlling graft acceptance and rejection is apparent in this species. Our findings are consistent with the “uniqueness of the individual” concept; postulation of “limited strain diversity” or “one shared allele yields tissue compatibility” is untenable in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00394621
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of light of altered spectral composition on coral zooxanthellae associations and on zooxanthellae in vitro (1984)
    Springer
    Marine biology 78 (1984), S. 239-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus) and Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck) were collected from Hawaiian reefs. In two experiments (September 1979-January 1980: ca. 4 mo; August-October 1980; ca. 2 mo), these reef corals were grown under sunlight passed through filters producing light fields of similar quantum flux but different spectral composition. In vitro cultures of symbiotic zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium microadriaticum Freudenthal) from M. verrucosa were cultured under similar conditions for 15 d. Blue or white light promoted more coral skeletal growth than green or red light. In both coral species, blue light increased the total amount of chlorophyll a of the coral-zooxanthellae association. In the perforate species, M. verrucosa, the pigment concentration was elevated by an increase in the density of zooxanthellae, but the pigment concentrations per algal cell remained unchanged; in the non-perforate species, P. damicornis, it appears that pigment concentration was elevated by an increase in pigment per algal cell, and not by an increase in density of zooxanthellae. The “sunloving” reef-flat coral P. damicornis did not grow as rapidly as the “shade-species” M. verrucosa at the low quantum flux (about 10% sunlight) provided by the experimental treatments. The in vitro cultures of zooxanthellae from M. verrucosa exhibited growth rates in light of altered spectral quality that correlated with the responses of the host coral species: blue and white light supported significantly greater growth than green light, and red light resulted in the lowest growth rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00393009
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature on photosynthesis and respiration in hermatypic corals (1977)
    Springer
    Marine biology 43 (1977), S. 209-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis and respiration rates of the reef corals Pocillopora damicornis (Linn.), Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck), Porites compressa Dana and Fungia scutaria Lamarck were measured under controlled temperatures. Results indicate that coral metabolism is closely adapted to ambient temperature conditions. Tropical corals measured at Enewetak, Marshall Islands, showed greater primary production compared to maintenance requirements at elevated temperatures than did subtropical varieties of the same species in Hawaii. Photosynthesis: respiration (P:R) ratios were significantly and negatively related with temperature between 18° and 31°C for all Hawaiian corals, whereas at Enewetak this ratio generally showed a curvilinear relationship for this temperature range. Extrapolations of P:R regressions on temperatures to a value of 2.0 (estimated as a minimum required for long-term functional autotrophy) coincide for Hawaiian specimens with published upper lethal temperatures. Extrapolation of P:R regressions for Enewetak specimens at temperatures above 25°C suggests lethal temperatures for these corals to be 2 to 5 C° higher than for Hawaiian corals, in good agreement with recent experimental findings. Interspecific differences in P:R temperature regressions for Hawaiian corals correlating with upper lethal temperature tolerances are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402313
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Night irradiance and synchronization of lunar release of planula larvae in the reef coral Pocillopora damicornis (1985)
    Springer
    Marine biology 88 (1985), S. 167-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus), which is known to release planula larvae on a monthly cycle, was grown in full daytime solar irradiance, but with four treatments of night irradiance: (1) natural night irradiance, (2) shifted-phase (total darkness during nights of full moon with artificial irradiance at lunar intensity on nights of new moon), (3) constant full moon (full lunar irradiance every night), and (4) constant new moon (total darkness every night). The reproductive cycle of the corals held in the “shifted-phase” treatment moved out of synchrony with the cycle of corals exposed to a natural lunar cycle of night irradiance. Two previously described “types” of P. damicornis were tested. The “Type Y” normally start releasing larvae at full moon, with peak production at third quarter. In the shifted-phase treatment they began releasing planulae at new moon (artificial full moon), with peak production at first quarter. The “Type B” corals, that normally start releasing planulae at new moon with peak production at first quarter, began to release planulae at full moon (artificial new moon), with peak production at third quarter. Populations of corals grown either in the constant full moon or constant new moon treatment quickly lost synchronization of monthly larva production, although production of planulae continued. Thus spawning is synchronized by night irradiance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397164
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of Hawaiian and other Indo-Pacific reef corals to elevated temperature (1990)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 8 (1990), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Loss of symbiotic zooxanthellae, or “bleaching” is one of the first visible signs of thermal stress. Critical threshold temperatures for coral bleaching vary geographically, but can be expressed universally as fixed increments relative to the historical mean local summer maximum. Bleaching can be induced by short-term exposure (i.e. 1–2 days) at temperature elevations of 3°C to 4°C above normal summer ambient or by long-term exposure (i.e. several weeks) at elevations of 1°C to 2°C. Corals in both tropical and subtropical locations live at temperatures close to their lethal limits during the summer months. Temperature elevations above summer ambient, but still below the bleaching threshold, can impair growth and reproduction. Temperature and light interact synergistically; high light accelerates bleaching caused by elevated temperature. Bleaching susceptibility is correlated with respiration rate. Any factor that increases respiration (such as high incident light) accelerates bleaching at higher temperatures. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a detrimental factor associated with solar radiation. Increased UV due to thinning of the earth's protective ozone layer may aggravate bleaching and mortality caused by global warming. A warming trend in Hawaiian waters has been observed over the past decade. In 1986, 1987 and 1988 Hawaiian corals were perilously close to their bleaching threshold during the summer months, and localized bleachings did occur. In some cases, local warming of surface water on shallow reef flats exceeded this threshold temperature and caused localized coral bleaching. In other cases, heating of large mesoscale eddies in the lee of the larger islands apparently caused wide-scale bleaching of the most sensitive coral species (Pocillopora meandrina) to depths of 20 m. A continuation of the warming trend in Hawaii would lead to mass bleachings similar to those observed recently in other geographic locations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265006
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydromechanical adaptation in the solitary free-living coral Fungia scutaria (1976)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 262 (1976), S. 212-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fungia stability was tested on an intertidal bench subjected to wave-induced unidirectional flow of 3050 cm s1. Occasional swells swept across the bench and accelerated flow. Between surges Fungia skeletons were set out, either upright or inverted. In the wake of the surge, the resting position of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/262212a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecological impact of a fresh-water “reef kill” in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii (1993)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 12 (1993), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Storm floods on the night of December 31, 1987 reduced salinity to 15‰ in the surface waters of Kaneohe Bay, resulting in massive mortality of coral reef organisms in shallow water. A spectacular phytoplankton bloom occurred in the following weeks. Phytoplankton growth was stimulated by high concentrations of plant nutrients derived partially from dissolved material transported into the bay by flood runoff and partially by decomposition of marine organisms killed by the flood. Within two weeks of the storm, chlorophyll a concentrations reached 40 mg m-3, one of the highest values ever reported. The extremely rapid growth rate of phytoplankton depleted dissolved plant nutrients, leading to a dramatic decline or “crash” of the phytoplankton population. Water quality parameters returned to values approaching the long-term average within 2 to 3 months. Corals, echinoderms, crustaceans and other creatures suffered extremely high rates of mortality in shallow water. Virtually all coral was killed to depths of 1–2m in the western and southern portions of the bay. Elimination of coral species intolerant to lowered salinity during these rare flood events leads to dominance by the coral Porites compressa. After a reef kill, this species can eventually regenerate new colonies from undifferentiated tissues within the “dead” perforate skeleton. Catastrophic flood disturbances in Kaneohe Bay are infrequent, probably occurring once every 20 to 50 years, but play an important role in determination of coral community structure. The last major fresh water reef kill occurred in 1965 when sewage was being discharged into Kaneohe Bay. Coral communities did not recover until after sewage abatement in 1979. Comparison between recovery rate after the two flood events suggests that coral reefs can recover quickly from natural disturbances, but not under polluted conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334477
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