ALBERT

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1999 , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung 1.1 Kenntnisstand und offene Fragen 1.2 Fragestellung und Ziele dieser Arbeit 2. Umweltbedingungen in den Arbeitsgebieten 2.1 Hydrographie, Eisverhältnisse und NAO 2.2 Zur Variation von Wassertiefe und Breite der Dänemarkstraße und zur Vereisung Islands während des letzten Glazials 3. Methoden 3.1 Auswahl der Kernstationen 3.2 Probennahme und Analysen (Übersicht) 3.3 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Oberflächenwasser Zur Aussage stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse in planktischen Foraminiferen Zur Messung stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse Zur Massenspektrometrie Zur Rekonstruktion von Oberflächentemperaturen Alkane und Alkohole als Maß für Staubeintrag Eistranspmtiertes Material und vulkanische Aschen 3.4 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Zwischen-/ Tiefenwasser Häufigkeit von Cibicides- und anderen benthischen Arten (inkl. Taxonomie) Stabile Isotopenverhältnisse in benthischen Foraminiferen 3.5 AMS 14C-Datierungen Probenreinigung 3. 6 Hauptelementanalysen von vulkanischen Asche-Leithorizonten 3. 7 Geomagnetische Meßgrößen und magnetische Suszeptibiltät 3.8 Techniken zur Spektralanalyse 4. Methodische Ergebnisse 4.1 Zum Einfluß der Probenreinigung auf δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte 4.2 Probleme bei der langfristigen Reproduzierbarkeit von δ18O-Zeitreihen 4.3 Einfluß der Korngröße und Artendefinition planktischer Foraminiferen auf SST-Rekonstruktionen in hohen Breiten 4.4 Vergleich der stabilen Isotopenwerte von Cibicides lobatulus und Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi 5. Stratigraphische Grundlagen und Tiefenprofile der Klimasignale 5.1 Stratigraphische Korrelation zwischen parallel-gekernten GKG- und SL-/KL-Profilen 5.2 Flanktische δ18O-/ δ13C-Kurven, 14C-Alter und biostratigraphische Fixpunkte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Kern 23351 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.3 Benthische δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte in Kern PS2644 5.4 Siliziklastische Sedimentkomponenten: Eistransportiertes Material Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.5 Vulkanische Glasscherben in Kern PS2644: Wind- und Eiseintrag 5.6 Geochemie und Alter einzelner Tephralagen als Leithorizonte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.7 Magnetische Suszeptibilität in den Kernen PS2644, PS2646 und PS2647 Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 5.8 Geomagnetische Feldintensität und Richtungsänderungen in Kern PS2644 5.9 Variation von Planktonfauna und -flora Westliches Islandbecken: Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 Vøring-Plateau: Kern 23071 und 23074 5.10 Benthische Foraminiferen in Kern PS2644 6. Entwicklung von Temperatur und Salzgehalt nördlich der Dänemark-Straße 6.1 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Planktonforaminiferen 6.2 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Uk37 6.3 Variation der Oberflächensalinität 7. Die Feinstratigraphie von Kern PS2644 als Basis für eine Eichung der 14C-Altersskala 22 - 55 ka 7.1 Korrelation zwischen den Klimasignalen in Kern PS2644 und der GISP2-Klimakurve zum Kalibrieren der 14C-Alter und Erstellen eines Altersmodells Tephrachronologische Marker Korrelationsparameter und -regeln Sonderfälle/ Probleme bei der Korrelation 7.2 Alters-stratigraphische Korrelation der Klimakurven von Kern 23071 und 23074 7.3 Variation der Altersanomalien zwischen 20 und 55 14C-ka 7.4 Variabilität des planktischen 14C-Reservoiralters in Schmelzwasserbeeinflußten Seegebieten Variation der planktischen 14C-Alter unmittelbar an der Basis von Heinrich-Ereignis 4 Unterschiede zwischen planktischen und benthischen 14C-Altern in der westlichen Islandsee. Zur Erklärung der inversen Altersdifferenzen 7.5 Differenz zwischen 14C- und Kalenderalter: Zeitliche Variation unter Einfluß des Erdmagnetfeldes - Modell und Befund 7.6 Sedimentationsraten der Kerne 23071, 23074 und PS2644 nach dem GISP2-Altersmodell Vøring-Plateau: Kerne 23071 und 23074 Südwest-Islandsee: Kern PS2644 8. Klimaoszillationen im Europäischen Nordmeer in der Zeit und Frequenzdomäne 8.1 "Der Einzelzyklus" in den Klimakurven von Kern PS2644 8.2 Zur Veränderlichkeit der Warm- und Kaltextreme sowie Zyklenlänge Besonderheiten in der Zyklenlänge Variation der Kalt-(Stadiale) Variation der Interstadiale 8.3 Periodizitäten der Klimasignale im Frequenzband der D.-Oe.-Zyklen. Der D.-Oe.-Zyklus von 1470 J., seine Multiplen und harmonischen Schwingungen Weitere Frequenzen: 1000-1150 Jahre- und 490- 510 Jahre-Zyklizitäten Höhere Frequenzen im Bereich von Jahrhunderten und Dekaden 8.4 Phasenbeziehungen und (örtliche) Steuemngsmechanismen der Dansgaard-Oeschger-Zyklen 9. Schlußfolgerungen Danksagung Literaturverzeichnis Anhang

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2019 , Table of Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific Background and Motivation 1.1.1 Arctic Tundra Vegetation 1.1.2 Remote Sensing of Arctic Tundra Vegetation 1.1.3 Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Arctic Vegetation 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 Study Area and Data 1.3.1 Toolik Lake Research Natural Area 1.3.2 In-situ Canopy-level Spectral Data 1.3.3 True-colour Digital Photographs 1.3.4 Leaf-level Photosynthetic Pigment Data 1.3.5 Airborne AISA Imagery 1.3.6 Simulated EnMAP and Sentinel-2 Reflectance Spectra 1.3.7 Simulated EnMAP Imagery 1.4 Thesis Structure and Author Contributions 1.4.1 Chapter 2 -A Phenological Approach to Spectral Differentiation of Low-Arctic Tundra Vegetation Communities, North Slope Alaska 1.4.2 Chapter 3 -Monitoring Pigment-driven Vegetation Changes in a Low Arctic Tundra Ecosystem Using Digital Cameras 1.4.3 Implications of Litter and Non-vascular Components on Multiscale Hyperspectral Data in a low-Arctic Ecosystem 2 A Phenological Approach to Spectral Differentiation of Low Arctic Tundra Vegetation Communities, North Slope Alaska 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Study Site and Low Arctic Vegetation Types 2.3.2 Ground-Based Data and Sampling Protocol 2.3.3 EnMAP and Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance Simulation 2.3.4 Stable Wavelength Identification Using the InStability Index 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Spectral Characteristics by Phenological Phase 2.4.2 InStability Index and Wavelength Selection of Ground-based Spectra 2.4.3 InStability Index and Wavelength Selection of Simulated Satellite Reflectance Spectra 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Phenological Phase and Wavelength Stability of Ground-based Spectra 2.5.2 Phenological Phase and Wavelength Stability of Satellite Resampled Spectra 2.5.3 Influence of Spatial Scale 2.6 Conclusions 2.7 Acknowledgements 2.8 Supplementary Material 2.8.1 Data Publication 3 Monitoring Pigment-driven Vegetation Changes in a Low Arctic Tundra Ecosystem Using Digital Cameras 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Study Site 3.3.2 Digital Photographs 3.3.3 Field-based Spectral Data 3.3.4 Vegetation Pigment Concentration 3.3.5 Data Analyses 3.4 Results 3.4.1 RGB Indices as a Surrogate for Pigment-driven Spectral Indices 3.4.2 RGB Indices as a Surrogate for Leaf-level Pigment concentration 3.5 Discussion 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Supplementary Material 3.7.1 Data Publication 4 Implications of Litter and Non-vascular Components on Multiscale Hyperspectral Data in a Low Arctic Ecosystem 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Materials and Methods 4.3.1 Study Site 4.4 Remote Sensing Data 4.4.1 Ground-based Image Spectroscopy Data 4.4.2 Airborne AISA Hyperspectral Data 4.4.3 EnMAP Simulation 4.4.4 Spectral Comparison by Wavelength 4.4.5 Linear Mixture Analysis 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Spatial Scaling of Spectral Signals 4.6 Discussion 4.7 Conclusions 4.8 Acknowledgements 5 Synthesis and Discussion 5.1 Phenological Phase: does phenology influence the spectral variability of dominant low Arctic vegetation communities? 5.2 Vegetation Colour: How does canopy-level vegetation colour relate to phenological changes in leaf-level photosynthetic pigment concentration? 5.3 Intrinsic Ecosystem Components: How does spatial aggregation of high spectral resolution data influence low Arctic tundra vegetation signals? 5.4 Key Innovations 5.5 Limitations and Technical Considerations 5.6 Outlook: Opportunities for Future Research 6 References Acknowledgements

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2019 , Table of Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.1.1 Permafrost - terrestrial and subsea 1.1.2 Subsea permafrost distribution 1.1.3 Relevance in the context of a changing Arctic 1.1.4 Influences on subsea permafrost 1.2 Hypotheses and objectives 1.3 Thesis organization 2 Detection of subsea permafrost degradation rates 2.1 An overview of geophysical methods and studies in subsea permafrost 2.2 Geophysical objectives 2.3 Passive seismic techniques 2.3.1 H/V passive seismics 2.3.2 Passive seismic interferometry 2.4 Instrument design & marine tests on Sylt 2.5 Arctic feasibility test site around Muostakh Island 2.6 Arctic deployment for wide area detection around Muostakh Island 3 Modelling of subsea permafrost degradation processes 3.1 An overview on subsea permafrost modelling 3.2 Salt distribution- mechanisms beyond diffusional transport 3.3 Open questions in salt transport and permafrost degradation 3.4 Modelling objectives 3.5 Study sites 3.5.1 Primary study site: Cape Mamontov Klyk 3.5.2 Secondary study sites: Buor Khaya & Muostakh Island 3.6 Developing a model for subsea permafrost 3.6.1 Thermal regime of the subsurface: governing equations of conductive heat transfer 3.6.2 Model definitions: concentration and thaw depth 3.6.3 Saline effect on the state of permafrost 3.6.4 Salt transport: governing equation & parameterizations 3.6.5 Modelling approach 3.6.6 Model testing 3. 7 Results: Influence of model parameters on subsea permafrost degradation 3.8 Discussion and implications 3.8.1 Modelled inundation parameters 3.8.2 Further factors affecting subsea permafrost degradation 3.8.3 Implications 4 From local to regional scale: Amending sparsely distributed temperature records 4.1 An overview of borehole temperature reconstruction . 4.2 On the transferability of ground to air temperatures . 4.3 Reconstruction objectives 4.4 Borehole sites and climate 4.5 Borehole temperatures 4.6 Inversion method 4.6.1 Forward model 4.6.2 Optimization 4.6.3 Sensitivity analysis 4.7 Results and discussion of the reconstruction from the permafrost boreholes 4.7.1 Recoverable period 4.7.2 Optimization 4.7.3 Surface temperature reconstructions and fit 4.7.4 Inversion method's impact on character of solution & sensitivity to temperature history parameterization 4.8 Discussion of spatial differences and implications 4.8.1 Comparison to other temperature data 4.8.2 Site differences 4.8.3 Methodological considerations 4.8.4 Implications 5 Conclusion and outlook 5.1 Outlook Appendices A Modelling tests for H/V method configuration Bibliography Acknowledgements

Note: Table of Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung List of Figures List of Tables 1. Introduction 1.1 Scientific Background 1.1.1 Arctic Climate Change 1.1.2 Permafrost Degradation 1.1.3 The Arctic Freshwater System and its Biogeochemistry 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Study Region and Methods 1.3.1 Study Area 1.3.2 Field Sampling and Measurements 1.3.3 Geochemical Analyses 1.3.4 Data Processing 1.4 Thesis Structure 1.5 Author Contributions 2. Spatial Variability of Dissolved Organic Carbon, Solutes and Suspended Sediment in Disturbed Low Arctic Coastal Watersheds 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study Site 2.4 Methods 2.4.1 Stream Monitoring 2.4.2 Mapping of Disturbances 2.4.3 Flux Estimates and Statistics 2.5 Results 2.5.1 Catchment Disturbance 2.5.2 Runoff and Hydrochemistry 2.5.3 Lateral Transport of Stream Water 2.5.4 Hydrochemical Composition and Fluxes in Nearby Streams 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 Total Runoff and Water Quality 2.6.2 Water Quality Changes from Headwaters to Downstream 2.6.3 Changes in Hydrochemistry and Isotopic Composition over Time 2.6.4 Importance of Disturbances for Hydrochemistry 2.7 Conclusions 2.8 Supplementary Material 3. Terrestrial Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (cDOM) in Arctic Catchments - Characterizing Organic Matter Composition Across the Arctic 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Study Area 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Field Methods and Hydrochemistry 3.3.2 Statistical Analyses 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Meteorological Conditions and General Hydrochemistry 3.4.2 DOC and cDOM Absorption Characteristics 3.4.3 Downstream Patterns of DOC and cDOM Along Longitudinal Transects 3.4.4 Temporal Trends ofDOC and cDOM with Changing Meteorological Conditions 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Limitations of cDOM Measurements from Terrestrial Sources 3.5.2 Catchment Processes and Biogeochemical Cycling 3.5.2.1 Regional Catchment Properties 3.5.2.2 Rainfall Events 3.5.2.3 Downstream Patterns and Impact of Permafrost Disturbance 3.5.3 Nature of cDOM-DOC Across the Terrestrial Arctic 3.6 Conclusion 3.7 Supplementary Material 4. Summer Rainfall DOC, Solute and Sediment Fluxes in a Small Arctic Coastal Catchment on Herschel Island (Yukon Territory, Canada) 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Study Site 4.4 Methodology 4.4.1 Weather data 4.4.2 Hydrology 4.4.3 Suspended Sediment and Hydrochemistry 4.4.4 Flux Estimates and Statistics 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Meteorological Conditions 4.5.2 Streamflow and Electrical Conductivity 4.5.3 Transport of Suspended Sediment and Organic Matter 4.5.4 Solute Transport 4.5.5 Alluvial Fan Sampling 4.6 Discussion 4.6.1 Hydrological Response 4.6.2 Water Quality and Fluxes 4.6.3 Rainfall Response and Flow Pathways 4.7 Conclusions 4.8 Supplementary Material 5. Synthesis 5.1 Impacts of Permafrost Degradation on Stream Biogeochemistry 5.2 Controls on DOM Quality across the Arctic 5.3 Biogeochemical Fluxes from Small Coastal Catchments to the Arctic Ocean 5.4 Challenges 5.5 Outlook Acronyms Bibliography Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Contents: 1 The ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Haakon Hop and Christian Wiencke Part I. Atmospheric conditions 2 The atmosphere above Ny-Ålesund : climate and global warming, ozone and surface UV radiation / Marion Maturilli, Inger Hanssen-Bauer, Roland Neuber, Markus Rex, and Kåre Edvardsen Part II. Oceanography, sea ice and underwater light regime 3 The Kongsfjorden Transect : seasonal and inter-annual variability in hydrography / Vigdis Tverberg, Ragnheid Skogseth, Finlo Cottier, Arild Sundfjord, Waldemar Walczowski, Mark E. Inall, Eva Falck, Olga Pavlova, and Frank Nilsen 4 Changes in sea-ice extent and thickness in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (2003-2016) / Olga Pavlova, Sebastian Gerland, and Haakon Hop 5 The underwater light climate in Kongsfjorden and its ecological implications / Alexey K. Pavlov, Eva Leu, Dieter Hanelt, Inka Bartsch, Ulf Karsten, Stephen R. Hudson, Jean-Charles Gallet, Finlo Cottier, Jonathan H. Cohen, Jørgen Berge, Geir Johnsen, Marion Maturilli, Piotr Kowalczuk, Sławomir Sagan, Justyna Meler, and Mats A. Granskog Part III. Pelagic production, phytoplankton and zooplankton 6 Phytoplankton seasonal dynamics in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard and the adjacent shelf / Else N. Hegseth, Philipp Assmy, Józef M. Wiktor, Józef Wiktor Jr., Svein Kristiansen, Eva Leu, Vigdis Tverberg, Tove M. Gabrielsen, Ragnheid Skogseth, and Finlo Cottier 7 Zooplankton in Kongsfjorden (1996-2016) in relation to climate change / Haakon Hop, Anette Wold, Mikko Vihtakari, Malin Daase, Slawomir Kwasniewski, Marta Gluchowska, Silke Lischka, Friedrich Buchholz and Stig Falk-Petersen Part IV. Benthic microbes, macroalgae and fauna 8 Living on cold substrata : new insights and approaches in the study of microphytobenthos ecophysiology and ecology in Kongsfjorden / Ulf Karsten, Iris Schaub, Jana Woelfel, Duygu S. Sevilgen, Carolin Schlie, Burkhard Becker, Angela Wulff, Martin Graeve, and Heiko Wagner 9 Biodiversity of benthic macro- and microalgae from Svalbard with special focus on Kongsfjorden / Stein Fredriksen, Ulf Karsten, Inka Bartsch, Jana Woelfel, Miriam Koblowsky, Rhena Schumann, Siri Røang Moy, Robert S. Steneck, Józef M. Wiktor, Haakon Hop, and Christian Wiencke 10. Kelps and environmental changes in Kongsfjorden : Stress perception and responses / Kai Bischof, Christian Buschbaum, Stein Frederiksen, Francisco J. L. Gordillo, Sandra Heinrich, Carlos Jiménez, Cornelius Lütz, Markus Molis, Michael Y. Roleda, Max Schwanitz, and Christian Wiencke 11. Ecological drivers of and responses by Arctic benthic communities, with an emphasis on Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Markus Molis, Frank Beuchel, Jürgen Laudien, Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk, and Christian Buschbaum Part V. Arctic fjord ecosystem model and autonomous marine observatories. 12. Outline of an Arctic fjord ecosystem model for Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden, Svalbard / Pedro Duarte, Jan Marcin Weslawski, and Haakon Hop 13. Autonomous marine observatories in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Haakon Hop, Finlo Cottier, and Jørgen Berge Part VI. Kongsfjorden as harbinger of the future Arctic 14. Kongsfjorden as harbinger of the future Arctic : knowns, unknowns and research priorities / Kai Bischof, Peter Convey, Pedro Duarte, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Maria Granberg, Haakon Hop, Clara Hoppe, Carlos Jiménez, Leonid Lisitsyn, Brezo Martinez, Michael Y. Roleda, Peter Thor, Józef M. Wiktor, and Geir Wing Gabrielsen

Note: CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgments Introduction: German Histories and Pacific Histories / Ulrike Strasser, Frank Biess, and Hartmut Berghoff Part I. Missionaries, Explorers, and Knowledge Transfer 1. German Apothecaries and Botanists in Early Modern Indonesia, the Philippines, and Japan / Raquel A. G. Reyes 2. A Bohemian Mapmaker in Manila: Travels, Transfers, and Traces between the Pacific Ocean and Germans Lands / Ulrike Strasser 3. German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Autonomy, and a Transnational Culture of Expertise / Andreas W. Daum 4. Georg Wilhelm Steller and Carl Heinrich Merck: German Scientists in Russian Service as Explorers in the North Pacific in the Eighteenth Century / Kristina Küntzel-Witt 5. Johann Reinhold Forster and the Ship Resolution as a Space of Knowledge Production / Anne Mariss 6. Engineering Empire: German Influence on Chinese Industrialization, 1880-1925 / Shellen Wu Part II. Expansion, Entanglements, and Colonialism in the Long Nineteenth Century 7. Expanding the Frontier(s): The Spreckels Family and the German-American Penetration of the Pacific, 1 870-1920 / Uwe Spiekermann 8. Work and Non-work in the "Paradise of the South Sea": Samoa, ca. 1890-1914 195 / Jürgen Schmidt 9. German Women in the South Sea Colonies, 1884-1919 / Livia Rivotti 10. Sacrifice, Heroism, Professionalization, and Empowerment: Colonial New Guinea in the Lives of German Religious Women, 1899-1919 / Katharina Stornig 11. Rape, Indenture, and the Colonial Courts in German New Guinea / Emma Thomas 12. The Trans-Pacific "Ghadar" Movement: The Role of the Pacific in the Indo-German Plot to Overthrow the British Empire during World War I / Douglas T. McGetchin 13. The Vava'u Germans: History and Identity Construction of a Transcultural Community with Tongan and Pomeranian Roots / Reinhard Wendt Epilogue German Histories and Pacific Histories: New Directions / Matt Matsuda Index

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Das Dilemma 1.1 Die Welt verändert sich 1.2 Die Organisation im gesellschaftlichen Wandel 1.3 Teilzeit-Führung als Herausforderung 1.4 Psychologische Aspekte 1.4.1 Psychologische Modelle und Theorien 1.4.2 Persönlichkeitsentwicklung und Resilienz 1.4.3 Selbstcoaching 1.5 Betriebswirtschaftliche Aspekte (Makroebene) Literatur 2 Das Umfeld 2.1 Der Übergang zur Teilzeit-Führung braucht Instabilität 2.2 Digitalisierung 2.3 Agilität; Das Serum-Prinzip Literatur 3 Die Führung 3.1 Historische Modelle und aktueller Status 3.2 Neue Führung braucht neue Führungstypen (np-Studie) 3.2.1 Fünf Führungstypen 3.2.2 Roadmap für die Entwicklung „guter Führung“ 3.3 Arbeitskultur im Wandel 3.4 Führung in Vernetzung und Komplexität Literatur 4 Kultur in ihren unterschiedlichen Facetten 4.1 Kultur als Begriff 4.2 Untemehmenskultur 4.3 Wie sieht eine (Organisations-) Kultur für Teilzeit-Führung aus? Literatur 5 Die Theorie (der Teilzeit-Führung) 5.1 Arbeitszeit wird kein Frauenthema bleiben 5.2 Teilzeit-Führung - eine Begriffsdefinition 5.3 Aktueller Forschungsstand 5.4 Modelle der Teilzeit-Führung 5.4.1 Vollzeitnahe Teilzeitarbeit 5.4.2 Kadermodell 5.4.3 Top Sharing 5.4.4 Job/Top Splitting 5.5 Erfolgreiche Ansätze zur Teilzeit-Führung in ausgewählten Unternehmen 5.5.1 elbdudler GmbH - Vollzeitnahe Teilzeitarbeit 5.5.2 DATEV eG - Diverse Modelle der Teilzeit-Führung 5.5.3 Commerzbank AG - Top Sharing 5.5.4 Robert Bosch GmbH - Vollzeitnahe Teilzeitarbeit 5.5.5 Trumpf GmbH & Co. KG - Teilzeit Invest 5.6 Erfolgsfaktoren der Teilzeit-Führung 5.7 Grenzen der Führung in Teilzeit Literatur 6 Generation Y - Neue Ansprüche an Führungskräfte und Arbeitgeber 6.1 Jede Generation hat eigene Merkmale 6.2 Erwartungen an einen Arbeitgeber 6.3 Anforderungen an Arbeitszeitmodelle Literatur 7 Die Methode 7.1 Systemaufstellung: Alles Humbug oder nützliches Instrument? 7.1.1 Vorbereitung und Ausgangspunkt 7.1.2 Phase 1: Führungskraft mit Teilzeitoption prototypisch 7.1.3 Phase 2: Führungskraft mit Teilzeitoption in einem mittelständischen Maschinenbauuntemehmen 7.1.4 Phase 3: Führungskraft mit Teilzeitoption in Schweden 7.2 Ergebnisse und Erkenntnisse Literatur 8 Die Herausforderung 8.1 Kultur sichtbar machen 8.1.1 Das Interview- und Analysewerkzeug „nextexpertizer“ 8.1.2 Die vierstündige Übung von Ed Schein 8.2 Führungsverständnis reflektieren 8.3 Wie wir reden und was wir meinen (Kommunikation und Betriebsklima) 8.3.1 Vertrauen 8.3.2 Lösungsorientierung 8.3.3 Metakommunikation 8.3.4 Besprechungsroutinen 8.4 Organisationsstruktur unter die Lupe nehmen 8.5 Kreativität ins Unternehmen bringen 8.6 Die Personalabteilung aufmöbeln (HR 2020) 8.6.1 Hürden überwinden 8.6.2 Pilotprojekte - wer nicht wagt 8.6.3 Beteiligte bestärken und beraten Literatur 9 Die Lösung 9.1 Das Projekt „Augenhöhe" 9.2 Buurtzorg 9.3 Voraussetzungen für Teilzeit-Führung schaffen 9.4 Kollektive Lösungsfindung 9.4.1 Open Space 9.4.2 nextmoderator® 9.5 Vertrauen schaffen 9.6 Mut zur Entscheidung Literatur 10 Der Ausblick Sachverzeichnis

Note: Contents Introduction 1 An Introduction to the Research on Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Covadonga Orejas and Carlos Jiménez Part I Past 2 Paleoecology of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Marco Taviani, Agostina Vertino, Lorenzo Angeletti, Paolo Montagna, and Alessandro Remia 3 Cold-Water Corals in the Mediterranean: A History of Discovery / Julian Evans, Leyla Knittweis, Joseph A. Borg, and Patrick J. Schembri 4 A Turbulent Story: Mediterranean Contourites and Cold-Water Corals / Michele Rebesco and Marco Taviani 5 Messinian Salinity Crisis: What Happened to Cold-Water Corals? / André Freiwald 6 Did Quaternary Climate Fluctuations Affect Mediterranean Deep-Sea Coral Communities? / Agostina Vertino and Cesare Corselli 7 A Deglacial Cold-Water Coral Boom in the Alborán Sea: From Coral Mounds and Species Dominance / Claudia Wienberg 8 Highly Variable Submarine Landscapes in the Alborán Sea Created by Cold-Water Corals / Dierk Hebbeln 9 Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Agostina Vertino, Marco Taviani, and Cesare Corselli 10 Bathyal Corals Within the Aegean Sea and the Adjacent Hellenic Trench / Jürgen Titschack 11 Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals as Paleoclimate Archives / Paolo Montagna and Marco Taviani 12 Tomography of Cold-Water Corals-Bearing Cores / Lorenzo Angeletti, Matteo Bettuzzi, and Maria Pia Morigi 13 Changing Views About Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Marco Taviani Part II Present 14 Taxonomy, Genetics and Biodiversity of Mediterranean Deep-Sea Corals and Cold-Water Corals / Alvaro Altuna and Angelo Poliseno 15 Habitat Mapping of Cold-Water Corals in the Mediterranean Sea / Claudio Lo Iacono, Alessandra Savini, Veerle A. I. Huvenne, and Eulàlia Gràcia 16 Cold-Water Coral Habitat Mapping in the Mediterranean Sea: Methodologies and Perspectives / Lorenzo Angeletti, Annaëlle Bargain, Elisabetta Campiani, Federica Foglini, Valentina Grande, Elisa Leidi, Alessandra Mercorella, Mariacristina Prampolini, and Marco Taviani 17 Working with Visual Methods, Comparison Among the French Deep-Sea Canyons / Maïa Fourt, Adrien Goujard, and Pierre Chevaldonné 18 Review of the Circulation and Characteristics of Intermediate Water Masses of the Mediterranean: Implications for Cold-Water Coral Habitats / Daniel R. Hayes, Katrin Schroeder, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Pierre Testor, Laurent Mortier, Anthony Bosse, and Xavier du Madron 19 Occurrence and Biogeography of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Giovanni Chimienti, Marzia Bo, Marco Taviani, and Francesco Mastrototaro 20 Gorgonian and Black Coral Assemblages in Deep Coastal Bottoms and Continental Shelves of the Mediterranean Sea / Andrea Gori, Jordi Grinyó, Carlos Dominguez-Carrió, Stefano Ambroso, Pablo J. López-González, Josep-Maria Gili, Giorgio Bavestrello, and Marzia Bo 21 Mediterranean Black Coral Communities / Marzia Bo and Giorgio Bavestrello 22 Recent Discoveries of Extensive Cold-Water Coral Assemblages in Maltese Waters / Leyla Knittweis, Julian Evans, Ricardo Aguilar, Helena Álvarez, Joseph A. Borg, Silvia García, and Patrick J. Schembri 23 Corals of Aphrodite: Dendrophyllia ramea Populations of Cyprus / Covadonga Orejas, Carlos Jiménez, Andrea Gori, Jesús Rivera, Claudio Lo Iacono, Didier Aurelle, Louis Hadjioannou, Antonis Petrou, and Katerina Achilleos 24 Cold-Water Corals in Fluid Venting Submarine Structures / Desirée Palomino, José Luis Rueda, Juan Tomás Vázquez, Javier Urra, Olga Sánchez-Guillamón, Emilio González-García, Nieves López-González, and Luis Miguel Fernández-Salas 25 Cold-Water Corals and Mud Volcanoes: Life on a Dynamic Substrate / Andres Rüggeberg and Anneleen Foubert 26 Occurrence of Living Cold-Water Corals at Large Depths Within Submarine Canyons of the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea / Anna Aymà, Jacopo Aguzzi, Miquel Canals, Joan Batista Company, Galderic Lastras, Ariadna Mecho, and Claudio Lo Iacono 27 Submarine Canyons in the Mediterranean: A Shelter for Cold-Water Corals / Pere Puig and Josep-Maria Gili 28 A Cold-Water Coral Habitat in La Fonera Submarine Canyon, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea / Galderic Lastras, Anna Sanchez-Vidal, and Miquel Canals 29 Cold-Water Coral Associated Fauna in the Mediterranean Sea and Adjacent Areas / José L. Rueda, Javier Urra, Ricardo Aguilar, Lorenzo Angeletti, Marzia Bo, Cristina García-Ruiz, Manuel M. González-Duarte, Eduardo López, Teresa Madurell, Manuel Maldonado, Ángel Mateo-Ramírez, César Megina, Juan Moreira, Francina Moya, Lais V. Ramalho, Antonietta Rosso, Cèlia Sitjà, and Marco Taviani 30 Cold-Water Corals as Shelter, Feeding and Life-History Critical Habitats for Fish Species: Ecological Interactions and Fishing Impact / Gianfranco D’Onghia 31 Past, Present and Future Connectivity of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals: Patterns, Drivers and Fate in a Technically and Environmentally Changing World / Joana Boavida, Ronan Becheler, Anna Maria Addamo, Florent Sylvestre, and Sophie Arnaud-Haond 32 Desmophyllum dianthus Genetics and More / Anna Maria Addamo 33 Diversity of Bacteria Associated with the Cold Water Corals Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata / Markus G. Weinbauer, Davide Oregioni, Anne Großkurth, Marie-Emanuelle Kerros, Tilmann Harder, Michael DuBow, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, and Cornelia Maier 34 Lophelia pertusa and Madrepora oculata: An Archaea Riddle? / Markus G. Weinbauer, Davide Oregioni, and Cornelia Maier 35 Biology and Ecophysiology of Mediterranean Cold–Water Corals / Stéphanie Reynaud and Christine Ferrier-Pagès 36 Growth Patterns of Mediterranean Calcifying Cold-Water Corals / Franck Lartaud, Vincent Mouchi, Leïla Chapron, Anne-Leïla Meistertzheim, and Nadine Le Bris 37 Demography and Conservation of Deep Corals: The Study of Population Structure and Dynamics / Lorenzo Bramanti, Giovanni Santangelo, Maria Carla Benedetti, Mimmo Iannelli, and Katell Guizien 38 Cold-Water Coral in Aquaria: Advances and Challenges. A Focus on the Mediterranean / Covadonga Orejas, Marco Taviani, Stefano Ambroso, Vasilis Andreou, Meri Bilan, Marzia Bo, Sandra Brooke, Paal Buhl-Mortensen, Erik Cordes, Carlos Dominguez-Carrió, Christine Ferrier-Pagès, Antonio Godinho, Andrea Gori, Jordi Grinyó, Cristina Gutiérrez-Zárate, Sebastian Hennige, Carlos Jiménez, Ann I. Larsson, Franck Lartaud, Jay Lunden, Cornelia Maier, Sandra R. Maier, Juancho Movilla, Fiona Murray, Erwan Peru, Autun Purser, Maria Rakka, Stéphanie Reynaud, J. Murray Roberts, Pedro Siles, Susanna M. Strömberg, Laurenz Thomsen, Dick van Oevelen, Alfredo Veiga, and Marina Carreiro-Silva 39 Approaching Cold-Water Corals to the Society: Novel Ways to Transfer Knowledge / Sergio Rossi and Covadonga Orejas Part III Future 40 Perspectives of Biophysical Modelling with Implications on Biological Connectivity of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals / Matthew W. Johnston and Ann I. Larsson 41 The Interface Between Tectonic Evolution and Cold-Water Coral Dynamics in the Mediterranean / Rinus Wortel and Paul Meijer 42 The Mediterranean Is Getting Saltier: From the Past to the Future / Nikolaos Skliris 43 The Spread of Non-indigenous Species in the Mediterranean – A Threat to Cold-Water Corals? / Bella S. Galil 44 Fate of Mediterranean Scleractinian Cold-Water Corals as a Result of Global Climate Change. A Synthesis / Cornelia Maier, Markus G. Weinbauer, and Jean-Pierre Gattuso 45 A Case Study: Variability in the Calcification Response of Mediterranean Cold-Water Corals to Ocean Acidification / Juancho Movilla 46 Conservation of Cold-Water Corals in the Mediterranean: Current Status and Future Prospects for Improvement / Maria del Mar Otero and Pilar Marin Species Index Subject Index

Note: Contents Model Systematic Errors in the Annual Cycle of Monsoon: Inferences from Process-Based Diagnostics / H. Annamalai Challenges in Tropical Numerical Weather Prediction at ECMWF / Peter Bechtold Convection Initiation in Climate Models Using the Heated Condensation Framework: A Review / Rodrigo J. Bombardi, Ahmed B. Tawfik, Lawrence Marx, Paul A. Dirmeyer and James L. Kinter III Cloud Microphysics Across Scales for Weather and Climate / Andrew Gettelman, Hugh Morrison and Greg Thompson Microphysical Representations and Their Consistency with In Situ and Remote-Sensing Observations / Ziad S. Haddad Convective Available Potential Energy and Precipitation in a Cloud-Resolving Model Simulation of Indian Summer Monsoon / Deepeshkumar Jain, Arindam Chakraborty and Ravi S. Nanjundiah A Gray Zone GCM with Full Representation of Cloud Microphysics / In-Sik Kang and Min-Seop Ahn The Stochastic Multi-cloud Model (SMCM) Convective Parameterization in the CFSv2: Scopes and Opportunities / B. B. Goswami, B. Khouider, R. Phani, Parthasarathi Mukhopadhyay and A. J. Majda The IITM Earth System Model (ESM): Development and Future Roadmap / R. Krishnan, P. Swapna, Ramesh Vellore, Sandeep Narayanasetti, A. G. Prajeesh, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Manmeet Singh, T. P. Sabin and J. Sanjay Cumulus Friction in the Asian Monsoon of a Global Model with 7 km Mesh / Suvarchal K. Cheedela and Brian E. Mapes Difficulties in the Subgrid-Scale Redistribution of Moisture of a Global Cloud-Resolving Model / Hiroaki Miura Challenges of Improving the Stratiform Processes in a Coupled Climate Model with Indian Monsoon Perspective / Parthasarathi Mukhopadhyay, R. Phani Murali Krishna, S. Abhik, Malay Ganai and Kumar Roy Current and Future Activities in Unified Modelling and Data Assimilation at NCMRWF / E. N. Rajagopal, A. K. Mitra, Munmun Das Gupta, John P. George, Raghavendra Ashrit, Abhijit Sarkar and A. Jayakumar Microphysics in Goddard Multi-scale Modeling Systems: A Review / W.-K. Tao, J. Chern, T. Iguchi, S. Lang, M.-I. Lee, X. Li, A. Loftus, T. Matsui, K. Mohr, S. Nicholls, C. Peters-Lidard, D. J. Posselt and G. Skofronick-Jackson Stochastic Representation of NCEP GEFS to Improve Sub-seasonal Forecast / Yuejian Zhu, Wei Li, Xiaqiong Zhou and Dingchen Hou New Pathways for Moist Convection Parameterisation / A. Pier Siebesma and Jesse Dorrestijn Land Surface Processes / Dev Niyogi Author Index

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - PART I SETTING THE SCENE. - 1. Introduction: Why Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction (S2S)? / Frédéric Vitart, Andrew W. Robertson. - 1 History of Numerical Weather and Climate Forecasting. - 2 Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Forecasting. - 3 Recent National and International Efforts on Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction. - 4 Structure of This Book. - 2. Weather Forecasting: What Sets the Forecast Skill Horizon? / Zoltan Toth, Roberto Buizza. - 1 Introduction. - 2 The Basics of Numerical Weather Prediction. - 3 The Evolution of NWP Technique. - 4 Enhancement of Predictable signals. - 5 Ensemble Techniques: Brief Introduction. - 6 Expanding the forecast skill Horizon. - 7 Concludmg Remarks: Lessons for S2S Forecasting. - Acknowledgements. - 3. Weather Within Climate: Sub-seasonal Predictability of Tropical Daily Rainfall Characteristics / Vincent Moron, Andrew W. Robertson, Lei Wang. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Data and Methods. - 3 Results. - 4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks. - 4. Identifying Wave Processes Associated With Predictability Across Time Scales: An Empirical Normal Mode Approach / Gilbert Brunet, John Methven. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Partitioning Atmospheric Behavior Using Its Conservation Properties. - 3 The ENM Approach to Observed Data and Models and Its Relevance to S2S Dynamics and Predictability. - 4 Conclusion. - Acknowledgments. - PART II SOURCES OF S2S PREDICTABILITY. - 5. The Madden-Julian Oscillation / Steven J. Woolnough. - 1 Introduction. - 2 The Real-Time Multivariate MJO Index. - 3 Observed MJO Structure. - 4 The Relationship Between the MJO and Tropical and Extratropical Weather. - 5 Theories and Mechanisms for MJO Initiation, Maintenance, and Propagation. - 6 The Representation of the MJO in Weather and Climate Models. - 7 MJO Prediction. - 8 Future Priorities for MJO Research for S2S Prediction. - Acknowledgments. - 6. Extratropical Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Oscillations and Multiple Regimes: The Dynamical Systems View / Michael Ghil, Andreas Groth, Dmitri Kondrashov, Andrew W. Robertson. - 1 Introduction and Motivation. - 2 Multiple Midlatitude Regimes and Low-Frequency Oscillations. - 3 Extratropical Oscillations in the S2S Band. - 4 Low-Order, Data-Driven Modeling, Dynamical Analysis, and Prediction. - 5 Concluding Remarks. - Acknowledgments. - 7. Tropical-Extratropical Interactions and Teleconnections / Hai Lin, Jorgen Frederiksen, David Straus, Christiana Stan. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Tropical Influence on the Extratropical Atmosphere. - 3 Extratropical Influence on the Tropics. - 4 Tropical-Extratropical, Two-Way Interactions. - 5 Summary and Discussion. - Appendix. Technical Matters Relating to Section 4.2. - 8. Land Surface Processes Relevant to Sub-seasonal to Seasonal (S2S) Prediction / Paul A. Dirmeyer, Pierre Gentine, Michael B. Ek, Gianpaolo Balsamo. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Process of Land-Atmosphere Interaction. - 3 A Brief History of Land-Surface Models. - 4 Predictability and Prediction. - 5 Improving Land-Driven Prediction. - 9. Midlatitude Mesoscale Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction and Its Relevance to S2S Prediction / R. Saravanan, P. Chang. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Data and Models. - 3 Mesoscale Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. - 4 Local Tropospheric Response. - 5 Remote Tropospheric Response. - 6 Impact on Ocean Circulation. - 7 Implications for S2S Prediction. - 8 Summary and Conclusions. - Acknowledgments. - 10. The Role of Sea Ice in Sub-seasonal Predictability / Matthieu Chevallier, François Massonnet, Helge Goessling, Virginie Guémas, Thomas Jung. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Sea Ice in the Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 3 Sea Ice Distribution, Seasonality, and Variability. - 4 Sources of Sea Ice Predictability at the Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Timescale. - 5 Sea Ice Sub-seasonal to Seasonal - Predictability and Prediction Skill in Models. - 6 Impact of Sea Ice on Sub-seasonal Predictability. - 7 Concluding Remarks. - Acknowledgments. - 11. Sub-seasonal Predictability and the Stratosphere / Amy Butler, Andrew Charlton-Perez, Daniela I. V. Domeisen, Chaim Garfinkel, Edwin P. Gerber, Peter Hitchcock, Alexey Yu. Karpechko, Amanda C. Maycock, Michael Sigmond, Isla Simpson, Seok-Woo Son. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Stratosphere-Troposphere Coup ling in the Tropics. - 3 Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling in the Extratropics. - 4 Predictability Related to Extratropical Stratosphere-Troposphere Coupling. - 5 Summary and Outlook. - PART Ill S2S MODELING AND FORECASTING. - 12. Forecast System Design, Configuration, and Complexity / Yuhei Takaya. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Requirements and Constraints of the Operational Sub-seasonal Forecast. - 3 Effect of Ensemble Size and Lagged Ensemble. - 4 Real-Time Forecast Configuration. - 5 Reforecast Configuration. - 6 Summary and Concluding Remarks. - Acknowledgments. - 13. Ensemble Generation: The TIGGE and S2S Ensembles / Roberto Buizza. - 1 Global Sub-seasonal and Seasonal Prediction Is an Initial Value Problem. - 2 Ensembles Provide More Complete and Valuable Information Than Single States. - 3 A Brief Introduction to Data Assimilation. - 4 A Brief Introduction to Model Uncertainty Simulation. - 5 An Overview of Operational, Global, Sub-seasonal, and Seasonal Ensembles, and Their Initialization and Generation Methods. - 6 Ensembles: Considerations About Their Future. - 7 Summary and Key Lessons. - 14. GCMs With Full Representation of Cloud Microphysics and Their MJO Simulations / In-Sik Kang, Min-Seop Ahn, Hiroaki Miura, Aneesh Subramanian. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Global CRM. - 3 Superparameterized GCM. - 4 GCM With Full Representation of Cloud Microphysics and Scale-Adaptive Convection. - 5 Summary and Conclusion. - Acknowledgments. - 15. Forecast Recalibration and Multimodel Combination / Stefan Siegert, David B. Stephenson. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Statistical Methods for Forecast Recalibration. - 3 Regression Methods. - 4 Forecast Combination. - 5 Concluding Remarks. - Acknowledgments. - 16. Forecast Verification for S2S Timescales / Caio A. S. Coelho, Barbara Brown, Laurie Wilson, Marion Mittermaier, Barbara Casati. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Factors Affecting the Design of Verification Studies. - 3 Observational References. - 4 Review of the Most Common Verification Measures. - 5 Types of S2S Forecasts and Current Verification Practices. - 6 Summary, Challenges, and Recommendations in S2S Verification. - PART IV S2S APPLICATIONS. - 17. Sub-seasonal to Seasonal Prediction of Weather Extremes / Frédérik Vitart, Christopher Cunningham, Michael Deflorio, Emanuel Dutra, Laura Ferranti, Brian Golding, Debra Hudson, Charles Jones, Christophe Lavaysse, Joanne Robbins, Michael K. Tippett. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Prediction of Large-Scale, Long-Lasting Extreme Events. - 3 Prediction of Mesoscale Events. - 4 Display and Verification of Sub-seasonal Forecasts of Extreme Events. - 5 Conclusions. - 18. Pilot Experiences in Using Seamless Forecasts for Early Action: The "Ready-Set-Go!" Approach in the Red Cross / Juan Bazo, Roop Singh, Mathieu Destrooper, Erin Coughlan de Perez. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Why Sub-seasonal?. - 3 Case Study: Peru El Niño. - 4 Reflections on the Use of S2S Forecasts. - 5 Conclusions. - 19. Communication and Dissemination of Forecasts and Engaging User Communities / Joanne Robbins, Christopher Cunningham, Rutger Dankers, Matthew Degennaro, Giovanni Dolif, Robyn Duell, Victor Marchezini, Brian Mills, Juan Pablo Sarmiento, Amber Silver, Rachel Trajber, Andrew Watkins. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Sector-Specific Methods and Practices in S2S Forecast Communication, Dissemination, and Engagement. - 3 Guiding principles for improved communication Practices. - 4 Summary and Recommendations for Future Research. - 20. Seamless Prediction of Monsoon Onset and Active/Break Phases / A.

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2020 , CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1.1 Context: A rapidly changing Arctic 1.1.1 Documentation of recent changes in the Arctic 1.1.2 Research relevance 1.1.3 Objective: Svalbard as a hotspot for climate change 1.2 Physical Background 1.2.1 Radiation and surface energy balance 1.2.2 Peculiarities of the Arctic climate system 1.2.3 Role of atmospheric circulation 1.3 The regional setup on Svalbard 2 data and methods 2.1 Data description 2.1.1 Era-Interim atmospheric reanalysis 2.1.2 Svalbard Station Meteorology 2.1.3 Sea Ice Extent 2.1.4 Ocean data products 2.1.5 FLEXTRA Trajectories 2.2 Statistical Methods 2.2.1 Trend estimation 2.2.2 Correlation 2.2.3 Coefficient of Determination 3 state of surface climate parameters: pan-svalbard differences 3.1 Motivation 3.2 Surface air temperature 3.2.1 Annual cycle 3.2.2 Annual temperature range 3.2.3 Long-term trends 3.3 Fjord Sea Ice coverage 3.3.1 Climatology 3.3.2 Sea ice cover trends 3.3.3 Regional classification across Svalbard 3.3.4 Drivers of regional differences 3.4 Discussion and Conclusion 3.5 Current state of climate projections for the Svalbard region 4 Air mass back trajectories 4.1 Methodology 4.2 Winter 4.2.1 Source Regions of Ny-Ålesund Air 4.2.2 Circulation changes 4.2.3 Quantification of Advective Warming 4.3 Summer 4.3.1 Source Regions of Ny-Ålesund Air 4.3.2 Circulation changes 4.3.3 Quantification of advective cooling 4.3.4 Observational Case Study: May/June 2017 4.4 Discussion and Conclusion 5 Changing drivers of the arctic near surface temperature budget 5.1 Winter 5.2 Summer 5.3 Summary 6 Summary and conclusion A Details on calculations A.1 SLP composite Index A.2 Derivation of coefficient of determination A.3 Temperature effect of changing source regions over time B Supplementary figures Bibliography

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2020 , Table of contents Abstract Kurzfassung Table of contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 The challenge of proxy uncertainties 1.2 Aims and approaches 1.3 Thesis outline and author's contributions Chapter 2: Comparing methods for analysing time scale dependent correlations in irregularly sampled time series data 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Time scale dependency 2.3.2 Irregularity 2.3.3 Surrogate data 2.3.3.1 Construction of surrogate signals 2.3.3.2 Construction of irregular sampling 2.3.4 Evaluation of the estimation methods 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Correlation of red signal - white noise time series 2.4.2 Correlation of white signal - white noise time series 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Effect of irregularity and non-simultaneousness in sampling 2.5.2 Choosing the best method 2.5.2.1 Handling irregularity 2.5.2.2 Accounting for time scale dependency 2.5.3 Example application to observed proxy records 2.6 Conclusion 2.7 Computer code availability 2.8 Acknowledgements 2.9 Appendix 2-A. Significance test for time scale dependent correlation estimates Chapter 3: Empirical estimate of the signal content of Holocene temperature proxy records 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Data 3.3,1 Proxy records 3.3.2 Climate model simulations 3.4 Method 3.4.1 Approach and assumptions 3.4.2 Spatial correlation structure of model vs. reanalysis data 3.4.3 Processing steps 3.4.3.1 Estimation of the spatial correlation structure 3.4.3.2 Estimation of the SNRs 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Spatial correlation structure and correlation decay length 3.5.2 SNR estimates 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Spatial correlation structure of model simulations 3.6.2 Finite number of proxy records 3.6.3 Proxy-specific recording of climate variables 3.6.4 Time uncertainty and non-climatic components of the proxy signal 3.6.5 Implications and future steps forward 3.7 Conclusion 3.8 Code availability 3.9 Data availability 3.10 Acknowledgements Chapter 4: Testing the consistency of Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum spatial correlations in temperature proxy records 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Data 4.4 Method 4.4.1 Approach and assumptions 4.4.2 Holocene and LGM spatial correlation structure from climate model simulation 4.4.3 Effect of changes in climate variability on the predicted correlations 4.4.4 Effect of changes in time uncertainty on the predicted correlations 4.4.S Estimating the surrogate-based LGM spatial correlation and accounting for parameter uncertainty 4.5 Results 4.6 Discussion 4.6.1 Proxy-specific recording and finite number of records 4.6.2 Time uncertainty of proxy records 4.6.3 Contrary behaviour of U K'37 records 4.6.4 Spatial correlation structure and orbital trends 4.7 Conclusion 4.8 Acknowledgements 4.9 Appendix 4-A. Deriving the effect of a different signal variance on the correlation Chapter 5: Synthesis 5.1 Irregular sampling and time scale dependent correlations 5.2 Spatial correlation structure of proxy records 5.3 Consistency of spatial correlations for different climate states 5.4 Signal content of proxy records 5.5 Concluding remarks and Outlook Chapter A: Supplement of Chapter 3 - Empirical estimate of the signal content of Holocene temperature proxy records A.1 Supplementary Figures A.2 Supplementary Tables Chapter B: Supplement of Chapter 4 - Testing the consistency of Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum spatial correlations of temperature proxy records 8.1 Supplementary Figures 8.2 Supplementary Tables References Danksagung Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Contents Preface The Arctic and Antarctic – natural realms at the poles A brief history of the polar regions The human conquest of the polar regions Conclusion: The Arctic and Antarctic – two fundamentally different polar regions The polar regions as components of the global climate system Why it is so cold in the polar regions Ice floes, ice sheets and the sea Conclusion: A chain reaction with an icy end Climate change impacts in the polar regions The pathways of heat Retreating ice Conclusion: More heat – much less ice Polar flora and fauna Living in the cold Marine life Polar ecosystems in retreat Conclusion: Highly specialized and greatly threatened Polar politics and commerce The Arctic and Antarctic as political arenas An economic boom with side effects Conclusion: Growing interest in the polar regions Overall Conclusion Glossary Abbreviations Bibliography Contributors Index Partners and Acknowledgements Table of figures Publication details

Note: Inhalt TEIL I Brave New World? 1 Die neue alte Welt der Virtualisierung 1.1 V2 1.2 Vorbemerkungen 1.2.1 Verwendete Formatierungen 1.2.2 Weiterführende Hinweise 1.2.3 Beispieldateien 1.3 Was dieses Buch sein/nicht sein soll 1.3.1 Was es sein soll 1.3.2 Was es nicht sein soll und nicht ist 1.4 Wie dieses Buch zu lesen ist 1.4.1 Grundsätzliches 1.4.2 Kapitel/Teile und Zielgruppen im groben Überblick 1.5 Welche Teile des Buchs sind neu, welche wurden stark überabeitet? 1.6 In welchen Kapiteln finde ich welche Themen? 1.6.1 Themen nach Abschnitten/Schlagworten mit grundlegenden Erklärungen 1.7 Verwendete Plattformen und Versionsspezifikationen 1.7.1 Vorbetrachtungen 1.7.2 Container-OS und die Zukunft 2 Container 2.1 Warum Container? 2.2 Microservices, Container und der pawlowsche Hund 2.2.1 Wie erkläre ich es meinem CEO? 2.2.2 Die neue Welt der Microservices: Admins, DevOps-und Container-Teams 2.2.3 Die neue Welt der Microservices: aus der Perspektive der CEOs/Entscheider 2.3 Continuous Delivery/Continuous Integration und DevOps 2.3.1 Semi- oder vollautomatisch:Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery 2.3.2 CD/CI und das Big-Bang-Release-Problem 2.4 Continuous Delivery 2.4.1 Was verstehen wir darunter? 2.4.2 Continuous Delivery Pipelines 2.4.3 Commit-Stage 2.4.4 Acceptance-Test-Stage 2.4.5 Exkurs: Acceptance-Tests und Dreieinigkeit 2.4.6 Load/Capacity-, Security- und Exploration-Tests 2.4.7 Rollout/Go-Live 2.4.8 Die Gates 2.4.9 Fazit: Wo kann CD nutzbringend eingesetzt werden? 2.4.10 Jenkins-Integration in Kubernetes 2.5 DevOps: Gewaltenteilung oder Kooperation? 2.5.1 Grundsätzliche Betrachtungen 2.5.2 Vom DevOps-Paradigma/Hype zum Unwort 2.5.3 Kommunikationsblackouts im DevOps-Team 2.5.4 Das konkrete DevOps-Problem im klassischen Umfeld 2.5.5 »Works for me« und anderer Nonsens im DevOps-Business - und ein Ausweg? 2.5.6 BizDevOps - und noch eine Silbe TEIL II Single-Node Container-Systeme 3 Container-Engines und -Plattformen, Basicsund Konzepte 3.1 World of Tiers - Teil 1 3.2 Container-Basics 3.2.1 Namespaces, Security und Container-Konzepte 3.2.2 Enter Namespace - nsenter 3.2.3 Namespaces und Sicherheit? 3.3 VMs - obsolet durch Container? 3.3.1 Container vs. VM 3.3.2 Packungsdichte und Ressourcen 3.4 Wann sind Container sinnvoll? 3.5 Container-Engines/Container-Runtime und Komponenten im Überblick 3.5.1 Von LXC zu Docker 3.5.2 Docker 3.5.3 libcontainer, containerd und runC 3.5.4 runC, containerd und shim im Docker-Kontext 3.5.5 runC als eigenständiges Container-Tool 3.5.6 (cri-)containerd - Wirrwarr im Kubernetes-Kontext 3.5.7 LXD 3.5.8 CoreOS bzw. Container-Linux und Rocket/rkt 3.5.9 CRI-O 3.6 Überblick der Container-Formate 3.6.1 OCI -... Standardisierung? 3.6.2 Runtime Specs 3.6.3 Image-Format 3.6.4 Das BSI und die lieben Container 3.6.5 Fazit 3.7 Container: eine funktionale Übersicht 3.7.1 Aufbau eines Container-Hosts 3.7.2 Docker-Images 3.7.3 Anzahl der Layer 4 Docker 4.1 Docker-Versionen 4.1.1 Docker-Versionen, wichtige Meilensteine und Inkompatibilitäten 4.1.2 Docker-LTS-Versionen und die Enterprise Edition 4.1.3 DDC, CE, EEB, EES, EEA - und der beständige Wechsel im Docker-Land 4.1.4 Betrachtete Plattformen und Docker-Versionen 4.1.5 Funktionaler Überblick: Docker CU, dockerd, Registry 4.2 Docker-Installation 4.2.1 Paketnamen und Dependencies 4.2.2 Docker-Installation unter Ubuntu 18.04 LTS 4.2.3 Docker-Installation unter RHEL/CentOS ≥ 7.4 4.2.4 Docker-Version unter CaaSP 4.2.5 CaaSP- und BTRFS/Docker-Problematiken 4.2.6 CaaSP-spezifische Docker-Konfigurationsdateien 4.2.7 Installation der Commercially Supported Docker-Engine 4.2.8 Docker CE, EE 4.2.9 Storage-Driver-Nonsens unter Docker CE und EE 4.2.10 Distributionsunabhängige Installation von Docker 4.3 Deinstallation, Upgrade oder Umstellung auf andere Storage-Backends 4.3.1 Deinstallation 4.3.2 Upgrade 4.3.3 Umstellung des Storage-Backends 4.4 Docker und systemd-lntegration 4.4.1 systemd-Service-Units für Docker 4.5 Docker und Proxies 4.5.1 Docker-Daemon hinter einem Proxy betreiben 4.5.2 Docker-Client-Settings für Proxies (Docker ≥ 17.07) 4.5.3 Docker-Client- bzw. Image-Settings für Proxies (Docker ≤ 17.06) 4.6 Docker im Betrieb 4.6.1 Permanente Diensteinbindung 4.6.2 Lokale HA 4.6.3 Verbose Mode 4.6.4 Status-Überprüfung/Features 4.6.5 Docker-Systeminformationen 4.6.6 Docker-Daemon-Konfigurationsmöglichkeiten 4.6.7 Mögliche Startoptionen/Schalter des Docker-Daemons 4.6.8 Konfiguration per /etc/docker/daemon.json 4.6.9 Alternatives Docker-Verzeichnis als Konfigurationsbeispiel 4.6.10 Docker-CLI-Konfiguration 4.6.11 Docker-Plugins 4.7 Docker-Image-Management - Basics 4.7.1 Auszug der Docker-CLI-Subkommandos 4.7.2 CLI-Strukturen seit Docker 1.13 4.7.3 docker Container- und image-Subkommandos 4.7.4 Einfaches Image-Management 4.7.5 Docker-Namensräume und das Default-Registry-Problem 4.7.6 Docker-Images (unter docker.io) suchen 4.7.7 Image-Schema-Versionen 4.7.8 Offizielles CentOS-lmage von docker.io pullen 4.7.9 Lokal verfügbare Docker-Images listen und filtern 4.7.10 Meta-Informationen von lokalen Images abfragen 4.7.11 Images löschen 4.7.12 docker save & load Images 4.7.13 Dangling Images: The good and the bad 〈none〉:〈none〉 4.7.14 Build-History eines Images inspizieren 4.8 Trusted Images 4.8.1 Ein eigenes, generisches Trusted Basis-Image erzeugen 4.8.2 Gescriptete Image-Erzeugung (YUM Based) 4.8.3 Mikro-Image »from scratch« mit go 4.8.4 Red Hats Container Health Index 4.8.5 Mikro-Image einer Legacy-Applikation 4.8.6 Transformation von Legacy-Apps in Images 4.8.7 Images: grundlegende Security-relevante Betrachtungen 4.9 Betrieb und Management von Docker-Containern 4.9.1 Kurzübersicht der relevanten Docker-CLI-Kommandos 4.9.2 Neues »docker container«-Subkommando 4.9.3 docker history 4.9.4 Container starten-docker [Container] run 4.9.5 Docker-Registry, Image, Container run, lokaler Datastore -the Big Picture 4.9.6 (Random-)Container-Names und automatische Löschung (run -rm ) 4.9.7 Container-HA: automatische Restarts 4.9.8 docker [Container] run --readonly 4.9.9 Detached Container im Hintergrund starten 4.9.10 Auflisten von Container-Instanzen - docker ps 4.9.11 Starten und Stoppen existierender Container 4.9.12 docker [Container] rename 4.9.13 Container-Instanzen löschen: docker [Container] rm/prune 4.9.14 docker [Container] attach-Optionen 4.9.15 Befehle im laufenden Container ausführen: docker [Container] exec 4.9.16 docker [Container] create 4.9.17 Container-Instanzen exportieren und als Images importieren 4.9.18 Kopieren von Daten: Container zwischen Host 4.9.19 docker Checkpoint 4.10 Prozessverwaltung im Container 4.10.1 docker top 4.10.2 Prozesse im Container beenden 4.10.3 docker wait und Return/Exit-Codes 4.10.4 Den Container und alle in ihm laufenden Prozesse temporär pausieren 4.10.5 Live-Events mit docker events 4.11 Container-Capabilities/Privilegien 4.11.1 Prüfung und Auslesen der Capabilities 4.12 Docker Logging 4.12.1 Log-Driver 4.12.2 Zentralisierte Logs für Container-Instanzen 4.12.3 Container-Logs mit docker logs 4.13 Einfache Applikationen im Container 4.13.1 Vorbetrachtungen 4.13.2 Installation von Applikationen im gestarteten Container 4.14 Image-Modifikationen committen und taggen 4.14.1 Commit- Beispiel 4.14.2 Nachträgliches Taggen von Images 4.14.3 Exkurs - die :latest-Problematik 4.15 Layer-Strukturen 4.15.1 Verzeichnisstrukturen auf dem lokalen Docker-Host 4.15.2 Was ist beim letzten Commit passiert, wo liegt der neue Layer? 4.15.3 IDs der RW-Layer von gestarteten Containern und Querbezüge 4.15.4 Layer-Analyse und Flattening (Zusammenfassung) 4.16 Limitierte Container-Instanzen 4.16.1 docker [Container] stats 4.16.2 Mögliche Limitierungen 4.16.3 Beispiele aus der Praxis für limitierte Container-Instanzen 4.16.4 Nachträgliche Limitierung 4.17 Docker-Images erstellen (docker build) und verwalten 4.17.1 Best-Practice/File-Hierarchie 4.17.2 docker [image] build 4.17.3 Dockerfile-Direktiven/Instruktionen 4.17.4 Build-Anwendungsbeispiel: Apache-Container 4.17.5 Bu

Note: Table of Contents Introductory perspectives Chapter 1: Introduction: Cold War science in the North American Arctic / by Stephen Bocking, Daniel Heidt Strategic science Chapter 2: Ice and the depths of the ocean: probing Greenland's Melville Bay during the Cold War / by Mark Nuttall Chapter 3: Leadership, cultures, the Cold War and the establishment of Arctic scientific stations: situating the Joint Arctic Weather Stations (JAWS) / by P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Daniel Heidt Chapter 4: Frontier footage: science and colonial attitudes on film in Northern Canada, 1948–1954 / by Matthew S. Wiseman Chapter 5: Portraying America's last frontier: Alaska in the media during the Second World War and the Cold War / by Victoria Herrmann Chapter 6: Making “Man in the Arctic”: academic and military entanglements, 1944–49 / by Matthew Farish Cold War economies Chapter 7: Arctic pipelines and permafrost science: North American rivalries in the shadow of the Cold War, 1968–1982 / by Robert Page Chapter 8: Cold oil: linking strategic and resource science in the Canadian Arctic / by Stephen Bocking Chapter 9: Icebergs in Iowa: Saudi dreams, Antarctic hydrologics and the production of Cold War environmental knowledge / by Rafico Ruiz Chapter 10: Science and Indigenous knowledge in land claims settlements: negotiating the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, 1977–1978 / by Andrew Stuhl Science crossing borders Chapter 11: Knowledge base: polar explorers and the integration of science, security, and US foreign policy in Greenland, from the Great War to the Cold War / by Dawn Alexandrea Berry Chapter 12: Institutions and the changing nature of Arctic research during the early Cold War / by Lize-Marié van der Watt, Peder Roberts, Julia Lajus Chapter 13: Rockets over Thule? American hegemony, ionosphere research and the politics of rockets in the wake of the 1968 Thule B-52 accident / by Henrik Knudsen Chapter 14: Applied science and practical cooperation: Operation Morning Light and the recovery of cosmos 954 in the Northwest Territories, 1978 / by P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Ryan Dean Chapter 15: Melting the ice curtain: indigeneity and the Alaska Siberia Medical Research Program, 1982–1988 / by Tess Lanzarotta Epilogue: global Cold War—the Antarctic and the Arctic Chapter 16: Antarctic science and the Cold War / by Adrian Howkins

Note: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ МИКОБИОТА УСТЬ-ЛЕНСКОГО ЗАПОВЕДНИКА / Михалева, Л.Г. ВОДОРОСЛИ УСТЬЕВОЙ ОБЛАСТИ РЕКИ ЛЕНА / Габышев, В.А., Царенко, П.М., Иванова, А.П. РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ ЛИСТВЕННИЦЫ КАЯНДЕРА (LARIX CAJANDERI) И ОЛЬХОВНИКА (DUSCHEКIA FRUТICOSA) В ПРАВОБЕРЕЖЬЕ РЕКИ ЛЕНА, НА УЧАСТКЕ «СОКОЛ» УСТЬ-ЛЕНСКОГО ЗАПОВЕДНИКА / Николин, Е.Г., Якшина, И.А. РЫБЫ ДЕЛЬТЫ РЕКИ ЛЕНА НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЗАПОВЕДНИКА «УСТЬ-ЛЕНСКИЙ» / Корякин, П.Д. ПТИЦЫ ДЕЛЬТЫ РЕКИ ЛЕНА / Поздняков, В.И. ОВЦЕБЫК (OV/805 MOSCHATUS) В НИЖНЕЙ ЧАСТИ РЕКИ ЛЕНА / Кириллин, Е.В., Ануфриев, А.И., Охлопков, И.М. , CONTENT Mycobiota of the Ust-Lena reserve / Mikhaleva, L.G. Algae of the Lena river mouth area / Gabyshev, V.A., Tsarenko, P.M., Ivanova, A.P. Distribution of Cajander larch (Larix cajander) and alder (Duschekia Fruticosa) in the right bank of the Lena river in the Sokol site of the Ust-Lena reserve / Nikolin, E.G., Yakshina, I.A. Fishes of the Lena river delta in the territory of the Ust-Lensky reserve / Koryakin, P.D. Birds of the Lena delta / Pozdnyakov, V.I. Musk Ox (OV/805 MOSCHATUS) in the lower part of the Lena river / Kirillin, E.V., Anufriev, A.I., Okhlopkov, I.M.

Note: CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHORS PREFACE FROM THE ASSOCIATION OF POLAR EARLY CAREER SCIENTISTS PREFACE FROM THE INTERACT STATION MANAGERS’ FORUM ABOUT INTERACT ABOUT APECS INTERACT STATIONS INTRODUCTION 1. Getting started – Outlining your field project 1.1 Scientific rationale and objectives 1.2 Methods and data requirements 1.3 What scientific equipment will you need? 1.4 Study site(s) 1.5 Risk assessment 1.5.1 Risk identification 1.5.2 Risk assessment 1.5.3 Risk mitigation 1.5.4 Contingency plans 1.6 Time schedules 1.6.1 Logistical organisation 1.6.2 Fieldwork activities 1.7 Project budget 1.8 Data and sample management 1.8.1 Data management plan 1.8.2 Sample labelling 1.8.3 Field instrumentation 1.9 Environmental compliance 1.10 Output Chapter resources 2. Further planning – Practicalities and legal issues 2.1 Applying for access to the station 2.2 Transport to the station and conditions for visiting 2.2.1 Access to the station 2.2.2 Conditions for visiting 2.3 Visas and permits required by national authorities 2.3.1 Visas 2.3.2 Permits 2.4 Working with local communities 2.5 Equipment transport 2.6 Checklists and equipment 2.6.1 Checklists 2.6.2 Personal clothing 2.7 Import and export regulations 2.7.1 Import and export permits 2.7.2 Transporting hazardous goods 2.7.3 Handling cooled and frozen materials 2.8 Insurance 2.9 Check-ups and chronical illness 2.10 Training activities 2.11 Financial and other administrative issues 2.12 Final checks before leaving Chapter resources 3. Safety 3.1 General safety guidelines 3.2 Safety barriers 3.2.1 Knowledge, experience, and skills 3.2.2 Attitude and culture 3.2.3 Judgement and leadership 3.2.4 Trip plan 3.3 Education and training 3.4 Health and first aid 3.4.1 Medicine and chronic illness 3.4.2 First aid 3.5 Transport 3.5.1 Aircraft 3.5.2 Boats 3.5.3 Snowmobiles 3.5.4 Vehicles (Automobiles and ATV’s) 3.6 Risks at the station 3.6.1 Fire 3.6.2 In the kitchen 3.6.3 Electricity 3.6.4 Hygiene 3.6.5 Laboratory work and chemicals 3.6.6 Workshops and equipment use 3.7 Risks in the field and at the camp 3.7.1 Field camps 3.7.2 Cooking and water treatment 3.7.3 Firearms 3.7.4 Extreme activities 3.8 Natural hazards 3.8.1 Weather change 3.8.2 Glacier fieldwork 3.8.3 Snow avalanches and cornice falls 3.8.4 Steep terrain: Rock avalanches, rock falls, and mud slides 3.8.5 Sea-ice or frozen lakes and rivers 3.8.6 River crossings 3.8.7 Wildlife 3.9 Means of communication 3.9.1 Fieldwork plans and sign in/out boards 3.9.2 Routine calls 3.9.3 Non-routine calls 3.9.4 Emergency calls 3.10 Safety equipment 3.10.1 Communication equipment 3.10.2 Navigation equipment 3.10.3 Clothing 3.10.4 Field camp equipment 3.10.5 Specific safety equipment 3.11 Emergency preparedness Chapter resources 4. Arrival at the station and your time in the field 4.1 Getting to know your team 4.2 Arrival at the station 4.3 Working at field sites 4.4 In case something does not go according to plan 4.4.1 Handling delays 4.4.2 Handling conflicts 4.4.3 Harassment and discrimination 4.5 Environmental considerations 4.5.1 Pollution prevention 4.5.2 Waste management 4.5.3 Reducing energy use 4.5.4 Respect protected areas, fauna, and flora 4.6 Working with local communities 4.7 Communication with the outside world 4.8 Leaving the field Chapter resources 5. After fieldwork 5.1 Reporting to the station, funders, and local communities 5.2 Data preservation, backup, and submission APPENDICES Appendix A: Checklists Appendix B: Equipment lists Appendix C: Health risks

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2019 , Table of contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.1.1 Permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere 1.1.2 The permafrost carbon climate feedback 1.1.3 Rapidly changing, deep permafrost environments 1.2 Aims of this dissertation 1.3 Investigated study areas 1.4 Basic method overview 1.4.1 Field work in the Arctic 1.4.2 Laboratory procedure 1.4.3 Analysis ofl andscape-scale carbon and nitrogen stocks 1.5 Thesis organization 1.6 Overview of publications 1.6.1 Publication#1 - Yedoma landscape publication 1.6.2 Publication#2 - Thermokarst lake sequence publication 1.6.3 Publication#3 - North Alaska Arctic river delta publication 1.6.4 Extended Abstract - Western Alaska river delta study 1.6.5 Appendices - Supplementary material and paper in preparation II Carbon and nitrogen pools in thermokarst-affected permafrost landscapes in Arctic Siberia 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Material and methods 2.3.1 Study area 2.3.2 Field Work 2.3.3 Laboratory analysis 2.3.4 Landform classification and upscaling C and N pools 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Sedimentological results 2.4.2 Sampling site SOC and N stocks 2.4.3 Upscaling: Landscape SOC and N stocks 2.4.4 Radiocarbon dates 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Site specific soil organic C and N stock characteristics 2.5.2 Upscaling of C and N pools 2.5.3 Sediment and organic C accumulation rates 2.5.4 Characterizing soil organic carbon 2.5.5 The fate of organic carbon in thermokarst-affected yedoma in Siberia 2.6 Conclusions III Impacts of successive thermokarst lake stages on soil organic matter, Arctic Alaska 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Plain language summary 3.3 Introduction 3.4 Study site 3.5 Methods 3.5.1 Core collection 3.5.2 Biogeochemical analyses 3.5.3 Study area OC and N calculation 3.6 Results 3.6.1 Biogeochemistry 3.6.2 Sediment organic carbon and nitrogen stocks 3.6.3 Radiocarbon dates and carbon accumulation rates 3.6.4 Landscape C and N budget 3.7 Discussion 3.7.1 Impact of thermokarst lake dynamics on organic matter storage 3.7.2 High organic C and N stocks on the ACP 3.7.3 Landscape chronology 3.7.4 Organic matter accumulation 3.7.5 Future development 3.8 Conclusions IV Sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of two small permafrost-dominated Arctic river deltas in northern Alaska 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Study area 4.4 Material and Methods 4.4.1 Soil organic carbon and soil nitrogen storage 4.4.2 Radiocarbon dating and organic carbon accumulation rates 4.4.3 Grain size distribution 4.4.4 Scaling carbon and nitrogen contents to landscape level 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Carbon and nitrogen contents 4.5.2 Radiocarbon dates and accumulation rates 4.5.3 Grain size distribution 4.5.4 Arctic river delta carbon and nitrogen storage 4.6. Discussion 4.6.1 Significance of carbon and nitrogen stocks in Arctic river deltas 4.6.2 SOC and SN distribution with depth 4.6.3 Sedimentary characteristics 4.6.3.1 Accumulation rates 4.6.3.2 Sediment distribution 4.6.4 Impacts of future changes 4.6.5 Significance of remotely sensed upscaling results 4.7 Conclusions V Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in Arctic river deltas - New data for three Western Alaskan deltas 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Study sites 5.4 Methods 5.5 Results and discussion 5.5 Conclusions VI Discussion 6.1 Interregional comparison 6.2 Changing thermokarst landscapes and their global impact 6.3 A growing C and N data base 6.4 Outlook - potential follow-up projects VII Synthesis VIII References Appendix A Synthesis of SOC and N inventories Appendix B Supplementary material to Chapter II Appendix C Supplementary material to Chapter III Appendix D Supplementary material to Chapter IV Appendix E Supplementary material to Chapter V Appendix F Arctic river delta data set - Version 1.0 Acknowledgements - Danksagung

Note: Contents 1 History and Description of Ice Ages 1.1 Discovery of Ice Ages 1.2 Description of Ice Sheets 1.3 Vegetation During LGM 1.3.1 LGM Climate 1.3.2 Global Flora 1.3.3 Ice Age Forests 1.4 Vegetation and Dust Generation During the LGM 1.4.1 Introduction: Effect of Low CO2 on Plants 1.4.2 C3 and C4 Flora Differences 1.4.3 Effects of Low CO2 on Tree Lines 1.4.4 Source of the LGM Dust 2 Variability of the Earth’s Climate 2.1 Factors that Influence Global Climate 2.2 Stable Extremes of the Earth’s Climate 2.3 Ice Ages in the Recent Geological Past 3 Ice Core Methodology 3.1 History of Ice Core Research 3.2 Dating Ice Core Data 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Age Markers 3.2.3 Counting Layers Visually 3.2.4 Layers Determined by Measurement 3.2.5 Ice Flow Modeling 3.2.6 Other Dating Methods 3.2.7 Synchronization of Dating of Ice Cores from Greenland and Antarctica 3.2.8 GISP2 Experience 3.2.9 Tuning 3.2.10 Flimsy Logic 3.3 Processing Ice Core Data 3.3.1 Temperature Estimates from Ice Cores 3.3.2 Temperature Estimates from Borehole Models 3.3.3 Climate Variations 3.3.4 Trapped Gases 4 Ice Core Data 4.1 Greenland Ice Core Historical Temperatures 4.2 Antarctica Ice Core Historical Temperatures 4.2.1 Vostok and EPICA Data 4.2.2 Homogeneity of Antarctic Ice Cores 4.3 North-South Synchrony 4.3.1 Direct Comparison of Greenland and Antarctica Ice Core Records 4.3.2 Sudden Changes 4.3.3 Interpretation of Sudden Change in Terms of Ocean Circulation 4.3.4 Seasonal Variability of Precipitation 4.4 Data from High-Elevation Ice Cores 4.5 Carbon Dioxide 4.5.1 Measurements 4.5.2 Explanations 4.6 Dust in Ice Cores 5 Ocean Sediment Data 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Chronology 5.3 Universality of Ocean Sediment Data 5.4 Summary of Ocean Sediment Ice Volume Data 5.5 Comparison of Ocean Sediment Data with Polar Ice Core Data 5.6 Historical Sea Surface Temperatures 5.7 Ice-Rafted Debris 6 Other Data Sources 6.1 Devil’s Hole 6.1.1 Devil’s Hole Data 6.1.2 Comparison of Devil’s Hole Data with Ocean Sediment Data 6.1.3 Devil’s Hole: Global or Regional Data? 6.1.4 Comparison of Devil’s Hole Data with Vostok Data 6.1.5 The Continuing Controversy 6.2 Speleothems in Caves 6.3 Magnetism in Rocks and Loess 6.3.1 Magnetism in Loess 6.3.2 Rock Magnetism in Lake Sediments 6.4 Pollen Records 6.5 Physical Indicators 6.5.1 Ice Sheet Moraines 6.5.2 Coral Terraces 6.5.3 Mountain Glaciers 6.6 Red Sea Sediments 7 Overview of the Various Models for Ice Ages 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Variability of the Sun 7.3 Astronomical Theory 7.4 Volcanism 7.5 Greenhouse Gases 7.6 Role of the Oceans 7.6.1 Glacial-Interglacial Cycles: The Consensus View 7.6.2 Sudden Climate Change - The Consensus View 7.6.3 Wunsch’s Objections 7.7 Models Based on Clouds 7.7.1 Extraterrestrial Dust Accretion 7.7.2 Clouds Induced by Cosmic Rays 7.7.3 Ocean–Atmosphere Model 7.8 Models Based on the Southern Hemisphere 8 Variability of the Earth’s Orbit: Astronomical Theory 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Variability of the Earth’s Orbit 8.2.1 Variability Within the Orbital Plane 8.2.2 Variability of the Orbital Plane 8.3 Calculation of Solar Intensities 8.4 Importance of Each Orbital Parameter 8.5 Historical Solar Irradiance at Higher Latitudes 8.6 Connection Between Solar Variability and Glaciation/Deglaciation Cycles According to Astronomical Theory 8.6.1 Models for Ice Volume 8.6.2 Review of the Imbries’ Model 8.6.3 Memory Model 8.6.4 Modification of Paillard Model 8.7 Models Based on Eccentricity or Obliquity 8.7.1 A Model Based on Eccentricity 8.7.2 The Middle-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) 9 Comparison of Astronomical Theory with Data 9.1 Ice Volume Versus Solar Input 9.2 Spectral Analysis 9.2.1 Introduction 9.2.2 Spectral Analysis of Solar and Paleoclimate Data 10 Interglacials 11 Terminations of Ice Ages 11.1 Abstract 11.2 Background 11.3 Terminations 11.4 North or South (or Both)? 11.5 Models Based on CO 2 and the Southern Hemisphere 11.6 Climate Models for Terminations of Ice Ages 11.7 Model Based on Solar Amplitudes 11.8 Dust as the Driver for Terminations 11.8.1 Introduction 11.8.2 Antarctic Dust Data 11.8.3 Correlation of Ice Core Dust Data with Terminations 11.8.4 Dust Levels on the Ice Sheets 11.8.5 Optical Properties of Surface Deposited Dust 11.8.6 Source of the Dust 11.8.7 Ice Sheet Margins 11.9 Model Based on Solar Thresholds 11.10 The Milankovitch Model Versus the Most Likely Model 11.10.1 Criteria for a Theory 11.10.2 The “Milankovitch” Model 11.10.3 The Most Likely Model 11.10.4 Unanswered Questions 12 Status of Our Understanding References Index

Note: Contents Part I Introduction Population Genomics: Advancing Understanding of Nature / Gordon Luikart, Marty Kardos, Brian K. Hand, Om P. Rajora, Sally N. Aitken, and Paul A. Hohenlohe Part II Methods Genotyping and Sequencing Technologies in Population Genetics and Genomics / J. A. Holliday, E. M. Hallerman, and D. C. Haak Computational Tools for Population Genomics / Jarkko Salojärvi Population and Evolutionary Genetic Inferences in the Whole-Genome Era: Software Challenges / Alexandros Stamatakis Part III Concepts and Approaches Population Epigenomics: Advancing Understanding of Phenotypic Plasticity, Acclimation, Adaptation and Diseases / Ehren R. V. Moler, Abdulkadir Abakir, Maria Eleftheriou, Jeremy S. Johnson, Konstantin V. Krutovsky, Lara C. Lewis, Alexey Ruzov, Amy V. Whipple, and Om P. Rajora Landscape Genomics: Understanding Relationships Between Environmental Heterogeneity and Genomic Characteristics of Populations / Niko Balkenhol, Rachael Y. Dudaniec, Konstantin V. Krutovsky, Jeremy S. Johnson, David M. Cairns, Gernot Segelbacher, Kimberly A. Selkoe, Sophie von der Heyden, Ian J. Wang, Oliver Selmoni, and Stéphane Joost Paleogenomics: Genome-Scale Analysis of Ancient DNA and Population and Evolutionary Genomic Inferences / Tianying Lan and Charlotte Lindqvist Genome-Wide Association Studies and Heritability Estimation in the Functional Genomics Era / Dunia Pino Del Carpio, Roberto Lozano, Marnin D. Wolfe, and Jean-Luc Jannink Genomic Selection / Elisabeth Jonas, Freddy Fikse, Lars Rönnegård, and Elena Flavia Mouresan Part IV Population, Evolutionary and Ecological Genetics Applications and Inferences Population Genomics Provides Key Insights in Ecology and Evolution / Paul A. Hohenlohe, Brian K. Hand, Kimberly R. Andrews, and Gordon Luikart Inferring Demographic History Using Genomic Data / Jordi Salmona, Rasmus Heller, Martin Lascoux, and Aaron Shafer Advancing Biogeography Through Population Genomics / Jeremy S. Johnson, Konstantin V. Krutovsky, Om P. Rajora, Keith D. Gaddis, and David M. Cairns Adaptation Without Boundaries: Population Genomics in Marine Systems / Marjorie F. Oleksiak Population Genomics of Speciation and Admixture / Nicola J. Nadeau and Takeshi Kawakami Population Genomics of Colonization and Invasion / Shana R. Welles and Katrina M. Dlugosch Population Genomics of Crop Domestication: Current State and Perspectives / Philippe Cubry and Yves Vigouroux Population Genomics of Animal Domestication and Breed Development / Samantha Wilkinson and Pamela Wiener Population Genomics of Domestication and Breed Development in Canines in the Context of Cognitive, Social, Behavioral, and Disease Traits / Kristopher J. L. Irizarry and Elton J. R. Vasconcelos Index

Note: Contents Part I Paleomagnetism 1 Results of Paleomagnetic and Geochronological Studies of Sedimentary Rocks from Kema and Silasa Formations of the Sikhote-Alin Orogen / M. V. Arkhipov, A. Yu. Peskov, A. N. Didenko, S. Otoh, A. V. Kudymov, M. Nagata, Y. Kouchi and K. Yamamoto 2 Late Paleozoic Remagnetization: Evaluation of the Sequence of Folding in the South Urals / Inessa Golovanova, Konstantin Danukalov and Raushaniya Sal’manova 3 Paleomagnetic Directions Distortion Caused by Viscous-Plastic Deformations Estimated from Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (Case Study of Berriasian Clays from East Crimea) / V. A. Grishchenko and A. Yu. Guzhikov 4 Carboniferous of the Russian Platform: Paleomagnetic Data / A. G. Iosifidi, V. A. Mikhailova, V. V. Popov, E. S. Sergienko, A. V. Danilova, N. M. Otmas and A. V. Zhuravlev 5 Evidence for the Existence of the Gothenburg and Mono Lake Excursions Based on Paleomagnetic Data from Baunt Lake Sediments (Northern Transbaikalia) / M. A. Krainov, E. V. Bezrukova, A. A. Shchetnikov and A. Yu. Peskov 6 Intrusions of the Kulumbe River Valley, NW Siberian Traps Province: Paleomagnetism, Magnetic Fabric and Geochemistry / A. V. Latyshev, N. A. Krivolutskaya, P. S. Ulyahina, Ya. V. Bychkova and B. I. Gongalsky 7 Paleomagnetism of Basalts from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Bouvet Triple Junction / V. I. Maksimochkin and A. N. Tselebrovskiy 8 Archaeomagnetic Studies of the Material of the Archaeological Monument Dmitrievskaya Sloboda II of the Second Millennium B.C / O. V. Pilipenko, I. E. Nachasova, S. K. Gribov and O. V. Zelentsova Part II Rock and Environmental Magnetism 9 Influence of Magnetostatic Interaction on Magnetic Characteristics of Decay Products of Nanodisperse Titanomagnetites / S. V. Anisimov, L. L. Afremov and I. G. Iliushin 10 An Estimate of the Remanent Magnetization in the Case of a Ferromagnet Transformation Accompanied by a Change in the Curie Temperature / V. I. Belokon, E. V. Chibiriak and O. I. Dyachenko 11 A 13,000-Yr Record of Environmental Change from Tschuchye Lake in Northeast Yakutia / S. S. Burnatny, A. N. Naumov and Yu. A. Korzun 12 Comparison of the Porosity Determination on the Whole Core and Petrophysical Samples / A. V. Fattakhov, V. E. Kosarev, D. L. Melnikova, V. D. Skirda and A. V. Starovoytov 13 Magnetic Properties of Soils from the Volga-Kama Forest-Steppe / L. A. Fattakhova, L. R. Kosareva and A. A. Shinkarev 14 Magnetic Properties of Artificial CRM Created on Titanomagnetite-Bearing Oceanic Basalts / S. K. Gribov, V. P. Shcherbakov and N. A. Aphinogenova 15 Blocking Temperature and Hysteresis Characteristics of Nanoparticles of Oxidated Magnetite / Ilia Iliushin and Leonid Afremov 16 Low-Temperature Magnetic Properties and Magnetic Mineralogy of the Ropruchey Sill (Russian Karelia) / Andrei Kosterov, Elena S. Sergienko, Petr V. Kharitonskii, Svetlana Yu. Yanson and Irina A. Vasilieva 17 Preliminary Magnetic Investigation of Samples from Reference Permian-Triassic Sequence, Kemerovo Region, Russia / Dilyara Kuzina, Lina Kosareva, Ilmir Gilmetdinov, Radmir Aupov, Vladimir Silantiev, Vladimir Davydov, Irina Dogadina and Natalia Kuzmina 18 Magnetic Properties and Concentration of Heavy Metals in Soils of the Krasnyi Kut Town (Saratov, Russia) / M. V. Reshetnikov, A. S. Sheshnev, E. S. Sokolov and S. D. Shkodin 19 Rock-Magnetism and Granulometry of Late Palaeolithic Sites in the Tunka Rift Valley (Pribaikalie) as a Tool for Reconstruction of Sedimentary Environment / G. G. Matasova, A. A. Shchetnikov, I. A. Filinov, A. Yu. Kazansky, G. A. Vorobyeva, N. E. Berdnikova, E. O. Rogovskoy, E. A. Lipnina, I. M. Berdnikov and L. V. Lbova 20 Application of Methods of Rocks Magnetism for Determination of Criteria of Perspectiveness of Ore-Formation / J. H. Minasyan 21 Rock Magnetic Properties of Pleistocene Tephras from the Polovinka Section of the Central Kamchatka Depression / A. N. Naumov, S. S. Burnatny, P. S. Minyuk and A. G. Zubov 22 Basalts of the Zhom-Bolok Lava River as a Possible Sources of Metallic Iron in Sediments of Local Lakes: Thermomagnetic and Microprobe Justification / D. M. Pechersky, A. Yu. Kazansky, A. Kozlovsky, G. P. Markov, A. A. Shchetnikov and V. A. Tselmovich Part III Magnetostratigraphy 23 Magnetostratigraphy of the Reference Sections of the Cisuralian Series (Permian System) / Yu. P. Balabanov, R. Kh. Sungatullin, G. M. Sungatullina, L. R. Kosareva, M. S. Glukhov, P. G. Yakunina, A. O. Zhernenkov, V. V. Antonenko and A. A. Сhurbanov 24 General Magnetostratigraphic Scale: Present Status and Outlook of Development / A. Yu. Guzhikov 25 Existence of the Reversal Polarity Zones in Turonian-Coniacian from the Lower Volga (Russia): New Data / A. A. Guzhikova, A. Yu. Guzhikov, E. M. Pervushov, I. P. Ryabov and A. M. Surinskiy 26 Magnetostratigraphy of the Key Loess-Palaesol Sequence at Roxolany (Western Black Sea Region) / D. V. Hlavatskyi and V. G. Bakhmutov 27 Magnetic Polarity Stratigraphy of the Upper Cenozoic Deposits of Near-Sea Dagestan (Russia) and the Age of the Early Paleolithic Site Rubas-1 / A. Yu. Kazansky, A. A. Anoikin, A. P. Derevianko, G. G. Matasova and V. Yu. Bragin 28 Magnetic Stratigraphy of the Bazhenov Suite of Western Siberia and the Surrounding Deposits / A. G. Manikin, V. A. Grishchenko, A. Yu. Guzhikov and V. V. Kolpakov Part IV Extraterrestrial Magnetism 29 Metallic Iron in the Planets Interior: Generalization of Thermomagnetic and Microprobe Results / D. M. Kuzina and D. M. Pechersky 30 Magnetic Properties of Tektite-like Impact Glasses from Zhamanshin Astrobleme, Kazakhstan / Vyacheslav A. Starunov, Andrei Kosterov, Elena S. Sergienko, Svetlana Yu. Yanson, Gennady P. Markov, Petr V. Kharitonskii, Aleksandr S. Sakhatskii, Irina E. Lezova and Evgenii V. Shevchenko 31 Background Magnetic Component of Holocene Cosmic Dust Allocated from Peat / V. A. Tselmovich and A. Yu. Kurazhkovskii Part V Geomagnetic Field and Magnetic Surveys 32 Preliminary Results of the Geohistorical and Paleomagnetic Analysis of Marine Magnetic Anomalies in the Northwestern Indian Ocean / S. A. Ivanov and S. A. Merkuriev 33 Geomagnetic Variations for Axial Dipole Hypothesis and Dynamo Parameters / S. V. Starchenko 34 Simple Estimations for Planetary Convection Turbulence and Dynamo Magnetism from Optimized Scaling and Observations / S. V. Starchenko 35 MHD Sources, 1600-2005 Evolution and 1900-2005 Probabilistic Time Analysis for Logarithmic Time-Derivatives of Geomagnetic Spherical Harmonics / S. V. Starchenko and S. V. Yakovleva 36 Unmanned Airborne Magnetic Survey Technologies: Present and Future / Tsirel Vadim, Parshin Alexander, Ancev Vasily and Kapshtan Dmitry

Note: Contents Introduction 1 I Discovering Wonder in the Deep 2 I Marine Science for the Nation or for the World? 3 I Scientific Internationalism in a Pacific World 4 I Cold War Science on the Seafloor 5 I Ocean Science and Governance in the Anthropocene Conclusion Notes Acknowledgments Index

Note: Contents 1 The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing II / Iain J. Gordon and Herbert H. T. Prins 2 The Palaeontology of Browsing and Grazing / Juha Saarinen 3 The Paleoecological Impact of Grazing and Browsing: Consequences of the Late Quaternary Large Herbivore Extinctions / John Rowan and J. T. Faith 4 Morphological and Physiological Adaptations for Browsing and Grazing / Daryl Codron, Reinhold R. Hofmann, and Marcus Clauss 5 Feeding Ecology of Large Browsing and Grazing Herbivores / Jan A. Venter, Mika M. Vermeulen, and Christopher F. Brooke 6 Population Dynamics of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates in the Anthropocene / Christian Kiffner and Derek E. Lee 7 Community Dynamics of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Charudutt Mishra, Munib Khanyari, Herbert H. T. Prins, and Kulbhushansingh R. Suryawanshi 8 Weather and Climate Impacts on Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Randall B. Boone 9 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Soil Biota and Nutrient Dynamics / Judith Sitters and Walter S. Andriuzzi 10 Effects of Grazing and Browsing on Tropical Savanna Vegetation / Frank van Langevelde, Claudius A. D. M. van de Vijver, Herbert H. T. Prins, and Thomas A. Groen 11 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Plant Characteristics and Dynamics / Autumn E. Sabo 12 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Faunal Biodiversity / Krisztián Katona and Corli Coetsee 13 Interactions Between Fire and Herbivory: Current Understanding and Management Implications / Izak P. J. Smit and Corli Coetsee 14 Managing Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Richard W. S. Fynn, David J. Augustine, and Samuel D. Fuhlendorf 15 The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing in Other Vertebrate Taxa / Iain J. Gordon, Herbert H. T. Prins, Jordan Mallon, Laura D. Puk, Everton B. P. Miranda, Carolina Starling-Manne, René van der Wal, Ben Moore, William Foley, Lucy Lush, Renan Maestri, Ikki Matsuda, and Marcus Clauss 16 Browsers and Grazers Drive the Dynamics of Ecosystems / Iain J. Gordon and Herbert H. T. Prins Index

Note: Contents Part I Introduction 1 Evolution and Progress Accomplished During Previous French-Japanese Symposiums of Oceanography / Hubert-Jean Ceccaldi 2 Challenge to Resolve Problems in the Ocean and Coastal Waters in Future Earth with Stronger Cooperation Between the Two Societies Franco-Japonaise of Oceanography / Teruhisa Komatsu Part II Natural and Anthropogenic Impacts 3 Slower Decrease in Radioactive Concentrations in Some Fish Species After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Disaster / Hisayuki Arakawa 4 Influence of Behavioral Patterns of Several Fish Species on Their Radioactive Cesium Concentrations Revealed with a Biotelemetry System After the Nuclear Accident Caused by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake / Keiichi Uchida, Kohei Hasegawa, Yoshinori Miyamoto, Hisayuki Arakawa, Seiji Akiyama and Naoto Hirakawa 5 Estimate of Water Quality Change in Osaka Bay Caused by the Suspension of Marine Sediment with Mega Tsunami / Mitsuru Hayashi, Satoshi Nakada, Shunich Koshimura and Eiichi Kobayashi 6 Litter in the Mediterranean Sea / François Galgani 7 The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in France: An Example of Close Cooperation Among Researchers and Fishers to Study and Manage an Endangered Species / Patrick Prouzet, Elsa Amilhat, Catherine Boisneau, Philippe Boisneau, Eric Feunteun and Nicolas Michelet 8 Trophic Cascade in Seaweed Beds in Sanriku Coast Hit by the Huge Tsunami on 11 March 2011: Sea Urchin Fishery as a Satoumi Activity Serving for Increase in Marine Productivity and Biodiversity / Teruhisa Komatsu, Shuji Sasa, Hiroki Murata, Shuhei Sawayama, Masahiro Hamana, Minami Asada, Ryo Tsujimoto, Genki Terauchi and Tetsuo Yanagi 9 The English Channel: Becoming like the Seas Around Japan / Jean-Claude Dauvin, Jean-Philippe Pezy and Alexandrine Baffreau Part III Physical Oceanography 10 Recent Research Results and Future Project in the Antarctic Ocean by Umitaka-Maru Research Group for Physical Oceanography / Yujiro Kitade, Keishi Shimada, Shigeru Aoki and Kay I. Ohshima 11 Response of Near-Inertial Internal Waves to Various Typhoon-Tracks Around the Tango Peninsula, Japan / Keiichi Yamazaki, Yujiro Kitade, Yosuke Igeta, Yutaka Kumaki and Tatsuro Watanabe 12 A High-Resolution Unstructured Grid Finite Volume Model for Currents Around Narrow Straits of Matsushima Bay / Hidekazu Shirai, Ritsuki Kunisato, Shinya Magome, Teruhisa Hattori, Takamasa Takagi, Katsuaki Okabe, Kazufumi Takayanagi and Shigeho Kakehi 13 Observation of Near-Bottom Current on the Continental Shelf Off Sanriku / Daigo Yanagimoto, Kiyoshi Tanaka, Shinzou Fujio, Hajime Nishigaki and Miho Ishizu Part IV Innovative Research 14 Control of Pressure-Driven Microdroplet Formation and Optimum Encapsulation in Microfluidic System / Mathias Girault, Akihiro Hattori, Hyonchol Kim, Kenji Matsuura, Masao Odaka, Hideyuki Terazono and Kenji Yasuda 15 Development of a De-oiling System for Seabed Sediments / Yoshichika Ikeda, Motohiro Miki, Hisayuki Arakawa and Mitsuru Izumi 16 Development of an Optical Detection System of Fuel Oil on Seabed Sediments / Akira Matsumoto, Kazuki Toguchi, Yoshichika Ikeda and Hisayuki Arakawa 17 Retinomotor and Stress Responses of Marbled Sole Pseudopleuronectes Yokohamae Under the LEDs / Rena Shibata, Yasuyuki Uto, Kenichi Ishibashi and Takashi Yada 18 Metabolome Profiling of Growth Hormone Transgenic Coho Salmon by Capillary Electrophoresis Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry / Toshiki Nakano, Hitoshi Shirakawa, Giles Yeo, Robert H. Devlin and Tomoyoshi Soga 19 Estimating the Diets of Fish Using Stomach Contents Analysis and a Bayesian Stable Isotope Mixing Models in Sendai Bay / Hiroyuki Togashi, Yukinori Nakane, Yosuke Amano and Yutaka Kurita Part V Coastal Ecosystem and Management 20 Ecological Status of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.) in France: Need for an Ecosystemic Approach / Patrick Prouzet and Nicolas Michelet 21 Challenges to Harmonize Sustainable Fishery with Environmental Conservation in the Coastal Ecosystems Under Oligotrophication / Masakazu Hori, Masahito Hirota, Franck Lagarde, Sandrine Vaz, Masami Hamaguchi, Naoaki Tezuka, Mitsutaku Makino and Ryo Kimura 22 One-Year Colonization by Zoobenthic Species on an Eco-Friendly Artificial Reef in the English Channel Intertidal Zone / Jean-Claude Dauvin and Aurélie Foveau 23 New Installations of Artificial Reefs Along the Coast of the Landes (South–West Atlantic Coast of France) / Gérard Fourneau, Florence Dufour, Aurélie Penne, Nelly Ferrou, Thomas Scourzic, Aurore Laborde and Elodie Zaccari 24 Marine Ecosystem Services: Perception of Residents from Remote Islands, Taketomi Town / Kazumi Wakita, Keiyu Kohama, Takako Masuda, Katsumi Yoshida, Taro Oishi, Zhonghua Shen, Nobuyuki Yagi, Hisahi Kurokura, Ken Furuya and Yasuwo Fukuyo 25 Quantitative Mapping of Fish Habitat: From Knowledge to Spatialised Fishery Management / Sandrine Vaz and Olivier Le Pape 26 Do Our Ocean Policies Make Any Difference in the Wellbeing of Coastal Communities? / Yves Henocque Part VI Aquaculture 27 Heterogeneity of Japanese Oyster (Crassostrea Gigas) Spat Collection in a Shellfish Farmed Mediterranean Lagoon / Franck Lagarde, Martin Ubertini, Serge Mortreux, Adeline Perignon, Axel Leurion, Patrik Le Gall, Claude Chiantella, Slem Meddah, Jean-Louis Guillou, Gregory Messiaen, Béatrice Bec, Cécile Roques, Delphine Bonnet, Hélène Cochet, Ismaël Bernard, Erika Gervasoni, Marion Richard, Gilles Miron, Annie Fiandrino, Stephane Pouvreau and Emmanuelle Roque D’orbcastel 28 Suitable Oyster Culture Density in Oginohama Bay, Miyagi, Japan / Yutaka Okumura, Akatsuki Nawata, Hiroshi Ito, Akio Oshino and Motoyuki Hara 29 Population Dynamics of the Manila Clam Ruditapes Philippinarum and Implications of the 2011 Tsunami Impact in Two Shallow, Semi-enclosed Bays in Northeastern Japan / Hirokazu Abe, Masami Hamaguchi, Naoto Kajihara, Yuichi Taniai, Akio Oshino, Akihiro Moriyama and Takashi Kamiyama 30 Feed and Feeding in Certification Schemes of Sustainable Aquaculture / Catherine Mariojouls, Raphaëla Le Gouvello and François Simard Part VII Short and Preliminary Communications 31 French Bluefin Tuna Longline Fishery Bycatch Programme / François Poisson, Sophie Arnaud-Haond, Hervé Demarcq, Luisa Métral, Blandine Brisset, Delphine Cornella and Bertrand Wendling 32 137 Cs and Tritium Concentrations in Seawater off the Fukushima Prefecture: Results from the SOSO 5 Rivers Cruise (October 2014) / Michio Aoyama, Hervé Thébault, Y. Hamajima, Sabine Charmasson, Mireille Arnaud and Céline Duffa Correction to: Oceanography Challenges to Future Earth / Teruhisa Komatsu, Hubert-Jean Ceccaldi, Jiro Yoshida, Patrick Prouzet and Yves Henocque Author Index

Note: Contents Meteorology and Climatology of the Mediterranean and Black Seas: Introduction / Ivica Vilibić, Kristian Horvath und Jose Luis Palau An Extreme Hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation /Hakki Baltaci, Bulent Oktay Akkoyunlu und Mete Tayanc Hydraulic and Wave Aspects of Novorossiysk Bora / Anna A. Shestakova, Konstantin B. Moiseenko und Pavel A. Toropov Waterspout Forecasting Method Over the Eastern Adriatic Using a High-Resolution Numerical Weather Model / Tanja Renko, Sarah Ivušić, Maja Telišman Prtenjak, Vinko Šoljan und Igor Horvat Study of the Western Black Sea Storms with a Focus on the Storms Caused by Cyclones of North African Origin / Vasko Galabov und Hristo Chervenkov Operational Wave Modelling in the Adriatic Sea with the Wind Wave Model / Mathieu Dutour Sikirić, Damir Ivanković, Aron Roland, Stjepan Ivatek-Šahdan und Martina Tudor Atmospheric Forcing Conducive for the Adriatic 25 June 2014 Meteotsunami Event / Kristian Horvath, Jadranka Šepić und Maja TelišMan Prtenjak Impact of Geomorphological Changes to Harbor Resonance During Meteotsunamis: The Vela Luka Bay Test Case / Cléa Denamiel, Jadranka Šepić und Ivica Vilibić Analysis of long-term changes in extreme climatic indices: a case study of the Mediterranean climate, Marmara Region, Turkey / Mohsen Abbasnia und Hüseyin Toros Observed Changes in Daily Precipitation Extremes at Annual Timescale Over the Eastern Mediterranean During 1961–2012 / S. Mathbout, J.A. Lopez-Bustins, D. Royé, J. Martin-Vide, J. Bech und F.S. Rodrigo Modelling Dry Spells by Extreme Value Distribution with Bayesian Inference / Ksenija Cindrić und Zoran Pasarić Analyzing the Mediterranean Water Cycle Via Satellite Data Integration / Victor Pellet, Filipe Aires, Annarita Mariotti und Diego Fernández-Prieto Impact of the Surface–Atmosphere Variables on the Relation Between Air and Land Surface Temperatures / Gemma Simó, Daniel Martínez-Villagrasa, Maria A. Jiménez, Vicente Caselles und Joan Cuxart Assessing Shifts of Mediterranean and Arid Climates Under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 Climate Projections in Europe / José I. Barredo, Achille Mauri, Giovanni Caudullo und Alessandro Dosio Mediterranean Sea-Level Variability in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: A Bayesian Approach to Closing the Budget / Mirko Orlić, Miroslava Pasarić und Zoran Pasarić Mediterranean Surface Geostrophic Circulation from Satellite Gravity and Altimetry Observations / M.I. Vigo, M.D. Sempere, B.F. Chao und M. Trottini Variability of Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling in the North-Eastern Black Sea in 1979–2016 According to NCEP/CFSR Data / Ksenia Silvestrova, Stanislav Myslenkov und Andrey Zatsepin Sea Surface Temperature in the Mediterranean: Trends and Spatial Patterns (1982–2016) / Francisco Pastor, Jose Antonio Valiente und José Luis Palau Long-Term Trends, Variability and Extremes of In Situ Sea Surface Temperature Measured Along the Eastern Adriatic Coast and its Relationship to Hemispheric Processes / Branka Grbec, Frano Matić, Gordana Beg Paklar, Mira Morović, Ružica Popović und Ivica Vilibić Water Masses in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: An Analysis of Measured Isotopic Oxygen / Paola de Ruggiero, Davide Zanchettin, Manuel Bensi, Dagmar Hainbucher, Barbara Stenni, Stefano Pierini und Angelo Rubino Modelling Interannual Changes in Dense Water Formation on the Northern Adriatic Shelf / Hrvoje Mihanović, Ivica Janeković, Ivica Vilibić, Vedrana Kovačević und Manuel Bensi Mediterranean Thermohaline Response to Large-Scale Winter Atmospheric Forcing in a High-Resolution Ocean Model Simulation / Eleonora Cusinato, Davide Zanchettin, Gianmaria Sannino und Angelo Rubino Role of the Oceanic Vertical Thermal Structure in the Modulation of Heavy Precipitations Over the Ligurian Sea / A.N. Meroni, L. Renault, A. Parodi und C. Pasquero

Note: Contents Part I Keynote Fifty Years of Paleoceanography: Major Achievements in Our Understanding of Past and Future Climate Change - Some Memories and Hearsay / Michael Sarnthein Part II Paleoceanographic Evolution Orbital-Scale Paleoceanographic Response to the Indian Monsoon in the Laxmi Basin of the Eastern Arabian Sea / Boo-Keun Khim, Ji-Eun Kim, Keiji Horikawa, Minoru Ikehara, Yoshihiro Asahara, and Jongmin Lee The 4.2 ka Event in the Euro-Mediterranean Region - A Study from the MISTRALS/PALEOMEX Program / Bassem Jalali and Marie-Alexandrine Sicre Record of Early Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events in Adriatic Platform, Croatia / Antun Husinec and J. Fred Read Sedimentological and Geochemical Records of Lower Cretaceous Carbonate Successions Around Trabzon (NE Turkey): Implications for Paleoenvironmental Evolution and Paleoclimatological Conditions of Tethys / Merve Özyurt, M. Ziya Kirmaci, İ. Ömer Yılmaz, and Raif Kandemir Part III Paleoclimate Evolution Paleoclimate Evolution of the Kordofan Region (Sudan), During the Last 13 ka / Ahmed Dawelbeit, Etienne Jaillard, and Ali Eisawi Use of Paleoclimate Rainfall Data to Detect Mega Drought Signals / Joo-Heon Lee, Chanyang Sur, and Seo-Yeon Park Paleoclimatology Evidence of Eocene from Jaddala Formation in Northwestern Iraq / Alaa Al-Zubaidi and Omar Al-Badrani Holocene Paleoclimatic Variation Inferred from Study of Sediments in the Gulf of Tunis (North Africa) / Nizar Ouertani and Soumaya Yahyaoui Noble Gas Recharge Temperature of Sfax Deep Groundwater (Southeastern of Tunisia) / Rim Trabelsi, Mahdi Trabelsi, Kamel Zouari, and Takuya Matsumoto Time Analysis of Emberger’s Pluviothermic Q Index in the SW of the Iberian Peninsula / Leoncio García-Barrón, Julia Morales, and Arturo Sousa Systematic and Palaeoclimatic Investigations of Sivalhippus from the Late Miocene Siwaliks (Pakistan) / Muhammad tahir Waseem, Abdul majid Khan, Rana Mansoor Ahmad, Ayesha Iqbal, and Muhammad Ameen The Thar Desert Calcretes: A Proxy for Understanding Late Quaternary Paleoclimate Shifts / Hema Achyuthan Part IV Paleoenvironmental Evolution Using Environmental Isotopes and Krypton-81 to Characterize and Date Continental Intercalaire Paleogroundwater (Southern Tunisia) / Kamel Zouari, Takuya Matsumoto, Rim Trabelsi, and Pradeep Aggarwal Water Column Chemistry of Late Holocene Lake Bafa, Eastern Coast of the Aegean Sea (Turkey) / Özlem Bulkan, Ummuhan Sancar, Wei Wei, Xiaomin Zhu, and M. Namık Çağatay New Reports of Messinian Lago-Mare Episodes from Tunisia: Ostracods and Paleoenvironmental Implications / Rim Temani, Hayet Khayati Ammar, and Francesco Sciuto Geochemical Evidences of Paleoenvironmental Changes in Late Quaternary Lacustrine Sediments of the Konya Closed Basin (Konya, Turkey) / Hükmü Orhan, Arif Delikan, Ahmet Demir, Sevinç Kapan, Kemal Olgun, Ayhan Özmen, Ülkü Sayin, Gamze Ekici, Hülya Aydin, and Atike Nazik Reconstruction of Holocene Paleoenvironmental Changes Along Northern Coast of Sfax: Analysis of Foraminiferal Associations / Afef Khadraoui, Jérôme Bonnin, Chahira Zaïbi, and Fekri Kamoun Evolution of Korba Lagoon (Cap Bon, Tunisia) During the Last Millennia Based on the Analysis of Foraminiferal Assemblages / Asma Ben Hamad, Chahira Zaïbi, Martin R. Langer, and Fekri Kamoun Paleoenvironment Evolution of a Paralic System, El Guettiate and Dreïaa Sebkhas (Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia) / Zeineb Gargouri and Kamel Zouari Part V Spatio-temporal Patterns of Climate Change Testing for Collective Statistical Significance in Climate Change Detection Studies / Radan Huth and Martin Dubrovský Long-Term Variability of Gauged Precipitation Over California and Its Links to Circulation Patterns / Luciano Rodriguez, Cyril Rakovski, Mohamed Allali, and Hesham El-Askary Sensitivity of IDF Curves to Rainfall Gauge Type / A. S. Al-Wagdany Structural Characteristics of Precipitation in Jordan / Fayez A. Abdulla and Abdulelah Al-Qadami The Shift of the Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Its Impacts on Western Mediterranean / Mohammed-Said Karrouk Recent Rainfall Variability in the South-West Mediterranean Region and Links with Teleconnection Patterns / Sabrina Taibi, Imane Messelmi, Mohamed Meddi, and Mohamed Amine Feddal Regionalization of Precipitation in Jordan / Abdulelah Al-Qadami and Fayez A. Abdulla Correlation Between NAO and Radio Refractive Index Over Africa / Joseph Dada, Adekunle Titus Adediji, Kayode Adedayo, and Moses Ajewole Convective Cloud Climatology Over Indian Tropics and Nearby Regions Using Multi-spectral Satellite Observations / Anoop Kumar Mishra, Mohammd Rafiq, Sagarika Chandra, and Nagaiyavedu Adalarasu Sivarajan Analysis of Trend and Variability in Time Series of Extreme Daily Temperature of Abu Dhabi City (UAE) / Nishi Bhuvandas Black Carbon Aerosol Characteristics and Its Radiative Effect in Xuzhou City, China / Mengdie Xie and Wei Chen Part VI Sea Level Variability: Past, Present and Future On the Long-Term Mediterranean Sea Level Variability / Mahdi Haddad and Antonio Bonaduce Impacts of Relative Sea Level Change and Sedimentary Dynamic on an Historic Site Expansion Along the Coast Between Sfax and Jebeniena, Tunisia / Mohamed Kamoun, Afef Khadraoui, Asma Ben Hamad, Chahira Zaïbi, Martin R. Langer, Nejib Bahrouni, Mohamed Ben Youssef, and Fekri Kamoun Sedimentary Dynamic and Sea Level Variation Along Hachichina Coast (Sebkha Ras Younga, Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia) During Holocene: Response of Ostracods and Foraminifera Assemblages / Khaoula Ben Khlifa, Chahira Zaïbi, Jérome Bonnin, and Fekri Kamoun New Experimental Low Cost Technique of Sea-Level Monitoring: Toward a Sea-Level Monitoring for All / Yacine Hemdane, Mohamed Bouhmadouche, Bachir Hamadache, and Mohamed Aounallah Part VII Climate Change Impacts and Migration Schemes Economic Impact of Sand and Dust Storms on the Oil Sector in Kuwait / Ali Al-Hemoud and Safaa Al-Awadhi Spatial and Temporal Variations of Bare Land in Beijing, China: A 30-Year Analysis / Yating Chen and Aobo Liu Appraising Climate Change and Its Influence on Glaciers of South Asian Himalayan Region / Sheikh Saeed Ahmad, Javeria Saleem, and Marria Ghalib World Population: Its Connection with Climate Variations / Alexey V. Byalko Groundwater Resources Sustainability in Africa Under a Climate Change Scenario: Knowledge Gaps and Needs / Ahzegbobor P. Aizebeokhai, Kehinde D. Oyeyemi, and Adebola E. Adeniran Adaptation Strategies and Resilience to Climate Change for Warm, Dry-Summer Continental Climate in Iran / Gholamreza Roshan, José A. Orosa, Ángel M. Costa, and Rebeca Bouzón Building Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in a Small Region with a Warm and Semi-humid Climate Type (Iran) / Gholamreza Roshan, José A. Orosa, Ángel M. Costa, and Rebeca Bouzón Climate-Driven Migration Assessment of Southwestern Coast of Bangladesh / Iftekharul Anam Saikat, Nabila Nawshin, and M. Tauhid Ur Rahman

Note: Contents: 1 The ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Haakon Hop and Christian Wiencke Part I. Atmospheric conditions 2 The atmosphere above Ny-Ålesund : climate and global warming, ozone and surface UV radiation / Marion Maturilli, Inger Hanssen-Bauer, Roland Neuber, Markus Rex, and Kåre Edvardsen Part II. Oceanography, sea ice and underwater light regime 3 The Kongsfjorden Transect : seasonal and inter-annual variability in hydrography / Vigdis Tverberg, Ragnheid Skogseth, Finlo Cottier, Arild Sundfjord, Waldemar Walczowski, Mark E. Inall, Eva Falck, Olga Pavlova, and Frank Nilsen 4 Changes in sea-ice extent and thickness in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard (2003-2016) / Olga Pavlova, Sebastian Gerland, and Haakon Hop 5 The underwater light climate in Kongsfjorden and its ecological implications / Alexey K. Pavlov, Eva Leu, Dieter Hanelt, Inka Bartsch, Ulf Karsten, Stephen R. Hudson, Jean-Charles Gallet, Finlo Cottier, Jonathan H. Cohen, Jørgen Berge, Geir Johnsen, Marion Maturilli, Piotr Kowalczuk, Sławomir Sagan, Justyna Meler, and Mats A. Granskog Part III. Pelagic production, phytoplankton and zooplankton 6 Phytoplankton seasonal dynamics in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard and the adjacent shelf / Else N. Hegseth, Philipp Assmy, Józef M. Wiktor, Józef Wiktor Jr., Svein Kristiansen, Eva Leu, Vigdis Tverberg, Tove M. Gabrielsen, Ragnheid Skogseth, and Finlo Cottier 7 Zooplankton in Kongsfjorden (1996-2016) in relation to climate change / Haakon Hop, Anette Wold, Mikko Vihtakari, Malin Daase, Slawomir Kwasniewski, Marta Gluchowska, Silke Lischka, Friedrich Buchholz and Stig Falk-Petersen Part IV. Benthic microbes, macroalgae and fauna 8 Living on cold substrata : new insights and approaches in the study of microphytobenthos ecophysiology and ecology in Kongsfjorden / Ulf Karsten, Iris Schaub, Jana Woelfel, Duygu S. Sevilgen, Carolin Schlie, Burkhard Becker, Angela Wulff, Martin Graeve, and Heiko Wagner 9 Biodiversity of benthic macro- and microalgae from Svalbard with special focus on Kongsfjorden / Stein Fredriksen, Ulf Karsten, Inka Bartsch, Jana Woelfel, Miriam Koblowsky, Rhena Schumann, Siri Røang Moy, Robert S. Steneck, Józef M. Wiktor, Haakon Hop, and Christian Wiencke 10. Kelps and environmental changes in Kongsfjorden : Stress perception and responses / Kai Bischof, Christian Buschbaum, Stein Frederiksen, Francisco J. L. Gordillo, Sandra Heinrich, Carlos Jiménez, Cornelius Lütz, Markus Molis, Michael Y. Roleda, Max Schwanitz, and Christian Wiencke 11. Ecological drivers of and responses by Arctic benthic communities, with an emphasis on Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Markus Molis, Frank Beuchel, Jürgen Laudien, Maria Włodarska-Kowalczuk, and Christian Buschbaum Part V. Arctic fjord ecosystem model and autonomous marine observatories. 12. Outline of an Arctic fjord ecosystem model for Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden, Svalbard / Pedro Duarte, Jan Marcin Weslawski, and Haakon Hop 13. Autonomous marine observatories in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Haakon Hop, Finlo Cottier, and Jørgen Berge Part VI. Kongsfjorden as harbinger of the future Arctic 14. Kongsfjorden as harbinger of the future Arctic : knowns, unknowns and research priorities / Kai Bischof, Peter Convey, Pedro Duarte, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Maria Granberg, Haakon Hop, Clara Hoppe, Carlos Jiménez, Leonid Lisitsyn, Brezo Martinez, Michael Y. Roleda, Peter Thor, Józef M. Wiktor, and Geir Wing Gabrielsen

Note: Contents Additives and Chemicals in Plastics / Anthony L. Andrady and Nepali Rajapakse Food Containers and Packaging Materials as Possible Source of Hazardous Chemicals to Food / Evangelia Manoli and Dimitra Voutsa Release of Additives and Monomers from Plastic Wastes / Charita S. Kwan and Hideshige Takada Degradation of Various Plastics in the Environment / Kalliopi N. Fotopoulou and Hrissi K. Karapanagioti Occurrence of Marine Litter in the Marine Environment: A World Panorama of Floating and Seafloor Plastics / Christos Ioakeimidis, François Galgani, and George Papatheodorou Sources, Distribution, and Fate of Microscopic Plastics in Marine Environments / Richard C. Thompson Nature of Plastic Marine Pollution in the Subtropical Gyres / Marcus Eriksen, Martin Thiel, and Laurent Lebreton Hazardous Chemicals in Plastics in Marine Environments: International Pellet Watch / Rei Yamashita, Kosuke Tanaka, Bee Geok Yeo, Hideshige Takada, Jan A. van Franeker, Megan Dalton, and Eric Dale Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds to Plastics in the Marine Environment: Equilibrium / Satoshi Endo and Albert A. Koelmans Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds to Plastics in the Marine Environment: Sorption and Desorption Kinetics / Hrissi K. Karapanagioti and David Werner Biofilms on Plastic Debris and Their Influence on Marine Nutrient Cycling, Productivity, and Hazardous Chemical Mobility / Tracy J. Mincer, Erik R. Zettler, and Linda A. Amaral-Zettler Ingestion of Plastics by Marine Organisms / Peter G. Ryan Transfer of Hazardous Chemicals from Ingested Plastics to Higher-Trophic-Level Organisms / Kosuke Tanaka, Rei Yamashita, and Hideshige Takada The Role of Plastic Debris as Another Source of Hazardous Chemicals in Lower-Trophic Level Organisms / Chelsea M. Rochman Conclusions of “Hazardous Chemicals Associated with Plastics in Environment” / Hrissi K. Karapanagioti and Hideshige Takada Erratum to: Food Containers and Packaging Materials as Possible Source of Hazardous Chemicals to Food / Evangelia Manoli and Dimitra Voutsa Index

Note: Contents Consistency and Uncertainty Analyses of Sediment Transport Monitoring in the Transboundary River: Case Study of Western Dvina (Russian Federation, Belarus and Latvia) / S. R. Chalov Global Change Impact on Ephemeral Streams Sediment Load in the Raya Graben, Northern Ethiopia / P. Billi, B. Demissie, J. Nyssen, A. Frankl, and M. Haile Longitudinal and Cross Profiles as Indicators of Morphodynamics of Small Drainage Basins (Case Study European Russia) / V. P. Bondarev Change of Erosive Activity in the Context of Change of the Climate / S. V. Budnik Numerical Modeling of Channel Deformation Taking into Account Sediment Fractions Distribution / A. I. Aleksyuk, V. V. Belikov, N. M. Borisova, and T. A. Fedorova Drivers of Sedimentary Fluxes Assessment in Alpine Catchments / V. O. Bazilova, S. R. Chalov, and A. S. Tsyplenkov Peculiarities of Ice Nucleation on Particles in Atmosphere and Soil / D. M. Frolov The Extreme Rainfall Characteristics and Terrace Greenhouse Erosion Control in Climate Change and Human Impact in Hilly and Gully Region of the Loess Plateau in China / J. E. Gao, Y. X. Zhang, X. H. Li, H. J. Li, Z. Gao, and M. J. Ji Integration of Landforms, Deposits and Paleosols Analysis for Reconstructing Holocene Debris Flow Activity in the Low Mountains of Kola Peninsula / E. V. Garankina, V. R. Belyaev, Y. R. Belyaev, A. L. Gurinov, M. M. Ivanov, N. V. Kuzmenkova, F. A. Romanenko, A. I. Rudinskaya, and E. D. Tulyakov Trees as Large-Scale Natural Phononic Crystals / Jian-Kun Huang, Yi-Fan Liu, and Ya-Guang Li Climate Change and Sediment Yield in Kamchatka, Far East of Russia / L. V. Kuksina Selenga River Runoff Projections in the XXI Century: ECOMAG-Based Simulation Results / T. D. Millionshchikova Postglacial Incision-Widening-Infill Cycles at the Borisoglebsk Upland: Correlations Between Interfluve Headwaters and Fluvial Network / Y. V. Shishkina, E. V. Garankina, V. R. Belyaev, P. V. Andreev, A. I. Bondar, V. I. Potapova, T. A. Verlova, and ILYA G. Shorkunov Geomorphometric and Geoinformation Approach to Meliorative Evaluation of the Territory / A. R. Suleymanov The Innovation Technology Based on Molecular Phylogeny of Bacillariophyceae for Water Quality Monitoring / A. E. Sverdrup and L. L. Frolova Water Balance Assessment Using Swat Model. Case Study on Russian Subcatchment of Western Dvina River / P. N. Terskii, A. A. Kuleshov, and S. R. Chalov Numerical Modeling of Channel Processes and Hydraulic Engineering Impact on the River Amur / E. Fingert, I. Krylenko, V. Belikov, P. Golovlyov, M. Samokhin, S. Borovkov, and A. Zavadskii Channel Processes Dynamics at Wet Subtropical Climate of Russian Black Sea Coast / Y. Kuznetsova, V. Golosov, and N. Ivanova Intra-storm Variability of Coefficient of Variation of Runoff and Soil Loss in Consecutive Storms at Experimental Plot Scale / M. Kiani-Harchegani, S. H. R. Sadeghi, and A. Ghahramani Study of Channel Changes in the Lena River Near Yakutsk Based on Long-Term Data, Satellite Images and Two-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Model / E. D. Kornilova, E. A. Morozova, I. N. Krylenko, E. A. Fingert, P. P. Golovlyov, A. S. Zavadsky, and V. V. Belikov A Probabilistic Approach to Interpret Long-Term Observations of Sediment Yield in Experimental Catchments in Southern Italy / P. Porto and G. Callegari Extreme Erosion Events and Climate Change / E. V. Promakhova, L. V. Kuksina, and V. N. Golosov The Emission of Carbon Dioxide from Soils Washed-Out and Buried by Accelerated Erosion in the Chernozem Belt of the European Russia / A. Sidorchuk Gully Erosion and Thermo-erosion Modelling for the Conditions of the Modern and the Late-Glacial Periglacial Climate / A. Sidorchuk

Note: Contents Part I Vortex and Circulation Phenomena Numerical Study of the Cross Flow in a Non-isothermal Open Cavity / G.E. Ovando-Chacon, S.L. Ovando-Chacon, J.C. Prince-Avelino, A. Rodriguez-León and A. Servin-Martínez Oscillations of a Flexible Plate Immersed in a Vortex Street / E. Sandoval Hernández and A. Cros Experimental Study of a Vortex Generated at the Edge of a Channel with a Step / E.J. López-Sánchez, C.D. García-Molina, G. Ruiz-Chavarría and A. Medina Fluid Forces on a Flexible Circular Cylinder in Vortex-Induced Vibrations / C. Monreal-Jiménez, F. Oviedo-Tolentino, G.L. Gutiérrez-Urueta, R. Romero-Méndez and G. Mejía-Rodríguez Vortical Structures Generated Behind Flapping Foils with Different Aspect Ratios / B. Franco Llamas, E. Sandoval Hernández and A. Cros Circulation Control: A Comparative Study of Experimental and Numerical Investigation / H. Carmona, A. Cházaro, A. Traslosheros, A. Iturbe and J. Hernández CFD RANS Simulation of 2D Circulation Control Airfoil / H. Carmona, A. Cházaro, A. Traslosheros, A. Iturbe and J. Hernández Calibration of a Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) / A. Aguayo Ortiz, H. Cardoso Sakamoto, C. Echeverría Arjonilla, D. Porta Zepeda, C. Stern Forgach and G. Monsivais Galindo Measurement of the Density Inside a Supersonic Jet Using the Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) Technique / D. Porta, C. Echeverría, A. Aguayo, J.E. Hiroki Cardoso and C. Stern Part II Environmental Applications Experimental Evaluation of Specific Components Working in an Environmentally Friendly Cooling System / G. Gutierrez Urueta, F. Oviedo, R. Peña, P. Rodríguez-Aumente, C. Monreal and J. Arellano Rainfall Series Fractality in the Baja California State / A. López-Lambraño, C. Fuentes, A. López-Ramos, M. Pliego-Díaz and M. López-L Hydrodynamic Modeling for the Sustainable Management of the Guájaro Hydrosystem, Colombia / F. Torres-Bejarano, J. Padilla Coba, H. Ramírez-León, C. Rodríguez-Cuevas and R. Cantero-Rodelo Numerical Modeling of Hydrodynamics in the Agua Brava Lagoon, Located in Nayarit, Mexico / H. Barrios-Piña, H. Ramírez-León, A. Cuevas-Otero, F. Torres-Bejarano and J.T. Ponce-Palafox Hydraulic, Hydrodynamic and Environmental Design of an Offshore Outfall for the Campeche Sound Marine Region / A. Cuevas-Otero, H. Ramírez-León and H. Barrios-Piña Numerical Air Quality Forecast Modeling System: Mexico Case Study / A.R. Garcia, B.E. Mar-Morales and L.G. Ruiz-Suárez Internal Wave Observations in the Petacalco Canyon, México / A. Ruiz-Angulo and J. Zavala-Hidalgo Part III Fluid–Structure Interaction Stochastic Simulation for Couette Flow of Dilute Polymer Solutions Using Hookean Dumbbells / A. Gómez López, I. Pérez Reyes, A. López Villa and R.O. Vargas Aguilar Two-Dimensional Motion of a Viscoelastic Membrane in an Incompressible Fluid: Applications to the Cochlear Mechanics / Y.N. Domínguez-del Ángel, M. Núñez-López, J.G. González-Santos and A. López-Villa Electromagnetically Driven Flow Between Concentric Spheres: Experiments and Simulations / A. Figueroa, J.A. Rojas, J. Rosales and F. Vázquez Vibration of a Water Drop in a Hydrophobic Medium / G. Rangel Paredes, D. Porta Zepeda, C. Echeverría Arjonilla and C. Stern Forgach Analysis of an Annular MHD Stirrer for Microfluidic Applications / J. Pérez-Barrera, A. Ortiz and S. Cuevas Trajectories of Water and Sand Jets / D.A. Serrano, F. Sánchez-Silva, J. Klapp, P. Tamayo, A. Medina and G. Domínguez Coupling of P-B Equation with Stokes System: Formation of Rayleigh Jets / L.B. Gamboa and M.A. Fontelos Flow Measurement at the Inlet and Outlet Zones of an Automotive Brake Disc with Ventilation Post Pillars, Using Particle Image Velocimetry Technique / C.A. Jiménez García, G.J. Gutiérrez Paredes, J.E. Rivera López, A. López Villa and J.M. Casillas Navarrete Part IV General Fluid Dynamics and Applications Bouncing Droplets, Pilot-Waves, and Quantum Mechanics / Tomas Bohr, Anders Andersen and Benny Lautrup Phenomena of a Miscible Drop Through a Stratified Fluid / A. Zarazúa Cruz, C. Echeverría Arjonilla, D. Porta Zepeda and C. Stern Forgach Astrophysical Fluids of Novae: High Resolution Pre-decay X-Ray Spectrum of V4743 Sagittarii / J.M. Ramírez-Velasquez X-Ray Outflows of Active Galactic Nuclei Warm Absorbers: A 900 ks Chandra Simulated Spectrum / J.M. Ramírez-Velasquez and J. García Comparative Analysis of the Air Flow in Different Cultures Inside a Greenhouse Using CFD / J. Flores-Velázquez, W. Ojeda B and A. Rojano Numerical Modeling of the Knee Synovial Joint Under Deformation Using the Finite Volume Method / N. Martínez-Gutiérrez, L.A. Ibarra-Bracamontes, S.R. Galván-González, A. Aguilar-Corona and G. Viramontes-Gamboa Causal Propagation of Heat and Thermohaline Instability in Quasi-static Phenomena / A. Aguirre-Guzman and N. Falcón Dynamics of Noncohesive Confined Granular Media / N. Mujica and R. Soto Equations to Determine Energy Losses in Sudden and Gradual Change of Direction / J.J. Villegas-León, A.A. López-Lambraño, J.G. Morales-Nava, M. Pliego-Díaz, C. Fuentes and A. López-Ramos Parallel CPU/GPU Computing for Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Models / J.M. Domínguez, A. Barreiro, A.J.C. Crespo, O. García-Feal and M. Gómez-Gesteira Aquathemolysis Reaction of Heavy Oil by a MoWNiC Nanocrystalline Catalyst Produced by Mechanical Alloying / G.J. Gutiérrez Paredes, J.N. Rivera Olvera, A. López Villa and L. Díaz Barriga Arceo Correction to: Astrophysical Fluids of Novae: High Resolution Pre-decay X-Ray Spectrum of V4743 Sagittarii / J. M. Ramírez-Velasquez

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2019 , TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Zusammenfassung Table of contents List of figures List of tables List of abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific background and motivation 1.1.1 Permafrost degradation 1.1.2 Snow cover 1.1.3 Vegetation phenology 1.2 Remote sensing of rapid changes 1.2.1 SAR remote sensing 1.2.2 TerraSar-X 1.3 Data and methods 1.4 Aims and objectives 1.5 Study areas and data 1.6 Thesis structure and author contributions 1.6.1 Chapter 2 – Monitoring inter-and intra-seasonal dynamics of rapidly degrading ice-rich permafrost riverbanks in the Lena Delta with TerraSAR-X time series 1.6.2 Chapter 3 – TerraSAR-X time series fill a gap in spaceborne snowmelt monitoring of small Arctic catchments 1.6.3 Chapter 4 – Estimation of Arctic tundra vegetation phenology with TerraSAR-X 2 Monitoring inter-and intra-seasonal dynamics of rapidly degrading ice-rich permafrost riverbanks in the Lena Delta with TerraSAR-X time series 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study area 2.4 Data and methods 2.4.1 SAR data and processing 2.4.2 Automated cliff-top line extraction from SAR data 2.4.3 Quantification of cliff-top erosion with the Digital Shoreline Analysis System 2.4.4 Cliff top mapping from optical satellite data 2.4.5 In-situ observations of cliff top erosion 2.4.6 Climate data 2.4.7 Statistical data analysis 2.5 Results 2.5.1 TSX erosion versus in-situ and optical datasets 2.5.2 Inter-and intra-annual cliff-top erosion and climate data 2.5.3 Backscatter time series 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 Inter-annual dynamics of cliff-top erosion 2.6.2 Intra-annual dynamics of cliff-top erosion 2.6.3 Backscatter dynamics of tundra and cliff surfaces 2.7 Conclusions 2.8 Acknowledgments 3 TerraSAR-X time series fill a gap in spaceborne snowmelt monitoring of small Arctic catchments 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Study area 3.4 Data and methods 3.4.1 SAR satellite data 3.4.2 Optical satellite data 3.4.3 In-situ time-lapse camera data 3.4.4 Snow Cover Extent from TerraSAR-X 3.4.5 Snow Cover Extent from Landsat 8 3.4.6 Accuracy assessment of TerraSAR-X Snow Cover Extent 3.4.7 Fractional Snow Cover time series analysis 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Evaluation of TSX Snow Cover Extent 3.5.2 Time series of Fractional Snow Cover in all catchments 3.5.3 Time series of Fractional SnowCover in small catchments 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Spatiotemporal monitoring of snowmelt dynamics using TSX 3.6.2 Technical considerations for using TSX for wet snow detection 3.7 Conclusions 3.8 Acknowledgements 3.9 Appendix 4 Relationships between X-Band SAR and vegetation phenology in a low Arctic ecosystem 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Study area 4.4 Data and methods 4.4.1 In-situ time-lapse phenological cameras 4.4.2 Time-lapse image analysis 4.4.3 SAR satellite data 4.4.4 Backscatter and coherence time series 4.4.5 In-situ vegetation and climate data 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Phenocams 4.5.2 Backscatter dynamics 4.5.3 Coherence dynamics 4.6 Climate data 4.7 Backscatter and vegetation height 4.8 Discussion 4.9 Conclusion 4.10 Acknowledgments 5 Synthesis 5.1 Rapid permafrost disturbance 5.2 Snowmelt dynamics 5.3 Arctic tundra vegetation phenology 5.4 Seasonality and complementarity of TSX 5.5 Limitations and technical considerations 5.6 Key findings and outlook References Acknowledgements

Note: CONTENTS PREFACE 1 IASC Internal Development IASC Organization IASC Council IASC Executive Committee Secretariat ISIRA IASC Medal 2019 2 IASC Working Groups Cross-cutting Activities Launching of MOSAiC, an IASC Flagship Initiative Atmosphere Working Group (AWG) Cryosphere Working Group (CWG) Marine Working Group (MWG) Social and Human Working Group (SHWG) Terrestrial Working Group (TWG) 3 Arctic Science Summit Week 2018 POLAR2018: Where the Poles Come Together Upcoming ASSWs 4 Data and Observations#Arctic Data Committee (ADC) Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON) 5 Capacity Building IASC Fellowship Program Fellows’ Voices Overview of Supported Early Career Scientists

Note: Inhalt Vorwort Arktis und Antarktis – Naturräume in Poleposition Eine kurze Geschichte der Polarregionen Der Mensch erobert die Polargebiete Conclusio: Arktis und Antarktis – zwei grundverschiedene Polargebiete Die Polargebiete als Teil des globalen Klimasystems Warum es in den Polarregionen so kalt wird Eisschollen, Eisschilde und das Meer Conclusio: Eine Kettenreaktion mit frostigem Ende Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Polarregionen Die Pfade der Wärme Der Rückzug des Eises Conclusio: Mehr Wärme – viel weniger Eis Die Flora und Fauna der Polarregionen Ein Leben in der Kälte Das Leben im Meer Polare Ökosysteme auf dem Rückzug Conclusio: Hochspezialisiert und extrem gefährdet Politik und Wirtschaft in den Polarregionen Die Arktis und die Antarktis als politische Arenen Ein Wirtschaftsaufschwung mit Nebenwirkungen Conclusio: Wachsendes Interesse an den Polarregionen Gesamt-Conclusio Glossar Abkürzungen Quellenverzeichnis Mitwirkende Index Partner und Danksagung Abbildungsverzeichnis Impressum

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Titel Zum Buch Über die Autoren Widmung Impressum Inhalt Vorwort 1. Das Klimaproblem und die Klimapolitik Welche Risiken birgt der Klimawandel? Was ist mit der Vermeidung gefährlichen Klimawandels gemeint? Internationale Klimapolitik als Wette 2. Die Bestandsaufnahme der Klimapolitik Die Entwicklung der Emissionen Das Wirtschafts- und Bevölkerungswachstum Die Renaissance der Kohle und das Angebot fossiler Energieträger Abholzung und Landnutzung Energieeffizienz und erneuerbare Energien 3. Ziele und Wege der Klimapolitik Das 2 °C-Ziel als langfristige Klimapolitik Die Pfade der Transformation Dem technischen Fortschritt eine neue Richtung geben Die Kosten und Risiken des Klimaschutzes Wachstumsverzicht und Klimaschutz Anpassung - auch bei erfolgreicher Klimapolitik unvermeidlich Solar Radiation Management - der letzte Pfeil im Köcher? 4. Instrumente und Institutionen der Klimapolitik Ein Preis für Emissionen und andere Politikinstrumente Warum wir internationale Klimapolitik benötigen Das Paradoxon internationaler Vereinbarungen Die internationalen Verhandlungen Nach Paris: Vorschläge für die Ausgestaltung der internationalen Klimapolitik Die Klimapolitik der Europäischen Union Die deutsche Energiewende und der Klimaschutz Klimapolitik, Ungleichheit und Armutsbekämpfung 5. Die Rolle der Wissenschaft in der Klimapolitik Der Weltklimarat (IPCC) Der IPCC und die Modelle der wissenschaftlichen Politikberatung Die künftigen Herausforderungen für den IPCC Narrative der Klimapolitik Ausblick Weiterführende Literatur Quellen für Daten und Grafiken Register

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgement Gold Supporters Silver Supporters I Introduction Why OpenDroneMap? What You Can Do with OpenDroneMap The Key To Becoming a Successful User II Getting Started Installing The Software Hardware Requirements Installing on Windows Installing on macOS Installing on Linux Basic Commands and Troubleshooting Hello, WebODM! Processing Datasets Dataset Size File Requirements Process Tasks Output Results Share With Others Export To Another WebODM Manage Plugins Change The Look & Feel Create New Users Manage Permissions How Does WebODM Process Images? The Processing Pipeline Load Dataset Structure From Motion Multi View Stereo Meshing Texturing Georeferencing Digital Elevation Model Processing Orthophoto Processing Task Options in Depth build-overviews cameras crop debug dem-decimation dem-euclidean-map dem-gapfill-steps dem-resolution depthmap-resolution dsm dtm end-with fast-orthophoto gcp help ignore-gsd matcher-distance matcher-neighbors max-concurrency merge mesh-octree-depth mesh-point-weight mesh-samples mesh-size min-num-features mve-confidence opensfm-depthmap-method opensfm-depthmap-min-patch-sd orthophoto-bigtiff orthophoto-compression orthophoto-cutline orthophoto-no-tiled orthophoto-resolution pc-classify pc-csv pc-ept pc-filter pc-las rerun rerun-all rerun-from resize-to skip-3dmodel sm-cluster smrf-scalar smrf-slope smrf-threshold smrf-window split split-overlap texturing-data-term texturing-keep-unseen-faces texturing-nadir-weight texturing-outlier-removal-type texturing-skip-global-seam-leveling texturing-skip-hole-filling texturing-skip-local-seam-leveling texturing-skip-visibility-test texturing-tone-mapping time use-3dmesh use-exif use-fixed-camera-params use-hybrid-bundle-adjustment use-opensfm-dense verbose version Ground Control Points Creating a GCP file using POSM GCPi Using GCP files How GCP files work Flying Tips Fly Higher Fly on Overcast Days Fly Between 10am and 2pm Fly at Different Elevations and Capture Multiple Angles Fly on Calm Days Increase Overlap Set Drone to Hover While Taking Images Check Camera Settings III Advanced Usages The Command Line Command Line Basics Using ODM Processed Files Owned By Root Add New Processing Nodes to WebODM Batch Geotagging of Images Using Exiftool Further Readings Docker Essentials Docker Basics Managing Containers Managing Images Managing Volumes Docker-Compose Basics Managing Disk Space Changing Entrypoint Assigning Names To Containers Jumping Into Existing Containers Making Changes Without Rebuilding Images Camera Calibration Option 1: Use an Existing Camera Model Option 2: Generate a Camera Model From a Calibration Target Taking Pictures of a Calibration Target Extracting a Camera Profile Manually Writing a cameras.json File Bonus: Checking Your LCP File by Manually Removing Geometric Distortion Processing Large Datasets Split-Merge Options Local Split-Merge Distributed Split-Merge Using Image Groups and GCPs Limitations The NodeODM API Launching a NodeODM Instance NodeODM Configuration Using the API with cURL Remove a Task API Specification Automated Processing With Python Getting Started Example 1: Hello NodeODM Example 2: Process Datasets Concluding Remarks API Reference Glossary About the Author

Note: Contents 1 The Conifers Conifer Taxonomy Geographic Distribution and Biogeography Life History Ecological Tolerance Conifer Mating System, Life Cycle, and Reproduction The Largest, Tallest, and Oldest Organisms on the Planet Genetic Diversity Summary Part I Genomes 2 Genomes: Classical Era The Beginnings of Genome Research in Conifers Chromosome Number and Polyploidy Genome Size Karyotype Analysis Genome Content Organelle Genomes: Chloroplast and Mitochondria Size and Structure Gene Content Inheritance Variation Summary 3 Gene and Genome Sequencing in Conifers: Modern Era A Short History of DNA Sequencing in Conifers Expressed Sequence Tag Sequencing Gene Discovery Using Next-Generation Sequencing Conifer Reference Genome Sequences Sequencing, Assembly, and Annotation Strategies Summary Statistics of Published Conifer Genome Sequences Discovery of the Noncoding DNA Content of Conifer Genomes Discovery of the Number and Types of Coding Genes in Conifers Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing Summary 4 Noncoding and Repetitive DNA Introduction Ribosomal DNA Tandem Repeats: Satellite, Minisatellite, and Microsatellite DNA Transposons and Retrotransposons Pseudogenes Summary 5 Gene Structure and Gene Families A Short History of Early Conifer Gene Sequencing Wood-Forming Genes Vegetative Growth Genes Floral Genes Light-Regulated Genes Defense-Related Genes Disease-Resistant Genes Summary 6 Gene Expression and the Transcriptome A Short History of Gene Expression Studies in Conifers Wood Formation Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors Seasonal Patterns Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression Summary 7 Proteomics and Metabolomics A Short History of Proteomic and Metabolomic Research in Conifers Wood Formation Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors Seed Development and Somatic Embryogenesis Summary Part II Variation 8 Phenotypic Variation in Natural Populations Introduction Definitions Terms for Describing the Identity of Experimental Plant Materials: Provenance, Population, Seed Source, and Accession Terms for Describing Patterns of Genetic Variation on the Natural Landscape: Cline, Race, and Ecotype Historical Perspectives Application of Common Garden Experiments Experimental Approaches and Analytical Methods Experimental Approaches Analytical Methods Dependent and Independent Variables Common Garden Testing Literature Amount, Distribution, and Pattern of Genetic Variation in Phenotypic Traits of Conifers Amount and Distribution of Genetic Variation Patterns of Variation Are Local Sources Best? Case Studies Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) Pinus Summary 9 Neutral Genetic Variation Introduction and Background Molecular Markers Used in the Study of Neutral Variation Three Conifer Genomes Purpose and Applications of Neutral Genetic Variation Studies General Diversity Results: Allozymes Variation Within Species Variation Within Populations Distribution of Variation Among Populations (Based on Polymorphic Loci only) Differences in Measures of Diversity Among Conifer Genera and Families Allozyme Summary General Diversity Results: Molecular Markers Organelle Markers Nuclear Markers Population Differentiation Factors Affecting Amount and Distribution of Genetic Variation Mating Systems Gene Flow Genetic Drift Case Studies Diversity, Population Structure, and Biogeography Conservation and Mating Systems Effects of Forest Management and Tree Improvement on Genetic Diversity Summary 10 Adaptive Genetic Variation A Short History of Adaptive Genetic Variation in Conifers General Trends in Patterns of Adaptive Genetic Diversity in Conifers Observed from Neutrality and FST Outlier Tests Detection of Nonneutral Genes in a Few Conifer Species Pinus taeda Pinus sylvestris Pinus mugo, P. uncinata, and P. uliginosa Pinus pinaster and P. halepensis Pinus radiata Pinus contorta Pinus massoniana and P. hwangshanensis Pinus lambertiana and Other Subgenus Strobus Species Pseudotsuga menziesii Larix Species Abies Species Picea Species Cryptomeria japonica and Taxodium distichum Summary 11 Quantitative Trait Dissection A Short History of Complex Trait Dissection in Conifers Pinus taeda Pinus elliottii Pinus radiata Pinus sylvestris Pinus pinaster Pinus contorta Pseudotsuga menziesii Picea ssp. Larix ssp. Cryptomeria japonica Summary 12 Landscape Genomics A Short History of Landscape Genomics Studies in Conifers Pinus Subgenus Pinus Pinus Subgenus Strobus Picea Abies and Larix Summary 13 Conservation Genetics A Brief Introduction to Conservation Genetics in Forestry Fragmentation Habitat Loss Forest Practice Disease Insects Climate Change Summary 14 Forest Health Introduction The Growing Relevance of Forest Health Genetic Variation in Forest Health Traits Insects and Disease Abiotic Stress Mechanisms of Resistance and Tolerance Case Studies Resistance to Pissodes strobi (White Pine Weevil) Found in Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) Resistance to an Introduced Pathogen (Phytophthora lateralis) in Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port-Orford-cedar) Resistance to Stem Rusts in North American White Pines and Southern Yellow Pines Summary Part III Evolution 15 Hybridization and Introgression Introduction Definitions and Background Definitions Background Approaches to Identifying Hybrids and Quantifying Levels of Introgression Evolving Insights Case Studies of Introgressive Hybridization in Conifers Pinus contorta (Lodgepole Pine) x P. banksiana (Jack Pine) Picea sitchensis (Sitka Spruce) x P. glauca (White Spruce) and P. engelmannii (Engelmann Spruce) x P. glauca Pinus taeda (Loblolly Pine) x P. echinata (Shortleaf Pine) Hybrid Speciation Artificial Hybrids Summary 16 Paleobotany, Taxonomic Classification, and Phylogenetics Introduction Paleobotany Taxonomic Classification Cupressus Pinus Phylogenetics Character Selection The Conifers and Related Gymnosperms Araucariaceae Cupressaceae Pinaceae Podocarpaceae Sciadopityaceae Taxaceae Summary 17 Comparative Genomics Introduction to Comparative Genomics Comparative Mapping Comparative Gene Content and Transcriptomics Comparative Genome Sequences Summary 18 Historical Perspective and Future Directions in Forest Genetics and Genomics Historical Perspective Current Situation Future Directions Primary Commercial Species (Group A) Appendix 1 Appendix 2 References Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 Time and Geological Periods 3 Rocks and the Geological Record 4 The Age of the Rocks 5 Plate Tectonics, the Unifying Theory 6 Tectonics Units of Europe 6.1 Ancestral Europe 6.2 Paleo-Europe 6.3 Meso-Europe 6.4 Neo-Europe 7 Overview of the Plate Tectonic History of Europe 8 The Dynamic Earth, Earthquakes in Germany 9 Early Geological Evolution of Germany 9.1 The Pre-variscan Basement 9.2 Occurrences of Proterozoic and Early Paleozoic Units 9.2.1 Harz Mountains 9.2.2 Rheinisches Schiefergebirge 9.2.3 Lusatia 9.2.4 Elbe Zone 9.2.5 Erzgebirge 9.2.6 Schwarzburg Anticlinorium, Vesser Zone 9.2.7 Bohemian Massif 9.2.8 Black Forest 10 Late Paleozoic of Germany 10.1 The Variscan Orogeny 10.1.1 Rhenohercynian Zone 10.1.2 Saxothuringian Zone 10.1.3 Moldanubian Zone 10.2 Development of the Variscan Orogeny Through Time 10.2.1 Devonian 10.2.2 Carboniferous 10.3 The Variscides in Germany 10.3.1 Regional Geology of the Rhenohercynian 10.3.2 Northern Phyllite Zone 10.3.3 Regional Geology of the Saxothuringian 10.3.4 Saxothuringian (excluding the Mid-German Crystalline Zone) 10.3.5 Regional Geology of the Moldanubian 11 Permian and Mesozoic Geology of Germany 11.1 Post-Variscan History 11.2 Permian 11.2.1 Rotliegend 11.2.2 Zechstein 11.3 Permian/Triassic Boundary 11.4 Triassic 11.4.1 Buntsandstein (Bunter Sandstone) 11.4.2 Muschelkalk 11.4.3 Keuper 11.5 Triassic/Jurassic Boundary 11.6 Jurassic 11.6.1 Early Jurassic 11.6.2 Middle Jurassic 11.6.3 Late Jurassic 11.7 Cretaceous 11.7.1 Early Cretaceous 11.7.2 Late Cretaceous 11.8 Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary 12 The Evolution of the Alps 12.1 Overview of the Tectonic Structure of the Alps 12.1.1 Helvetic 12.1.2 Penninic 12.1.3 Austroalpine and Southern Alpine Units 12.2 Development of the Alpine Region During the Permian 12.3 The Alpine Triassic 12.4 The Alpine Jurassic 12.5 The Alpine Region in the Cretaceous and Early Tertiary 12.6 The Tectonic Evolution of the Alps 13 Tertiary Basins 13.1 Tertiary Brown Coal Deposits 13.2 The Upper Rhine Graben 13.3 The Northern Alpine Foreland Basin—The Molasse 14 Tertiary and Quaternary Volcanism 14.1 Volcanism in the Eifel 14.2 Westerwald, Siebengebirge, Vogelsberg, Rhön, and Heldburger Gangschar 14.3 Small Chimneys in the Odenwald and the Messel Pit 14.4 Kaiserstuhl 14.5 Tuff Chimneys of Bad Urach, Hegau 14.6 Eger Graben Area, Fichtel Mountains, Vogtland, and Lusatia 15 Asteroid Craters 16 Germany During the Glacial Periods 16.1 Glacial and Interglacial Periods 16.2 Deposits and Erosion Forms of the Glacial Periods 16.3 The Baltic Sea—A Relic from the Last Glaciation Period Appendix References Index

Note: Contents Part I Biomaterials 1 Biomaterials and Biological Materials 1.1 Definitions and History: Biomaterial and Biological Material 1.2 Classification of Biomaterials 1.3 Conclusions References Part II Biomineralization and Biominerals 2 Biominerals 2.1 Biominerals of Marine Invertebrates Origin 2.1.1 Calcium-Based Biominerals 2.1.2 Magnesium-Based Biominerals 2.1.3 Barite-Based Biominerals 2.1.4 Fe-Based Biominerals 2.1.5 Vanadium (Biomineral?) 2.1.6 Strontium-Based Biominerals 2.1.7 Boron 2.1.8 Titanium-Based Biominerals 2.1.9 Copper-Based Biominerals 2.1.10 Zinc-Based Biominerals 2.1.11 Manganese Oxides 2.1.12 Germanium-Based Biominerals 2.1.13 Silica-Based Biominerals 2.2 Conclusion References 3 Biomineralization 3.1 Conclusion References 4 The Circle: Biomineralization - Demineralization - Remineralization in Nature 4.1 Principles of Demineralization: Isolation of Organic Matter 4.2 Conclusion References Part III Biocomposites and Biomineralized Structures 5 Hierarchical Biological Materials 5.1 Cellular Structures 5.2 Honeycomb Matrices 5.3 Siliceous Honeycombs in Diatoms 5.4 Conclusion References 6 Paleodyction- Enigmatic Honeycomb Structure 6.1 Conclusion References 7 Sponge Biosilica- Perfectionism in Glass 7.1 Glass Sponges (Hexactinellida) 7.2 Demosponges (Demospongiae) 7.3 Lithistid Sponges 7.4 Cellular Structures in Glass Sponges 7.5 Spiculogenesis 7.5.1 Chitin- and Collagen-Based Silicification Versus Silicatein- Based Way 7.6 Conclusion References 8 Interspace Mineralization Within Bilayered Organic Matrix of Deep-Sea Bamboo Coral (Anthozoa: Gorgonacea: Isididae) 8.1 Conclusion References 9 Living Bone Implants of Bamboo Corals Origin 9.1 Conclusion References 10 Spicular Structures in Molluscs 10.1 Spicules of Nudibranchia 10.2 Spicules in Aplacophora 10.3 Spicules in Polyplacophora (Chitons) 10.4 Onchidiella Spicules 10.5 Conclusion References Part IV Non-mineralized Structures 11 Enigmatic Structural Protein Spongin 11.1 Spongin as a Halogenated Scleroprotein 11.2 Spongin as a Collagenous Protein 11.2.1 The Basal Spongin 11.3 Role of Spongins in Natural Environments 11.4 Mechanical Properties of Spongin-Based Skeletons 11.5 Spongin as a Three Dimensional Scaffold for Tissue Engineering 11.6 Conclusion References 12 Gorgonin 12.1 Introduction into the History and Chemistry of Gorgonin 12.2 Mechanical Properties of Gorgonin-Based Skeletons 12.3 Gorgonin-Based Skeletons and Paleooceanographic Dynamics 12.4 Conclusion References 13 Antipathin 13.1 Brief Introduction in to Antipatharia 13.2 Chemistry of Black Corals 13.3 Material Properties of Antipathin-Based Skeletons 13.4 Conclusion References 14 Rubber-Like Bioelastomers of Marine Origin 14.1 Hinge Ligament 14.2 Chemistry of the Hinge Ligament 14.3 Structural Features of Hinge Ligaments 14.4 Conclusion References 15 Capsular Bioelastomers of Whelks 15.1 Conclusion References 16 Byssus: From Inspiration to Development of Novel Composites 16.1 Byssus: An Ancient Marine Biological Material 16.2 Why Molluscs Produce Different Kinds of Byssus 16.3 Chemistry of Byssus and Related Proteins 16.3.1 (mefp-2) Mytilus Edulis Adhesive Protein-2 16.3.2 (mefp-3) Mytilus edulis Adhesive Protein-3 16.3.3 (mefp-4) Mytilus Edulis Adhesive Protein-4 16.3.4 (mefp-5) Mytilus edulis Adhesive Protein-5 16.4 Biomechanics and Materials Properties of Byssus 16.5 Conclusion References 17 Abductin 17.1 Conclusion References 18 Resilin 18.1 Conclusion References 19 Adhesion Systems in Echinodermata 19.1 Sea Urchins 19.2 Sea Cucumbers 19.3 Sea Stars 19.4 Conclusion References 20 Adhesive Gels of Marine Gastropods (Mollusca) Origin 20.1 Conclusion References 21 Biocements 21.1 Barnacles: Crustaceans That Mimic Molluscs 21.2 “First-Kiss” Adhesion Behaviour in Barnacles 21.3 Barnacles Cements 21.4 Conclusion References 22 Halogenated Biocomposites 22.1 Polychaetes Jaws 22.2 Crustaceans Alternative Cuticles 22.3 Conclusion References 23 Chitin-Protein-Based Composites 23.1 The Highly Flexible Setae of Hairy Lobster Kiwa hirsuta 23.2 Shinkaia Crosnieri 23.3 Structural Features of Eriocheir sinensis Setae 23.4 Conclusion References Part V Macromolecular Biopolymers 24 Chitin 24.1 Chitinous Scaffolds of Marine Sponges Origin 24.2 Biological Features of Chitin 24.3 Chitin Scaffolds for Application in Tissue Engineering 24.4 Conclusion References 25 Collagens from Marine Invertebrates 25.1 Poriferan Collagens 25.2 Coelenterates Collagens 25.3 Molluscs Collagens 25.4 Echinoderm Collagens 25.5 Conclusion References Part VI From Extreme Biomineralization to Extreme Biomimetics 26 Extreme Biomimetics 26.1 Templates for Extreme Biomimetics 26.2 Conclusion References 27 Epiloque 27.1 Biomedicine and Bioengineering 27.2 Marine Biomaterials and Microplastic References Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction References Part I Molecular Stress Physiology 2 General Themes of Molecular Stress Physiology 2.1 Definitions and Concepts 2.1.1 Stress 2.1.2 Quantification of Stress 2.1.3 Escape–Resistance–Avoidance–Tolerance 2.1.4 Stress Responses–Acclimation–Adaptation 2.1.5 Filters Determining Species Distribution 2.2 Activation of Stress Tolerance and Avoidance Mechanisms 2.2.1 Stress Sensing and Signal Transduction 2.2.2 Transcriptional Control 2.2.3 Oxidative Stress 2.2.4 Long-Distance Stress Signalling 2.2.5 The Model System Arabidopsis thaliana 2.3 Stress and Growth Regulation 2.4 Molecular Basis of Escape and Anticipation of Stress 2.4.1 Circadian Rhythms 2.4.2 Anticipation of Seasonal Changes in Environmental Conditions 2.4.3 Developmental Switches Triggered by Favourable Conditions 2.4.4 Trans-Generational Stress Memory Summary References 3 Light 3.1 The Dual Significance of Light 3.2 Visible Light 3.2.1 Avoidance of Light Stress and Permanent or Dynamic Acclimation 3.2.2 Overexcitation and Damage to Photosynthetic Membranes. 3.2.3 Flexible Acclimation to Changes in Light Intensity 3.2.4 Continuous Light 3.2.5 Light Triggers Plant Adaptation and Acclimation to the Environment 3.3 UV-B Radiation 3.3.1 Ranges of Ultraviolet Radiation and Biological Activity 3.3.2 Ultraviolet-B Damage and Repair Mechanisms 3.3.3 Avoidance of Ultraviolet-B-Induced Stress 3.3.4 Ultraviolet-B Perception and Signalling 3.3.5 Crosstalk Between Ultraviolet-B and Visible Light Responses Summary References 4 Temperature 4.1 The Temperature Challenge 4.1.1 Temperature Dependence of Life 4.1.2 Plants as Poikilothermic Organisms 4.1.3 Variations in Temperature Range 4.1.4 Strategies to Cope with Temperature Fluctuations and Temperature Extremes 4.2 Cold Acclimation and Freezing Tolerance 4.2.1 Adjustment of Membrane Fluidity 4.2.2 Prevention of Photoinhibition 4.2.3 Cryoprotective Proteins 4.2.4 Control of Ice Formation 4.2.5 Signalling Networks Involved in Cold Acclimation 4.2.6 Freezing Avoidance and Freezing Tolerance in Tropical High Mountain Plants 4.3 Heat Stress 4.3.1 Heat Stress Avoidance 4.3.2 Acquired Thermotolerance 4.3.3 The Heat Shock Response 4.4 Temperature Sensing 4.4.1 Sensing of Extreme Temperatures 4.4.2 Sensing of Ambient Temperature Changes Summary References 5 Oxygen Deficiency 5.1 Conditions of Flooded Soil 5.2 Hypoxia-Induced Damage: Energy Metabolism of Plants Under Oxygen Deficiency 5.3 Natural Variation in the Ability to Endure Inundation by Water 5.4 Adaptations to Flooding-Prone Habitats 5.4.1 Anatomical–Morphological Adaptations and Modifications 5.4.2 Biochemical Modifications 5.5 Sensing of Flooding and Ensuing Signal Transduction 5.5.1 Ethylene Signal Transduction 5.5.2 Oxygen Sensing 5.6 Regulation of Avoidance and Tolerance Strategies Summary References 6 Water Deficiency (Drought) 6.1 The Properties of Water 6.2 Water Acquisition and Movement: Cellular Aspects 6.2.1 The Water Potential 6.2.2 Facilitation of Intercellular and Intracellular Water Flow: Aquaporins 6.3 Drought Stress Responses: Avoidance and Tolerance 6.3.1 Control of the Osmotic Potential 6.3.2 Protective Proteins 6.3.3 Regulation of the Stomatal Aperture 6.4 Acclimation of Growth 6.4.1 Inhibition of Shoot Growth 6.4.2 Stimulation of Root Growth 6.5 Sensing of Water Status and Signal Transduction 6.5.1 Sensing of Water Status 6.5.2 ABA Signal Transduction 6.5.3 ABA-Independent Signalling 6.6 Photosynthesis Variants with Improved Water Use Efficiency 6.6.1 C4 Photosynthesis 6.6.2 Evolution of C 4 Photosynthesis 6.6.3 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism 6.6.4 Evolution of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Photosynthesis Summary References 7 Adverse Soil Mineral Availability 7.1 Mineral Nutrients 7.2 The Mineral Nutrition Challenge 7.2.1 Elements in the Soil 7.2.2 Element Toxicity 7.3 Nutrient Acquisition and Responses to Nutrient Scarcity 7.3.1 Modulation of Nutrient Availability 7.3.2 Cellular Ion Transport Mechanisms 7.3.3 Modulation of Nutrient Uptake in Response to Deficiency 7.3.4 Intracellular Transport and Cellular Aspects of Long-Distance Transport 7.3.5 Plasticity of Root Architecture and Responses to Nutrient Deficiency 7.3.6 Sensing of Nutrient Availability and Nutrient Status . 7.4 Nutrient Acquisition Symbioses 7.4.1 Mycorrhizae 7.4.2 Nitrogen Fixation 7.4.3 The Common Sym Pathway 7.5 Responses to Element Toxicity and Tolerance Mechanisms 7.5.1 Essential Metal Toxicity and Tolerance 7.5.2 Metal Hyperaccumulators as Models for Adaptation to Extreme Environments 7.5.3 Sodium Toxicity 7.5.4 Aluminium Toxicity and Tolerance 7.5.5 Non-Essential Toxic Metals Summary References 8 Biotic Stress 8.1 Plant Disease Caused by Pathogens 8.1.1 Types of Pathogens: Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Oomycetes and Nematodes 8.1.2 Pathogenicity Mechanisms 8.2 Plant Defences Against Microbial Pathogens and Viruses 8.2.1 Preformed Defences Against Bacteria, Fungi and Oomycetes 8.2.2 Inducible Local Defences 8.2.3 Inducible Systemic Resistance 8.2.4 Defence Against Viruses via Gene Silencing 8.3 Herbivory 8.3.1 Constitutive Defences 8.3.2 Inducible Defences Against Herbivores 8.3.3 How Plant–Herbivore Interactions Drive Genetic Diversity 8.4 Parasitic Plants 8.5 Allelopathy Summary References Part II Physiological and Biophysical Plant Ecology 9 Thermal Balance of Plants and Plant Communities 9.1 Energy Balance of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer 9.2 Microclimate Near the Ground Surface 9.2.1 Daily Changes in Temperature Near the Ground 9.2.2 Modification of Environmental Radiation and Temperature by Abiotic Factors 9.2.3 Modification of the Radiation Budget and Temperature by Biotic Factors 9.3 Energy Balance of Leaves 9.4 Acclimation and Adaptation to Temperature Extremes 9.4.1 Acclimation and Adaptation to High Temperatures 9.4.2 Acclimation and Adaptation to Low Temperatures Summary References 10 Water Relations 10.1 Water as an Environmental Factor 10.1.1 Water Use by Plants and Animals 10.1.2 Availability of Water on Earth 10.1.3 Drivers of Water Flow Between the Soil and the Atmosphere 10.2 Water Transport from the Soil to the Plant 10.2.1 Water Uptake 10.2.2 Xylem Water Transport 10.2.3 Phloem Water Transport 10.3 Transpiration 10.3.1 Stomatal Responses to Plant-Internal Factors 10.3.2 Stomatal Responses to Environmental Factors Summary References 11 Nutrient Relations 11.1 Availability of Soil Nutrients and Ion Use 11.1.1 Plant Nutrients 11.1.2 Availability of Nutrients in Soil 11.1.3 General Aspects of Plant Nutrition 11.1.4 Nutrient Deficiency and Excess 11.2 Nitrogen Nutrition 11.2.1 Nitrogen in Plant Metabolism 11.2.2 Nitrogen Uptake and Nutrition 11.2.3 Nitrogen Requirements for Growth 11.2.4 Nitrogen Storage 11.2.5 Insectivorous Plants 11.2.6 Nitrogen Deficiency and Excess 11.3 Sulphur Nutrition 11.3.1 Sulphur in Plant Metabolism 11.3.2 Sulphur Uptake and Plant Requirements 11.3.3 Indicators of Sulphur Deficiency and Excess 11.4 Phosphate Nutrition 11.4.1 Phosphorus in Plant Metabolism 11.4.2 Phosphate Uptake and Plant Requirements 11.4.3 Indicators of Phosphorus Deficiency and Excess 11.5 Alkaline Cation Nutrition 11.5.1 Magnesium 11.5.2 Calcium 11.5.3 Potassium Summary References 12 Carbon Relations 12.1 Photosynthetic CO2 Uptake: Physiological and Physical Basis 12.1.1 Photosynthesis as a Diffusion Process 12.1.2 Evolution of C 3, C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plant Species 12.2 Photosynthesis Models and Calculation of 13C/12C Fluxes (Contribution by A. Arneth) 12.2.1 RubisCO-Limited or RuBP-Saturated Rate (Av) 12.2.2 RuBP Regeneration–Dependent and Electron Transport–Limiting Rate (Aj) 12.2.3 Supply of CO 2 Through Stomata 12.2.4 13C/12C Discrimination 12.3 Specific Leaf Area, Nitrogen Concentrations and Photosynthetic Capacity 12.3.1 Specific Leaf Area 12.3.2 Maximum Rates of CO2 Assimilation 12.4 Response of Photosynthesis to Environmental Variables 12.4.1 Light Response of CO 2 Assimilation 12.4.2 Temperature Response of CO2 Assimilation 12.4.3 Relative Air Humidi

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Origin and characters of silicon and its isotopes. - 1.2 A brief description of silicon geochemistry. - 1.3 The history of silicon isotope studies. - 2 Analytical methods of silicon isotope composition. - 2.1 Gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of silicon isotopes. - 2.2 Multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (MC-ICPMS) analysis of silicon isotopes. - 2.3 Secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses. - 2.4 Standards and reference materials for silicon isotope measurement. - 2.5 Comparison of different methods on silicon isotope analyses. - 3 Mechanisms of silicon isotope fractionation. - 3.1 The thermodynamic silicon isotope exchange fractionation. - 3.2 Kinetic fractionation of silicon isotopes. - 4 Distribution of silicon isotopes in nature. - 4.1 Silicon isotope compositions of extraterrestrial materials. - 4.2 Silicon isotope distribution in lithosphere. - 4.3 Silicon isotope compositions of soils. - 4.4 Hydrosphere. - 4.5 Biosphere. - 5 Several aspects of silicon isotope applications. - 5.1 Studies on global silicon cycle. - 5.2 Silicon isotope studies on environmental variation of ocean. - 5.3 Studies on mechanisms of absorption, transportation and precipitation of silicon in plant growth processes. - 5.4 Studies on silicon source and genesis of ore deposits. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents Characterization of soil organic matter of Arctic and Antarctic by 13- C NMR and electron spin resonance spectroscopy / Evgeny Abakumov Development of phosphorus forms in soil chronosequence of the Nordenskioldbreen glacier (Svalbard) / Adel Allaberdina, Václav Tejnecký Vertical snow structures from in-situ and remote sensing measurements / Stefanie Arndt, Nicolas Stoll, Stephan Paul, Christian Haas Phenology of Calanus glacialis – comparison between Arctic and Atlantic domains and its implications for reproductive success of little auks / Kaja Balazy, Emilia Trudnowska, Katarzyna Blachowiak-Samolyk Response of southern tundra ecosystem components on aerial pollution from gas pre-treatment centers in West Siberia / Pavel A. Barsukov Soil-ecological excursions to permafrost-affected areas in West Siberia for European scientists and students / Pavel A. Barsukov, S. Platonova, S. Gizhitskaya, E. Smolentseva, N. Lashchinskiy, A. Babenko, I. Lyubechanskiy, O. Saprykin, O.Rusalimova Christian Siewert Freezing and hungry? Hydrocarbon degrading microbial communities in Barents Sea sediments around Svalbard / Bartholomäus Sven, Nontje Straaten, Daniela Zoch, Martin Krüger Biological soil crust algae in the polar regions – biodiversity, genetic diversity and ecosystem resilience under global change scenarios / Burkhard Becker, Burkhard Büdel and Ulf Karsten UDASH - Unified Database for Arctic and Subarctic Hydrography / Axel Behrendt, Hiroshi Sumata, Benjamin Rabe, Torsten Kanzow and Ursula Schauer Compound-specific radiocarbon constraints on Antarctic sediment chronologies / Sonja Berg, Sandra Jivcov, Janet Rethemeyer Environmental conditions in terrestrial East Antarctica during the last glacial - new evidence from mumiyo deposits / Sonja Berg, Martin Melles, Wolf-Dieter Hermichen, Janet Rethemeyer, Gerhard Kuhn Collection-based diatom research: collection imaging to biogeography and microevolution in the Southern Ocean / Bánk Beszteri, Stefan Pinkernell, Michael Kloster, Ute Postel, Gerhard Kauer, Uwe John, Klaus Valentin, Gernot Glöckner In vivo observations of OWA induced pH changes in the brain of polar cod Boreogadus saida / Christian Bock, Felizitas C. Wermter, Bastian Maus, Hans-O. Pörtner, Wolfgang Dreher A journey into the Triassic polar forests of Antarctica / Benjamin Bomfleur Long-term time-series of Arctic BrO derived from UV-VIS satellite remote sensing / lias Bougoudis, Anne-Marlene Blechschmidt, Andreas Richter, Sora Seo, John P. Burrows The effect of climate change on the carbon balance in microalgae / Deborah Bozzato, Torsten Jakob, Christian Wilhelm Species composition and abundance of the shallow water fish community of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard / Markus Brand, Philipp Fischer Decadal changes in a breeding population of southern giant petrels on King George Island, Antarctic, in response to human activities / Christina Braun, Jan Esefeld, Hans-Ulrich Peter Geodetic GNSS measurements to investigate the recent crustal deformation at the Antarctic Peninsula and in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica / Peter Busch, Mirko Scheinert, Christoph Knöfel, Lutz Eberlein, Martin Horwath, Ludwig Schröder, Andreas Groh Parameterization of snow BRDF measurements in Antarctica / T. Carlsen, G. Birnbaum, A. Ehrlich, M. Schäfer, and M. Wendisch Airborne and in situ ground-based measurements of surface albedo, bidirectional reflectivity, and snow properties on the Antarctic plateau / T. Carlsen, M. Belke Brea, G. Birnbaum, A. Ehrlich, J. Freitag, G. Heygster, L. Istomina, S. Kipfstuhl, A. Orsi, M. Schäfer, and M. Wendisch Retreats of ice sheet and ice shelf driven by warm water incursions in the Ross Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum / Zhihua Chen, Mengshan Ju, Shulan Ge, Zheng Tang, Yuanhui Huang, Renjie Zhao, Ralf Tiedemann, Lester Lembke-Jene Influence of breeze circulation on local wind climatology in Svalbard fjords / Małgorzata Cisek, Przemysław Makuch, Tomasz Petelski, Jacek Piskozub Life strategies on photobiology and metabolite profile of genetic indentical photobionts of two different lichen species / Nadine Determeyer-Wiedmann, Sieglinde Ott Land-Ocean Interactions in the late glacial Bering Sea / B. Diekmann, R. Wang, H. Kühn, R. Gersonde, R. Tiedemann, G. Kuhn Does environmental change affect polar microbial communities? / Daniel R. Dietrich Rapid glacial isostatic uplift in Patagonia: Interplay of enhanced ice mass loss and slab window tectonics / R. Dietrich, A. Richter, E. Ivins, H. Lange, L. Mendoza, L. Schröder, J.L. Hormaechea, G. Casassa, E. Marderwald, M. Fritsche, R. Perdomo, M. Horwath Phylogenomics of the longitarsal Colossendeidae: the evolution of a diverse Antarctic sea spider radiation / Lars Dietz, Jana S. Dömel, Christoph Mayer, Florian Leese Revealing the evolutionary history of Southern Ocean sea spiders using genome-wide SNP data / Jana S. Dömel, Till-Hendrik Macher, Lars Dietz, Christoph Mayer, Roland R. Melzer and Florian Leese Geothermal heat flux derived from airborne magnetic grids and measured temperature gradients in the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica / Ricarda Dziadek, Karsten Gohl, Fausto Ferraccioli, Norbert Kaul, Cornelia Spiegel Sea spray aerosol fluxes in the area of the Spitsbergen Shelf and the Greenland Sea / K. Dziembor, T. Petelski, P. Markuszewski, T. Zieliński, P. Makuch, I. Wróbel More than two decades of geodetic GNSS measurements in Antarctica, Greenland and Patagonia – a technology review / Lutz Eberlein, Mirko Scheinert, Peter Busch, Christoph Knöfel, Andreas Richter Analysing the flow velocity of major outlet glaciers in North Greenland using Landsat data / Benjamin Ebermann, Ralf Rosenau, Mirko Scheinert, Martin Horwath Partitioning growing season net ecosystem exchange of CO2 into photosynthesis, autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration in the Siberian tundra / Tim Eckhardt, Christian Knoblauch, Lars Kutzbach, Gillian Simpson, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer Meteorological collaboration in the Arctic / Johanna Ekman Meteorological aspects of S.A. Andrée’s attempt to reach the North Pole by balloon in 1897 / Dieter Etling Geodetic mass balance on South Georgia glaciers / David Farias-Barahona, Christian Sommer, Thorsten Seehaus, Philipp Malz, Gino Casassa, Matthias H. Braun Frozen-Ground Cartoons: An international collaboration between artists and permafrost scientists / Michael Fritz, Frédéric Bouchard, Bethany Deshpande, Julie Malenfant-Lepage, Alexandre Nieuwendam, Michel Paquette, Ashley Rudy, Matthias Siewert, Audrey Veillette, Stefanie Weege, Jon Harbor, Otto Habeck, Ylva Sjöberg The Akademii Nauk ice core and solar activity / Diedrich Fritzsche, Luisa von Albedyll, Silke Merchel, Thomas Opel, Georg Rugel, Andreas Scharf Walther Bruns, Gründer der „Aeroarctic“ – ein vergessener Pionier der Deutschen Polarforschung / Diedrich Fritzsche Warming and reduction of precipitations affect the microbiome of recently deglaciated soils in the Swiss Alps / Aline Frossard, Johanna Donhauser, Pascal Niklaus, Thomas Rime, Beat Frey The ice-free topography of Svalbard / Johannes J. Fürst, Francisco Navarro, Fabien Gillet-Chaulet, Geir Moholdt, Xavier Fettweis, Charlotte Lang, Thorsten Seehaus, Matthias H. Braun, Douglas I. Benn, Toby J. Benham, Julian A. Dowdeswell, Mariusz Grabiec, Jack Kohler, Katrin Lindbäck, Rickard Pettersson, Heidi Sevestre Scientific Drilling in Antarctica? Coming to a new drilling proposal / Christoph Gaedicke, Gerhard Kuhn, Olaf Eisen, Andreas Läufer, Emma Smith, Nikola Koglin, Boris Biskaborn, Dieter Franke, Ralf Tiedemann German permanent research facilities in Antarctica - a 40 years record / Hartwig Gernandt Pre-glacial and glacial shelf evolution from seismic and seabed drill records of the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica / Karsten Gohl, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben, Robert Larter, Johann Klages, Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand, Torsten Bickert, Steve Bohaty, Ulrich Salzmann, Thomas Frederichs, Catalina Gebhardt, Katharina Hochmuth and Expedition PS104 Science Party The Turnove

Note: Inhalt: Einführung und Hintergrund der terrestrischen Expeditionen in Sibirien / Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Volker Rachold, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer. - 1. Auf dem Weg zu den Lena-Expeditionen 1993-1997. - Seesedimente auf Taimyr und Sewernaja Semlja als Klima-Archiv / Pier Paul Overduin, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Martin Melles. - Erste Studien zu Energie-, Wasser- und Spurengasflüssen in Tundraböden: Labas-See und Lewinson-Lessing-See, Taimyr-Halbinsel / Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Julia Boike, Mikhail P. Zhurbenko, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov. - Untersuchungen von Permafrost-Sequenzen in der Taimyr-Tiefebene (1994-1996) / Christine Siegert, Alexander Yu. Dereviagin. - Kohlenstoff in den arktischen Wüstenböden von Sewernaja Semlja / Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Mikhail P. Zhurbenko, Dimitry Yu. Bolshiyanov. - Hydrologie, Geochemie und Sedimenttransport in den Flüssen Sibiriens - Das SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA Projekt 1994-1997 / Volker Rachold. - 2. Der Beginn der Lena-Expeditionen 1998-2002. - lnitiierung des Forschungsprojekts Lenadelta: Wissenschaftliche Strategie, Kooperation und Logistik / Volker Rachold, Martin Antonow, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer. - Die ersten Jahre der boden- und klimabezogenen Permafrostforschung auf Samoilow und Umgebung (Untersuchungen 1998-2001) / Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Julia Boike, Günter Stoof, Lars Kutzbach, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, lrina A. Yakshina, Anno N. Kurchatova, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov. - Bykowski-Halbinsel: Die erste Landexpedition mit Fokus auf das Paläoklima / Lutz Schirrmeister, Guido Grosse, Viktor V. Kunitsky, Christine Siegert, Hanno Meyer. - Schiffsexpeditionen von 1998 bis 2002 zur Untersuchung von Erosion und Geomorphologie der Küste mit Dunai, Neptun, Sofron Danilov und Pavel Bashmakov / Volker Rachold, Waldemar Schneider, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Hans-Wolfgong Hubberten, Felix E. Are, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov. - Untersuchung von Seen auf Arga: Geschichte und Entstehung des Lenadeltas / Georg Schwamborn, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Volker Rachold, Vladimir E. Tumskoy, Lutz Schirrmeister, Guido Grosse. - Mikrobieller Kohlenstoffumsatz in der Auftauschicht und im Permafrost / Susanne Liebner, Christian Knoblauch, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Svetlana Yu. Evgrafova, Dirk Wagner. - Feldarbeit für die Rekonstruktion der Paläoumwelt / Lutz Schirrmeister, Tatyana V. Kuznetsova, Andrei A. Andreev, Frank Kienast, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov. - 3. Prozessstudien zur Permafrostdynamik 2002-2005. - Submarine Permafrostbohrungen während der COAST 2005 Expedition / Volker Rachold, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Waldemar Schneider. - Die frühe Forschungsstation Insel Samoilow und ihre Erweiterung 2005 / Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Julia Boike, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Günter Stoof, Alexander Yu. Gukav. - Installation des Samoilow Observatoriums - wissenschaftliches Monitoring von Klimadaten, Permafrostböden und Treibhausgasen (Untersuchungen 2002-2006) / Lars Kutzbach, Christian Wille, Torsten Sachs, David Holl, Günter Stoof Julia Boike, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer. - Mikrobieller Stickstoffumsatz in der Auftauschicht und den tieferen Permafrostsedimenten des Lenadeltas / Claudia Fiencke, Tina Sanders, Fabian Beermann, Elena E. Lebedeva, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer. - Geokryologische und paläoökologische Studien an den Küsten der Laptewsee / Lutz Schirrmeister, Christine Siegert, Guido Grosse, Hanno Meyer, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Viktor V. Kunitsky. - Langzeitbeobachtungen der pelagischen Fauna in Seen und Tümpeln des Lenadeltas / Ekaterina N. Abramova, lrina I. Vishnyakova, Grigory A. Soloviev, Anna A. Abramova. - 4. Umsetzung neuer Forschungsthemen 2007-2012. - Die Dynamik der arktischen Küsten / Frank Günther, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, P. Paul Overduin, Hugues Lantuit, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten. - Feldarbeit und Erstellung numerischer Modelle von submarinem Permafrost und Gashydraten / Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Pier Paul Overduin, Sebastian Wetterich, Mikhail N. Grigoriev. - Permafrostdegradation, Thermokarst und Thermoerosion - Feldforschung auf der Insel Kurungnach / Anne Morgenstern, lrina V Fedorova, Antonina A. Chetverova, Frank Günther, Mathias Ulrich, Fabian Beermann, Sebastian Zubrzycki, Sofia A. Antonova, Samuel Stettner, Julia Boike. - Mit Kettensäge zum Klimamodell - Eiskeile als Winterklima-Archive / Hanno Meyer, Thomas Opel, Alexander Yu. Dereviagin. - Veränderungen nordsibirischer Seen und Baumgrenzen in der Vergangenheit und Gegenwart als Reaktion auf Erwärmung / Ulrike Herzschuh, Luidmila A. Pestryakova, Laura S. Epp, Larisa A. Frolova, Ruslan M. Gorodnichev, Birgit Heim, Florion Jeltsch, Juliane Klemm, Stefan Kruse, Larisa B. Nazarova, Bastian Niemeyer, Anatolii N. Nikolaev, Kathleen R. Stoof-Leichsenring, Ralph Tiedemann, Mareike Wieczoreck, Evgenij S. Zakharov, Heike H. Zimmermann. - Kohlenstoff in Permafrost - Quantifizierung der Menge an organischem Material in Sibirien / Jens Strauss, Lutz Schirrmeister, Sebastian Zubrzycki, Alexander L. Kholodov, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Viktor V. Kunitsky, Matthias Fuchs, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Guido Grosse. - Expeditionen mit Gummibooten und kleinen Flussbooten - Hydrologie und Geomorphologie des Lenadeltas / Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, lrina V Fedorova, Julia Boike. - Mobilisierung und Ablagerung von Kohlenstoff im Lena-Flusssystem / Gesine Mollenhauer, Maria Winterfeld, Boris P. Koch, lrina V. Fedorova. - Holozäne Seen rund um das Lenadelta / Bernhard Diekmann, Boris Biskaborn, Luidmila A. Pestryakova, Dmitry A. Subetto, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Ulrike Herzschuh, Georg Schwamborn, Volker Rachold. - Logistisch komplexe Einsätze - Beobachtungen von Energie und Treibhausgasflüssen aus der Luft mittels Helipod / Torsten Sachs, Eric Larmanau, Katrin Kohnert, Andrei Serafimavich. - Lena Expeditionen: Einbindung neuer deutscher Forschungsgruppen / Birgit Heim, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Pier Paul Overduin, lrina V. Fedorova. - Ein Jahrzehnt der Küstenforschung im Lenadelta / lngeborg Bussmann, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, lrina V Fedorova, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Alexander Yu. Gukov, Gerhard Kattner, Alexandra Kraberg, Denis V. Moiseev, Pier Paul Overduin, Lasse Sander, Karen H. Wiltshire. - 5. Neue Horizonte für Lena-Expeditionen - Die neue Forschungsstation Insel Samoilow. - Ministerpräsident W. W. Putin besucht die Insel Samoilow (P-Day) / Hanno Meyer, Thomas Opel, Alexander Yu. Dereviagin, Svetlana Yu. Evgrafava, Waldemar Schneider, Alexander S. Makarov, Mikhail N. Grigoriev. - Die neue Forschungsstation Insel Samoilow: Bau, Eröffnungsfeier, Anlage und Betrieb / Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Igor N. Yeltsov, Anne Morgenstern. - Samoilow in internationalen Programmen und Netzwerken - FLUXNET, GTN-P, INTERACT / Anne Morgenstern, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Julia Boike, Lars Kutzbach. - Kurzer Überblick über die russisch-deutschen Permafrost-Projekte CARBOPERM und KoPf / Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Sebastian Zubrzycki, Ulrike Herzschuh, Guido Grosse. - Einsatz von Fernerkundung im Gebiet der Laptewsee / Guido Grosse, Birgit Heim, Sofia Antonova, Julia Boike, Astrid Bracher, Alexey N. Fague, Frank Günther, Thomas Krumpen, Moritz Langer, Anne Morgenstern, Sina Muster, lngmar Nitze, Torsten Sachs. - Multidisziplinäre Studien auf Samoilow und Kurungnach: Geophysik, Fernerkundung, Geologie sowie botanische und Bodenstudien / Igor N. Yeltsov, Alexey N. Faguet, Leonid V. Tsibizov, Vladimir A. Kashirtsev, Vladimir V. Olenchenko, Andrey A. Kartozia, Nikolay N. Lashchinskiy. - Terrestrische Permafrost-Bohrkampagnen: Tiefe Einblicke in die Vergangenheit / Jens Strauss, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Paul Overduin, Georgii Maximov, Guido Grosse, Alexey N. Fague, Leonid Tsibizov, Lutz Schirrmeister. - Langzeitmessungen der Energie-, Wasser-, und Treibhausgasflüsse zwischen Land und Atmosphäre von 2002 bis heute und darüber hinaus / David Holl, Ju , Contents: Introduction and Background to Terrestrial Expeditions in Siberia / Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Volker Rachold, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer. - 1. On the Way to the Lena Expeditions 1993-1997. - Lake Sediments on Taymyr and Severnaya Zemlya as a Climate Archive / Pier Paul Overduin, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Martin Melles. - First Energy, Water, and Flux Studies of Tundra Soils - Labaz and Levinson-Lessing Lake, Taymyr Peninsula / Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Julia Boike, Mikhail P. Zhurbenko, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov. - Exploring Permafrost Sequences in the Taymyr Lowland (1994-1996) / Christine Siegert, Alexander Yu. Dereviagin. - Carbon in Arctic Desert Soils of Severnaya Zemlya / Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Mikhail P. Zhurbenko, Dimitry Yu. Bolshiyanov. - Hydrology, Geochemistry, and Sediment Transport of the Siberian Rivers - The SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA Project 1994-1997 / Volker Rachold. - 2. The Beginning of the Lena Expeditions 1998-2002. - Initiation of the Research Project Lena Delta: Science Strategy, Cooperation, and Logistics / Volker Rachold, Martin Antonow, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer. - The First Years of Soil and Climate-Related Permafrost Research on Samoylov Island and Surroundings (Investigations 1998- 2001) / Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Julia Boike, Günter Stoof, Lars Kutzbach, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, lrina A. Yakshina, Anno N. Kurchatova, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov. - Bykovsky Peninsula: The First Land Expedition with a Focus on Paleoclimate / Lutz Schirrmeister, Guido Grosse, Viktor V. Kunitsky, Christine Siegert, Hanno Meyer. - The 1998-2002 Ship-Based Expeditions for Coastal Erosion and Geomorphological Studies with Dunay, Neptun, Sofron Danilov, and Pavel Bashmakov / Volker Rachold, Waldemar Schneider, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Felix E. Are, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov. - Lake Studies on Arga: History and Formation of the Lena Delta / Georg Schwamborn, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Volker Rachold, Vladimir E. Tumskoy, Lutz Schirrmeister, Guido Grosse. - Microbial Carbon Turnover in the Active Layer and in Permafrost / Susanne Liebner, Christian Knoblauch, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Svetlana Yu. Evgrajova, Dirk Wagner. - Fieldwork for Reconstructing the Paleo-Environment / Lutz Schirrmeister, Tatyana V. Kuznetsova, Andrei A. Andreev, Frank Kienast, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov. - 3. Process Studies of Permafrost Dynamics 2002-2006. - Subsea Permafrost Drilling During the COAST 2005 Expedition / Volker Rachold, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Waldemar Schneider. - The Early Samoylov Station and Its Extension in 2005 / Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Julia Boike, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Günter Stoof, Alexander Yu. Gukov. - Installation of the Samoylov Observatory - Permafrost-Affected Soils and Greenhouse Gases (Investigations 2002-2006) / Lars Kutzbach, Christian Wille, Torsten Sachs, David Holl, Günter Stoof, Julia Boike, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer. - Microbial Nitrogen Turnover in the Active Layer and Deeper Permafrost Sediments of the Lena River Delta / Claudia Fiencke, Tina Sanders, Fabian Beermann, Elena E. Lebedeva, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer. - Geocryological and Paleoenvironmental Studies on the Coasts of the Laptev Sea / Lutz Schirrmeister, Christine Siegert, Guido Grosse, Hanno Meyer, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Viktor V. Kunitsky. - Long-Term Observations of the Pelagic Fauna in Lakes and Ponds in the Lena Delta / Ekaterina N. Abramova, lrina I. Vishnyakova, Grigory A. Soloviev, Anna A. Abramova. - 4. Implementation of New Research Topics 2007-2012. - Arctic Coastal Dynamics / Frank Günther, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Pier Paul Overduin, Hugues Lantuit, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten. - Field Work and Numerical Modelling for Subsea Permafrost and Gas Hydrates / Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Pier Paul Overduin, Sebastian Wetterich, Mikhail N. Grigoriev. - Permafrost Degradation, Thermokarst and Thermal Erosion Fieldwork on Kurungnakh Island / Anne Morgenstern, Irina V. Fedorova, Antonina A. Chetverova, Frank Günther, Mathias Ulrich, Fabian Beermann, Sebastian Zubrzycki, Sofia A. Antonova, Samuel Stettner, Julia Boike. - With the Chainsaw to Climate Modelling - Ice Wedges as a Winter Climate Archive / Hanno Meyer, Thomas Opel, Alexander Yu. Dereviagin. - Past and Present Treeline and Lake Changes in Northern Siberia in Response to Warming / Ulrike Herzschuh, Luidmila A. Pestryakova, Laura S. Epp, Larisa A. Frolova, Ruslan M. Gorodnichev, Birgit Heim, Florion Jeltsch, Juliane Klemm, Stefan Kruse, Larisa B. Nazarova, Bastian Niemeyer, Anatolii N. Nikolaev, Kathleen R. Stoof-Leichsenring, Ralph Tiedemann, Mareike Wieczoreck, Evgenij S. Zakharov, Heike H. Zimmermann. - Organic Matter Matters- Quantifying the Amount of Carbon in Northern Siberia / Jens Strauss, Lutz Schirrmeister, Sebastian Zubrzycki, Alexander L. Kholodov, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Viktor V. Kunitsky, Matthias Fuchs, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Guido Grosse. - Expeditions with Rubber Boats and Small River Vessels - Hydrology and Geomorphology of the Lena Delta / Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, lrina V Fedorova, Julia Boike. - Mobilization and Deposition of Carbon in the Lena River System / Gesine Mollenhauer, Maria Winterfeld, Boris P. Koch, lrina V. Fedorova. - Holocene Lakes Around the Lena Delta / Bernhard Diekmann, Boris Biskaborn, Luidmila A. Pestryakova, Dmitry A. Subetto, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Ulrike Herzschuh, Georg Schwamborn, Volker Rachold. - Complex Logistical Operations - Airborne Energy and Greenhouse Gas Flux Observations by Helipod / Torsten Sachs, Eric Larmanau, Katrin Kohnert, Andrei Serafimavich. - Lena Expeditions: Integration of New German Research Groups / Birgit Heim, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Pier Paul Overduin, lrina V. Fedorova. - A Decade of Coastal Research in the Lena Delta / lngeborg Bussmann, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, lrina V Fedorova, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Alexander Yu. Gukov, Gerhard Kattner, Alexandra Kraberg, Denis V. Moiseev, Pier Paul Overduin, Lasse Sander, Karen H. Wiltshire. - 5. New Horizons for Lena Expeditions - The New Research Station Samoylov Island. - Prime Minister V. V. Putin Visits Samoylov Island (P-Day) / Hanno Meyer, Thomas Opel, Alexander Yu. Dereviagin, Svetlana Yu. Evgrafava, Waldemar Schneider, Alexander S. Makarov, Mikhail N. Grigoriev. - The New Research Station Samoylov Island: Construction, Opening Ceremony, Facilities, and Operation / Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Igor N. Yeltsov, Anne Morgenstern. - Samoylov in International Programs and Networks - FLUX NET, GTN-P, INTERACT / Anne Morgenstern, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Julia Boike, Lars Kutzbach. - Short Overview of the Russian-German Permafrost Projects CARBOPERM and KoPf / Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Dmitry Yu. Bolshiyanov, Sebastian Zubrzycki, Ulrike Herzschuh, Guido Grosse. - Application of Remote Sensing in the Laptev Sea Region / Guido Grosse, Birgit Heim, Sofia Antonova, Julia Boike, Astrid Bracher, Alexey N. Fague, Frank Günther, Thomas Krumpen, Moritz Langer, Anne Morgenstern, Sina Muster, lngmar Nitze, Torsten Sachs. - Multidisciplinary Studies on Samoylov and Kurungnakh: Geophysics, Remote Sensing, Geology, Botanical, and Soil Studies / Igor N. Yeltsov, Alexey N. Faguet, Leonid V. Tsibizov, Vladimir A. Kashirtsev, Vladimir V. Olenchenko, Andrey A. Kartozia, Nikolay N. Lashchinskiy. - Deep lnsights into the Past Terrestrial Permafrost Drilling Campaigns / Jens Strauss, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Paul Overduin, Georgii Maximov, Guido Grosse, Alexey N. Fague, Leonid Tsibizov, Lutz Schirrmeister. - Long-Term Measurements of Land-Atmosphere Fluxes of Energy, Water, and Greenhouse Gases from 2002 until Today and Beyond / David Holl, Julia Boike, Torsten Sachs, Peter Schreiber, Niko Bornemann, Christian Wille, Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Irina V. Fedorova, Lars Kutzbach. - Carbon Turnover of Thawing Permafrost in the Lena Delta / , Russische Ausgabe in kyrillischer Schrift

Note: In norwegischer Sprache

Note: Table of contents Preface About the authors Acknowledgements Dedication List of figures List of tables List of symbols Part I Introduction and characteristics of permafrost I Definition and description 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Additional terms originating in Russia 1.3 History of permafrost research 1.4 Measurement of ground temperature 1.5 Conduction, convection and advection 1.6 Therm al regimes in regions based on heat conduction 1.7 Continentality index 1.8 Moisture movement in the active layer during freezing and thawing 1.9 Moisture conditions in permafrost ground 1.10 Results of freezing moisture 1.11 Strength of ice 1.12 Cryosols, gelisols, and leptosols 1.13 Fragipans 1.14 Salinity in permafrost regions 1.15 Organic matter 1.16 Micro-organisms in permafrost 1.16.1 Antarctic permafrost 1.16.2 High-latitude permafrost 1.16.3 High altitude permafrost in China 1.16.4 Phenotypic traits 1.16.5 Relation to climate change on the Tibetan plateau 1.17 Gas and gas hydrates 1.18 Thermokarst areas 1.19 Offshore permafrost 2 Cryogenic processes where temperatures dip below 0°C 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The nature of ice and water 2.3 Effects of oil pollution on freezing 2.4 Freezing and thawing of the active layer in permafrost in equilibrium with a stable climate 2.5 Relation of clay mineralogy to the average position of the permafrost table 2.6 Ground temperature envelopes in profiles affected by changes in mean annual ground surface temperature (MASGT) 2.7 Needle ice 2.8 Frost heaving 2.9 Densification and thaw settlement 2.10 Cryostratigraphy, cryostructures, cryotextures and cryofacies 2.11 Ground cracking 2.12 Dilation cracking 2.13 Frost susceptibility 2.14 Cryoturbation, gravity processes and injection structures 2.14.1 Cryoturbation 2.14.2 Upward injection of sediments from below 2.14.3 Load-casting 2.15 Upheaving of objects 2.16 Upturning of objects 2.17 Sorting 2.18 Weathering and frost comminution 2.19 Karst in areas with permafrost 2.20 Seawater density and salinity 3 Factors affecting permafrost distribution 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Climatic factors 3.2.1 Heat balance on the surface of the Earth and its effect on the climate 3.2.2 Relationship between air and ground temperatures 3.2.3 Thermal offset 3.2.4 Relation to air masses 3.2.5 Precipitation 3.2.6 Latitude and longitude 3.2.7 Topography and altitude 3.2.8 Cold air drainage 3.2.9 Buffering of temperatures against change in mountain ranges 3.3 Terrain factors 3.3.1 Vegetation 3.3.2 Hydrology 3.3.3 Lakes and water bodies 3.3.4 Nature of the soil and rock 3.3.5 Fire 3.3.6 Glaciers 3.3.7 The effects of Man 4 Permafrost distribution 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Zonation of permafrost 4.3 Permafrost mapping 4.4 Examples of mapping units used 4.5 Modeling permafrost distribution 4.6 Advances in geophysical methods 4.7 Causes of variability reducing the reliability of small-scale maps 4.8 Maps of permafrost-related properties based on field observations 4.8.1 Permafrost thickness 4.8.2 Maps of ice content 4.8.3 Water resources locked up in perennially frozen ground 4.8.4 Total carbon content 4.9 Use of remote sensing and airborne platforms in monitoring environmental conditions and disturbances 4.10 Sensitivity to climate change: Hazard zonation 4.11 Classification of permafrost stability based on mean annual ground temperature Part II Permafrost landforms II. 1 Introduction 5 Frost cracking, ice-wedges, sand, loess and rock tessellons 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Primary and secondary wedges 5.2.1 Primary wedges 5.2.1.1 Ice-wedges 5.2.1.2 Sand tessellons 5.2.1.3 Loess tessellons 5.2.1.4 Rock tessellons 5.2.2 Secondary wedges 5.2.2.1 Ice-wedge casts 5.2.2.2 Soil wedges 6 Massive ground ice in lowlands 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Distribution of massive icy beds in surface sediments 6.3 Sources of the sediments 6.4 Deglaciation of the Laurentide ice sheet 6.5 Methods used to determine the origin of the massive icy beds 6.6 Massive icy beds interpreted as being formed by cryosuction 6.7 Massive icy beds that may represent stagnant glacial ice 6.8 Other origins of massive icy beds 6.9 Ice complexes including yedoma deposits 6.10 Conditions for growth of thick ice-wedges 6.11 The mechanical condition of the growth of ice-wedges and its connection to the properties of the surrounding sediments 6.12 Buoyancy of ice-wedges 6.13 Summary of the ideas explaining yedoma evolution 6.14 Aufeis 6.15 Perennial ice caves 6.16 Types of ice found in perennial ice caves 6.17 Processes involved in the formation of perennial ice caves 6.18 Cycles of perennial cave evolution 6.18.1 Perennial ice caves in deep hollows 6.18.2 Sloping caves with two entrances 6.18.3 Perennial ice caves with only one main entrance but air entering through cracks and joints in the bedrock walls 6.18.4 Perennial ice caves with only one main entrance and no other sources of cooling 6.19 Ice caves in subtropical climates 6.20 Massive blocks of ice in bedrock or soil 7 Permafrost mounds 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Mounds over 2.5 m diameter 7.2.1 Mounds formed predominantly of injection ice 7.2.1.1 Pingo mounds 7.2.1.2 Hydrostatic or closed system pingos 7.2.1.3 Hydraulic or open system pingos 7.2.1.4 Pingo plateaus 7.2.1.5 Seasonal frost mounds 7.2.1.6 Icing blisters 7.2.1.7 Perennial mounds of uncertain origin 7.2.1.8 Similar mounds that can be confused with injection phenomena 7.2.2 Mounds formed dominantly by cryosuction 7.2.2.1 Paisas 7.2.2.1.1 Paisas in maritime climates 7.2.2.1.2 Paisas in cold, continental climates 7.2.2.1.3 Lithalsas 7.2.2.1.4 Palsa/Lithalsa look-alikes 7.2.3 Mounds formed by the accumulation of ice in the thawing fringe: Peat plateaus 7.3 Cryogenic mounds less than 2.5 m in diameter 7.3.1 Oscillating hummocks 7.3.2 Thufurs 7.3.3 Silt-cycling hummocks 7.3.4 Niveo-aeolian hummocks 7.3.5 Similar-looking mounds of uncertain origin 7.3.6 String bogs 7.3.7 Pounus 8 Mass wasting of fine-grained materials in cold climates 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Classification of mass wasting 8.3 Slow flows 8.3.1 Cryogenic creep 8.3.1.1 Needle ice creep 8.3.1.2 Frost heave and frost creep 8.3.1.3 Gelifluction 8.3.1.4 Other creep-type contributions to downslope movement of soil 8.3.2 Landforms produced by cryogenic slow flows in humid areas 8.3.3 Landforms developed by cryogenic flows in more arid regions 8.4 Cryogenic fast flows 8.4.1 Cryogenic debris flows 8.4.2 Cryogenic slides and slumps 8.4.3 Cryogenic composite slope failures 8.4.3.1 Active-layer detachment slides 8.4.3.2 Retrogressive thaw failures 8.4.3.3 Snow avalanches and slushflows 8.4.3.3.1 Snow avalanches 8.4.3.3.2 Slush avalanches 8.5 Relative effect in moving debris downslope in the mountains 9 Landforms consisting of blocky materials in cold climates 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Source of the blocks 9.3 Influence of rock type 9.4 Weathering products 9.5 Biogenic weathering 9.6 Fate of the soluble salts produced by chemical and biogenic weathering 9.7 Rate of cliff retreat 9.8 Landforms resulting from the accumulation of predominantly blocky materials in cryogenic climates 9.8.1 Cryogenic block fields 9.8.1.1 Measurement of rates of release of blocks on slopes 9.8.2 Cryogenic block slopes and fans 9.8.3 Classification of cryogenic talus slopes 9.8.3.1 Coarse blocky talus slopes 9.8.4 Protection of infrastructure from falling rock 9.9 Talus containing significant amounts of finer material 9.9.1 Rock glaciers 9.9.1.1 Sedimentary composition and structure of active rock glaciers 9.9.1.2 Origin of the ice in active rock glaciers 9.9.1.3 Relationship to vegetation 9.9.2 Movement of active rock glaciers 9.9.2.1 Horizontal movement 9.9.2.2 Movement of the front 9.9.3 Distribution of active rock glaciers 9.9.4 Inactive and fossil rock glaciers 9.9.5 Streams flowing from under rock glaciers 9.10 Cryogenic block streams 9.10.1 Characteristics 9.10.2 Classification 9.10.2.1

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Why Numerical Ecology? 1.2 Why R? 1.3 Readership and Structure of the Book 1.4 How to Use This Book 1.5 The Data Sets 1.5.1 The Doubs Fish Data 1.5.2 The Oribatid Mite Data 1.6 A Quick Reminder About Help Sources 1.7 Now It Is Time 2 Exploratory Data Analysis 2.1 Objectives 2.2 Data Exploration 2.2.1 Data Extraction 2.2.2 Species Data: First Contact 2.2.3 Species Data: A Closer Look 2.2.4 Ecological Data Transformation 2.2.5 Environmental Data 2.3 Conclusion 3 Association Measures and Matrices 3.1 Objectives 3.2 The Main Categories of Association Measures (Short Overview) 3.2.1 Q Mode and R Mode 3.2.2 Symmetrical or Asymmetrical Coefficients in Q Mode: The Double-Zero Problem 3.2.3 Association Measures for Qualitative or Quantitative Data 3.2.4 To Summarize 3.3 Q Mode: Computing Dissimilarity Matrices Among Objects 3.3.1 Q Mode: Quantitative Species Data 3.3.2 Q Mode: Binary (Presence-Absence) Species Data 3.3.3 Q Mode: Quantitative Data (Excluding Species Abundances) 3.3.4 Q Mode: Binary Data (Excluding Species Presence-Absence Data) 3.3.5 Q Mode: Mixed Types Including Categorical (Qualitative Multiclass) Variables 3.4 R Mode: Computing Dependence Matrices Among Variables 3.4.1 R Mode: Species Abundance Data 3.4.2 R Mode: Species Presence-Absence Data 3.4.3 R Mode: Quantitative and Ordinal Data (Other than Species Abundances) 3.4.4 R Mode: Binary Data (Other than Species Abundance Data) 3.5 Pre-transformations for Species Data 3.6 Conclusion 4 Cluster Analysis 4.1 Objectives 4.2 Clustering Overview 4.3 Hierarchical Clustering Based on Links 4.3.1 Single Linkage Agglomerative Clustering 4.3.2 Complete Linkage Agglomerative Clustering 4.4 Average Agglomerative Clustering 4.5 Ward's Minimum Variance Clustering 4.6 Flexible Clustering 4.7 Interpreting and Comparing Hierarchical Clustering Results 4.7.1 Introduction 4.7.2 Cophenetic Correlation 4.7.3 Looking for Inteipretable Clusters 4.8 Non-hierarchical Clustering 4.8.1 k-means Partitioning 4.8.2 Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) 4.9 Comparison with Environmental Data 4.9.1 Comparing a Typology with External Data (ANOVA Approach) 4.9.2 Comparing Two Typologies (Contingency Table Approach) 4.10 Species Assemblages 4.10.1 Simple Statistics on Group Contents 4.10.2 Kendall's W Coefficient of Concordance 4.10.3 Species Assemblages in Presence-Absence Data 4.10.4 Species Co-occurrence Network 4.11 Indicator Species 4.11.1 Introduction 4.11.2 IndVal: Species Indicator Values 4.11.3 Correlation-Type Indices 4.12 Multivariate Regression Trees (MRT): Constrained Clustering 4.12.1 Introduction 4.12.2 Computation (Principle) 4.12.3 Application Using Packages mvpart and MVPARTwrap 4.12.4 Combining MRT and IndVal 4.13 MRT as a Monothetic Clustering Method 4.14 Sequential Clustering 4.15 A Very Different Approach: Fuzzy Clustering 4.15.1 Fuzzy c-means Using Package cluster's Function fanny () 4.15.2 Noise Clustering Using the vegclust () Function 4.16 Conclusion 5 Unconstrained Ordination 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Ordination Overview 5.2.1 Multidimensional Space 5.2.2 Ordination in Reduced Space 5.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 5.3.1 Overview 5.3.2 PCA of the Environmental Variables of the Doubs River Data Using rda () 5.3.3 PCA on Transformed Species Data 5.3.4 Domain of Application of PCA 5.3.5 PCA Using Function PCA. newr () 5.3.6 Imputation of Missing Values in PCA 5.4 Correspondence Analysis (CA) 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 CA Using Function cca () of Package vegan 5.4.3 CA Using Function CA. newr () 5.4.4 Arch Effect and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) 5.4.5 Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) 5.5 Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Application of PCoA to the Doubs Data Set Using cmdscaleO and vegan 5.5.3 Application of PCoA to the Doubs Data Set Using pcoa () 5.6 Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) 5.6.1 Introduction 5.6.2 Application to the Doubs Fish Data 5.6.3 PCoA or NMDS? 5.7 Hand-Written PCA Ordination Function 6 Canonical Ordination 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Canonical Ordination Overview 6.3 Redundancy Analysis (RDA) 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 RDA of the Doubs River Data 6.3.3 Distance-Based Redundancy Analysis (db-RDA) 6.3.4 A Hand-Written RDA Function 6.4 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) 6.4.1 Introduction 6.4.2 CCA of the Doubs River Data 6.5 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Discriminant Analysis Using Ida () 6.6 Other Asymmetric Analyses 6.6.1 Principal Response Curves (PRC) 6.6.2 Co-correspondence Analysis (CoCA) 6.7 Symmetric Analysis of Two (or More) Data Sets 6.8 Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCorA) 6.8.1 Introduction 6.8.2 Canonical Correlation Analysis Using CCorA () 6.9 Co-inertia Analysis (CoIA) 6.9.1 Introduction 6.9.2 Co-inertia Analysis Using Function coinertia () of ade4 6.10 Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) 6.10.1 Introduction 6.10.2 Multiple Factor Analysis Using FactoMineR 6.11 Relating Species Traits and Environment 6.11.1 The Fourth-Corner Method 6.11.2 RLQ Analysis 6.11.3 Application in R 6.12 Conclusion 7 Spatial Analysis of Ecological Data 7.1 Objectives 7.2 Spatial Structures and Spatial Analysis: A Short Overview 7.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2 Induced Spatial Dependence and Spatial Autocorrelation 7.2.3 Spatial Scale 7.2.4 Spatial Heterogeneity 7.2.5 Spatial Correlation or Autocorrelation Functions and Spatial Correlograms 7.2.6 Testing for the Presence of Spatial Correlation: Conditions 7.2.7 Modelling Spatial Structures 7.3 Multivariate Trend-Surface Analysis 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Trend-Surface Analysis in Practice 7.4 Eigenvector-Based Spatial Variables and Spatial Modelling 7.4.1 Introduction 7.4.2 Distance-Based Moran's Eigenvector Maps (dbMEM) and Principal Coordinates of Neighbour Matrices (PCNM) 7.4.3 MEM in a Wider Context: Weights Other than Geographic Distances 7.4.4 MEM with Positive or Negative Spatial Correlation: Which Ones should Be Used? 7.4.5 Asymmetric Eigenvector Maps (AEM): When Directionality Matters 7.5 Another Way to Look at Spatial Structures: Multiscale Ordination (MSO) 7.5.1 Principle 7.5.2 Application to the Mite Data - Exploratory Approach 7.5.3 Application to the Detrended Mite and Environmental Data 7.6 Space-Time Interaction Test in Multivariate ANOVA, Without Replicates 7.6.1 Introduction 7.6.2 Testing the Space-Time Interaction with the sti Functions 7.7 Conclusion 8 Community Diversity 8.1 Objectives 8.2 The Multiple Facets of Diversity 8.2.1 Introduction 8.2.2 Species Diversity Measured by a Single Number 8.2.3 Taxonomic Diversity Indices in Practice 8.3 When Space Matters: Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversities 8.4 Beta Diversity 8.4.1 Beta Diversity Measured by a Single Number 8.4.2 Beta Diversity as the Variance of the Community Composition Table: SCBD and LCBD Indices 8.4.3 Partitioning Beta Diversity into Replacement, Richness Difference and Nestedness Components 8.5 Functional Diversity, Functional Composition and Phylogenetic Diversity of Communities 8.5.1 Alpha Functional Diversity 8.5.2 Beta Taxonomic, Phylogenetic and Functional Diversities 8.6 Conclusion Bibliography Index

Note: Contents Part I Regional Initiatives 1 South/Southeast Asia Research Initiative (SARI): A Response to Regional Needs in Land Cover/Land Use Change Science and Education / Krishna Prasad Vadrevu 2 SERVIR: Connecting Earth Observation Satellite Data to Local Science Applications / Africa Flores, Dauna S. Coulter, Ashutosh S. Limaye, and Daniel Irwin Part II Biomass Burning, Air Pollution and Impacts 3 Emission of Toxic Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases from Crop Residue Open Burning in Southeast Asia / Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh, Didin Agustian Permadi, Nguyen Phan Dong, and Dang Anh Nguyet 4 Impacts of Biomass Burning Emissions on Tropospheric NO2 Vertical Column Density over Continental Southeast Asia / Syuichi Itahashi, Itsushi Uno, Hitoshi Irie, Jun-Ichi Kurokawa, and Toshimasa Ohara 5 Observations of Asian Dust and Agricultural Fire Smoke Episodes: Transport and Impacts on Regional Air Quality in Southeast China / Yonghua Wu, Yong Han, and Tijian Wang 6 Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Land and Forest Fires in Indonesia Using MODIS Active Fire Dataset / Israr Albar, I. Nengah Surati Jaya, Bambang Hero Saharjo, Budi Kuncahyo, and Krishna Prasad Vadrevu 7 Severe Air Pollution Due to Peat Fires During 2015 Super El Niño in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia / Hiroshi Hayasaka and Alpon Sepriando 8 Forest and Land Fires in Riau Province: A Case Study in Fire Prevention Policy Implementation with Local Concession Holders / Bambang Hero Saharjo and Alex Yungan 9 Biomass Burning Emissions Variation from Satellite-Derived Land Cover, Burned Area, and Emission Factors in Vietnam / Kristofer Lasko and Krishna Prasad Vadrevu 10 Enhancement of Fire Early Warning System in Vietnam Using Spatial Data and Assimilation / Ba Tung Nguyen, Khac Phong Do, Nguyen Le Tran, Quang Hung Bui, Thi Nhat Thanh Nguyen, Van Quynh Vuong, and Thanh Ha Le 11 Greenhouse Gas Budget of Terrestrial Ecosystems in Monsoon Asia: A Process-Based Model Study for the Period 1901–2014 / Akihiko Ito and Motoko Inatomi 12 Simulations of Emissions, Air Quality, and Climate Contribution in Southeast Asia for March and December / Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen, Mary C. Barth, Gabriele Pfister, and Cindy Bruyere 13 Study of Lower Tropospheric Ozone over Central and Eastern China: Comparison of Satellite Observation with Model Simulation / Sachiko Hayashida, Satoko Kayaba, Makoto Deushi, Kazuyo Yamaji, Akiko Ono, Mizuo Kajino, Tsuyoshi Thomas Sekiyama, Takashi Maki, and Xiong Liu 14 Multi-scale Simulations of Atmospheric Pollutants Using a Non-hydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model / Daisuke Goto, Teruyuki Nakajima, Dai Tie, Hisashi Yashiro, Yousuke Sato, Kentaroh Suzuki, Junya Uchida, Shota Misawa, Ryoma Yonemoto, Tran Thi Ngoc Trieu, Hirofumi Tomita, and Masaki Satoh 15 Project MANTRA: Multi-platform ANalysis of TRace Gases and Aerosols with a Focus on Atmospheric CO2 Measurements for Southeast Asia / Ronald C. Macatangay 16 Dry Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen Species in Tropics / Reema Tiwari and Umesh Kulshrestha Part III Aerosol Pollution 17 Aerosols and Climate Change: Present Understanding, Challenges, and Future Outlook / S. Ramachandran 18 Organic Aerosols in South and East Asia: Composition and Sources / Chandra Mouli Pavuluri and Kimitaka Kawamura 19 Shortwave Radiation, Climate Change, and Anthropogenic Aerosols in China / Tadahiro Hayasaka 20 Conceptualizing How Severe Haze Events Are Impacting Long-Term Satellite-Based Trend Studies of Aerosol Optical Thickness over Asia / Zhao Yang Zhang, Man Sing Wong, and James R. Campbell 21 Aerosol Properties over Kuching, Sarawak from Satellite and Ground- Based Measurements / Arnis Asmat, Khairunnisa Abdul Jalal, and Siti Noratiqah Mohd Deros 22 Investigating the Aerosol Type and Spatial Distribution During Winter Fog Conditions over Indo-Gangetic Plains / Muhammad Fahim Khokhar and Naila Yasmin 23 Satellite Aerosol Optical Depth over Vietnam - An Analysis from VIIRS and CALIOP Aerosol Products / Vinh T. Tran, Ha V. Pham, Thanh T. N. Nguyen, Thanh X. Pham, Quang Hung Bui, Anh X. Nguyen, and Thuy T. Nguyen 24 Satellite Remote Sensing of Aerosols and Gaseous Pollution over Pakistan / Salman Tariq and Zia Ul-Haq Part IV Land Use/Cover Change and Impacts 25 The Impact of Land Cover and Land Use Change on the Indian Monsoon Region Hydroclimate / Dev Niyogi, Subashini Subramanian, U. C. Mohanty, C. M. Kishtawal, Subimal Ghosh, U. S. Nair, M. Ek, and M. Rajeevan 26 Decadal Land-Cover Changes in China and Their Impacts on the Atmospheric Environment / Mengmeng Li and Yu Song 27 Analyzing the Influence of Urban Growth on Thermal Environment Through Demographic, Environmental, and Physical Parameters in Bangladesh / Yogesh Kant, Saiful Azim, and Debashis Mitra 28 Ecosystem Carbon Stock, Atmosphere, and Food Security in Slash-and-Burn Land Use: A Geospatial Study in Mountainous Region of Laos / Yoshio Inoue 29 Spatial Modeling of Land Cover/Land Use Change and Its Effects on Hydrology Within the Lower Mekong Basin / Kel N. Markert, Robert E. Griffin, Ashutosh S. Limaye, and Richard T. McNider 30 Land–Atmosphere Interactions in South Asia: A Regional Earth Systems Perspective / Venkataramana Sridhar and Prasanth Valayamkunnath Erratum Index

Note: Contents Part I Introduction 1 Machine Learning in Wildlife Biology: Algorithms, Data Issues and Availability, Workflows, Citizen Science, Code Sharing, Metadata and a Brief Historical Perspective / Grant R. W. Humphries and Falk Huettmann 2 Use of Machine Learning (ML) for Predicting and Analyzing Ecological and ‘Presence Only’ Data: An Overview of Applications and a Good Outlook / Falk Huettmann, Erica H. Craig, Keiko A. Herrick, Andrew P. Baltensperger, Grant R. W. Humphries, David J. Lieske, Katharine Miller, Timothy C. Mullet, Steffen Oppel, Cynthia Resendiz, Imme Rutzen, Moritz S. Schmid, Madan K. Suwal, and Brian D. Young 3 Boosting, Bagging and Ensembles in the Real World: An Overview, some Explanations and a Practical Synthesis for Holistic Global Wildlife Conservation Applications Based on Machine Learning with Decision Trees / Falk Huettmann Part II Predicting Patterns 4 From Data Mining with Machine Learning to Inference in Diverse and Highly Complex Data: Some Shared Experiences, Intellectual Reasoning and Analysis Steps for the Real World of Science Applications / Falk Huettmann 5 Ensembles of Ensembles: Combining the Predictions from Multiple Machine Learning Methods / David J. Lieske, Moritz S. Schmid, and Matthew Mahoney 6 Machine Learning for Macroscale Ecological Niche Modeling - a Multi-Model, Multi-Response Ensemble Technique for Tree Species Management Under Climate Change / Anantha M. Prasad 7 Mapping Aboveground Biomass of Trees Using Forest Inventory Data and Public Environmental Variables within the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Brian D. Young, John Yarie, David Verbyla, Falk Huettmann, and F. Stuart Chapin III Part III Data Exploration and Hypothesis Generation with Machine Learning 8 ‘Batteries’ in Machine Learning: A First Experimental Assessment of Inference for Siberian Crane Breeding Grounds in the Russian High Arctic Based on ‘Shaving’ 74 Predictors / Falk Huettmann, Chunrong Mi, and Yumin Guo 9 Landscape Applications of Machine Learning: Comparing Random Forests and Logistic Regression in Multi-Scale Optimized Predictive Modeling of American Marten Occurrence in Northern Idaho, USA / Samuel A. Cushman and Tzeidle N. Wasserman 10 Using Interactions among Species, Landscapes, and Climate to Inform Ecological Niche Models: A Case Study of American Marten (Martes americana) Distribution in Alaska / Andrew P. Baltensperger 11 Advanced Data Mining (Cloning) of Predicted Climate-Scapes and Their Variances Assessed with Machine Learning: An Example from Southern Alaska Shows Topographical Biases and Strong Differences / Falk Huettmann 12 Using TreeNet, a Machine Learning Approach to Better Understand Factors that Influence Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Wintering Golden Eagles in the Western United States / Erica H. Craig, Tim H. Craig, and Mark R. Fuller Part IV Novel Applications of Machine Learning Beyond Species Distribution Models 13 Breaking Away from ‘Traditional’ Uses of Machine Learning: A Case Study Linking Sooty Shearwaters (Ardenna griseus) and Upcoming Changes in the Southern Oscillation Index / Grant R. W. Humphries 14 Image Recognition in Wildlife Applications / Dawn R. Magness 15 Machine Learning Techniques for Quantifying Geographic Variation in Leach’s Storm-Petrel (Hydrobates leucorhous) Vocalizations / Grant R. W. Humphries, Rachel T. Buxton, and Ian L. Jones Part V Implementing Machine Learning for Resource Management 16 Machine Learning for ‘Strategic Conservation and Planning’: Patterns, Applications, Thoughts and Urgently Needed Global Progress for Sustainability / Falk Huettmann 17 How the Internet Can Know What You Want Before You Do: Web-Based Machine Learning Applications for Wildlife Management / Grant R. W. Humphries 18 Machine Learning and ‘The Cloud’ for Natural Resource Applications: Autonomous Online Robots Driving Sustainable Conservation Management Worldwide? / Grant R. W. Humphries and Falk Huettmann 19 Assessment of Potential Risks from Renewable Energy Development and Other Anthropogenic Factors to Wintering Golden Eagles in the Western United States / Erica H. Craig, Mark R. Fuller, Tim H. Craig, and Falk Huettmann Part VI Conclusions 20 A Perspective on the Future of Machine Learning: Moving Away from ‘Business as Usual’ and Towards a Holistic Approach of Global Conservation / Grant R. W. Humphries and Falk Huettmann Index

Note: Contents Part I Neural Dynamics in Motor and Sensory Systems and in Cognitive Functions 1 Decomposition of Superimposed Chaotic Spike Sequences by Using the Bifurcating Neuron / Akihiro Yamaguchi, Yutaka Yamaguti, and Masao Kubo 2 Neural Energy Properties and Mental Exploration Based on Neural Energy Field Gradient / Yihong Wang, Xuying Xu, and Rubin Wang 3 Information Coded in the Striatum During Decision-Making / Makoto Ito and Kenji Doya 4 A Comparison of Reward Values Encoding Function Between the Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum in Monkey / Zaizhi Wen, Jianhua Zhang, and Xiaochuan Pan 5 Injection of Muscimol into Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Monkey’s Reward Transitive Inference / Xiaochuan Pan, Rubin Wang, and Masamichi Sakagami 6 Behavioral and Cognitive Impairments Induced by Low Doses of MK-801 and Ketamine / Marta Lovera-Ulecía, Lucía Moreno-Lama, María Ángeles Gómez-Climent, José M. Delgado-García, and Agnès Gruart 7 Changes in Brain Activity During Instrumental Behavior After Additional Learning in Rats / Vladimir Gavrilov 8 Coincidence Detection and Absolute Threshold in the Auditory Brainstem / Ray Meddis 9 Simultaneous Observation and Imagery of Hand Movement Enhance Event-Related Desynchronization of Stroke Patients / Atsuhiro Ichidi, Yuka Hanafusa, Tatsunori Itakura, and Toshihisa Tanaka 10 Behavioral and Brain Activity Modulation Through Neurofeedback Training Using Electroencephalography / Takuya Kimura and Jiro Okuda Part II Cognitive Network and Multi-scale Neural Network Dynamics 11 Network Model for Dynamics of Perception with Reservoir Computing and Predictive Coding / Yuichi Katori 12 Analysis of Structure-Function Relationship Using a Whole-Brain Dynamic Model Based on MRI Images of the Common Marmoset / Hiromichi Tsukada, Hiroaki Hamada, Ken Nakae, Shin Ishii, Junichi Hata, Hideyuki Okano, and Kenji Doya 13 A Structure and Function of Hippocampal Memory Networks in Consolidating Spatiotemporal Contexts / Hiromichi Tsukada, Minoru Tsukada, and Yoshikazu Isomura 14 A Pseudo-neuron Device and Firing Dynamics of Their Networks Similar to Neural Synchronizing Phenomena Between Far Local Fields in the Brain /Tomoyuki Yano, Yoshitomo Goto, Tomoyuki Nagaya, Ichiro Tsuda, and Shigetoshi Nara 15 Neurodynamics on Up and Down Transitions of Membrane Potential: From Single Neuron to Network / Xuying Xu, Rubin Wang, and Jianting Cao 16 Effects of Temporal Integration on Computational Performance of Spiking Neural Network / Fangzheng Xue, Yang Zhang, Hongjun Zhou, and Xiumin Li 17 Anticipatory Top-Down Interactive Neural Dynamics / Steven L. Bressler 18 Coherence-Based Coding in Spiking Neural Network with Global Inhibitory Feedback / Jinli Xie, Qinjun Zhao, and Jianyu Zhao 19 Time-Varying Scalp EEG Network Patterns for Music Tempo Perception /Wei Xu, Yin Tian, Haiyong Zhang, Huiling Zhang, Zhongyan Wang, Li Yang, Shuxing Zheng, Yupan Shi, Xing Zhao, Dechun Zhao, Xiuxing Wang, Yu Pang, and Zhangyong Li 20 Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptors Modulate Neural Rhythms in Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus and Prefronto-Hippocampal Connectivity in Alert Mice / Thomas Gener, Adrià Tauste-Campo, Maria Alemany-González, Cristina Delgado-Sallent, and Maria Victoria Puig Part III Neuroengineering, Neuroinformation and Brain Computer Interaction 21 A New Paradigm Based on Dynamic Visual Stimulation in BCI / Zhaoyang Qiu, Jing Jin, Hanhan Zhang, Yu Zhang, Bei Wang, and Xingyu Wang 22 Asynchronous Stimulation Method for N100-P300 Speller / Natsuki Morita and Yoshikazu Washizawa 23 Attention Evaluation Based on Single Prefrontal EEG / Jianhai Zhang, Gaomin Liu, Shaokai Zhao, and Wenhao Huang 24 Multi-Linc: A New Approach for Exploring Inter-areal Spike Communication / Yoshikazu Isomura 25 Intra-body Communication as an Emerging Approach to Neuromodulation / Javier Reina-Tosina, M. Amparo Callejón, Laura Fernández, and Laura M. Roa 26 Electrophysiology Techniques in Visual Prosthesis / Alejandro Barriga-Rivera and Gregg Jorgen Suaning 27 Application of Video-Oculography for the Analysis of the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex in Acute Hypoxic Mice / Juan Carlos López-Ramos, Ana Belén García Cebrián, and José M. Delgado-García 28 RatButton: A User-Friendly Touchscreen Presentation Software / Celia Andreu-Sánchez, Miguel Ángel Martín-Pascual, Agnès Gruart, and José María Delgado-García 29 ERFo: An Algorithm for Extracting a Range of Optimal Frequencies for Filtering Electrophysiological Recordings / C. Rocío Caro-Martín, Agnès Gruart, José M. Delgado-García, and Alessandro E. P. Villa 30 VISSOR: An Algorithm for the Detection, Identification, and Classification of the Action Potentials Distributed Across Electrophysiological Recordings / C. Rocío Caro-Martín, José M. Delgado-García, Agnès Gruart, and Raudel Sánchez-Campusano Part IV Modelling Higher-Order Functions and Dysfunctions 31 Influence of β-Amyloid Plaques on the Local Network Activity in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease / Patricia Castano-Prat, Guillermo Aparicio-Torres, Alberto Muñoz, and Maria V. Sanchez-Vives 32 Altered Functional Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome / Miguel Dasilva, Alvaro Navarro-Guzman, Luca Maiolo, Andres Ozaita, and Maria V. Sanchez-Vives 33 Multiple Epileptogenic Foci Can Promote Seizure Discharge Onset and Propagation / Denggui Fan and Qingyun Wang 34 An ERP Study Reveals How Training with Dual N-Back Task Affects Risky Decision Making in a Gambling Task in ADHD Patients / Sarah K. Mesrobian, Alessandra Lintas, Manon Jaquerod, Michel Bader, Lorenz Götte, and Alessandro E. P. Villa 35 Working Memory Development in Attention Deficit Children and Adolescents / Elena I. Rodríguez-Martínez, Antonio Arjona-Valladares, Francisco J. Ruíz-Martínez, Manuel Morales, Catarina I. Barriga-Paulino, Jaime Gómez-González, and Carlos M. Gómez 36 Spectral Power and Maturational Frequency-Coupling Differences Between Attention Deficit and Control Children and Adolescents / Elena I. Rodríguez-Martínez, Brenda Y. Angulo-Ruíz, Antonio Arjona-Valladares, Francisco J. Ruíz-Martinez, Jaime Gómez-González, and Carlos M. Gómez 37 Event-Related Potentials During a Delayed Match-to-Sample Test to Evaluate Working Memory Development in Control and Attention Deficit Children and Adolescents / Antonio Arjona-Valladares, Elena I. Rodríguez-Martínez, Francisco J. Ruíz-Martínez, Jaime Gómez-González, and Carlos M. Gómez 38 Postnatal Development of Sleep-Wake Cycle in Wild-Type Mice / Ángeles Prados-Pardo, Sandra Yaneth Prieto-Soler, and Eduardo Domínguez-del-Toro 39 Complexity of Heart Rate As a Value of Behavioral Complexity / Anastasiia Bakhchina 40 Neural Generators of the N2 Component for Abstinent Heroin Addicts in a Dot-Probe Task / Hongqian Li, Qinglin Zhao, Bin Hu, Yu Zhou, and Quanying Liu Part V Oscillation, Synchronization, Neural Plasticity, and Coordination Dynamics from Neural to Social Systems 41 Changes in Phase Synchronization of EEG During Development of Symbolic Communication Systems / Masayuki Fujiwara, Takashi Hashimoto, Guanhong Li, Jiro Okuda, Takeshi Konno, Kazuyuki Samejima, and Junya Morita 42 Effect of Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity on Stochastic Spike Synchronization in an Excitatory Neuronal Population / Sang-Yoon Kim and Woochang Lim 43 Alpha Phase Is Regulated by Gamma Power in Mouse Hippocampus / Tao Zhang, Xiaxia Xu, and Zhuo Yang 44 Quantitative Analysis of Functional Connectivity Between Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum in Monkey / Zaizhi Wen, Jianhua Zhang, Xiaochuan Pan, and Rubin Wang 45 Spontaneous Theta Rhythm Predicts Insomnia Duration: A Resting-State EEG Study / Wenrui Zhao, Dong Gao, Faguo Yue, Yanting Wang, Dandan Mao, Tianqiang Liu, and Xu Lei 46 Differences in Perceiving Narratives Through Screens or Reality / Miguel Ángel Martín-Pascual, Celia Andreu-Sánchez, José M. Delgado-García, and Agnès Gruart 47 Self-Organization with Constraints: The Significance of Invariant Manifolds / Ichiro Tsuda 48 On the Nature of Coordination in Nature / Emmanuelle Tognoli,

Note: Contents Part I Adaptation Mechanisms for Cold 1 Gene Regulatory Networks Mediating Cold Acclimation: The CBF Pathway / Javier Barrero-Gil and Julio Salinas 2 RNA Regulation in Plant Cold Stress Response / Kentaro Nakaminami and Motoaki Seki 3 The Mechanism Enabling Hibernation in Mammals / Yuuki Horii, Takahiko Shiina, and Yasutake Shimizu 4 Freezing Tolerance of Plant Cells: From the Aspect of Plasma Membrane and Microdomain / Daisuke Takahashi, Matsuo Uemura, and Yukio Kawamura 5 Natural Variation in Freezing Tolerance and Cold Acclimation Response in Arabidopsis thaliana and Related Species / Ellen Zuther, Yang Ping Lee, Alexander Erban, Joachim Kopka, and Dirk K. Hincha 6 Ice Nucleation Activity in Plants: The Distribution, Characterization, and Their Roles in Cold Hardiness Mechanisms / Masaya Ishikawa, Hideyuki Yamazaki, Tadashi Kishimoto, Hiroki Murakawa, Timothy Stait-Gardner, Kazuyuki Kuchitsu, and William S. Price 7 Investigating Freezing Patterns in Plants Using Infrared Thermography / David P. Livingston III 8 Mechanism of Overwintering in Trees / Keita Arakawa, Jun Kasuga, and Naoki Takata 9 The Mechanism of Low-Temperature Tolerance in Fish / Kiyoshi Soyano and Yuji Mushirobira Part II Adaptation Mechanisms for Desiccation 10 Mechanisms Underlying Freezing and Desiccation Tolerance in Bryophytes / Daisuke Takezawa 11 Regulatory Gene Networks in Drought Stress Responses and Resistance in Plants / Fuminori Takahashi, Takashi Kuromori, Hikaru Sato, and Kazuo Shinozaki 12 Mechanism of Stomatal Closure in Plants Exposed to Drought and Cold Stress / Srinivas Agurla, Shashibhushan Gahir, Shintaro Munemasa, Yoshiyuki Murata, and Agepati S. Raghavendra 13 Mechanisms of Maturation and Germination in Crop Seeds Exposed to Environmental Stresses with a Focus on Nutrients, Water Status, and Reactive Oxygen Species / Yushi Ishibashi, Takashi Yuasa, and Mari Iwaya-Inoue 14 The Antioxidant System in the Anhydrobiotic Midge as an Essential, Adaptive Mechanism for Desiccation Survival / Alexander Nesmelov, Richard Cornette, Oleg Gusev, and Takahiro Kikawada 15 Physicochemical Aspects of the Biological Functions of Trehalose and Group 3 LEA Proteins as Desiccation Protectants / Takao Furuki and Minoru Sakurai Part III Application Technologies from Laboratory to Society 16 Supercooling-Promoting (Anti-ice Nucleation) Substances / Seizo Fujikawa, Chikako Kuwabara, Jun Kasuga, and Keita Arakawa 17 Applications of Antifreeze Proteins: Practical Use of the Quality Products from Japanese Fishes / Sheikh Mahatabuddin and Sakae Tsuda 18 Development and Application of Cryoprotectants / Robin Rajan and Kazuaki Matsumura 19 Cryopreservation of Plant Genetic Resources / Daisuke Tanaka, Takao Niino, and Matsuo Uemura 20 Applications of Freezing and Freeze-Drying in Pharmaceutical Formulations / Ken-ichi Izutsu 21 Control of Physical Changes in Food Products / Kiyoshi Kawai and Tomoaki Hagiwara Index

Note: Contents Part I Personal Reminiscences Honorary Note. Evgeny Georgievich Morozov: A Life at Sea as a Devoted Ocean Observer / Manuel G. Velarde, Roman Yu. Tarakanov and Alexey V. Marchenko Gallery: An Ocean Scientist and His Life at Sea / Manuel G. Velarde, Roman Yu. Tarakanov and Alexey V. Marchenko New Steps of the Modern Oceanography: Reminiscences of My Work with Evgeny Georgievich Morozov / Victor G. Neiman Fifty Years of Collaboration with Evgeny Georgievich Morozov / Boris N. Filyushkin Part II Scientific Contributions: Internal and Surface Waves Internal Undular Bores in the Coastal Ocean / Roger Grimshaw and Chunxin Yuan Calculating FRAM’s Dead Water / John Grue Internal Solitary Waves in a Layered Weakly Stratified Flow / Nikolay Makarenko, Janna Maltseva, Roman Tarakanov and Kseniya Ivanova Surface Manifestations of Internal Waves Induced by a Subsurface Buoyant Jet (Experiment and Theory) / Valerii G. Bondur, Yuliya I. Troitskaya, Ekaterina V. Ezhova, Vasiliy I. Kazakov, Alexandr A. Kandaurov, Daniil A. Sergeev and Irina A. Soustova Large Internal Solitary Waves in Shallow Waters / Valery Liapidevskii and Nikolay Gavrilov Internal Gravity Waves in Horizontally Inhomogeneous Ocean / Vitaly V. Bulatov and Yury V. Vladimirov High-Resolution Observations of Internal Wave Turbulence in the Deep Ocean / Hans van Haren Deep-Ocean Tides in the South-West Indian Ocean: Comparing Deep-Sea Pressure to Satellite Data / Leo R. M. Maas, Borja Aguiar-González and Leandro Ponsoni Internal Tides West of the Iberian Peninsula / Eugene G. Morozov and Manuel G. Velarde Asymmetric Baroclinic Response to Tidal Forcing Along the Main Sill of the Strait of Gibraltar Inferred from Mooring Observations / Jesús García-Lafuente, Simone Sammartino, José C. Sánchez-Garrido and Cristina Naranjo Mode 2 Internal Waves in the Ocean: Evidences from Observations / Andrey N. Serebryany Abyssal Mixing in the Laboratory / T. Dauxois, E. Ermanyuk, C. Brouzet, S. Joubaud and I. Sibgatullin Rogue Waves in the Ocean, the Role of Modulational Instability, and Abrupt Changes of Environmental Conditions that Can Provoke Non Equilibrium Wave Dynamics / Karsten Trulsen Simulation of Standing and Propagating Sea Waves with Three-Dimensional ARMA Model / Ivan Gankevich and Alexander Degtyarev Perturbation Theory for the Compound Soliton of the Gardner’s Equation; Their Interaction and Evolution in a Media with Variable Parameters / Irina A. Soustova, Konstantin A. Gorshkov, Alexey V. Ermoshkin, Lev A. Ostrovsky and Yuliya I. Troitskaya Part III Scientific Contributions: Ocean Circulation Geostrophic Adjustment Beyond the Traditional Approximation / Gregory M. Reznik Evolution of an Intrathermocline Lens over the Lofoten Basin / Boris N. Filyushkin, Mikhail A. Sokolovskiy and Konstantin V. Lebedev The Global Atmosphere Oscillations in the Context of the Recent Climate Change / Victor G. Neiman, Vladimir I. Byshev, Yury A. Romanov and Ilya V. Serykh Influence of the Current Field Non-stationarity and the Non-simultaneity of Hydrographic Measurements on ADCP-based Transport Estimates / R. Yu. Tarakanov Satellite Remote Sensing of Submesoscale Eddies in the Russian Seas / Andrey G. Kostianoy, Anna I. Ginzburg, Olga Yu. Lavrova and Marina I. Mityagina Ship-Based Monitoring of the Northern North Atlantic Ocean by the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology. The Main Results / Artem Sarafanov, Anastasia Falina, Alexey Sokov, Vyacheslav Zapotylko and Sergey Gladyshev Thermohaline Structure and Salt Fingering in the Lomonosov Equatorial Undercurrent as Observed in April 2017 / Tatiana A. Demidova Numerical Realization of Hybrid Data Assimilation Algorithm in Ensemble Experiments with the MPIESM Coupled Model / Konstantin P. Belyaev, Ingo Kirchner, Andrey A. Kuleshov and Natalia P. Tuchkova Sea of Azov Waters in the Black Sea: Do They Enhance Wind-Driven Flows on the Shelf? / Peter O. Zavialov, Alexander S. Izhitskiy and Roman O. Sedakov Bottom Water Flows in the Vema Channel and over the Santos Plateau Based on the Field and Numerical Experiments / 475 Dmitry I. Frey, Vladimir V. Fomin, Roman Yu. Tarakanov, Nikolay A. Diansky and Nikolay I. Makarenko Modeling Study of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Variability Based on Argo Data / Konstantin V. Lebedev Tareev Equatorial Undercurrent in the Indian Ocean / Albert K. Ambrosimov, Dmitry I. Frey and Sergey M. Shapovalov The Bering Sea Regional Data Assimilation System: From Climate Variability to Short Term Hindcasting / Gleb G. Panteleev, Max Yaremchuk, Vladimir Luchin and Oceana Francis Monitoring Strong Tidal Currents in Straits and Nearshore Regions / Alexei Sentchev, Max Yaremchuk and Maxime Thiébaut Part IV Scientific Contributions: Arctic Oceanography Analytical Solutions Describing Zonal and Circular Wind Drift of Sea Ice with Elastic-Plastic Rheology / Aleksey Marchenko Arctic Ocean Modeling: The Consistent Physics on the Path to the High Spatial Resolution / Nikolay G. Iakovlev Numerical Modeling of Internal Wave Generation at High Latitudes / Oxana E. Kurkina, Tatiana G. Talipova, Efim N. Pelinovsky and Andrey A. Kurkin Internal Wave Frequency Spectrum in the Amundsen Basin of the Arctic Ocean Inferred from Ice Tethered CTD Instruments / Sergey V. Pisarev Experimental Studies of Sea and Model Ice Fracture Mechanics / Marina Karulina, Alexey Marchenko, Alexandr Sakharov, Evgeny Karulin and Peter Chistyakov Seasonal Freezing of a Subwater Ground Layer at the Laptev Sea Shelf / Peter V. Bogorodskii, Andrey V. Pnyushkov and Vasilii Yu. Kustov

Note: Contents Part I Introduction to Harmful Algal Blooms and the GEOHAB Programme 1 Introduction to the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Synthesis / Patricia M. Glibert, Elisa Berdalet, Michele A. Burford, Grant C. Pitcher, and Mingjiang Zhou 2 Harmful Algal Blooms and the Importance of Understanding Their Ecology and Oceanography / Patricia M. Glibert, Elisa Berdalet, Michele A. Burford, Grant C. Pitcher, and Mingjiang Zhou 3 Establishment, Goals, and Legacy of the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Programme / Raphael M. Kudela, Robin Raine, Grant C. Pitcher, Patrick Gentien, Elisa Berdalet, Henrik Enevoldsen, and Ed Urban Part II Global Changes and Harmful Algal Blooms 4 Changing Land-, Sea-, and Airscapes: Sources of Nutrient Pollution Affecting Habitat Suitability for Harmful Algae / Patricia M. Glibert, Arthur H.W. Beusen, John A. Harrison, Hans H. Dürr, Alexander F. Bouwman, and Goulven G. Laruelle 5 Harmful Algal Blooms in a Changing Ocean / Mark L. Wells and Bengt Karlson Part III Adaptive Strategies and Harmful Algal Blooms 6 Nutrients and Harmful Algal Blooms: Dynamic Kinetics and Flexible Nutrition / Patricia M. Glibert, Cynthia A. Heil, Frances P. Wilkerson, and Richard C. Dugdale 7 Mixotrophy in Harmful Algal Blooms: By Whom, on Whom, When, Why, and What Next / Kevin J. Flynn, Aditee Mitra, Patricia M. Glibert, and JoAnn M. Burkholder 8 The Role of Life Cycle Characteristics in Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics / Rhodora V. Azanza, Michael L. Brosnahan, Donald M. Anderson, Inga Hense, and Marina Montresor Part IV Harmful Algal Blooms in Specific Habitats and Biomes 9 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Stratified Systems / Robin Raine, Elisa Berdalet, Hidekatsu Yamazaki, Ian Jenkinson, and Beatriz Reguera 10 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Fjords and Coastal Embayments / Suzanne Roy, Marina Montresor, and Allan Cembella 11 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems / Grant C. Pitcher, Francisco G. Figueiras, Raphael M. Kudela, Teresa Moita, Beatriz Reguera, and Manuel Ruiz-Villareal 12 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Relation to Nutrients and Eutrophication / Patricia M. Glibert, Adnan Al-Azri, J. Icarus Allen, Alexander F. Bouwman, Arthur H.W. Beusen, Michele A. Burford, Paul J. Harrison, and Mingjiang Zhou 13 Key Questions and Recent Research Advances on Harmful Algal Blooms in Benthic Systems / Elisa Berdalet and Patricia A. Tester Part V Spotlight on Harmful Algal Blooms in Asia 14 Overview of Harmful Algal Blooms in Asia / Ken Furuya, Mitsunori Iwataki, Po Teen Lim, Songhui Lu, Chui-Pin Leaw, Rhodora V. Azanza, Hak-Gyoon Kim, and Yasuwo Fukuyo 15 Harmful Algal Blooms in the Coastal Waters of China / Ren-Cheng Yu, Song-Hui Lü, and Yu-Bo Liang 16 Green Tides of the Yellow Sea: Massive Free-Floating Blooms of Ulva prolifera / Dongyan Liu and Mingjiang Zhou 17 Ecological Drivers of Green Noctiluca Blooms in Two Monsoonal-Driven Ecosystems / Joaquim I. Goes, Helga do R. Gomes, Khalid Al-Hashimi, and Anukul Buranapratheprat Part VI Observing and Predicting Harmful Algal Blooms: Tools and Predictive Approaches 18 Advancements and Continuing Challenges of Emerging Technologies and Tools for Detecting Harmful Algal Blooms, Their Antecedent Conditions and Toxins, and Applications in Predictive Models / Patricia M. Glibert, Grant C. Pitcher, Stewart Bernard, and Ming Li 19 Recent Advances in Modelling of Harmful Algal Blooms / Peter J.S. Franks Part VII Moving Forward: Emerging Issues and a New Global Programme 20 Emerging HAB Research Issues in Freshwater Environments / Michele A. Burford, David P. Hamilton, and Susanna A. Wood 21 Mitigation and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms / Zhiming Yu, Xiuxian Song, Xihua Cao, and Yang Liu 22 GlobalHAB: Fostering International Coordination on Harmful Algal Bloom Research in Aquatic Systems / Elisa Berdalet, Raphael M. Kudela, Neil S. Banas, Eileen Bresnan, Michele A. Burford, Keith Davidson, Christopher J. Gobler, Bengt Karlson, Po Teen Lim, Lincoln Mackenzie, Marina Montresor, Vera L. Trainer, Gires Usup, Kedong Yin, Henrik Enevoldsen, and Ed Urban Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Geography 1.2 Geology 1.3 Oceanography 1.4 Climate 1.5 Biodiversity References Part I Dangerous Fishes 2 Biting and Predator Fish Group 2.1 Chondrichthyes (Cartilagenous Fishes) 2.1.1 Relationship of Sharks to Humans 2.2 Osteichthyes (Teleostean Fishes) 2.2.1 Moray eels 2.3 Wolf-Herring and Barracuda 2.3.1 Barracuda Attacks and Bites 2.4 Triggerfish 2.4.1 Reported Cases of Triggerfish Bites 2.5 Ribbonfish 2.5.1 Bite of Ribbonfish and Its Mechanism References 3 Harmful Fish Group 3.1 Needlefish 3.1.1 Injuries Caused by Needlefishes 3.2 Surgeonfish 3.2.1 Cuts Caused by Surgeonfish References 4 Electric Fishes 4.1 Electric Rays and Their Electric Organ References Part II Poisonous and Venomous Fishes 5 Poisonous Fishes 5.1 Ichthyosarcotoxic Fishes 5.1.1 Elasmobranch Fish Poisoning 5.1.2 Ciguatoxic Fishes 5.1.3 Clupeotoxic Fishes 5.1.4 Gempylotoxic Fishes 5.1.5 Scomberotoxic Fishes 5.1.6 Hallucinogenic Fishes 5.1.7 Tetrodotoxic Fishes 5.2 Ichthyootoxic Fishes 5.2.1 Ichthyootoxic Fish Species 5.3 Ichthyogallotoxic Fishes 5.3.1 Ichthyogallotoxic Fish Species References 6 Ichthyohemotoxic Fishes 6.1 Background 6.2 Causative Agent 6.3 Symptoms 6.4 Treatment and Prevention 6.5 Ichthyohemotoxic Fish Species References 7 Venomous Fishes 7.1 Ithyocrinotoxic Fishes 7.1.1 Catfishes 7.1.2 Boxfishes 7.1.3 Species of Eels 7.1.4 Flatfishes 7.1.5 Pufferfish 7.1.6 Ichthyocrinotoxic Fish Species 7.2 Acanthotoxic (Venomous) Fishes 7.2.1 Venomous Stingrays 7.2.2 Venomous Catfishes 7.2.3 Venomous Scorpaenid Fishes 7.2.4 Venomous Stonefishes 7.2.5 Venomous Toadfishes 7.2.6 Venomous Spadefishes or Scats 7.2.7 Venomous Stargazers 7.2.8 Venomous Rabbit Fishes References Erratum to: Dangerous Fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula About the Author Common Name Index Scientific Name Index General Index

Note: Contents 1 “Data Science” and “Big Data” 1.1 Transport Data Science Examples 1.1.1 Origin-Destination Analysis on the London Orbital Motorway 1.1.2 Airline Pricing and Arbitrage 1.1.3 Pothole Monitoring 1.1.4 Foursquare 1.1.5 Self-driving Cars 1.1.6 Taxi Services 1.2 The Claim 1.3 Definitions 1.4 Relationship with Other Fields 1.5 Ethics 1.6 Cynical Views 1.7 Exercise: itsleeds Virtual Desktop Setup 1.8 Further Reading 1.9 Appendix: Native Installation 2 Python for Data Science Primer 2.1 Programming Skills Check 2.2 Programming Languages 2.3 Programming Environment 2.4 Core Language 2.4.1 Lists 2.4.2 Dictionaries 2.4.3 Control Structures 2.4.4 Files 2.4.5 Functions 2.5 Libraries 2.5.1 Modules 2.5.2 Mathematics 2.5.3 Plotting 2.5.4 Data Frames 2.5.5 Debugging 2.6 Further Reading 3 Database Design 3.1 Before the Relational Model 3.2 Picturing the World 3.2.1 Ontology 3.2.2 Philosophical Ontology 3.2.3 Data Ontology 3.2.4 Structured Query Language (SQL) 3.3 Exercises 3.3.1 Setting up PostgreSQL 3.3.2 SQL Creation Language 3.3.3 SQL Query Language 3.3.4 SQL Python Binding 3.3.5 Importing Vehicle Bluetooth Data 3.4 Further Reading 4 Data Preparation 4.1 Obtaining Data 4.2 Basic Text Processing 4.3 Formal Grammar: The Chomsky Hierarchy 4.3.1 Regular Languages (Type 3) 4.3.2 Context-Free Languages (Type 2) 4.3.3 Beyond CFGs (Types 1 and 0) 4.4 Special Types 4.4.1 Strings and Numbers 4.4.2 Dates and Times 4.4.3 National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) Format 4.5 Common Formats 4.6 Cleaning 4.7 B + Tree Implementation 4.8 Exercises 4.8.1 Reading the Database with Pandas 4.8.2 printf Notation 4.8.3 DateTimes 4.8.4 Time Alignment and Differencing 4.8.5 Parsing 4.8.6 Vehicle Bluetooth Munging 4.9 Further Reading 5 Spatial Data 5.1 Geodesy 5.2 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) 5.3 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 5.3.1 Role of GIS System 5.3.2 Spatial Ontology 5.3.3 Spatial Data Structures 5.4 Implementations 5.4.1 Spatial Files 5.4.2 Spatial Data Sources 5.4.3 Spatial Databases 5.4.4 Spatial Data Frames 5.5 Exercises 5.5.1 GPS Projections 5.5.2 PostGIS 5.5.3 GeoPandas 5.5.4 QGIS Road Maps 5.5.5 Plotting Open Street Map (OSM) Roads 5.5.6 Obtaining OSM Data 5.5.7 Bluetooth Traffic Sensor Sites 5.6 Further Reading 6 Bayesian Inference 6.1 Bayesian Inference Versus “Statistics” 6.2 Motorway Journey Times 6.3 Bayesian Inference 6.3.1 Bayes’ Theorem 6.3.2 Legal Inference: A Pedestrian Hit-and-Run Incident 6.3.3 Priors and Posteriors 6.3.4 Road User Tracking 6.4 Bayesian Networks 6.4.1 Bayesian Network for Traffic Lights 6.4.2 Bayesian Network for Traffic Accidents 6.4.3 Reporting 6.4.4 Car Insurance 6.5 Priors and Prejudice 6.6 Causality 6.7 Model Comparison and Combination 6.8 Exercises 6.8.1 Inferring Traffic Lights with PyMC3 6.8.2 Inferring Accident Road State Change with PyMC3 6.8.3 Switching Poisson Journey Times 6.9 Further Reading 7 Machine Learning 7.1 Generative Versus Discriminative Vehicle Emissions 7.2 Simple Classifiers 7.2.1 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) 7.2.2 Nearest Neighbor 7.2.3 Template Matching 7.2.4 Naïve Bayes Classification 7.2.5 Decision Trees 7.3 Neural Networks and “Deep Learning” 7.3.1 Parallel Computing Back-Propagation 7.4 Limitations and Extensions 7.5 Exercises 7.6 Further Reading 8 Spatial Analysis 8.1 Spatial Statistics 8.2 Bayesian Spatial Models 8.2.1 Markov Random Fields (MRF) 8.2.2 Gaussian Processes (Kriging) 8.3 Vehicle Routing 8.3.1 Link-breaking 8.4 Spatial Features 8.5 Exploratory Analysis 8.6 Scaling Issues 8.7 Exercises 8.7.1 Gaussian Processes in GPy 8.7.2 Gaussian Process Traffic Densities 8.7.3 Vehicle Routing with PostGIS 8.7.4 Finding Roadside Sensor Sites 8.8 Further Reading 9 Data Visualisation 9.1 Visual Perception 9.1.1 Colours 9.1.2 Visual Attention 9.2 Geographic Visualization (Maps) 9.2.1 Traffic Flow Maps 9.2.2 Slippy Maps 9.2.3 Info-Graphics 9.3 Exercises 9.3.1 Web Page Maps with Leaflet 9.3.2 Bluetooth Origin-Destination Flows 9.3.3 Large Project Suggestions 9.4 Further Reading 10 Big Data 10.1 Medium-Sized Data Speedups 10.2 Enterprise Data Scaling 10.3 CAP Theorem 10.4 Big Data Scaling 10.4.1 Data “Lakes” 10.4.2 Grid Computing 10.4.3 Map-Reduce and Cloud Computing 10.4.4 Hadoop Ecosystem 10.4.5 Non-relational Databases (“NoSQL”) 10.4.6 Distributed Relational Databases (“NewSQL”) 10.5 Exercises 10.5.1 Prolog AI Car Insurance Queries 10.5.2 Map-Reduce on Vehicle Bluetooth Data 10.5.3 Setting up Hadoop and Spark 10.5.4 Finding Vehicle Matches in Hadoop 10.5.5 Traffic Flow Prediction with Spark 10.5.6 Large Project Suggestions 10.6 Further Reading 11 Professional Issues 11.1 Morals, Ethics, and Law 11.2 Ethical Issues 11.2.1 Privacy 11.2.2 De-anonymization (“Doxing”) 11.2.3 Predictive Analytics 11.2.4 Social and Selfish Equilibria 11.2.5 Monetization 11.2.6 Ontological Bias 11.2.7 p-hacking 11.2.8 Code Quality 11.2.9 Agency Conflicts 11.2.10 Server Jurisdiction 11.2.11 Security Services 11.3 UK Legal Framework 11.3.1 Data Protection Act 1988 11.3.2 General Data Protection Regulation (GPDR) 11.4 Role of the Data Scientist 11.5 Exercises 11.6 Further Reading Index

Note: Contents Part I Climate Change Governance and Policy Decentralized Governance and Climate Change Adaptation: Working Locally to Address Community Resilience Priorities / Erin Martin, Christopher Perine, Veronique Lee and Jeff Ratcliffe Using the Open Standards-Based Framework for Planning and Implementing Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Projects in the High Mountainous Regions of Central Asia / Paul Schumacher, Tobias Garstecki, Bunafsha Mislimshoeva, John Morrison, Benedikt Ibele, Corey Lesk, Salamat Dzhumabaeva, Umed Bulbulshoev and Shaun Martin Understanding Climate Change Adaptation: The Role of Citizens’ Perceptions and Appraisals About Extreme Weather Events / Samuel Domingos, Rui Gaspar, João Marôco and Rita Beja Diffusion of Climate Change Adaptation Policies Among Local Governments in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conceptual Review / Issah Justice Musah-Surugu, Albert Ahenkan, Justice Nyigmah Bawole and Samuel Antwi Darkwah The Politics and Governance of Negative Emissions Technologies / Klaus Radunsky Vulnerability Here, There, and Everywhere: What Happened to Ghana’s Decentralized Climate Change Adaptation Policy? / Issah Justice Musah-Surugu, Albert Ahenkan, Justice Nyigmah Bawole and Antwi Samuel Darkwah Part II Climate Change Adaptation, Resilience and Disaster Risk Management Effect of a Drought on Cork Growth Along the Production Cycle / Carla Leite, Vanda Oliveira, Alexandra Lauw and Helena Pereira Ozone Layer Depletion, Climate Change, Risks and Adaptation / Aliaksandr Krasouski and Siarhei Zenchanka Embedding Adaptation into Development Planning and Decision Making Process at the Municipal Levels in Mozambique / Luís Artur, Casimiro António, Olanda Bata, Felisberto Afonso and Gilberto Muai Promoting Private Sector Engagement in Climate Change Adaptation and Flood Resilience—A Case Study of Innovative Approaches Applied by MSMEs in Mumbai, India / Caroline Schaer and Archana Pantakar Can Young Olive Plants Overcome Heat Shock? / Márcia Araújo, Conceição Santos and Maria Celeste Dias Microclimatic Adaptations That Occurred in Urban Area in the Brazilian Cerrado Between the Years 2011–2012 and 2016 / Diana Carolina Jesus de Paula, Natallia Sanches e Souza, Marta Cristina de Jesus Albuquerque Nogueira and Flávia Maria de Moura Santos Part III Social Perceptions and Socio-cultural Dimensions of Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Outlining Community Perceptions of Climate Change in Local Adaptation Strategies Development: The Case of ClimAdaPT.Local / Luísa Schmidt, Adriana Ferreira Alves, Susana Valente and João Morais Mourato Attitudes, Ability and Willingness: Rethinking Split-Incentives of Non-domestic Building Tenure to Overcome Energy Inertia / Kay Emblen-Perry Environmental Justice and Climate Change Adaptation in the Context of Risk Society / Maria Eduarda Medeiros da Silveira, Solange Buchele de S. Thiago, Larissa Pereira Cipoli Ribeiro, Ana Clara Medeiros da Silveira, José Baltazar Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade Guerra, Jéssica Garcia and Sthefanie Aguiar da Silva Fish Farmers’ Perceptions, Impacts and Adaptation on/of/to Climate Change in Africa (The Case of Egypt and Nigeria) / M. L. Adeleke, D. Al-Kenawy, A. M. Nasr-Allah, S. Murphy, G. O. El-Naggar and M. Dickson Environmental Migrations Without Environmental Migrants? Perceptions and Policies on Environmental and Mobility Issues / Inês Vieira Can 3D Visualizations Really Convince Small Island Coastal Communities About the True Risks of Sea Level Rise? / Attard Claudia, Galdies Charles and Conrad Elisabeth Overview of Contextual Factors When Designing and Implementing Climate Risk Communication with Rural Communities in the Global South / Elvis Modikela Nkoana Part IV Food Security and Climate Change: Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change Improving Water Productivity in Irrigated Agriculture: Challenges from Climate Change and New Water Resources Paradigms / José Manuel Gonçalves and Isabel Pedroso de Lima Promoting Sustainability Through Agro-industrial Waste Valorisation / Micael Silva, Patrícia Marques, Luís Coelho, Hartmut Nestler, Paula Castro and Cristina Galhano Are Increases in Maize Production in Malawi Due to Favourable Climate or the Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP)? / Floney P. Kawaye and Michael F. Hutchinson Would Rainfed Agriculture Be the Right Option Under Climate Change Scenarios? A Case Study from Centro Region of Portugal / Albano Figueiredo, Carolina Alves, Joaquim Patriarca, Andreia Saavedra Cardoso, Paula Castro and João Loureiro Impact of the Light Microclimate on Photosynthetic Activity of Grape Berry (Vitis vinifera): Insights for Radiation Absorption Mitigations’ Measures / Andreia Garrido, Richard Breia, João Serôdio and Ana Cunha Is It Possible to Completely Adapt Agriculture Production to the Effects of Climate Variability and Change in Central Argentina? New Approaches in Face of New Challenges / Mónica B. Wehbe, Roberto A. Seiler, Marta G. Vinocur and Ivan E. Tarasconi Coffee Responses to Drought, Warming and High [CO 2 ] in a Context of Future Climate Change Scenarios / José Nobre Semedo, Weverton P. Rodrigues, Danielly Dubberstein, Madlles Q. Martins, Lima D. Martins, Isabel P. Pais, Ana P. Rodrigues, António E. Leitão, Fábio L. Partelli, Eliemar Campostrini, Marcelo A. Tomaz, Fernando H. Reboredo, Paula Scotti-Campos, Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Fernando C. Lidon, Fábio M. DaMatta and José C. Ramalho How Can Global Change Affect Insect Population Dynamics in Mediterranean Ecosystems? A Case Study with Pine Shoot Beetle and Pine Processionary Moth / Teresa Maria Vasconcelos and Isabel Maria Duarte Part V Technological approaches to Climate Change Adaptation/Innovative Approaches towards Low Carbon Economics Urban Agriculture Practices as Initiatives for Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change: Possibilities for Urban Farms in a South American City / Ana Valquiria Jonck, João Marcelo Pereira Ribeiro, Issa Ibrahim Berchin, Francesca Chaher Perini and José Baltazar Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade Guerra Climate Adaptation Practices in Building Constructions: Progress and Limitations in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania / Elinorata Mbuya, Nathalie Jean-Baptiste and Alphonce G. Kyessi Irrigation Water-Saving Technologies to Adapt to Global Changes in the Yellow River Basin, China: A Hetao Case Study / Qingfeng Miao, Haibin Shi, José Manuel Gonçalves and Luis Santos Pereira Emission Trading Schemes and Carbon Markets in the NDCs: Their Contribution to the Paris Agreement / Veronica Caciagli Adaptation Technologies in Water Sector Demanded by Developing Countries and the Potential of Technology Transfer of SMEs in South Korea / Ho-Sik Chon, Huncheol Im and SeJin An Erratum to: Promoting Private Sector Engagement in Climate Change Adaptation and Flood Resilience—A Case Study of Innovative Approaches Applied by MSMEs in Mumbai, India 7 Caroline Schaer and Archana Pantakar

Note: Contents Part I Developing Climate Change Information 1 Science and Knowledge Production for Climate Change Adaptation: Challenges and Opportunities / Silvia Serrao-Neumann and Anne Coudrain 2 Science and Evidence-Based Climate Change Policy: Collaborative Approaches to Improve the Science–Policy Interface / Edward A. Morgan and Gabriela Marques Di Giulio 3 Conceptual Analysis of Climate Change in the Light of Society-Environment Relationships: Observatories Closer to Both Systems and Societies / Mireille Fargette, Maud Loireau, Nabil Ben Khatra, Habiba Khiari and Thérèse Libourel 4 Rethinking IPCC Expertise from a Multi-actor Perspective / Maud H. Devès, Michel Lang, Paul-Henri Bourrelier and François Valérian 5 Computational Constraint Models for Decision Support and Holistic Solution Design / Carmen Gervet Part II Communicating Climate Change Information 6 Uncertainty and Future Planning: The Use of Scenario Planning for Climate Change Adaptation Planning and Decision / Silvia Serrao-Neumann and Darryl Low Choy 7 Future Climate Narratives: Combining Personal and Professional Knowledge to Adapt to Climate Change / Liese Coulter 8 Integrating Research and Practice in Emerging Climate Services—Lessons from Other Transdisciplinary Dialogues / Susanne Schuck-Zöller, Carina Brinkmann and Simone Rödder 9 Communicating Climate Information: Traveling Through the Decision-Making Process / Ghislain Dubois, Femke Stoverinck and Bas Amelung 10 Transforming Climate Change Policymaking: From Informing to Empowering the Local Community / Michael Howes 11 Resilience and Vulnerability Assessment as the Basis for Adaptation Dialogue in Information-Poor Environments: A Cambodian Example / Chris Jacobson, Stacy Crevello, Chanseng Nguon and Chanthan Chea Part III Applying Climate Change Information: Case Studies 12 Scalable Interactive Platform for Geographic Evaluation of Sea-Level Rise Impact Combining High-Performance Computing and WebGIS Client / Agnès Tellez-Arenas, Robin Quique, Faïza Boulahya, Gonéri Le Cozannet, François Paris, Sylvestre Le Roy, Fabrice Dupros and François Robida 13 Coral Reef Monitoring Coping with Climate Change, Toward a Socio-ecological System Perspective / Gilbert David and Jean-Pascal Quod 14 The Experience of the Brazilian Climate and Health Observatory: Seeking Interaction Between Organizations and Civil Society / Renata Gracie, Diego Ricardo Xavier, Sandra de Souza Hacon, Vanderlei Matos, Heglaucio da Silva Barros, Maria de Fátima de Pina and Christovam Barcellos Part IV Conclusion 15 Informing Decisions with Climate Change Information / Liese Coulter and Anne Coudrain Index

Note: Contents Part I Challenges 1 Factor X – 25 Years – “Factor X Concept” Is Essential for Achieving Sustainable Development / Harry Lehmann, Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek, and Christopher Manstein 2 Necessities for a Resource Efficient Europe / Leida Rijnhout, Magda Stoczkiewicz, and Meadhbh Bolger 3 Global Megatrends and Resource Use – A Systemic Reflection / Ullrich Lorenz, Harald Ulrik Sverdrup, and Kristin Vala Ragnarsdottir 4 Data, Indicators and Targets for Comprehensive Resource Policies / Stephan Lutter, Stefan Giljum, and Martin Bruckner 5 The Critical Raw Materials Concept: Subjective, Multifactorial and Ever-Developing / Jan Kosmol, Felix Müller, and Hermann Keßler 6 Equitable, Just Access to Natural Resources: Environmental Narratives during Worsening Climate Crises / Patrick Bond Part II Implementation Strategies 7 Circular Economy: Origins and Future Orientations / Riina Antikainen, David Lazarevic, and Jyri Seppälä 8 Financial System, and Energy and Resource Husbandry / R. Andreas Kraemer 9 Developing Resource Competence – Anchoring Resource Conservation and Efficiency in the German Education System / Carolin Baedeker, Holger Rohn, Michael Scharp, and Jaya Bowry 10 The Way from Problem Scope Towards the Vision of a Low Resource Society – The First Working Period of the Resources Commission at the German Environment Agency (KRU) / Sascha Hermann and Christa Liedtke 11 Implementing Resource Efficiency in Europe – Overview of Policies, Instruments and Targets in 32 European Countries / Paweł Kaźmierczyk 12 The Resource Nexus and Resource Efficiency: What a Nexus Perspective Adds to the Story / Raimund Bleischwitz and Michal Miedzinski 13 Germany’s Resource Efficiency Agenda: Driving Momentum on the National Level and Beyond / Reinhard Kaiser 14 Results of Three Cost-Effective, Innovative and Transferable Resource-Efficiency Instruments for Industries in the Basque Country / Ander Elgorriaga Kunze and Ignacio Quintana San Miguel 15 The Circular Economy Package of the European Union / Joachim Wuttke 16 Saving Natural Resources Through Conversion and Constructional Densification in Urban Areas: Ecological Potentials and Limits / Daniel Reißmann and Matthias Buchert 17 The Path to Degrowth for a Sustainable Society / Serge Latouche Part III Examples of Good Practice 18 Social Innovation Repair – The R.U.S.Z Case: A Systemic Approach Contributing to the Unplanned Obsolescence of Capitalism / Sepp Eisenriegler and Greta Sparer 19 Resource Efficiency in the Building Sector / Klaus Dosch 20 Eco Efficiency and Circular Production: Cases from the Netherlands’ Eastern Region / Frank A.G. den Butter and Harry A.A.M. Webers 21 An Approach to Identify Resource Patterns on a Neighborhood Level / Magnus Österbring, Leonardo Rosado, Holger Wallbaum, and Paul Gontia 22 Strategic Business Examples from Finland: The Growth of the Smartup Industry / Tuuli Kaskinen, Satu Lähteenoja, Mikael Sokero, and Iiris Suomela 23 Circular Flanders: Adaptive Policy for a Circular Economy / Sam Deckmyn 24 The 100 Companies Project Resource Efficient Practice Cases from Producing Industry / Mario Schmidt 25 Lifestyle Material Footprint of Finnish Households – Insights, Targets, Transitions / Michael Lettenmeier 26 Construction 4.0: The LifeCycle Tower and Digitalised Timber Construction / Hubert Rhomberg 27 Protect Resources, Strengthen the Economy: Good Examples for Resource Efficiency in Industry and Handicraft Businesses / Peter Jahns 28 Chemical Leasing: A Business Model to Drive Resource Efficiency in the Supply Chain / Reinhard Joas, Veronika Abraham, and Anke Joas 29 Resource Efficiency for the Manufacturing Industries – A Holistic Approach / Werner Maass, Christof Oberender, and Martin Vogt 30 Towards a Resource Efficient and Greenhouse Gas Neutral Germany 2050 / Jens Günther, Harry Lehmann, Ullrich Lorenz, David Pfeiffer, and Katja Purr 31 Pope Francis’ Encyclical Laudato Si’ as a Catalyst for Societal Transformation? Critical Remarks and Presentation of an Inspired Exemplary Project as a Driver for Sustainability / Ulrich Bartosch, Christian Meier, and Till Weyers Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction 2 In the beginning….and somewhat later 3 How to make a habitable planet 4 Prebiotic chemical synthesis 5 The Origin of Life 6 Interlude 7 Photosynthesis: The Game Changer 8 The Rise of Oxygen and the origin of the Eukaryotic Cell 9 Earliest plants and animals 10 The Cambrian Explosion and emergence of “modern” body plans 11 The end of the Ordovician and the colonization of the land 12 The Permian extinction and rise of the dinosaurs 13 End of Cretaceous extinction: The end of the dinosaurs 14 The rise of mammals, the Genus Homo, and the ongoing extinction event 15 Conclusion Appendix 1. Analysis of tRNA sequences, searching for matches to modern protein amino acid sequences Appendix 2. Calculating the probability of the formation of the first protocell Index

Note: Contents 1 Simple Dynamic Frameworks for Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean 1.1 Free Waves in an Equatorial Beta-Plane 1.2 Vertical Mode Separation in a Stratified Atmosphere 1.3 The Gill Model 1.4 The Lindzen–Nigam Model 1.5 The Cane–Zebiak Simple Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Model 1.6 A 2.5-Layer Tropical Atmospheric Model 1.7 A 2.5-Layer Tropical Oceanic Model References 2 Roles of Air–Sea Interaction in Shaping Tropical Mean Climate 2.1 ITCZ Asymmetry 2.2 Theories 2.3 Effects of Asymmetric Land Mass and Coastal Geometry 2.4 Annual Cycle at the Equator References 3 Madden-Julian Oscillation: Observations and Mechanisms 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Observed Structure and Evolution Features 3.3 Mechanisms for Eastward Propagation 3.4 Initiation Mechanisms 3.5 Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation (BSISO) 3.6 Interactions with High-Frequency Eddies References 4 Tropical Cyclone Formation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Precursor Synoptic Signals 4.3 Origin of Synoptic-Scale Wave Trains and Easterly Waves in WNP 4.4 Numerical Simulations of TC Genesis 4.5 MJO and ENSO Impacts 4.6 Projection of Future TC Changes Under Global Warming 4.7 Concluding Remark References 5 Dynamics of El Niño–Southern Oscillation 5.1 Observed Structure and Evolution 5.2 Instability Mechanisms 5.3 Oscillation Theories 5.4 Phase Locking to the Annual Cycle 5.5 El Niño and La Niña Amplitude Asymmetry 5.6 El Niño and La Niña Evolution Asymmetry 5.7 Modulation of Interdecadal Mean State on El Niño Behavior 5.8 Indian Ocean Dipole References 6 Monsoon Dynamics and Its Interactions with Ocean 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Theories on Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation (TBO) 6.3 Quasi-Biennial and Lower-Frequency Variability of the Monsoon 6.4 Pacific–East Asia Teleconnection 6.5 Effects of Indian Ocean and WNP SSTA on Circulation in WNP 6.6 Modulation of the Monsoon Mean Flow on El Niño Response 6.7 Inter-monsoon Relationships 6.8 Effect of Aerosol on Monsoon References

Note: Contents Deciding for Remediation of the Seepage Barrier System in Foundation of an Earthfill Dam Based on the Monitoring Data and Numerical Analysis / Hamed Farshbaf Aghajani Nonlinear Seismic Response of Concrete Gravity Dams / Djamel Ouzandja, Boualem Tiliouine, and Toufiq Ouzandja Applied GIS to the Monitoring of Building Work Case Study: Construction of 2000 Houses in Ghadames-Lybia / Samir Medhioub, Mohamed Baklouti, and Slah Bouraoui Stability Analysis of Souk-Tleta Earth Dam, North Algeria / Ryma Afiri, Saida Hadj Abderrahmane, Lynda Djerbal, and Smail Gabi Static Liquefaction Analysis of the Limonar Tailings Dam in Peru / Herbert M. Maturano Rafael and Celso Romanel Probabilistic Seismic Hazard and Dynamic Stability Assessment of a Tailings Dam Located in Jamaica / Frank Perez and Celso Romanel Analysis and Recovery Proposal for Erosion Process Located in the City of Planaltina-GO / Rideci Farias, Rhael Maycon Noronha Ribeiro, Haroldo Paranhos, Itamar de Souza Bezerra, and Roberto Pimentel Soil Structure Interaction Studies with Use of Geosynthetics in Soils Beneath Footings / R. Shivashankar, Nalini E. Rebello, V.R. Sastry, and B.R. Jayalekshmi A Posteriori Error Estimation for the Non-associated Plasticity Drucker-Prager Model with Hardening / Dao Duy Lam Analysis of Structural Behaviour of Thick Composite Laminates on an Elastic Foundation Using Efficient Higher-Order Theory / Mokhtar Bouazza, Tawfiq Becheri, and Abderrahmane Boucheta 3D Numerical Simulation of the Goaf Due to Large-Scale Longwall Mining / Samar S. Ahmed, Marwan AlHeib, Yann Gunzburger, and Vincent Renaud A Suggested Model Using Quantitive and Qualitative Parameters for Cost Engineering of Mechanically Stabilised Earth Walls in Egypt / Joseph Meadows and John Erian Influence of Asphalt Mixture Ageing and Lowered Laboratory Compaction Rate on Stiffness and Cracking Behavior / Pavla Vacková, Jan Valentin, and Adriana Kotoušová Numerical Study of the Failure Surface in Granular Soil Under Two Closely Spaced Strip Footings / Assma Benbouza, Liela Arabet, and Khelifa Abbeche Evaporation Rate Dependence with Saturation Degree / Houcem Trabelsi Comparative Analysis of a Deep Excavation in a Clays Sequence in Bogota City, with an Emphasis on FEM and Auscultation from the View Point of the Soil-Structure Interaction / Lucero Amparo Estevez Rey Assessment of Granular Soil Failure at the Water Borehole Depth in South Eastern Nigeria by Discrete and Finite Element Methods / Kennedy C. Onyelowe, O.A. Ubachukwu, O.C. Ikpemo, and F.O. Okafor Effect of NBR-Waste on Rheological Properties of Modified Bitumen and Mechanical Characteristics of the Asphalt Mix / Khedoudja Soudani, Véronique Cerezo, and Smail Haddadi Numerical Check of the Meyerhof Bearing Capacity Equation for Shallow Foundations / Stefan Van Baars Utilization of Weathered Rock Mass as the China Three Gorges Dam Foundation / Shirong Xiao, Guodong Zhang, and Qingjun Zuo Displacement Assessment of Rock Socketed Shafts: A Numerical Approach / Asmaa M.H. Mahmoud and Ahmed M. Samieh Analysis and Modelling of Stiffened Slab Foundation on Expansive Soils / Mohamed A. Shams, Mohamed A. Shahin, and Mostafa A. Ismail Derivation of the Incremental Stress-Strain Relations for Expansive Soils and Implementation into the Boundary Element Method / Jamila El Brahmi and Mimoun Zoukaghe The Behaviour of Shallow Foundation Near Slope Under Inclined Loading / Messaoud Baazouzi, Mekki Mellas, Djamel Benmeddour, and Abdelhak Mabrouki Case Study About Erosion in Elmo SerejoAvenue, Taguatinga/Federal District – Brazil / Mariane Rodrigues da Vitória, Rideci Farias, Haroldo Paranhos, Itamar de Souza Bezerra, and Roberto Pimentel de Sousa Júnior Performance of Shallow Foundation Overlaying Cavernous Limestone / Ahmed M. El-Tohamy Numerical Investigations on Lateral Load Response of Fin Piles / K.V. Babu and B.V.S. Viswanadham Experiences with Tip Post Grouted Drilled Shafts in China / Zhihui Wan and Guoliang Dai Analysis on Post-peak and Creep Mechanical Behavior of Highly-Weathered Rock / Yinghua Tan and Qian Zhang Author Index

Note: Contents Part I Bioeconomy: Concepts, Fundaments and New Approaches Fostering Sustainable Bioeconomies: The Role of Conscious Consumption / Madhavi Venkatesan Service-Based Bioeconomy—Multilevel Perspective to Assess the Evolving Bioeconomy with a Service Lens / Päivi Pelli, Jyrki Kangas and Jouni Pykäläinen Environmental Sustainability Indicators for the Bioeconomy / Tiina Pursula, Maija Aho, Ida Rönnlund and Minna Päällysaho A Macroeconomic Perspective on Green Growth / Mounaim Sebastian Rhozyel and Jolanta Žalpytė Part II Bioeconomy: Industry, Market and Financing Possibilities The Biodiversity Finance Initiative: An Approach to Identify and Implement Biodiversity-Centered Finance Solutions for Sustainable Development / Marco Arlaud, Tracey Cumming, Ian Dickie, Marlon Flores, Onno van den Heuvel, David Meyers, Massimiliano Riva, Andrew Seidl and Annabelle Trinidad Bioeconomy Opportunities in the Danube Region / Miklós Gyalai-Korpos, Zoltán Szabó, Miklós Hollósy, Bence Dávid, Kinga Pencz, Csaba Fehér and Zsolt Barta Barriers to Acceptance of Bio-Based Substitutes: How Schema Incongruity Can Hinder the Purchase of Bio-Based Products / Katja Rudolph Key Factors for the Successful Implementation of Payments for Environmental Services and Offsets for Biodiversity Management and Sustainable Development / P. Puydarrieux and A. L. Mésenge Part III Bioeconomy: Innovative Approaches and Technological Possibilities Development of Blue Revolution Through Integrated Bio-cycles System on Tropical Natural Resources Management / Cahyono Agus Local Knowledge and Resources as Driving Forces of Sustainable Bioeconomy / Maris Klavins and Vaira Obuka Tropicalizing Sustainable Bioeconomy: Initial Lessons from Ecuador / Daniel V. Ortega-Pacheco, Ariel Silva, Alfredo López, Ramón Espinel, Diego Inclán and María J. Mendoza-Jiménez Economic Assessment of Tourism Based on Shark-Seeing and Diving as a More Profitable Activity Than Commercial Fishing / Yessica Miriam Plata Zepeda, Patricia Ramírez Romero and Fabíola S. Sosa-Rodríguez Part IV Bioeconomy: Advances on Agriculture, Biofarming and Food Production Potential for Sustainable Urban Food Production in a Medium Scale City in Germany / Kay Plat, Andreas Meyer, Petra Schneider and Kai Perret Building Bioeconomy in Agriculture: Harnessing Soil Microbes for Sustaining Ecosystem Services / Raj Rengalakshmi, Manjula M., V. R. Prabavathy, S. Jegan and B. Selvamukilan Revitalisation of Agricultural Biomass for an Industrial Bio-economy, Case Studies on South Africa and Netherlands Bio-economy / Marie Blanche Ting and Jim Philp Mangrove Restoration an Economical Alternative for Generating Incomes / Ángel Sol Sánchez, Gloria Isela Hernández Melchor, Juan Manuel Zaldívar Cruz, Carlos Alberto Zúñiga González and José Luis Santiváñez Galarza Green-Growth Policies and Economic Effects: Lessons Learnt from Organic Farming in the Czech Republic / Radka Redlichová, Věra Bečvářová, Diana Mihaela Pociovălișteanu, Karel Vinohradský and Ivo Zdráhal Family Farmers’ Cooperative from Ibiúna, São Paulo State, Brazil: An Example of Social Capital as a Driver for Ecological Sustainability Change / Paulo Roberto Borges de Brito Part V Bioeconomy: Advances on Bioenergy and Biofuels Constructing a Sustainable Bioeconomy: Multi-scalar Perceptions of Sustainability / Aparajita Banerjee, Chelsea L. Schelly and Kathleen E. Halvorsen Contributions of Public Policies to Greening Sugarcane Ethanol Production in Brazil / Issa Ibrahim Berchin, Sthefanie Aguiar da Silva, Pierre Bocquillon, Vitória Haendchen Fornasari, Larissa Pereira Cipoli Ribeiro, João Marcelo Pereira Ribeiro and José Baltazar Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade Guerra Sustainable Development: Implications for Energy Policy in Nigeria / A. V. Adejumo and O. O. Adejumo To Cultivate or Not to Cultivate? An Exploratory Analysis of What Influences Greek Farmers’ Decisions Towards the Cultivation of Bioenergy Crops / Eugenia Petropoulou, Vasiliki Petousi and Irini Theodorakopoulou Bioenergy Development in Sweden—Frameworks for Success / Anders Chr. Hansen and Anna Berlina Ecological Limits to Sustainable Use of Wood Fuels / Janis Abolins Part VI Bioeconomy: Advances on Bio-Based Forest Resources and Biomass Sustainability-Driven New Business Models in Wood Construction Towards 2030 / Anne Toppinen, Minna Autio, Miska Sauru and Sami Berghäll A Governance Framework for a Sustainable Bioeconomy: Insights from the Case of the German Wood-based Bioeconomy / Erik Gawel, Alexandra Purkus, Nadine Pannicke and Nina Hagemann Holistic Indicator for Optimizing Forest Governance / Mihail Hanzu Qualitative and Quantitative Indicators of Coniferous in Boreal Zone After Care for a Forest / Dmitry Danilov Bioeconomy Meets the Circular Economy: The RESYNTEX and FORCE Projects / Walter Leal Filho Erratum to: Towards a Sustainable Bioeconomy: Principles, Challenges and Perspectives / Walter Leal Filho, Diana-Mihaela Pociovălișteanu, Paulo Roberto Borges de Brito and Ismar Borges de Lima

Note: Contents 1 Omics: A Holistic Approach in Cancer Treatment / Madhumati Bora and Pratibha Parihar 2 Plant miRNAs and Phytomolecules As Anticancer Therapeutics / Nikita Shukla, Virendra Shukla, and Sangeeta Saxena 3 Potential of Herbal Medicines in Colorectal Carcinoma and Their Mechanism of Action / Navina Panneerselvan, Rajeswari Ravindran, Palanisamy Arulselvan, and Ravindran Jaganathan 4 Elucidation of Mechanisms of Anticancer Plant Compounds Against the Tumor Cells / Radhakrishnan Narayanaswamy and Mallappa Kumara Swamy 5 Computational Approach Towards Exploring Interaction of Target Protein-Phytocompounds in Drug Development for Breast Cancer / Asita Elengoe and Salehhuddin Hamdan 6 Anticancer Potential of Andrographolide, a Diterpenoid Lactone from Andrographis paniculata: A Nature’s Treasure for Chemoprevention and Therapeutics / Imran Khan, Mohd Aslam Yusuf, Irfan Ahmad Ansari, and Mohd Sayeed Akhtar 7 Anticancer Activity of Herbal Medicine: Mechanism of Action / Nand Kumar Singh, Alok Kumar Yadav, Preeti Sirohi, Manjoo Rani, Saurabh Saraswat, Manish Pratap Singh, Ashutosh Mani, and Sameer Srivastava 8 Metabolomic Study of Chemo-preventive Phytochemicals and Their Therapeutic Prospects / Nibir Ranjan Parasar, Channakeshavaiah Chikkaputtaiah, Mohan Lal, and Mohd Sayeed Akhtar 9 CADD Studies Applied to Secondary Metabolites in the Anticancer Drug Research / Luciana Scotti, Nagendra Sastry Yarla, Francisco J. B. Mendonça Filho, José M. Barbosa Filho, Marcelo S. da Silva, Josean F. Tavares, and Marcus Tullius Scotti 10 Anticancerous Plant Compounds Affecting the Power House of Cancerous Cells: A Possible Herbal Mitocan / Shalini Mani, Nancy Taneja, Sweekriti Jain, and Manisha Singh 11 Phytoestrogens as a Natural Source for the Possible Colon Cancer Treatment / Suresh Challa, Rajanna Ajumeera, and Naresh Venna 12 Bioinformatics Approaches for Genomics and Post Genomics Applications of Anticancer Plants / Avni Mehta and Yasha Hasija 13 Fruits of Rosaceae Family as a Source of Anticancer Compounds and Molecular Innovations / Muhammad Sameeullah, Muttalip Gündoğdu, İhsan Canan, Turan Karadeniz, Muhammad Aasim, and Khalid Mahmood Khawar 14 Mechanism of Action of Anticancer Herbal Medicines / Mohd Gulfishan, Muhammad Afzal, Imran Kazmi, Anwarulabedin Mohsin Quazi, Tariq Ahmad Bhat, and Ajmat Jahan

Note: Contents Weather Forecasting Using Local Traditional Knowledge (LTK) in the Midst of Climate Change in Domboshawa, Zimbabwe / Vincent Itai Tanyanyiwa Climate Change Communication in Nepal / Anup K. C. Short Stories and Climate Change: An Application of Kolb’s Experiential Learning Model / Evangelos Manolas Role of the Media in Climate Change Communication in the Northwest Region of Cameroon / Suiven John Paul Tume, Mbilam Samson Jumbam, Ndze Albert Nsoseka, Ngoran Divine Nyarka, Lawong Judith Yenla and Njodzeka Gilbert Njodzeka Rural Indonesian Insight on Mass Media Role in Reducing Climate Change Risk / Syarifah Aini Dalimunthe Mapping Issues, Stakeholders and Actions on Youth Climate Change Communication in Indonesia for the Period 2008–2015 / Emilia Bassar, Impron and Paramitha Yanindraputri The Klimablog www.cambioclimatico-bolivia.org: Personal Reflections After 5 Years of Blogging on Climate Change from, for and About Bolivia / Dirk Hoffmann Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in the Agriculture Sector of Sri Lanka: What We Learnt and Way Forward / Rasu Eeswaran What’s the Worst Thing that Can Happen?—A Simple Exercise to Communicating and Reasoning About Climate Change / Markus Will and Joost Platje The Challenges of Climate Change Communication for Lagos Coastal Communities / Peter Elias Seven Strategies of Climate Change Science Communication for Policy Change: Combining Academic Theory with Practical Evidence from Science–Policy Partnerships in Canada / Garrett Ward Richards and Rebecca Carruthers Den Hoed Climate Change Communication: Community Knowledge and Preparedness / Sri Hartini Rachmad University Student’s Perceptions About Climate Change: The Case of Interior Design and Architecture Students of a Brazilian University / Fátima Alves, Leonor Bacelar Nicolau, Dula Lima, Ulisses M. Azeiteiro and Paula Bacelar Nicolau The Grounding for a Fossil Fuel Free World: Integrating Climate Change Education into Secondary Schools / Gina Lovett, Claire Lambert, Eric Chu and Joyeeta Gupta Climate Change and Renewable Energy: Opinions and Emotions of Elementary School Pupils in the Prefecture of Evros / Sideri Lefkeli, Georgios Tsantopoulos and Evangelos Manolas Incorporation of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) into Biodiversity Management and Climate Change Variability Scenarios for Threatened Fish Species and Fishing Communities—Communication Patterns Among BioResources Users as a Prerequisite for Co-management: A Case Study of Berlenga MNR, Portugal and Resex-Mar of Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brazil / Heitor de Oliveira Braga, Miguel Ângelo Pardal and Ulisses M. Azeiteiro Delivering Solutions: Engaging Farmers and Land Holders in the Climate Change Debate / Becky Willson and Stephen Roderick The Role of Risk Perceptions in Climate Change Communication: A Media Analysis on the UK Winter Floods 2015/2016 / Viktoria Cologna, Rosalind H. Bark and Jouni Paavola The Feeling of Red and Blue—A Constructive Critique of Color Mapping in Visual Climate Change Communication / Birgit Schneider and Thomas Nocke Using Heritage to Engage Antarctic Tourists with Climate Change / Camilla Nichol Calm Before the Storm: Assessing Climate Change and Sustainability in Saudi Arabian Universities / Naif Alghamdi ‘Committees’, a Promising Institution in Climate Change Communication and Adaptation? / Sabine Tröger The SHAPE of Effective Climate Change Communication: Taking a RoundView / Joanne Tippett and Fraser How Communication Strategies for Building Climate-Smart Farming Communities / Jemima M. Mandapati Engagement in Action: Communicating Climate Change Research to Non-specialist Audiences / Julie Biddlecombe-Brown, Adam Holden and Melissa Swartz Communicating Climate Change in the Greater Manchester Region: A Whole Systems Approach to Change / Judith Emanuel and Carolyn Kagan Erratum to: Climate Change Communication in Nepal / Anup K. C.

Note: Contents Part I Introduction to Scientific Python 1 Bird’s Eye View 2 Visualization 3 Fast Python: NumPy and Cython Part II Second Part: Mechanics 4 Mechanics I: Kinematics 5 Mechanics II: Newtonian Dynamics 6 Physics of Stokes Flow Part III Lattice Methods 7 Lagrangian Transport 8 Operator Formulation 9 Laplacian Operator and Diffusion 10 Beyond Linearity Part IV Advanced Techniques 11 Trees, Particles, and Boundaries 12 Applications to Geodynamics 13 The Future References Index

Note: Contents 1 Introduction for This Book: General Aspects of the Coral Reefs of Japan / Akira Iguchi and Chuki Hongo 2 Dissolved Organic Matter in Coral Reefs: Distribution, Production, and Bacterial Consumption / Yasuaki Tanaka and Ryota Nakajima 3 Studies on Stress Responses of Corals in Japan / Tomihiko Higuchi 4 Coral Disease in Japan / Naohisa Wada, Aki Ohdera, and Nobuhiro Mano 5 Ocean Acidification Studies in Coral Reefs of Japan / Shoji Yamamoto 6 Frontiers of Coral-Based Sclerochronological Studies in Japan / Kohki Sowa and Kentaro Tanaka 7 Coral Reproduction in Japan / Naoko Isomura and Hironobu Fukami 8 Population Genetics of Corals in Japan / Yuichi Nakajima 9 Distribution Expansion and Historical Population Outbreak Patterns of Crown-of-Thorns Starfish, Acanthaster planci sensu lato, in Japan from 1912 to 2015 / Nina Yasuda 10 Studies on Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems in Japan / Frederic Sinniger and Saki Harii 11 The Hydrodynamic Impacts of Tropical Cyclones on Coral Reefs of Japan: Key Points and Future Perspectives / Chuki Hongo 12 Concluding Remarks: Future Perspectives on Coral Reef Studies of Japan – From Biology, Earth Science, and Conservation and Restoration / Akira Iguchi and Chuki Hongo Erratum Index

Note: Contents Introduction / Jean-Michel Sourisseau, Pierre-Marie Bosc, Philippe Bonnal, Jean-François Bélières, Pierre Gasselin, and Élodie Valette Part I Non-commercial Rationales, an ‘Archaism’ Worth Revisiting Introduction / Pierre-Marie Bosc Family Farming in Polish Podlasie: Anachronism or Overlooked Potential? / Pascal Chevalier Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture, the Dairy Farms of Cairo, Egypt / Annabelle Daburon, Véronique Alary, Ahmed Ali, Mohammad El-Srogi, and Jean-François Tourrand Integration into International Markets of Cotton Family Farms in Mali / Mamy Soumaré, Jean-François Bélières, Michel Passouant, and Moumouni Sidibé The Precariousness of the Sedentarization of a Pastoral Fulani Population in Benin / Isabelle Droy and Jean-Étienne Bidou Part II Local Anchoring and Migration as Two Faces of the Same Coin Introduction / Élodie Valette Multi-localized Diversified Family Farming in Nicaragua / Sandrine Fréguin-Gresh, Anaïs Trousselle, and Geneviève Cortes The iony Moment: Migration, Livelihoods and Family Farming in the Upper Cañar Valley (Southern Ecuadorian Andes) / Michel Vaillant Agriculture in Southern Mozambique, an Activity Based on Labour Migration / Sara Mercandalli Part III On the Boundaries of Family Farming: Examples of Family Business Farming Introduction / Jean-Michel Sourisseau In Between Agro-industries and Family Business Farms: Ephemeral Smallholder Family Plantations in Indonesia / Stéphanie Barral Family Farming in Brazil: Modernized and Integrated / Osmar Tomaz de Souza, Philippe Bonnal, Leonardo Beroldt, and Renata Menasche Family-Run Farm Enterprises, Territories and Policies in Argentina / Sophie Chaxel, Roberto Cittadini, Pierre Gasselin, and Christophe Albaladejo Part IV Diversification of Activities Between Strategies of Survival and Accumulation Introduction / Pierre Gasselin Family Farming Confronted by Drought and Liberalization in Senegal / Ibrahima Hathie and Cheikh Oumar Ba Long-Term Accumulation Strategies and Family Farms in Cameroon / Philippe Pédelahore The Uncertain Market Integration of Family Farms in Madagascar / Nicole Andrianirina Part V Organization of the Family Between a Collective Asset and the Limitations of Individual Strategies Introduction / Jean-François Bélières From Large to Small Families in Burkina Faso: Disrupted Generations and Statuses / Sébastien Bainville A Family and Its Cross-Border Pastoral System: Between Niger, Chad and Nigeria / Bernard Bonnet, Ousman Malam Ousseini, and Issoufou El Hadj Attoumane Part VI Beyond Family Farming: The Determining Influence of Political and Territorial Issues Introduction / Philippe Bonnal Fragmentation of Irrigated Family Farms in Southern India / Frédéric Landy On the Roof of the World, the Herders of the Tibetan Plateau Confronted by Change / Ruijun Long, Xiao Jing Qi, Luming Ding, Tingting Yang, Thierry Bonaudo, Bernard Hubert, and Jean-François Tourrand Family Farming in Contemporary Kanak Society / Séverine Bouard, Leïla Apithy, and Stéphane Guyard Conclusion: Methodological and Conceptual Contributions / Philippe Bonnal, Jean-Michel Sourisseau, Pierre-Marie Bosc, Pierre Gasselin, Jean-François Bélières, and Élodie Valette References

Note: Contents 1 Rocks Work 2 Oil Play 3 Drilling Reflections 4 Interpretation in Time 5 New Adventures 6 The Field of Prospects 7 Gas on Tap 8 The Price of Oil Glossary

Note: Contents In Search of New Narratives for Informed Decisions on Climate Change Crisis in the African Drylands / Aliyu Barau and Adamu Idris Tanko Assessing High School Student Perceptions and Comprehension of Climate Change / Ulisses M. Azeiteiro, P. Bacelar-Nicolau, P. T. Santos, L. Bacelar-Nicolau and F. Morgado A Sustainability Livelihood Approach (SLA) Model for Assessing Disaster Preparedness and Resilience of the People: Case Study of Cox’s Bazar Sadar Upazila in Bangladesh / Md. Mokhlesur Rahman and Weifeng Li Loving Glacier National Park Online: Climate Change Communication and Virtual Place Attachment / Salma Monani, Sarah Principato, Dori Gorczyca and Elizabeth Cooper Understanding Communication Needs: A Marikina Barangay Experience Linking Flooding to Climate Change Communication / Charlotte Kendra Gotangco and Inez Ponce de Leon Climate: The Great Maestro of Life on Earth. History, Didactics and Case Studies / Maria Rosário Bastos, Joana Gaspar de Freitas and João Pedro Cunha Ribeiro Children Communicating on Climate Change: The Case of a Summer Camp at a Greek Island / Constantina Skanavis and Aristea Kounani Communicating the IPCC: Challenges and Opportunities / Jonathan Lynn Performative Methods for Climate Change Communication in Academic Settings: Case Study of the Freiburg Scientific Theatre / Sadhbh Juárez-Bourke Watershed Discipleship: Communicating Climate Change Within a Christian Framework: A Case Study Analysis / Cherice Bock Assessment of Outdoor Workers Perception Working in Extreme Hot Climate / Haruna Musa Moda and Abdullah Alshahrani Games for Knowledge Transfer and as a Stimulus for Climate Change Mitigation in Agriculture—Lessons Learned from a Game Prototype / Anja Hansen, Kathrin Schneider and Johanna Lange Climate Impacts for German Schools—An Educational Web Portal Solution / Ines Blumenthal, Carolin Schlenther, Simon Hirsbrunner, Manfred Stock and Thomas Nocke Communicating Climate Change in a Museum Setting—A Case Study / Bettina C. Lackner, Sajeev Erangu Purath Mohankumar, Matthias Damert, Daniel Petz, Lukas Meyer, Roman Klug and Barbara Reiter Climate Change Communication in Higher Education Institutions: The Case of the North-West University in South Africa / Paola Villavicencio Calzadilla, Romain Mauger and Anél Du Plessis Traditional Ecological Knowledge as a Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: The Case of the Portuguese Coastal Populations / Joana Gaspar de Freitas, Maria Rosário Bastos and João Alveirinho Dias Building Carbon Literacy: How the Irish Press Normalise Public Discussion About Climate Mitigation Actions / Brenda McNally Climate Change Communication and User Engagement: A Tool to Anticipate Climate Change / Marta Terrado, Isadora Christel, Dragana Bojovic, Albert Soret and Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes Encouraging 10,000 Staff to Take Action on Sustainability: A Case Study of a Sustainability Engagement Programme in Higher Education / Lucy Millard Disseminating Climate Change: The Role of Museums in Activating the Global Public / Morien Rees and Walter Leal Filho Engaging People with Climate Change Through Museums / Henry McGhie, Sarah Mander and Ralph Underhill Considering the Role of Government in Communicating Climate Change: Lessons from the US Public Flood Insurance Program / Chad J. McGuire Istanbul’s Vulnerability to Climate Change: An Urban Sectors’ Based Assessment / Aysun Aygün and Tüzin Baycan Enhancing Intergenerational Communication Around Climate Change / Susan A. Brown and Raichael Lock

Note: Contents Part I Introduction 1 Famines: At the Interface of Nature and Society / Dominik Collet and Maximilian Schuh Part II Interdisciplinary Approaches 2 The European Mortality Crises of 1346–52 and Advent of the Little Ice Age / Bruce M.S. Campbell 3 Combining Written and Tree-Ring Evidence to Trace Past Food Crises: A Case Study from Finland / Heli Huhtamaa Part III Socionatural Entanglements 4 Two Decades of Crisis: Famine and Dearth During the 1480s and 1490s in Western and Central Europe / Chantal Camenisch 5 Climate and Famines in the Czech Lands Prior to AD 1500: Possible Interconnections in a European Context / Rudolf Brázdil, Oldřich Kotyza and Martin Bauch 6 Food Insecurity and Political Instability in the Southern Red Sea Region During the ‘Little Ice Age,’ 1650–1840 / Steven Serels Part IV Coping 7 The Role of Climate and Famine in the Medieval Eastern Expansion / Andreas Rüther 8 Famines in Late Medieval and Early Modern Italy: A Test for an Advanced Economy / Guido Alfani 9 Bread for the Poor: Poor Relief and the Mitigation of the Food Crises of the 1590s and the 1690s in Berkel, Holland / Jessica Dijkman 10 Educationalizing Hunger. Dealing with the Famine of 1770/71 in Zurich / Andrea De Vincenti Part V Perceiving and Remembering 11 Starvation Under Carolingian Rule. The Famine of 779 and the Annales Regni Francorum / Stephan Ebert 12 Staging the Return to Normality. Socio-cultural Coping Strategies with the Crisis of 1816/1817 / Maren Schulz 13 Remembering Hunger. Museums and the Material Culture of Famine / Andrea Fadani

Note: Contents 1 Current Practices and Awareness of Anticancer Plants in the Traditional Healthcare System / Paola De Cicco, Elisabetta Panza, Chiara Armogida, Giuseppe Ercolano, Giuseppe Cirino, and Angela Ianaro 2 Phytochemical and Biological Properties of Lippia gracilis / Valéria Regina de Souza Moraes, Paulo Cesar de Lima Nogueira, Emmanoel Vilaça Costa, Luciano de Souza Santos, Valdenizia Rodrigues Silva, Larissa Mendes Bomfim, and Daniel Pereira Bezerra 3 Use of Indian Indigenous Fruits in Cancer Prevention and Treatment / Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga, Suresh Rao, Pratima Rao, Krishnaprasad, Sanath Kumar Hegde, Kandel Codi Jalaluddin Akbar, Soniya Abraham, Thomas George, and Princy Louis Palatty 4 Potentiality of Anticancer Plant-Derived Compounds of North-East India / Mohan Lal, Nibir Ranjan Parasar, Anil Kumar Singh, and Mohd Sayeed Akhtar 5 Plant-Derived Compounds in Cancer Therapy: Traditions of Past and Drugs of Future / Bee Ling Tan and Mohd Esa Norhaizan 6 Anticancer Plant Molecules for the Improvement of Immune System / Om Prakash, Pratibha Preeti Maurya, and Ajeet 7 Fermented Food-Derived Bioactive Compounds with Anticarcinogenic Properties: Fermented Royal Jelly As a Novel Source for Compounds with Health Benefits / Muhammad Hussein Alu’datt, Taha Rababah, Hafiz Arbab Sakandar, Muhammad Imran, Neveen Mustafa, Mohammad Noor Alhamad, Nizar Mhaidat, Stan Kubow, Carole Tranchant, Abdel Rahman Al-Tawaha, and Wafa Ayadi 8 Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques for the Assessment of Pharmacological Responses of Ayurvedic Drugs / Amey Shirolkar, Manasi Malgaonkar, Amit Pawase, Sudesh Gaidhani, and Sharad Pawar 9 Assessment of Anticancer Properties of Betelvine / Deepali Shukla, Jayendra Johri, Suchi Srivastava, and Poonam C. Singh 10 Analysis of Patents Filed for the Herbal Therapeutics Against Cancer / Pooja Rawat and Pawan Kumar Singh 11 Appraisal of Medicinal Plants with Anticancer Properties in South America / Alírica Isabel Suárez and Katiuska Chávez 12 Scientific Validation of the Usefulness of Withania somnifera Dunal in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer / G. S. Pavan Kumar Achar, B. T. Prabhakar, Suresh Rao, Thomas George, Soniya Abraham, Nicole Sequeira, and Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga 13 Anticancer Potential of Mangrove Plants: Neglected Plant Species of the Marine Ecosystem / Rout George Kerry, Pratima Pradhan, Gitishree Das, Sushanto Gouda, Mallappa Kumara Swamy, and Jayanta Kumar Patra 14 Piper betle Linn. in Cancer: Past, Present, and Future / Avinash Kundadka Kudva, Suresh Rao, Pratima Rao, Romith Periera, Ganesh Bhandari, Jaffey M. Mathew, K. Ashwini, Michael L. J. Pais, Mallappa Kumara Swamy, and Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga 15 Anticancer Properties of Curcumin and Its Efficacy for Treating Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Neil V. Klinger and Sandeep Mittal 16 Vitamin E: Nature’s Gift to Fight Cancer / Siti Syairah Mohd Mutalip 17 Use of Plant Secondary Metabolites as Nutraceuticals for Treatment and Management of Cancer: Approaches and Challenges / Zahid H. Siddiqui, B. Hareramdas, Zahid K. Abbas, Talat Parween, and Mohammad Nasir Khan 18 Usefulness of Ocimum sanctum Linn. in Cancer Prevention: An Update / Naveen Kaushal, Suresh Rao, Preety Ghanghas, Soniya Abraham, Thomas George, Sueallen D’souza, Jeffey M. Mathew, Jessica Chavali, Mallappa Kumara Swamy, and Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga 19 Phytochemicals with Anticancer Potential: Methods of Extraction, Basic Structure, and Chemotherapeutic Action / Gulrez Nizami and R. Z. Sayyed 20 Anticancer Plants and Their Conservation Strategies: An Update / Vankayalapati Vijaya Kumar, Mallappa Kumara Swamy, and Mohd. Sayeed Akhtar 21 Anticancer Plants: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Potential Applications / V. D. Ravichandra, C. Ramesh, Mallappa Kumara Swamy, B. Purushotham, and Gudepalya Renukaiah Rudramurthy 22 Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Significance of Sida cordifolia: A Traditional Medicinal Plant / Hassan Ahmed, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, Mallappa Kumara Swamy, Muhammad Saiful Ahmad-Hamdani, Dzolkifli Omar, Mohd Yusop Rafii, Uma Rani Sinniah, and Mohd Sayeed Akhtar 23 Anticancer Properties of Natural Compounds on Prostate Cancer / Priyadarshini and Abhishek Negi 24 Phytochemicals Against Cancer Stem Cells / Kok Hoong Leong, Kin Weng Kong, and Lip Yong Chung

Note: Contents: List of figures and tables. - List of boxes. - Acknowledgements. - List of abbreviations. - PART I INTRODUCTION . - 1. The Geopolitics of an Arctic Meltdown and the Question of EUropean Arctic Space. - PART II GEOPOLITICS. - 2. The Thought Experiment Referred to as Geopolitics. - PART III THE ARCTIC. - 3. Arctic Geopolitics and the Regional Zeitgeist of the Twenty-First Century. - PART IV THE EUROPEAN UNION. - 4. EUropean Dimensions of Arctic Presence. - 5. An Action in the Making: The EU’s Arctic Policy-Making Process. - 6. The EU’s Arctic Space-Making Practices. - PART V CONCLUSION. - 7. A European Geopolitical Subject in the Arctic?. - REFERENCES. - APPENDIX I. - APPENDIX II. - INDEX.

Note: Inhalt Vorwort „Zu diesem Heft“ / B. BRÜMMER 1. Athmosphärische Bedingungen und Energiehaushalt der Arktis im Jahresgang / B. BRÜMMER 2. Regionale und globale Wechselwirkung zwischen arktischem Meereis und der atmosphärischen Zirkulation / K. DETHLOFF, A. RINKE, D. HANDORF, R. JAISER, W. DORN, A. SOMMERFELD 3. Arktische Verstärkung und Wolken / M. WENDISCH, A. EHRLICH 4. Arktische Zyklonen: Häufigkeit und Wirkung auf das Meereis / B. BRÜMMER 5. Polare Kaltluftausbrüche / M. GRYSCHKA 6. Arktische Polynjen / S. WILLMES, G. HEINEMANN, A. PREUSSER 7. Turbulente Energie- und Impulsflüsse in der atmosphärischen Grenzschicht über dem polaren Ozean / C. LÜPKES, A. SCHMITT, V. GRYANIK 8 Der katabatische Wind über Grönland / G. HEINEMANN Buchbesprechung Examina im Jahr 2017

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 1. BACKGROUND AND OVERARCHING GOALS OF MOSAiC 2. MEASUREMENTS AND REQUIREMENTS 2.1 Atmosphere (team ATMOS) 2.2 Sea Ice and Snow Cover (team ICE) 2.3 Ocean (team OCEAN) 2.4 Bio-geochemical System (team BGC) 2.5 Ecosystem (team ECO) 2.6 Cross-team coordination 3. OBSERVATIONAL SCALES AND SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION 3.1 Installations, Labs, and Containers on Polarstern 3.2 Major Installations on/in/under the Central lee Camp 3.3 Deployment and Operation ofthe Distributed Network 3.4 Airborne Observations 3.5 Hovercraft Observations 3.6. Other Main Platforms 3.7 Intensive Observation Periods 3.8 Events 4. PRACTICAL/ LOGISTICAL ASPECTS 4.1 Detailed Time Line (2016-2022) 4.2 Drift Trajectory and Re-supply 4.3 Personnel and Personnel Exchange 4.4 Routine Operations during the Drift 4.5 Governance Structure 4.6 Rescue and Alternative Plans 4.7 Safety Aspects during the Drift 4.8 Impacts of Polarstern on Measurements and Environment 4.9 Outreach and Media Concept 4.10 Preparation and summary workshops, conferences 5. IMPLEMENTATION OF REMOTE SENSING 5.1 Pre-drift Coordination of the Remote Sensing Program 5.2 Acquisition of Satellite Data during the Drift 5.3 Coordination with In-situ Measurements 6. IMPLEMENTATION OF NUMERICAL MODELS 6.1 Operational Forecast and Reanalysis Products of the MOSAiC Drift 6.2 Data Assimilation Studies 6.3 Process and Regional Modeling of the Sub-systems 6.4 Coupled Climate Modeling 7. DATA POLICY AND MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 Outcome ofthe St. Petersburg Implementation Workshop 7.2 The MOSAiC Data Group: Development ofthe Data Management Plan 7.3 The Technical Concept for Supporting the Data Life Cycle in MOSAiC 7.4 The Role of PANGAEA as MOSAiC Data Repository 7.5 Project Data Management and Publication 8. LINKS TO EXTERNAL PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS 8.1 Cooperation with External Projects and Programs 8.2 Cooperation with Parallel Experiments 9. APPENDIX 9.1 Preliminary Tables of Parameters for Sections 2.1 to 2.5 9.2 Preliminary Table of Partners 9.3 List of Abbreviations

Note: Contents The Tyrrhenian Continent Ragmentation / Al. A. Schreider, A. A. Schreider, and A. E. Sazhneva Long Waves Influence on Polarization Ratio for Microwave Backscattering from the Sea Surface / Alexandr Zapevalov Elimination of Hydrocarbons Spills on Water Objects and Fluorescent Diagnostics of Water Pureness / T. O. Chaplina and E. V. Stepanova Investigations of Internal Waves in the Seas of Russia and in the Central Atlantic / K. S. Grigorenko and S. M. Khartiev Critically Stressed Fractures and Their Relation to Elastic Moduli / Nikita Vladislavovich Dubinya and Ilya Vladimirovich Fokin Mechanical Properties of Thin Films of Coals by Nanoindentation / Elena Kossovich, Svetlana Epshtein, Nadezhda Dobryakova, Maxim Minin, and Darya Gavrilova Using the Variational Approach and Adjoint Equations Method Under the Identification of the Input Parameter of the Passive Admixture Transport Model / Sergey Germanovich Demyshev, Vladimir Sergeevich Kochergin, and Sergey Vladimirovich Kochergin Mechanisms Accounting for Interannual Variability of Advective Heat Transport in the North Atlantic Upper Layer / A. B. Polonsky and P. A. Sukhonos Convective Jets: Volcanic Activity and Turbulent Mixing in the Boundary Layers of the Atmosphere and Ocean / Alexander Vulfson, Oleg Borodin, and Petr Nikolaev Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of Formation Fluid Composition Influence on Filtration and Elastic Properties of Porous Media / Daniil Karmanskiy and Andrey Maltsev Synchronous Changes of Geophysical Fields in the Earth’s Near-Surface Zone / Svetlana Riabova and Alexander Spivak Vertical Mass Transport by Weakly Nonlinear Inertia-Gravity Internal Waves / A. A. Slepyshev and D. I. Vorotnikov Field Investigation and Numerical Simulation of Wind-Wave Interaction at the Middle-Sized Inland Reservoirs / G. A. Baydakov, A. M. Kuznetsova, V. V. Papko, A. A. Kandaurov, M. I. Vdovin, D. A. Sergeev, and Yu. I. Troitskaya Multidecadal Variability of Hydro-Thermodynamic Characteristics and Heat Fluxes in North Atlantic / N. A. Diansky and P. A. Sukhonos Reconstruction of Hydrophysical Fields in the Coastal Region of the Black Sea on the Basis of Hydrodynamic Model with Assimilation of Observational Data / Demyshev Sergei and Evstigneeva Natalia The Vertical Turbulent Exchange Features in the Black Sea Active Layer / A. S. Samodurov and A. M. Chukharev Model of Oscillations of Earth’s Poles Based on Gravitational Tides / S. A. Kumakshev Laboratory Modeling of Ring Geophysical Structures / B. Shvilkin Principles of Controlling the Apparatus Function for Achieving Super-Resolution in Imagers / E. N. Terentiev, N. E. Terentiev, and I. I. Farshakova A Regular System of Vortices in a Circular Stratified Flow Behind the Edge of a Rotating Disk / Roman N. Bardakov Comparison of Empirical Sea-Surface Slopes Probability Densities for the Purposes of Satellite Sounding / Nick Evgenievich Lebedev and Alexandr Sergeevich Zapevalov Mathematical Modeling of Thermomechanical Behavior of Porous Impermeable Medium with Active Filler / M. V. Alekseev, E. B. Savenkov, and N. G. Sudobin Evaluation of the Temporal Dynamics of Oceanic Eddies with Initial Peripheral Rate Shift / Alexander Aleхeyevich Solovyev and Dmitry Alexandrovich Solovyev Reservoir Proxy Model as a Part of Geo-Technological Model of Gas Fields and Underground Gas Storages / Sergey A. Kirsanov, Andrey V. Chugunov, Oleg S. Gatsolaev, Yan S. Chudin, Ivan А. Fedorov, Aleksey A. Kontarev, and Alexandra P. Popovich Understanding of Rock Material Behavior Under Dynamic Loadings Based on Incubation Time Criteria Approach / A. N. Martemyanov and Yu. V. Petrov Analytical Research of Character of Relative Permeability Function Under Unsteady Two-Phase Filtration / D. U. Semiglasov and V. M. Maximov Estimation of the Hydraulic Fracture Propagation Rate in the Laboratory Experiment / M. Trimonova, E. Zenchenko, N. Baryshnikov, S. Turuntaev, P. Zenchenko, and A. Aigozhieva Paleomagnetism of Some Basalts Samples from the Red Sea Rift Zone / V. I. Maksimochkin and L. R. Preobrazhenskii Influence of Hydrodynamic Perturbations on Dispersion Characteristics of a Near-Water Aerosol / V. N. Nosov, S. G. Ivanov, V. I. Pogonin, V. I. Timonin, N. A. Zavyalov, E. A. Zevakin, and A. S. Savin A Comparative Analysis of Optical Methods for Detection and Prediction of Radionuclides Migration in the Geosphere / B. P. Yakimov, G. S. Budylin, V. G. Petrov, V. V. Fadeev, S. N. Kalmykov, S. A. Evlashin, and E. A. Shirshin Advanced Procedure for Estimation of Phytoplankton Fluorescence Quantum Yield Using Remote Sensing Data: A Comparative Study of the Amundsen Sea Polynyas / Elena E. Nikonova, Evgeny A. Shirshin, Victor V. Fadeev, and Maxim Y. Gorbunov The Exact Mathematical Models of Nonlinear Surface Waves / Anatoly Kistovich Numerical Analysis and Prediction of the Consequences of Natural and Technological Impacts in Coastal Areas of the Azov Sea / T. Ya. Shul’ga, S. M. Khartiev, and A. R. Ioshpa The Problem of Forecasting of Vertical Temperature Distribution in Inland Hydrophysical Objects with Experimental Data / D. Gladskikh, D. Sergeev, G. Baydakov, I. Soustova, and Yu. Troitskaya Modeling Geomechanical Processes in Oil and Gas Reservoirs at the True Triaxial Loading Apparatus / V. I. Karev, D. M. Klimov, and Yu. F. Kovalenko Modeling of Deformation and Filtration Processes Near Wells with Emphasis of their Coupling and Effects Caused by Anisotropy / V. I. Karev, D. M. Klimov, Yu. F. Kovalenko, and K. B. Ustinov Effect of a Tidal Wave Caused by Large Gliding Satellite on Formation of 220 km Seismic Boundary and Split of the Mantle into Blocks / S. Kasyanov and V. Samsonov Influence of Baroclinicity on Sea Level Oscillations in the Baltic Sea / Evgeny Zakharchuk, Natalia Tikhonova, Anatoly Gusev, and Nikolay Diansky Author Index

Note: Contents Part I Rainfall Analysis Rainfall Probability Distribution Analysis in Selected Lateral Command Area of Upper Krishna Project (Karnataka), India / N. K. Rajeshkumar, P. Balakrishnan, G. V. Srinivas Reddy, B. S. Polise Gowdar and U. Satishkumar Analyzing Rainfall and Reservoir Release Pattern for Ajwa Reservoir: A Case Study / Pushkar Sharma and Sanskriti Mujumdar Preliminary Investigations on Localized Rainfall Interception Losses Under Real Field Observations / M. L. Gaur and Saket Kumar Probabilistic Estimation of Design Daily Runoff from Bamhani Watershed, India / Sarita Gajbhiye Meshram and Vijay P. Singh Part II Evapotranspiration Development of Generalized Higher-Order Neural Network-Based Models for Estimating Pan Evaporation / Sirisha Adamala, N. S. Raghuwanshi and Ashok Mishra Sensitivity Analysis of FAO-56 Penman–Monteith Reference Evapotranspiration Estimates Using Monte Carlo Simulations / Gicy M. Kovoor and Lakshman Nandagiri Quantification of Error in Estimation of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by Class A Pan Evaporimeter and Its Correction / S. Praharaj, P. K. Mohanty and B. C. Sahoo Part III Urban Runoff Spatial and Temporal Analyses of Impervious Surface Area on Hydrological Regime of Urban Watersheds / Tauseef A. Ansari and Y. B. Katpatal An Assessment of Hydrological Impacts Due to Changes in the Urban Sprawl in Bhopal City and its Peripheral Urban-Rural Fringe / L. Patel, S. Goyal and T. Thomas Simulation of Urban Drainage System Using Disaggregated Rainfall Data / Vinay Ashok Rangari, K. Veerendra Gopi, N. V. Umamahesh and Ajey Kumar Patel Investigation of Drainage for Structures, Lithology and Priority (Flood and Landslide) Assessment Using Geospatial Technology, J&K, NW Himalaya / Umair Ali and Syed Ahmad Ali Hydrologic Design Parameters Database for Water Harvesting Structures in Madhya Pradesh / Ramadhar Singh, Karan Singh and D. M. Bhandarkar Application of Storm Water Management Model to an Urban Catchment / V. Swathi, K. Srinivasa Raju and Ajit Pratap Singh Part IV Soil Erosion and Sediment A Study of Erosional Depositional Activity and Land Use Mapping of Majuli River Island Using Landsat Data / Dipsikha Devi, Nilutpal Phukan and Bibhash Sarma Study of Soil Erosion and Deposition Around an Island in a Natural Stream / Snigdhadip Ghosh, Saptarshi Das and Vijay Kumar Dwivedi Impact Assessment of Alternate Land Cover and Management Practices on Soil Erosion: A Case Study / T. R. Nayak, R. K. Jaiswal, R. V. Galkate and T. Thomas Geostatistical Analysis of River Sedimentation Behavior in Kerala State / Mathew K. Jose, T. Chandramohan, B. K. Purandara and B. Venkatesh Study of Mineralogical Composition of Sediment in Brahmaputra River in Urban Stretch of Guwahati City, Assam, India / Mamata Das and Triptimoni Borah Part V Remote Sensing and GIS Applications Hypsometric Analysis for Assessing Erosion Status of Watershed Using Geographical Information System / S. K. Sharma, S. Gajbhiye, S. Tignath and R. J. Patil Assessment of Different Bathymetry Statistical Models Using Landsat-8 Multispectral Images / Omar Makboul, Abdelazim Negm, Saleh Mesbah and Mohamed Mohasseb Estimation of Minimum and Maximum Air Temperature Using MODIS Remote Sensing Imagery and Geographical Information System (GIS) / P. Sardhara Bharatkumar, P. Dholariya Jay, M. K. Tiwari and M. L. Gaur A RS and GIS Approaches for the Estimation of Runoff and Soil Erosion in SA-13 Watershed / H. N. Bhange and V. V. Deshmukh Rainwater Harvesting Structure Site Suitability Using Remote Sensing and GIS / B. K. Gavit, R. C. Purohit, P. K. Singh, Mahesh Kothari and H. K. Jain Land Surface Temperature Estimation Using Remote Sensing Data / Vijay Solanky, Sangeeta Singh and S. K. Katiyar Watershed Prioritization of Wardha River Basin, Maharashtra, India Using Morphometric Parameters: A Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Approach / B. S. Manjare, S. Khan, S. A. Jawadand and M. A. Padhye Flood Assessment of Lolab Valley from Watershed Characterization Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques / Mannan Bashir Wani, Syed Ahmad Ali and Umair Ali Delineation of Paleochannels in Periyar River Basin of Kerala Using Remote Sensing and Electrical Resistivity Methods / C. P. Priju, Jiby Francis, P. R. Arun and N. B. Narasimha Prasad Application of EO-1 Hyperion Data for Mapping and Discrimination of Agricultural Crops / H. Ramesh and P. P. Soorya Geomatica-Based Approach for Automatic Extraction of Lineaments from ASTER-GDEM Data, in Part of Al-Rawdah, Shabwah, Southeast Yemen / Mohammed Sultan Alshayef and Akram Javed Part VI Watershed Runoff and Floods Morpho-Mathematical Analysis of Bharar River Basin District Chhatarpur-Central India / Pradeep Kumar Jain Application of Principal Component Analysis for Grouping of Morphometric Parameters and Prioritization of Watershed / Sarita Gajbhiye Meshram and S. K. Sharma Velocity Distribution in Vortex Chamber at High Water Abstraction Ratio / Mohammad Athar and Shivani Srotriya Performance Appraisal of Friction Factor Estimators / Abhishek Mishra, Aditya Deshpande and Bimlesh Kumar Experimental Investigations of Wave Height Attenuation by Submerged Artificial Vegetation / Beena Mary John, I. Mohit Babu, Kiran G. Shirlal and Subba Rao Developing Rating Curves for Nubia Lake, Sudan, Using RS/GIS / Mohamed Elsahabi, Abdelazim Negm and Kamal Ali A Spreadsheet Approach for Prediction of Rating Curve Parameters / Mohammad Muzzammil, Javed Alam and Mohammad Zakwan Experimental Study on Role of Emergent Artificial Coastal Vegetation in Controlling Wave Run Up / Beena Mary John, R. T. Arun Vignesh, Kiran G. Shirlal and Subba Rao Development of Regional Soil Water Retention (SWR) Characteristics / R. K. Jaiswal, T. Thomas, R. V. Galkate, S. Singh and J. V. Tyagi Revision of Empirical Coefficients of Commonly Used Flood Formulae Using Flow Data from Karnataka Rivers / T. Chandramohan, Mathew K. Jose, B. K. Purandara and B. Venkatesh Reservoir Inflow Forecasting Using Extreme Learning Machines / Mukesh Kumar Tiwari and Sanjeet Kumar Quantifying Discontinuity, Connectivity, Variability, and Hierarchy in Overland Flow Generation: Comparison of Different Modeling Methods / Xuefeng Chu Nondimensional UH-Based Smoothing of S-Curve-Derived UH Oscillations / P. R. Patil, S. K. Mishra, Nayan Sharma and Vijay P. Singh Fuzzy-Based Comprehensive Evaluation of Environmental Flow Alteration / Kairong Lin, Fan Zhang, Qiang Zhang, Xinjun Tu and Yang Hu Part VII Watershed Modeling Spatial Characters of a Tropical River Basin, South-West Coast of India / Girish Gopinath, N. Ramisha, Ajith G. Nair and N. P. Jesiya Streamflow Estimation Using SWAT Model Over Seonath River Basin, Chhattisgarh, India / Sabyasachi Swain, Mani Kant Verma and M. K. Verma Revisiting the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number Method / S. K. Mishra, Vijay P. Singh and P. K. Singh Hydrological Impacts of Rejuvenating Degraded Hilly Watershed in Shivalik Region / A. K. Tiwari and V. K. Bhatt Modeling of a River Basin Using SWAT Model / B. Venkatesh, T. Chandramohan, B. K. Purandara, Mathew K. Jose and P. C. Nayak Performance of the Xinanjiang Model / A. Ahirwar, M. K. Jain and M. Perumal

Note: Contents 1 Introduction: Limits to Adaptation / Johanna Nalau and Walter Leal Filho Part I Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in Asia 2 Strategies and Barriers to Adaptation of Hazard-Prone Rural Households in Bangladesh / G. M. Monirul Alam, Khorshed Alam, Shahbaz Mushtaq, Most Nilufa Khatun and Walter Leal Filho 3 Governance Limits to Adaptation in Cambodia’s Health Sector / Daniel Gilfillan 4 Land-Based Strategic Model by Integrating Diverse Policies for Climate Change Adaptation in Nepal / Adish Khezri, Arbind Man Tuladhar and Jaap Zevenbergen 5 Climate Change and Migration in Bangladesh: Empirically Derived Lessons and Opportunities for Policy Makers and Practitioners / Johannes Luetz Part II Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in Africa 6 Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in Zimbabwe: Insights, Experiences and Lessons / Nelson Chanza 7 Pastoralists Shifting Strategies and Perceptions of Risk: Post-crisis Recovery in Damergou, Niger / Karen Marie Greenough 8 Political Limits to Climate Change Adaptation Practices: Insights from the Johannesburg Case / Karen Hetz 9 Constraints and Limits to Climate Change Adaptation Efforts in Nigeria / Idowu O. Ologeh, Joshua B. Akarakiri and Francis A. Adesina 10 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Suitability of Banana Crop Production to Future Climate Change Over Uganda / Geoffrey Sabiiti, Joseph Mwalichi Ininda, Laban Ayieko Ogallo, Jully Ouma, Guleid Artan, Charles Basalirwa, Franklin Opijah, Alex Nimusiima, Saul Daniel Ddumba, Jasper Batureine Mwesigwa, George Otieno and Jamiat Nanteza 11 Local Adaptation to Climate Extremes in Domboshawa: Opportunities and Limitations / Vincent Itai Tanyanyiwa and Rejoice Madobi Part III Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in Australia, North-America and Europe 12 The Limits of Imagination / Liese Coulter 13 Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal East Arctic Ecosystems: Complexity and Challenges of Monitoring and Evaluation / Moktar Lamari, Line Poulin-Larivière and Johann L. Jacob 14 Limits to Adaptation on Climate Change in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Insights and Experiences / Goran Trbic, Davorin Bajic, Vladimir Djurdjevic, Vladan Ducic, Raduska Cupac, Đorđe Markez, Goran Vukmir, Radoslav Dekić and Tatjana Popov Part IV Limits to Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific Region 15 Climate Change Adaptation Limits in Small Island Developing States / Stacy-ann Robinson 16 Limits to Coastal Adaptation in Samoa: Insights and Experiences / Richard Crichton and Miguel Esteban 17 Limits to Capital Works Adaptation in the Coastal Zones and Islands: Lessons for the Pacific / Brendan Mackey and Daniel Ware 18 A ‘Cost Barrier’ Perspective to Adaptation on a Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) and Mangrove Rehabilitation Projects (MRP) in Solomon Islands / Michael Otoara Ha’apio, Walter Leal Filho and Morgan Wairiu 19 Customary Land and Climate Change Induced Relocation: A Case Study of Vunidogoloa Village, Vanua Levu, Fiji / Dhrishna Charan, Manpreet Kaur and Priyatma Singh 20 Limits to Adapting to Climate Change Through Relocations in Papua-New Guinea and Fiji / Dalila Gharbaoui and Julia Blocher 21 Atoll Habitability Thresholds / Mark H. N. Stege 22 Conclusions: Overcoming the Limits to Adaptation / Walter Leal Filho and Johanna Nalau

Note: Contents 1 Artificial Neural Network 1.1 Network Architectures 1.1.1 Multilayer Feedforward Networks 1.1.2 Recurrent Networks 1.2 Perceptrons 1.2.1 Rosenblatt’s Perceptron 1.2.2 Multilayer Perceptron 1.3 Linear Network and Bayes Classifier 1.4 Radial Basis Function Network 1.4.1 Radial Basis Function 1.4.2 Interpolation 1.4.3 Receptive Field 1.5 Generalized Regression Network 1.6 Self-organizing Network 1.6.1 Kohonen Self-organizing Map Network 1.6.2 Learning Vector Quantization Network 1.7 Hopfield Network 1.7.1 Continuous Hopfield Network 1.7.2 Discrete Hopfield Network Further Reading 2 Multivariate Harmonic Analysis 2.1 Fourier Transform 2.2 Discrete Fourier Transform 2.3 Discrete Cosine/Sine Transform 2.3.1 Four Forms of DCTs 2.3.2 Four Forms of DSTs 2.4 Filtering 2.5 Fractional Fourier Transform 2.5.1 Continuous FRFT 2.5.2 Discrete FRFT 2.5.3 Multivariate FRFT 2.6 Space–Frequency Distribution 2.6.1 Multivariate Windowed Fourier Transform 2.6.2 General Form 2.6.3 Popular Distributions 2.7 Multivariate Interpolation 2.7.1 Multivariate Polynomial Interpolation 2.7.2 Schoenberg Interpolation 2.7.3 Micchelli Interpolation 2.7.4 Interpolation on Spheres 2.8 Sparse Approximation 2.8.1 Approximation Kernels 2.8.2 Sparse Schemes 2.8.3 Greedy Algorithm 2.9 Spherical Harmonics 2.9.1 Spherical Harmonic Functions 2.9.2 Invariant Subspace under Fourier Transform 2.10 Harmonic Analysis on General Domains 2.10.1 Symmetric Kernels 2.10.2 Smooth Extensions and Approximation 2.11 Harmonic Analysis on Graphs 2.11.1 The Laplacian of a Graph 2.11.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions 2.11.3 Fourier Expansions Further Reading 3 Multivariate Wavelets 3.1 Multiresolution Analysis 3.1.1 Structure of MRA 3.1.2 Scaling Functions 3.2 Multivariate Orthogonal Wavelets 3.2.1 Separable Wavelets 3.2.2 Non-separable Wavelets 3.2.3 p-Band Wavelets 3.3 Biorthogonal Wavelets 3.3.1 Univariate Biorthogonal Wavelets 3.3.2 Multivariate Biorthogonal Wavelets 3.3.3 p-Band Biorthogonal Wavelets 3.3.4 Semi-orthogonal Wavelets 3.4 Wavelets on Domains 3.4.1 Continuous Extension 3.4.2 Wavelet Expansion 3.5 Discrete Wavelet Transforms 3.5.1 Discrete Orthogonal Wavelet Transforms 3.5.2 Discrete Biorthogonal Wavelet Transforms 3.5.3 Discrete Biorthogonal Periodic Wavelets Transforms 3.5.4 Discrete Harmonic Wavelet Transforms 3.6 Wavelet Packets 3.6.1 Continuous Wavelet Packets 3.6.2 Discrete Wavelet Packets 3.7 Wavelet Variance 3.7.1 Generalized Wavelet Decomposition 3.7.2 Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform 3.7.3 Wavelet Variance 3.8 Significant Tests 3.8.1 Haar Wavelet Analysis 3.8.2 Morlet Wavelet Analysis 3.9 Wavelet Threshold and Shrinkage 3.9.1 Wavelet Threshold 3.9.2 Wavelet Shrinkage 3.9.3 Minimax Estimation 3.9.4 Adaptive Denoising Algorithm 3.10 Shearlets, Bandelets, and Curvelets 3.10.1 Shearlets 3.10.2 Bandelets 3.10.3 Curvelets Further Reading 4 Stochastic Representation and Modeling 4.1 Stochastic Processes 4.1.1 Vector Stochastic Processes 4.1.2 Gaussian, Markov, and Wiener Processes 4.2 Stationarity and Trend Tests 4.2.1 Stationarity Tests 4.2.2 Trend Tests 4.3 Patterns and Classification 4.3.1 Principal Component Analysis 4.3.2 Factor Analysis 4.3.3 Cluster Analysis 4.3.4 Discriminant Analysis 4.3.5 Canonical Correlation Analysis 4.4 Multidimensional Scaling 4.5 Vector ARMA Processes 4.5.1 Vector MA(q) Processes 4.5.2 Vector AR(p) Processes 4.5.3 Vector ARMA(p, q) Processes 4.6 Monte Carlo Methods 4.7 Black–Scholes Models 4.8 Stochastic Optimization Further Reading 5 Multivariate Spectral Analysis 5.1 Power Spectral Density 5.2 Periodogram and Correlogram 5.2.1 Algorithms 5.2.2 Bias Analysis 5.2.3 Variance Analysis 5.3 Blackman–Tukey Method 5.3.1 Blackman–Tukey Estimator 5.3.2 Several Common Windows 5.3.3 Positive Semidefinite Window 5.4 Welch Method 5.5 Multitaper Method 5.6 Maximum Entropy Method 5.7 Rational Spectral Estimation 5.8 Discrete Spectral Estimation 5.9 Vector ARMA Spectrum 5.10 Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis Further Reading 6 Climate Modeling 6.1 Greenhouse Gases 6.2 Impacts and Feedback of Climate Change 6.3 Framework of Climate Models 6.3.1 Basic Physical Laws Used in Climate Models 6.3.2 Discretization and Parameterization 6.3.3 The Hierarchy of Climate Models 6.4 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Further Reading 7 Regional Climate Change 7.1 Middle East and Mediterranean Region 7.1.1 Precipitation 7.1.2 Air Temperature 7.1.3 Climate Modeling 7.1.4 Desert Dust 7.1.5 Water Resources 7.1.6 Soil Temperature 7.2 Asia-Pacific Region 7.2.1 Tibetan Plateau 7.2.2 El Niño–Southern Oscillation 7.2.3 Indian Monsoon 7.2.4 Modeling Sea Surface Temperature 7.3 Arctic Region 7.3.1 Sea Ice 7.3.2 Permafrost Carbon Further Reading 8 Ecosystem and Carbon Cycle 8.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems 8.1.1 Terrestrial Hydrologic Cycle 8.1.2 Photosynthesis 8.1.3 Gross and Net Primary Production 8.1.4 Net Ecosystem Production 8.1.5 Terrestrial Nutrient Cycle 8.2 Ocean Ecosystems 8.2.1 Solubility and Air–Sea Gas Exchange 8.2.2 Oceanic Carbon Sink 8.2.3 Compounds in Seawater 8.2.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Further Reading 9 Paleoclimate Proxies 9.1 Tree-Rings 9.1.1 Field Works 9.1.2 Statistical Analysis 9.2 Ice Cores 9.2.1 Ice and Isotopes 9.2.2 Ice Core Samples 9.3 Speleothems 9.3.1 Oxygen Isotope Ratio 9.3.2 Carbon Isotope Ratio 9.3.3 Hydrogen Isotope Ratio Further Reading 10 Strategies for Climate Change Mitigation 10.1 Assessment Methods and Tools 10.1.1 Data Envelopment Analysis 10.1.2 Risk Assessment 10.1.3 Life Cycle Assessment 10.2 Carbon Emissions Reduction 10.2.1 Industrial Sector 10.2.2 Agriculture Sector 10.2.3 The Building Sector 10.2.4 The Transportation Sector 10.2.5 The Household Sector 10.2.6 Low-Carbon Energy 10.3 Carbon Capture, Transport, Utilization, and Storage 10.3.1 Carbon Capture 10.3.2 Transport of CO2 10.3.3 Geological Storage of CO2 10.3.4 Utilization of CO2 10.4 Geoengineering 10.4.1 Space-Based Geoengineering 10.4.2 Atmosphere-Based Geoenginnering 10.4.3 Land-Based Geoengineering 10.4.4 Ocean-Based Geoengineering 10.4.5 Conclusions Further Reading

Note: Contents 1 Research and Open Questions—A Modern Concept Behind Berlins T.rex Presentation of Tristan Otto / Uwe Moldrzyk and Linda Gallé 2 Scientific Methods of Geological and Paleontological Collections and Trends in Paleontological Investigation and Research / Cathrin Hühne 3 BAMBERG: The Paleontological Collection at the Museum of Natural History in Bamberg (NKMB) / Matthias Mäuser 4 BASEL: The Natural History Museum Basel (NMB) / Walter Etter, Michael Knappertsbusch, and Loïc Costeur 5 BERLIN: The Palaeontological Collections of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin / Christian Neumann, Stephan Schultka, and Florian Witzmann 6 BERN: The Natural History Museum — An Institution of the Burgergemeinde of Bern / Ursula Menkveld-Gfeller 7 BIELEFELD: Not Worth Mentioning? Paleontological Collections of Small Museums: The Example of Bielefeld (North Rhine Westphalia, Germany) / Mark Keiter and Sven Sachs 8 BILZINGSLEBEN: The Bilzingsleben Collection / Clemens Pasda 9 The Paleontological Collection of the State Museum of Natural History (SNHM) in Braunschweig, Germany / Ralf Kosma 10 BREMEN: The Paleontological Research Collection of the Geosciences Collection of the University of Bremen / Jens Lehmann 11 CHEMNITZ: Back to the Roots of Palaeobotany—Chemnitz and its Palaeontological Collection / Ronny Rößler and Thorid Zierold 12 COBURG: Naturkunde-Museum Coburg—Paleontological Collections / Eckhard Mönnig 13 COTTBUS: Museum of Natural History and Environment in Cottbus / Rolf Striegler and Ursula Striegler 14 DARMSTADT: The Paleontological Collections of Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt / Gabriele Gruber, Oliver Sandrock, and Torsten Wappler 15 DESSAU-ROSSLAU: Museum of Natural History and Prehistory—Paleontological Collection / Angelika Hesse 16 DORTMUND: Museum für Naturkunde der Stadt Dortmund / Jan-Michael Ilger and Oliver Adrian 17 DOTTERNHAUSEN: The Jurassic World of the Swabian Alb Region (South Germany): The Fossil Collection of the Werkforum and Fossil Museum of Dotternhausen / Annette Schmid-Röhl 18 EICHSTÄTT: The Jura-Museum Eichstätt / Martina Kölbl-Ebert 19 ERLANGEN: The Erlangen Paleobiology Collections / Wolfgang Kiessling, Michael Heinze, and Cristina Krause 20 ESSEN: Ruhr Museum—Geological Collection / Ulrike Stottrop, Udo Scheer, and Esther Guderley 21 FRANKFURT/DRESDEN/GÖRLITZ: Palaeontological collections of the Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung / Dieter Uhl, Lutz Kunzmann, Christine Hertler, Ralf-Dietrich Kahlke, John-Albrecht Keiler, Peter Königshof, Ottmar Kullmer, Stephan Schaal, Krister Smith, Mónica M. Sólorzano Kraemer, Martina Stebich, Olaf Tietz, and Markus Wilmsen 22 FRICK: Late Triassic Basal Sauropodomorph and Theropod Dinosaurs at the Sauriermuseum Frick, Switzerland / Andrea B. Oettl-Rieser and Marion Zahner 23 GOTHA: Museum der Natur, Stiftung Schloss Friedenstein Gotha / Oliver Wings and Carsten Eckert 24 GÖTTINGEN: The Palaeontological Collections of the Geoscience Museum at the Georg-August University in Göttingen / Alexander Gehler, Mike Reich, and Joachim Reitner 25 HALLE: The Geiseltal Collection of Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg / Frank D. Steinheimer and Alexander K. Hastings 26 HALLE: The Palaeontological Collection of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg in Halle (Saale) / Norbert Hauschke 27 HAMBURG: Palaeontological Collections of the Center of Natural History, Universität Hamburg / Ulrich Kotthoff and Jochen Schlüter 28 HANNOVER/BERLIN: The Geoscientific Collections of the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources and the State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology in Hannover and Berlin / Angela Ehling and Carmen Heunisch 29 HANNOVER: Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum Hannover—Lower Saxony State Museum Hannover / Annette Richter and Annina Böhme 30 HILDESHEIM: Roemer- and Pelizaeus-Museum / Jürgen Vespermann 31 HOLZMADEN: Prehistoric Museum Hauff—A Fossil Museum Since 4 Generations—(Urweltmuseum Hauff) / Rolf Bernhard Hauff and Ulrich Joger 32 INGELFINGEN: Muschelkalkmuseum Hagdorn Stadt Ingelfingen / Hans Hagdorn 33 JENA: The Palaeontological Collections at the Phyletisches Museum in Jena / Dietrich von Knorre and Rolf G. Beutel 34 MAUER: The Locality of Mauer and its Virtual Collection of Middle Pleistocene Mammal Fossils / H. Dieter Schreiber, Kristina Eck, and Volker Liebig 35 KÖLN: Geological Collections of the University of Cologne (GCC) (Geological and Palaeontological Collections of the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Cologne) / Michael R. W. Amler and Hans-Georg Herbig 36 KREFELD: Palaeobotanical and Palynological Collection at the Geological Survey North Rhine-Westphalia / Christoph Hartkopf-Fröder 37 LINZ: The Paleontological Collection of the Upper Austrian State Museum, Linz / Björn Berning 38 LÜBECK: Museum of Nature and Environment, Paleontological Collections / Susanne Füting 39 MAINZ: Paleontological Collections of the University of Mainz (Geoscientific Collections) / Kirsten I. Grimm and Bernd R. Schöne 40 MAINZ: Palaeontological Collections of the Landesamt für Geologie Und Bergbau Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) / Jürgen Gad, Winfried Kuhn, and Peter Schäfer 41 The Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen / Doris Döppes and Wilfried Rosendahl 42 MARBURG: GeoArchive Marburg (Geological and Palaeontological Collections of the Former Faculty of Geosciences, Philipps University of Marburg) / Michael R. W. Amler, Günter Kauffmann, and Dieter Uhl 43 MÜNCHEN: The Fossil Collections of the Bavarian State Collections at Munich / Mike Reich and Gert Wörheide 44 MÜNSTER: Geomuseum of the WWU / Markus Bertling 45 NIERSTEIN: Paläontologisches Museum Nierstein / Lutz Kaecke 46 SCHIFFWEILER (Landsweiler-Reden): Center for Biological Documentation (Zentrum für Biodokumention—ZfBS) / Edgar Müller 47 SCHLEUSINGEN: Naturhistorisches Museum Schloss Bertholdsburg Schleusingen (Thuringia, Germany)—Home of Permian and Triassic Fossils / Ralf Werneburg 48 SIEGSDORF: The Siegsdorf Natural History and Mammoth Museum / Robert Darga 49 ST. GALLEN: Naturmuseum St. Gallen / Toni Bürgin 50 Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart (SMNS) / Rainer Schoch and Johanna Kovar-Eder 51 THALLICHTENBERG: POLLICHIA Geoscience Collections at the Urweltmuseum GEOSKOP, Thallichtenberg (Germany) / Sebastian Voigt and Jan Fischer 52 TÜBINGEN: The Palaeontologial Collection of Tübingen / Ingmar Werneburg and Madelaine Böhme 53 WIEN: “To the Realm of Nature and its Exploration”: The Paleontological Collections of the Natural History Museum Vienna / Mathias Harzhauser and Andreas Kroh 54 WIESBADEN: Museum Wiesbaden, Natural History Collections / Fritz Geller-Grimm 55 ZURICH: The Geological-Palaeontological Collection at ETH Zurich / Andreas D. Mueller, Rodney Eastwood, and Stefan Ungricht 56 ZURICH: Palaeontological Museum of the University of Zurich / Christian Klug and Beat Scheffold 57 State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe: Institute of Life and Earth Sciences / Eberhard Frey and H. Dieter Schreiber Index

Note: Contents Part I Setting the Scene The Anthropocene—What Does It Entail for Science? / Gesche Krause The Role of Knowledge Exchange in Earth System Science—The Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP) / Gesche Krause, Ute Münch, Jana Kandarr, Oliver Jorzik and Pia Klinghammer The AWI Approach at the Science-Stakeholder Interface / Gesche Krause, Klaus Grosfeld and Wolfgang Hiller Part II Dialogue Approaches of ESKP Contributions to AWI Knowledge Transfer Regional Awareness on Sea Level Rise Effects—What Do We Know About the South-Eastern North Sea Coast? / Nina Eschweiler, Tobias Dolch and Christian Buschbaum Climate Change and Biodiversity—Implications for the Local Fisheries Sector / Christina Hörterer, Maximilian Schupp, Andreas Benkens and Bela H. Buck Linking Biodiversity Research Communities / Sonja Knapp, Alexandra Kraberg, Stephan Frickenhaus, Stefan Klotz, Oliver Schweiger and Gesche Krause Engaging Forecast Users During the Year of Polar Prediction / Winfried Hoke, Kirstin Werner, Helge Goessling and Thomas Jung Governance of Resources for Arctic Sustainable Policy and Practice (GRASP)—Stakeholder Mapping / Sebastian Knecht, Andreas Herber and Kathrin Stephen Building Bridges at the Arctic Science-Policy Interface / Volker Rachold Part III Data-Products of ESKP Contributions to AWI Knowledge Transfer The Web Portal ‘meereisportal.de’ in Context of ESKP / Klaus Grosfeld, Renate Treffeisen, Jölund Asseng and Georg Heygster Knowledge Transfer by the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) / Boris K. Biskaborn and Hugues Lantuit A Web-Based Information System for Macrobenthic Biodiversity in the German North Sea / Jan M. Holstein Tackling Marine Litter—LITTERBASE / Melanie Bergmann, Mine B. Tekman, Andreas Walter and Lars Gutow Part IV Modelling Approaches of ESKP Contributions to AWI Knowledge Transfer Arctic Sea Ice Change, Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Extreme Climate and Weather in Europe / Ralf Jaiser and Dörthe Handorf Extending and Visualizing the TsunAWI Simulation Database of the Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System (InaTEWS) / Antonia Immerz, Sven Harig and Natalja Rakowsky Streamflow Forecasting and Biodiversity / Monica Ionita, Madlene Pfeiffer and Stephan Frickenhaus Part V Pathways to Formalizing Knowledge Transfer Accompanying ESKP Projects—Development of a Process Assessment Strategy Within ESKP@AWI / Gesche Krause and Maximilian Felix Schupp Science and Society—The Time to Interact / Gesche Krause, Klaus Grosfeld and Annette Breckwoldt Erratum to: A Web-Based Information System for Macrobenthic Biodiversity in the German North Sea / Jan M. Holstein

Note: Contents Part I Solution of Nonlinear Systems 1 Solution of Algebraic Polynomial Systems 1.1 Zeros of Polynomial Systems 1.2 Resultant Methods 1.2.1 Sylvester Resultant 1.2.2 Dixon Resultant 1.3 Gröbner Basis 1.3.1 Greatest Common Divisor of Polynomials 1.3.2 Reduced Gröbner Basis 1.3.3 Polynomials with Inexact Coefficients 1.4 Using Dixon-EDF for Symbolic Solution of Polynomial Systems 1.4.1 Explanation of Dixon-EDF 1.4.2 Distance from a Point to a Standard Ellipsoid 1.4.3 Distance from a Point to Any 3D Conic 1.4.4 Pose Estimation 1.4.5 How to Run Dixon-EDF 1.5 Applications 1.5.1 Common Points of Geometrical Objects 1.5.2 Nonlinear Heat Transfer 1.5.3 Helmert Transformation 1.6 Exercises 1.6.1 Solving a System with Different Techniques 1.6.2 Planar Ranging 1.6.3 3D Resection 1.6.4 Pose Estimation References 2 Homotopy Solution of Nonlinear Systems 2.1 The Concept of Homotopy 2.2 Solving Nonlinear Equation via Homotopy 2.3 Tracing Homotopy Path as Initial Value Problem 2.4 Types of Linear Homotopy 2.4.1 General Linear Homotopy 2.4.2 Fixed-Point Homotopy 2.4.3 Newton Homotopy 2.4.4 Affine Homotopy 2.4.5 Mixed Homotopy 2.5 Regularization of the Homotopy Function 2.6 Start System in Case of Algebraic Polynomial Systems 2.7 Homotopy Methods in Mathematica 2.8 Parallel Computation 2.9 General Nonlinear System 2.10 Nonlinear Homotopy 2.10.1 Quadratic Bezier Homotopy Function 2.10.2 Implementation in Mathematica 2.10.3 Comparing Linear and Quadratic Homotopy 2.11 Applications 2.11.1 Nonlinear Heat Conduction 2.11.2 Local Coordinates via GNSS 2.12 Exercises 2.12.1 GNSS Positioning N-Point Problem References 3 Overdetermined and Underdetermined Systems 3.1 Concept of the Over and Underdetermined Systems 3.1.1 Overdetermined Systems 3.1.2 Underdetermined Systems 3.2 Gauss–Jacobi Combinatorial Solution 3.3 Gauss–Jacobi Solution in Case of Nonlinear Systems 3.4 Transforming Overdetermined System into a Determined System 3.5 Extended Newton–Raphson Method 3.6 Solution of Underdetermined Systems 3.6.1 Direct Minimization 3.6.2 Method of Lagrange Multipliers 3.6.3 Method of Penalty Function 3.6.4 Extended Newton–Raphson 3.7 Applications 3.7.1 Geodetic Application—The Minimum Distance Problem 3.7.2 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Application 3.7.3 Geometric Application 3.8 Exercises 3.8.1 Solution of Overdetermined System 3.8.2 Solution of Underdetermined System Part II Optimization of Systems 4 Simulated Annealing 4.1 Metropolis Algorithm 4.2 Realization of the Metropolis Algorithm 4.2.1 Representation of a State 4.2.2 The Free Energy of a State 4.2.3 Perturbation of a State 4.2.4 Accepting a New State 4.2.5 Implementation of the Algorithm 4.3 Algorithm of the Simulated Annealing 4.4 Implementation of the Algorithm 4.5 Application to Computing Minimum of a Real Function 4.6 Generalization of the Algorithm 4.7 Applications 4.7.1 A Packing Problem 4.7.2 The Traveling Salesman Problem 4.8 Exercise 5 Genetic Algorithms 5.1 The Genetic Evolution Concept 5.2 Mutation of the Best Individual 5.3 Solving a Puzzle 5.4 Application to a Real Function 5.5 Employing Sexual Reproduction 5.5.1 Selection of Parents 5.5.2 Sexual Reproduction: Crossover and Mutation 5.6 The Basic Genetic Algorithm (BGA) 5.7 Applications 5.7.1 Nonlinear Parameter Estimation 5.7.2 Packing Spheres with Different Sizes 5.7.3 Finding All the Real Solutions of a Non-algebraic System 5.8 Exercises 5.8.1 Foxhole Problem References 6 Particle Swarm Optimization 6.1 The Concept of Social Behavior of Groups of Animals 6.2 Basic Algorithm 6.3 The Pseudo Code of the Algorithm 6.4 Applications 6.4.1 1D Example 6.4.2 2D Example 6.4.3 Solution of Nonlinear Non-algebraic System 6.5 Exercise Reference 7 Integer Programming 7.1 Integer Problem 7.2 Discrete Value Problems 7.3 Simple Logical Conditions 7.4 Some Typical Problems of Binary Programming 7.4.1 Knapsack Problem 7.4.2 Nonlinear Knapsack Problem 7.4.3 Set-Covering Problem 7.5 Solution Methods 7.5.1 Binary Countdown Method 7.5.2 Branch and Bound Method 7.6 Mixed–Integer Programming 7.7 Applications 7.7.1 Integer Least Squares 7.7.2 Optimal Number of Oil Wells 7.8 Exercises 7.8.1 Study of Mixed Integer Programming 7.8.2 Mixed Integer Least Square References 8 Multiobjective Optimization 8.1 Concept of Multiobjective Problem 8.1.1 Problem Definition 8.1.2 Interpretation of the Solution 8.2 Pareto Optimum 8.2.1 Nonlinear Problems 8.2.2 Pareto-Front and Pareto-Set 8.3 Computation of Pareto Optimum 8.3.1 Pareto Filter 8.3.2 Reducing the Problem to the Case of a Single Objective 8.3.3 Weighted Objective Functions 8.3.4 Ideal Point in the Function Space 8.3.5 Pareto Balanced Optimum 8.3.6 Non-convex Pareto-Front 8.4 Employing Genetic Algorithms 8.5 Application 8.5.1 Nonlinear Gauss-Helmert Model 8.6 Exercise References Part III Approximation of Functions and Data 9 Approximation with Radial Bases Functions 9.1 Basic Idea of RBF Interpolation 9.2 Positive Definite RBF Function 9.3 Compactly Supported Functions 9.4 Some Positive Definite RBF Function 9.4.1 Laguerre-Gauss Function 9.4.2 Generalized Multi-quadratic RBF 9.4.3 Wendland Function 9.4.4 Buchmann-Type RBF 9.5 Generic Derivatives of RBF Functions 9.6 Least Squares Approximation with RBF 9.7 Applications 9.7.1 Image Compression 9.7.2 RBF Collocation Solution of Partial Differential Equation 9.8 Exercise 9.8.1 Nonlinear Heat Transfer References 10 Support Vector Machines (SVM) 10.1 Concept of Machine Learning 10.2 Optimal Hyperplane Classifier 10.2.1 Linear Separability 10.2.2 Computation of the Optimal Parameters 10.2.3 Dual Optimization Problem 10.3 Nonlinear Separability 10.4 Feature Spaces and Kernels 10.5 Application of the Algorithm 10.5.1 Computation Step by Step 10.5.2 Implementation of the Algorithm 10.6 Two Nonlinear Test Problems 10.6.1 Learning a Chess Board 10.6.2 Two Intertwined Spirals 10.7 Concept of SVM Regression 10.7.1 e-Insensitive Loss Function 10.7.2 Concept of the Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR) 10.7.3 The Algorithm of the SVMR 10.8 Employing Different Kernels 10.8.1 Gaussian Kernel 10.8.2 Polynomial Kernel 10.8.3 Wavelet Kernel 10.8.4 Universal Fourier Kernel 10.9 Applications 10.9.1 Image Classification 10.9.2 Maximum Flooding Level 10.10 Exercise 10.10.1 Noise Filtration References 11 Symbolic Regression 11.1 Concept of Symbolic Regression 11.2 Problem of Kepler 11.2.1 Polynomial Regression 11.2.2 Neural Network 11.2.3 Support Vector Machine Regression 11.2.4 RBF Interpolation 11.2.5 Random Models 11.2.6 Symbolic Regression 11.3 Applications 11.3.1 Correcting Gravimetric Geoid Using GPS Ellipsoidal Heights 11.3.2 Geometric Transformation 11.4 Exercise 11.4.1 Bremerton Data References 12 Quantile Regression 12.1 Problems with the Ordinary Least Squares 12.1.1 Correlation Height and Age 12.1.2 Engel’s Problem 12.2 Concept of Quantile 12.2.1 Quantile as a Generalization of Median 12.2.2 Quantile for Probability Distributions 12.3 Linear Quantile Regression 12.3.1 Ordinary Least Square (OLS) 12.3.2 Median Regression (MR) 12.3.3 Quantile Regression (QR) 12.4 Computing Quantile Regression 12.4.1 Quantile Regression via Linear Programming 12.4.2 Boscovich’s Problem 12.4.3 Extension to Linear Combination of Nonlinear Functions 12.4.4 B-Spline Application 12.5 Applications 12.5.1 Separate Outliers in Cloud Points 12.5.2 Modelling Time-Series 12.6 Exercise 12.6.1 Regression of Implicit-Functions References 13 Robust Regression 13.1 Basic Methods in Robust Regression 13.1.1 Concept of Robust Regression 13.1.2 Maximum Likelihood Method 13.1.3 Danish Algorithm 13.1.4 Danish Algorithm with PCA 13.1.5 RANSAC Algorithm 13.2 Application Examples 13.2.1 Fitting a Sphere to Point Cloud Data 13.2.2 Fitting a Cylinder 13.3 Problem 13.3.1 Fitting a Plane to a Slope References 14 Stochastic Modeling 14.1 Basic Stochastic Processes 14.1.1 Concept of Stochastic Processes 14.1.2 Examples for Stochastic Processes 14.1.3 Features of Stochastic Processes 14.2 Time Series 14.2.1 Concept of Time

Note: Contents 1 General Chemical Concepts Introduction Periodic Table and Element Groups Chemical Bonding Chemical Reactions, Stoichiometry, and Kinetics Equilibrium, Steady-State, and Residence Time General Concepts of Organic Chemistry Aqueous Solubility and Polarity Diffusion and Osmotic Potential Freezing Exclusion and Concentration of Solutes Defining Dissolved and Particulate Phases SI Units and Concentrations Ionic Charge Balance Stable Isotope Chemistry 2 Soil Biogeochemistry Introduction Soil Formation and Pedogenesis Soil Classification Soil Texture and Coarse Fragments Soil Moisture Mineralogy Physical-Chemical Features of Clays and Other Soil Colloids Clay Colloids Humic Colloids Chemical Processes in Soils Ion Exchange and Adsorption in Soils Soil Ion Exchange Chemistry and Base Saturation Acidification Complexation Leaching Dissolution and Precipitation Reactions Comparative Analysis of Soil Chemical Properties Soil Exchange Chemistry Soil Distributions of Aluminum Vertical Distributions of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Soils Forms of Organic Nitrogen in Soils Patterns of Soil Solution Chemistry Integrated Processes of Nutrient Supply and Storage in Soils 3 Microbial Biogeochemistry Introduction Redox Conditions Microbial Nitrogen Transformations Nitrogen Fixation Mineralization or Ammonification Nitrogen Immobilization Nitrification Denitrification Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (DNRA) Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction Microbial Sulfur Transformations Mineralization of Organic Sulfur Anaerobic Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction Microbial Carbon Transformations Fermentation Methane Production Organic Acid Synthesis by Microbes Microbial Processes that Contribute to Bioremediation or Metal Transformations 4 Plant Biogeochemistry Introduction General Plant Chemistry Plant Functional Morphology and Growth Allocation Aboveground Structure and Function Belowground Structure and Function of the Root System Growth Allocation and Root:Shoot Relationships Carbon Fixation, Metabolism, and Plant Production Photosynthesis and Nutrients Photosynthesis and Water Respiration and Metabolism Exchange of Carbon Dioxide in a Forest Ecosystem Energy Budgets and Primary Production Whole-Plant Carbon Cycling and Allocation Metabolic Allocation to Plant Defense Plant Nutrient Cycling Plant Nutrient Absorption Implications of Nutrient Uptake for Acid-Base Chemistry Plant Transport or Translocation of Nutrients Plant Nutrient Resorption Detrital Cycling of Plant Nutrients Plant Canopy Processes Affecting Element Cycling NUE as an Index of Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Cycling Nutrient Limitation Effects of Chemical Stress on Plants Effects of Acidic Deposition on Plant Membrane-Bound Calcium Aluminum Antagonism and Toxicity Stress Plant Responses to Ozone Stress 5 Cycling of Organic Matter Introduction Ecosystem Perspective Storage of Organic Matter in Forest Soils, Biomass, and Woody Debris Soil Organic Matter and Soil Carbon Storage Forest Floor Storage Turnover Rates and Age of Soil Organic Matter Reservoirs Influence of Land Management and Disturbance on SOM Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Coarse Woody Debris Transfers of Organic Matter in Detritus and Solution Aboveground Litterfall Belowground Detrital Inputs From Root Mortality and Turnover Solution Transfers of DOM Decomposition of Organic Matter General Processes of Decomposition Wood Decay Processes Decomposition Rates and Decay Constants Element Cycling Patterns in Decaying Organic Matter Substrate Controls on Decomposition Environmental Controls on Decomposition Biological Influences on Decomposition Transfers of CO2 in the Organic Matter Budget of a Forest Ecosystem 6 Atmospheric Deposition Introduction Atmospheric Chemistry Deposition Processes and Patterns Atmospheric Emissions and Deposition of Sulfur and Nitrogen Measurement and Analysis of Atmospheric Deposition Wet Deposition Dry Deposition Analysis of Precipitation Chemistry Environmental Patterns of Precipitation Chemistry and Atmospheric Deposition Daily Patterns Monthly Patterns Multi-year Trends in Precipitation Chemistry Long-Term Historical Trends in Atmospheric Deposition of Mercury Spatial Patterns: Deposition in North America Spatial Patterns: Influence of Vegetation and Canopy Structure on Atmospheric Deposition Spatial Patterns: Comparison of Atmospheric Deposition at Different Forest Sites Modeling Atmospheric Deposition Patterns A Case Study of Deposition Inputs to a Forest Ecosystem 7 Mineral Weathering Introduction Ecosystem Context Mineral Weathering Processes Heterogeneous Mineral Weathering at Different Scales Controls on Mineral Weathering Rates Mineralogical Controls Influence of Acidity and Complexing Ligands on Weathering Rates Experimental Effects of Acidity on Weathering Rates Physical Influences on Weathering Rates Biotic Influences on Mineral Weathering Rates Influence of Mineral Dissolution on the Solution Chemistry of Natural Waters Genesis and Weathering of Clays Methods of Estimating Weathering Contributions to Ecosystem Element Budgets Mass Balance Estimation Element Tracers as Indicators of Weathering Rates Weathering Estimation with Mineral Depletion Techniques Comparison of Weathering Estimates Comparison of Weathering in Different Ecosystems 8 Watershed Hydrology Ecosystem and Landscape Perspectives Influence of Geology and Soils on Storage and Movement of Water Soil Hydrologic Properties Water Movement and Streamflow Generation in a Watershed Inferring Stream Hydrology from Stream Chemistry in Small Watersheds Water Balance of a Watershed Ecosystem Measurement Techniques for Ecosystem Water Budgets Components of a Water Budget: Precipitation Inputs Components of a Water Budget: Evapotranspiration (ET) Components of a Water Budget: Hydrologic Storage Components of a Water Budget: Stream Runoff Integrated Analysis of a Water Budget 9 Aqueous Chemistry Introduction An Example of Soil Solution Chemistry: Analysis and Interpretation General Concepts of Aqueous Chemistry Sample Collection and Analysis Selection of Analytical Parameters Alkalinity or Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) Acidity and pH Conductivity Ionic Strength and Ion Activity Influence of Temperature on Solution Equilibria Hydrolysis and Chemical Speciation as a Function of pH Rate-Limited Versus Equilibrium Conditions Differential Anion Mobility Effects of Ecosystem Processes on Solution Chemistry Case Studies: Analysis and Interpretation of Aqueous Chemistry in Natural Waters Controls on the Chemistry of Forest Floor Leachates Comparison of Stream Chemistry Along a Hydrologic Flow Gradient Changes in Solution Chemistry and ANC Generation Along a Watershed Drainage Gradient Effects of Land Use on Watershed Exports of Nutrients in Stream Runoff 10 Integrated Element Cycling Introduction General Concepts of Element Cycling Terminology Comparison of Element Cycles in Terrestrial Ecosystems Nitrogen Cycle Calcium Cycle Aluminum Cycle Nutrient Cycling in Relation to Ecosystem Succession Chemical Input-Output Budgets for Watershed Ecosystems Element Cycling at the Landscape Scale: Exports of N and P from Large Watersheds Element Cycling at the Global Scale Global Nitrogen Cycle Global Carbon Cycle 11 Biogeochemical Models Introduction Considerations in the Development of a Biogeochemical Model Steps in Building a Biogeochemical Model An Introductory Model of Watershed Nitrogen Cycling Applications of Biogeochemical Models TREGRO: A Model to Simulate Plant Responses to Interacting Stresses TEM: A Global Model of Net Primary Productivity The CENTURY Soil Organic Matter Model PnET-BGC: An Integrated Biogeochemical Model Watershed Acidification Models Nutrient Cycling Models Models in Watershed Hydrology 12 Ecosystem Disturbance and Stress Introduction Disturbance and Recovery in the Context of Ecological Succession Effects of Forest Harvesting on Watershed Ecosystems Twenty Years of Recovery Following H

Note: Contents Part I Introduction to the Central Nervous System 1 Introduction to the Central Nervous System 1.1 The Neuron 1.2 The Nervous System 1.2.1 Peripheral Nervous System (Fig. 1.3) 1.2.2 Central Nervous System Bibliography 2 Neurocytology: Cells of the CNS 2.1 The Neuron 2.1.1 Dendrites 2.1.2 Soma 2.1.3 Golgi Type I and II Neurons 2.1.4 Dendritic Spines (Fig. 2.2) 2.1.5 Nucleus 2.1.6 Neuronal Cytoskeleton 2.1.7 Microtubules and Axoplasmic Flow 2.1.8 Neurofibrillary Tangles 2.2 Synapse 2.2.1 Synaptic Structure 2.2.2 Synaptic Types 2.2.3 Synaptic Transmission 2.2.4 Neurotransmitters (Table 2.3) 2.2.5 Modulators of Neurotransmission 2.2.6 Synaptic Vesicles (Fig. 2.16) (Table 2.4) 2.2.7 Effectors and Receptors 2.3 Supporting Cells of the Central Nervous System 2.3.1 Astrocytes (Figs. 2.6 and 2.14; Table 2.7) 2.3.2 Oligodendrocytes (Fig. 2.9) 2.3.3 Endothelial Cells 2.3.4 Mononuclear Cells: Monocytes and Microglia 2.3.5 Ependymal Cells (Fig. 2.20) 2.3.6 Supporting Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System 2.4 Response of the Nervous System to Injury 2.4.1 Degeneration 2.5 Regeneration 2.5.1 Peripheral Nerve Regeneration 2.5.2 Regeneration in the Central Nervous System 2.5.3 Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain Stem 2.5.4 Nerve Growth Factors (NGF) 2.5.5 Glial Response to Injury 2.6 Blood–Brain Barrier 2.6.1 Blood–Brain Barrier (Fig. 2.24) 2.6.2 Extracellular Space Specific References 3 Neuroembryology and Congenital Malformations 3.1 Formation of the Central Nervous System 3.2 Histogenesis 3.2.1 Repair of Damaged Nervous System 3.2.2 Growth Cone Guidance 3.2.3 Programmed Cell Death (PCD): Apoptosis 3.2.4 Neuronal Death 3.2.5 Development of Blood Vessels in the Brain 3.2.6 Ventricular System 3.2.7 Formation of Peripheral Nervous System 3.2.8 Spinal Cord Differentiation 3.3 Brain Differentiation 3.3.1 Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain) 〉 Pons, Medulla, and Cerebellum 3.3.2 Mesencephalon 〉 Adult Midbrain 3.3.3 Prosencephalon 〉 Cerebral Hemispheres and Diencephalon 3.3.4 Diencephalon 3.3.5 Cranial Nerves 3.3.6 Telencephalon 3.3.7 Primary Sulci 3.3.8 Development of the Cerebral Cortex 3.4 Prenatal Development of the Cerebral Cortex 3.5 Changes in the Cortical Architecture as a Function of Postnatal Age 3.6 Abnormal Development 3.6.1 Malformations Resulting from Abnormalities in Growth and Migration with Incomplete Development of the Brain 3.6.2 Genetically Linked Migration Disorders 3.6.3 Environmentally Induced Migration Disorder: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 3.6.4 Malformations Resulting from Chromosomal Trisomy and Translocation 3.6.5 Malformations Resulting from Defective Fusion of Dorsal Structures 3.6.6 Malformations Characterized by Excessive Growth of Ectodermal and Mesodermal Tissue Affecting the Skin, Nervous System, and Other Tissues 3.6.7 Cutaneous Angiomatosis with Associated Malformations of the Central Nervous System 3.6.8 Malformations Resulting from Abnormalities in the Ventricular System Bibliography 4 Spinal Cord 4.1 Gross Anatomy 4.1.1 Spinal Cord: Structure and Function 4.1.2 Nerve Roots 4.1.3 Gray Matter 4.2 Interneurons 4.3 Central Pattern Generators 4.4 Segmental Function 4.4.1 Motor/Ventral Horn Cells 4.4.2 Sensory Receptors 4.4.3 Stretch Receptors 4.5 Nociception and Pain 4.5.1 Modulation of Pain Transmission 4.6 White Matter Tracts 4.6.1 Descending Tracts in the Spinal Cord 4.6.2 Ascending Tracts in the Spinal Cord 4.6.3 The Anterolateral Pathway 4.7 Upper and Lower Motor Neurons Lesions 4.7.1 Upper Motor Neuron Lesion (UMN) 4.7.2 Lower Motor Neuron Lesion 4.8 Illustrative Spinal Cord Case Histories 4.9 Illustrative Non-spinal Cord Cases with Involvement of Specific Peripheral Nerves: Case Histories 4.8–4.10 4.10 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Bibliography 5 Brain Stem: Gross Anatomy 5.1 Gross Anatomical Divisions 5.1.1 Sites of Transition 5.2 Relationship of Regions in the Brain to the Ventricular System: Fig. 5.2 5.3 Gross Anatomy of Brain Stem and Diencephalon 5.3.1 Anterior Surface of Gross Brain Stem: Fig. 5.3 5.3.2 Posterior Surface of Brain Stem and Diencephalon: Fig. 5.4 5.4 Arterial Blood Supply to the Brain Stem and Diencephalon (Fig. 5.5) 5.4.1 Medulla 5.4.2 Pons 5.4.3 Midbrain 5.4.4 Diencephalon Bibliography 6 Brain Stem Functional Localization 6.1 Introduction to the Brain Stem 6.2 Differences Between the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem 6.3 Functional Localization in Brain Stem Coronal Sections and an Atlas of the Brain Stem 6.3.1 Medulla 6.3.2 Pons-Blood Supply: Basilar Artery and Its Branches 6.3.3 Midbrain Blood Supply: Basila Arrteraynd Posterio Crerebral Arteries 6.4 Midbrain Tectum 6.5 Midbrain Tegmentum 6.6 Superior Colliculus 6.6.1 Midbrain Tegmentum 6.6.2 Blood Supply: Posterior Cerebral Arteries 6.7 Superior Colliculus Tectum 6.8 Superior Colliculus Tegmentum 6.8.1 Superior ColliculusVentricular Zone 6.9 Functional Centers in the Brain Stem 6.9.1 Reticular Formation 6.9.2 Respiration Centers 6.9.3 Cardiovascular Centers 6.9.4 Deglutition 6.9.5 Vomiting 6.9.6 Emetic Center 6.9.7 Coughing 6.9.8 Taste 6.10 Localiozation of Dysfunction in the Cranial Nerves Associated with the Eye (Table 6.8) 6.11 Localization of Disease Processes in the Brain Stem 6.11.1 Exercise to Identify the Tracts and Nuclei in the Brain Stem (Figs. 6.10–6.14) Bibliography 7 The Cranial Nerves 7.1 How the Cranial Nerves Got Their Numbers 7.2 Functional Organization of Cranial Nerves 7.3 The Individual Cranial Nerves 7.3.1 Cranial Nerve I, Olfactory (Fig. 7.4), Special Sensory/Special Visceral Afferent 7.3.2 Cranial Nerve II, Optic (Fig. 7.5), Special Somatic Sensory 7.3.3 Cranial Nerve III, Oculomotor (Fig. 7.6), Pure Motor (Somatic and Parasympathetic, Only III) 7.3.4 Cranial Nerve IV, Trochlear (Fig. 7.6), Pure Motor 7.3.5 Cranial Nerve VI, Abducens (Fig. 7.6), Pure Motor 7.3.6 Cranial Nerve V, Trigeminal (Fig. 7.7), Mixed Nerve (Sensory and Motor but No Parasympathetic) 7.3.7 Cranial Nerve VII, Facial (Fig. 7.8), Mixed Nerve (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic) 7.3.8 Cranial Nerve VIII, Vestibulocochlear (Fig. 7.9), Pure Special Somatic Sensory 7.4 Auditory Pathway 7.4.1 Cranial Nerve IX, Glossopharyngeal (Fig. 7.13), Mixed (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic): Nerve to Third Pharyngeal Arch 7.4.2 Cranial Nerve X, Vagus (Fig. 7.14), Mixed (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic), and Longest Cranial Nerve 7.4.3 Cranial Nerve XI, Spinal Accessory (Fig. 7.15), Pure Motor: Somatic and Visceral 7.4.4 Cranial Nerve XII, Hypoglossal (Fig. 7.16): Pure Motor Nerve 7.5 Cranial Nerve Dysfunction 7.6 Cranial Nerve Case Histories Bibliography 8 Diencephalon 8.1 Overview 8.2 Functional Organization of Thalamic Nuclei (Table 8.1) 8.2.1 Sensory and Motor Relay Nuclei: The Ventrobasal Complex and Lateral Nucleus 8.2.2 Limbic Nuclei: The Anterior, Medial, Lateral Dorsal, Midline, and Intralaminar Nuclei (Fig. 8.4) 8.2.3 Specific Associational: Polymodal/Somatic Nuclei, the Pulvinar Nuclei (Fig. 8.5) 8.2.4 Special Somatic Sensory Nuclei: Vision and Audition, the Lateral Geniculate and Medial Geniculate Nuclei of the Metathalamus (Fig. 8.5): The Special Somatic Sensory Cranial Nerves Are Cranial Nerves II and VIII 8.2.5 Nonspecific Associational 8.3 White Matter of the Diencephalon 8.4 Relationship Between the Thalamus and the Cerebral Cortex (Figs. 8.7 and 8.8) 8.5 Subthalamus (Fig. 8.3) 8.6 Thalamic Atlas Figs. 8.10, 8.11, and 8.12 8.7 Level: Midbrain, Diencephalic Junction (Fig. 8.10) 8.8 Level: Midthalamus (Fig. 8.11) 8.9 Level: Anterior Tubercle of Thalamus (Fig. 8.12) Bibliography 9 Hypothalamus, Neuroendocrine System, and Autonomic Nervous System 9.1 Hypothalamus 9.1.1 Hypothalamic Nuclei 9.1.2 Afferent Pathways 9.1.3 Efferent Pathways (Fig. 9.6) 9.1.4 Functional Stability 9.2 Neuroendocrine System, the Hypothalamus, and Its Relation to the Hypophysis 9.2.1 Hypophysis Cerebri 9.2.2 Hypothalamic–Hypophyseal Portal System 9.2.3 Hypophysiotrophic Area 9.2.4 Hormones Produced by Hypothalamus 9.2.5 Hormones Produced in Adenohypophysis (Fig. 9.12) 9.2.6 Case 9.1 9.2.7 Hypothalamus and the Autono

Note: Contents Part 1. Introduction -- 1. Recent Trends in Ocean Observations -- Part 2. Surface Observations -- 2. Observing Surface Meteorology and Air-Sea Fluxes -- 3. Drifter Technology and Impacts for Sea Surface Temperature, Sea-Level Pressure and Ocean Circulation Studies -- 4. Origin, Tranformation and Measurement of Waves in Ocean -- Part 3. Subsurface Observations -- 5. Oceanographic Floats- Principles of Operation -- 6. . Measuring Ocean Turbulence -- 7. New Science and Novel Approaches Enabled by Autonomous Gliders -- 8. Advances in In-Situ Ocean Measurements -- Part 4. Remote Sensing -- 9. Ocean Remote Sensing: Concept to Realization for Physical Oceanographic Studies -- 10. Near Real-time Underwater Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Natural and Anthropogenic Sounds -- 11. Data Return Aspects of CODAR and WERA High Frequency Radars in Mapping Currents -- Part 5. Data (Data Management) -- 12. Sensor Performance and Data Quality Control -- 13. Near Real Time Data Recovery from Oceanographic Moorings -- 14. Managing Metocean In Situ Data in the WMO Framework -- Part 6. Societal Applilications -- 15. Applications of Ocean In-Situ Observations and its Societal Relevance --Index

Note: Contents Part I Introduction 1 The Sea, Cradle of Divine Spirituality / Constantin Jurca˘ and Alina Buzarna-Tihenea (Ga˘lbeaza˘) 2 Dobrudja, in the Mesopotamia of the West / Marin Petris¸or 3 Dobruja: A Unique, Intercultural and Spiritual Realm at the Black Sea / Elena Laza˘r and Henrieta Anis¸oara S¸ erban 4 About “Publius Ovidius Naso” ({ 17 p. Chr. n.) and His Poems Written in the “Getae” Language / Nicolae V. Dura˘ 5 The Global Warming and the Water Resources of the Earth / Adrian Bavaru and Rodica Bercu Part II Geology, Geophysics and Sedimentology 6 New Insights into the Black Sea Basin, in the Light of the Reprocessing of Vintage Regional Seismic Data / Ioan Munteanu, Paolo Diviacco, Chiara Sauli, Corneliu Dinu, Mihai Burca˘, Nicolae Panin, and Giuseppe Brancatelli 7 Lithodynamics of the Coastal Zone / Ruben D. Kosyan and Boris V. Divinskiy 8 Granulometry of Sediments in the Mamaia Bay Area / Da˘nuț I. Diaconeasa Part III Physics 9 Inertial Currents in Western Continental Black Sea Shelf / Maria-Emanuela Mihailov 10 Seasonal Changes of Hydrobiological and Bio-Optical Parameters in the Coastal Areas of the Western Part of the Black Sea /Alexander S. Kukushkin 11 Water Mass Measurements Around Benthic Communities: A Comparative Study Between Yo-Yo Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) Casts and High-Resolution Time Series Data Acquisition of Bottom Waters from the Page`s Escarpment in the Southern Bay of Biscay / Wolf-Christian Dullo, Sascha Fl€ogel, and Andres Rüggeberg Part IV Radioactivity and Radioecology 12 Pre and Post-Chernobyl Environmental Radioactivity in Romania: a Review / Constantin Dovlete, Iolanda Osvath, and Sandu Sonoc 13 Radionuclides Assessment for the Romanian Black Sea Shelf / Gianina Chiros¸ca, Maria-Emanuela Mihailov, Cornel Liviu T¸ ugulan, and Alecsandru Vladimir Chiros¸ca 14 Gamma-Ray Radionuclides in Sediments from Mamaia Beach on the Romanian Black Sea Coast / Vasile Pa˘tras¸cu, Romul Mircea Ma˘rgineanu, Ana-Maria Blebea-Apostu, Da˘nut¸ I. Diaconeasa, and Mariana Claudia Gomoiu 15 Radioactive Content in Fish from Black Sea Caches. Its Impact on Population by Food Consumption / Vasile Pa˘tras¸cu, Romul Mircea Ma˘rgineanu, Valodia Maximov, Ana-Maria Blebea-Apostu, Ma˘da˘lina Galat¸chi, Claudia Gomoiu, and George T¸ iganov 16 Levels of Activity Concentration, Migration and Dose Rates on Biota from Alpha-Radioisotopes of Plutonium in the Black Sea Ecosystem / Nataliya N. Tereshchenko 17 Radionuclides 137 Cs and 90 Sr in Components of the Black Sea Ecosystems: Contemporary Status and Prognosis / Natalya Yu. Mirzoyeva, Viktor N. Egorov, and Sergey B. Gulin 18 Radioecology of the Black Sea / Aleksandr Strezov Part V Chemistry 19 Phosphorus Fluxes in the Pelagic Zone of the Black Sea / Aleksandr V. Parkhomenko 20 Oil Hydrocarbons in Bottom Sediments of Sevastopol Bay (SW Crimean Peninsula, Black Sea): Spatial and Temporal Trends / Tatyana S. Osadchaya Part VI Biology and Microbiology 21 Macrophytobenthos from the Romanian Black Sea Coast – An Overview of the Studies and Actual State / Daciana Sava 22 Cenchrus longispinus (Hack) Fernald, One of the most Aggressive Alien Plants on the Romanian Black Sea Coast / Marius Fa˘ga˘raș 23 New Equipment and Technologies Used for Rapa Whelk Harvesting at the Romanian Black Sea Coast / George T¸ iganov, Cristian-Sorin Danilov, Magda Ioana Nenciu, Eugen Anton, and Aurel Na˘stase 24 Some Aspects of the Biology and the Present State of the Population of Protodorvillea kefersteini (Polychaeta: Dorvilleidae) in the Coastal Zone of the Crimea (The Black Sea) / Vera Kopiy 25 Governance and Socio Economic Implications of the Black Sea Small Scale Fisheries (Bulgaria) / Violin St. Raykov and Simona Nicheva 26 Conservation Status of the Fish Fauna in the Danube Delta Marine Zone / Carmen Georgeta Nicolae, Magda Ioana Nenciu, Valodia Maximov, Dana Popa, Monica Marin, and Mihaela Ivancia 27 Assessment of Cetacean Population Abundance at the Romanian Black Sea Coast in 2013 / George T¸ iganov, Cristian-Sorin Danilov, Magda Ioana Nenciu, Eugen Anton, and Aurel Na˘stase 28 The Black Sea Dolphin Nephron Studied by Romanian Nobel Laureate George Emil Palade / Vasile S^arbu, Raluca Melihov, and Daniel Ovidiu Costea 29 Effect of Water Different Salinity on the Morphology of Kudoa nova (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) Spores: Experimental Study / Violetta Yurakhno Part VII Ecology 30 Population – Structural and Functional Basic Element of Bioceonosis and Species. The Role of Population in the Knowledge of Species Autecology / Nicolae Donița˘ and Stoica Godeanu 31 The Marginal Biological Indicators – An Efficient Tool for Ecological Monitoring of the Marine Environment / Yuvenaly P. Zaitsev Part VIII History of Oceanography 32 Development of International Cooperation in Oceanography: Incentives from Science, Services, Economy and Security / Gunnar Kullenberg 33 Romanian Hydrography – Over 100 Years of History / Romeo Bos¸neagu 34 On Romanian Assertiveness in Navigation on the Black Sea (Fourteenth – Late Nineteenth Century) / Valentin Ciorbea and Nicoleta Stanca 35 An Original Document About the History of the Antarctic Expedition « Belgica » / Alexandru Marinescu 36 Venice-of-the-North’s Ups and Downs: A Brief History of the Port City of Bruges, Belgium / Roger H. Charlier and Constance C. Charlier Part IX Miscellanea 37 The Potential of Airborne LiDAR for Detection of New Archaeological Site in Romania / Ioana Vizireanu and Ra˘zvan Mateescu 38 Genetic Versus Han-Type Algorithms for Maritime Transportation Problems / Doina Carp, Constantin Popa, and Cristina S¸ erban 39 A Three-Dimensional Approach to Oil and Gas Shale Exploitation in the US / Alexandre Charles Thys 40 A Glance at the Medical Activity of “Prof. Dr. V. Sion” Hospital of Constanta in 1931 / Octavian Dumitru Unc and Alexandra Nicoleta Unc 41 Land and Water in Romania’s Food Economy / Aurel Lup, Indira Deniz Alim, and Liliana Miron Congratulations / Romanian Academy, Romanian Committee of History of Science and Technology, Academy of Romanian Scientists, Professor Ana Fabian (Cluj-Napoca), Professor Nicolae Dura˘ (Constant¸a), Professor Garabet Kümbetlian (Constant¸a), International Ocean Institute (Malta), Professor Alexandre Herlea (Paris), Walter Lenz (Germany), and Writer Gabriele Kuby (Germany) Index