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  • 1
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    Meteorology and climatology of the mediterranean and black seas (2019)
    Cham, Switzerland : Birkhäuser
    Details
    Call number: 9783030119584 (e-book)
    Description / Table of Contents: The Mediterranean Sea, as a “centre” of the ancient world, has been early recognized as a laboratory basin for a variety of atmospheric, ocean and climate studies. Its uniqueness is manifested in its geographical position, a mid-latitude region connecting three continents, orography that affects cyclogenesis, precipitation and winds, ocean bathymetry that is shaped by narrow and shallow straits, passages and sills, and other. Its both atmospheric and oceanic climate is distinctive and, while differing substantially from neighbouring continents and oceans, it strongly interferes and shapes their properties. One of such adjacent basins is the Black Sea, which is, albeit minor in quantity, providing a noteworthy impact to the Mediterranean and vice versa. This topical volume of Pure and Applied Geophysics is presenting recent investigations of atmospheric and ocean properties, processes and climate of both basins, being inspired by presentations given in the Joint Congress of the 6th International Conference on Meteorology and Climatology of the Mediterranean & Challenges in Meteorology 5, held in Zagreb, Croatia, on 20-22 February 2017. The volume comprises 22 papers that are classified in three research categories: (1) storms, extremes and mesoscale processes, (2) atmospheric climate, variability and climate change, and (3) ocean climate and variability. The papers investigate processes occurring over a variety of spatial and temporal scales, from hemispheric processes that drive the observed changes in the Mediterranean and Black Sea, through phenomena that are influencing the whole basin or its sub-basins, to local and mesoscale extreme events that are affecting large cities and local populations in the region. The volume is of interest to atmospheric and oceanic researchers involved in a variety of processes that are occurring over the Mediterranean and Black Sea region. This particularly refers to young researchers and PhD students that are yet to enter to research of this unique and exciting region full of challenges that need an interdisciplinary, innovative and state-of-the-art approaches in solving actual research problems
    Type of Medium: 12
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VI, 410 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (überwiegend farbig)
    ISBN: 9783030119584 , 978-3-030-11958-4
    ISSN: 2504-3633 , 2504-3625
    Series Statement: Pageoph topical volumes
    URL: Ebook (access only within the AWI network)
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11958-4
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Meteorology and Climatology of the Mediterranean and Black Seas: Introduction / Ivica Vilibić, Kristian Horvath und Jose Luis Palau An Extreme Hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation /Hakki Baltaci, Bulent Oktay Akkoyunlu und Mete Tayanc Hydraulic and Wave Aspects of Novorossiysk Bora / Anna A. Shestakova, Konstantin B. Moiseenko und Pavel A. Toropov Waterspout Forecasting Method Over the Eastern Adriatic Using a High-Resolution Numerical Weather Model / Tanja Renko, Sarah Ivušić, Maja Telišman Prtenjak, Vinko Šoljan und Igor Horvat Study of the Western Black Sea Storms with a Focus on the Storms Caused by Cyclones of North African Origin / Vasko Galabov und Hristo Chervenkov Operational Wave Modelling in the Adriatic Sea with the Wind Wave Model / Mathieu Dutour Sikirić, Damir Ivanković, Aron Roland, Stjepan Ivatek-Šahdan und Martina Tudor Atmospheric Forcing Conducive for the Adriatic 25 June 2014 Meteotsunami Event / Kristian Horvath, Jadranka Šepić und Maja TelišMan Prtenjak Impact of Geomorphological Changes to Harbor Resonance During Meteotsunamis: The Vela Luka Bay Test Case / Cléa Denamiel, Jadranka Šepić und Ivica Vilibić Analysis of long-term changes in extreme climatic indices: a case study of the Mediterranean climate, Marmara Region, Turkey / Mohsen Abbasnia und Hüseyin Toros Observed Changes in Daily Precipitation Extremes at Annual Timescale Over the Eastern Mediterranean During 1961–2012 / S. Mathbout, J.A. Lopez-Bustins, D. Royé, J. Martin-Vide, J. Bech und F.S. Rodrigo Modelling Dry Spells by Extreme Value Distribution with Bayesian Inference / Ksenija Cindrić und Zoran Pasarić Analyzing the Mediterranean Water Cycle Via Satellite Data Integration / Victor Pellet, Filipe Aires, Annarita Mariotti und Diego Fernández-Prieto Impact of the Surface–Atmosphere Variables on the Relation Between Air and Land Surface Temperatures / Gemma Simó, Daniel Martínez-Villagrasa, Maria A. Jiménez, Vicente Caselles und Joan Cuxart Assessing Shifts of Mediterranean and Arid Climates Under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 Climate Projections in Europe / José I. Barredo, Achille Mauri, Giovanni Caudullo und Alessandro Dosio Mediterranean Sea-Level Variability in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: A Bayesian Approach to Closing the Budget / Mirko Orlić, Miroslava Pasarić und Zoran Pasarić Mediterranean Surface Geostrophic Circulation from Satellite Gravity and Altimetry Observations / M.I. Vigo, M.D. Sempere, B.F. Chao und M. Trottini Variability of Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling in the North-Eastern Black Sea in 1979–2016 According to NCEP/CFSR Data / Ksenia Silvestrova, Stanislav Myslenkov und Andrey Zatsepin Sea Surface Temperature in the Mediterranean: Trends and Spatial Patterns (1982–2016) / Francisco Pastor, Jose Antonio Valiente und José Luis Palau Long-Term Trends, Variability and Extremes of In Situ Sea Surface Temperature Measured Along the Eastern Adriatic Coast and its Relationship to Hemispheric Processes / Branka Grbec, Frano Matić, Gordana Beg Paklar, Mira Morović, Ružica Popović und Ivica Vilibić Water Masses in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: An Analysis of Measured Isotopic Oxygen / Paola de Ruggiero, Davide Zanchettin, Manuel Bensi, Dagmar Hainbucher, Barbara Stenni, Stefano Pierini und Angelo Rubino Modelling Interannual Changes in Dense Water Formation on the Northern Adriatic Shelf / Hrvoje Mihanović, Ivica Janeković, Ivica Vilibić, Vedrana Kovačević und Manuel Bensi Mediterranean Thermohaline Response to Large-Scale Winter Atmospheric Forcing in a High-Resolution Ocean Model Simulation / Eleonora Cusinato, Davide Zanchettin, Gianmaria Sannino und Angelo Rubino Role of the Oceanic Vertical Thermal Structure in the Modulation of Heavy Precipitations Over the Ligurian Sea / A.N. Meroni, L. Renault, A. Parodi und C. Pasquero
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  • 2
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    Deterministic Wind Speed Predictions with Analog-Based Methods over Complex Topography (2018)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-01
    Description: The performance of analog-based and Kalman filter (KF) postprocessing methods is tested in climatologically and topographically different regions for point-based wind speed predictions at 10 m above the ground. The results are generated using several configurations of the mesoscale numerical weather prediction model ALADIN. This study shows that deterministic analog-based predictions (ABPs) improve the correlation between predictions and measurements while reducing the forecast error, with respect to both the starting model predictions and the KF-based correction. While the KF generally outperforms the ABPs in bias reduction, the combination of the KF and analog approach can be similarly successful. In the coastal complex area, characterized with a larger frequency of strong wind, the ABPs are more successful in reducing the dispersion error than the KF. The application of the KF algorithm to the analogs in the so-called analog space (KFAS) is the least prone to standard deviation underestimation among the ABPs. All ABPs improve the prediction of larger-than-diurnal motions, and KFAS is superior among all ABPs in predicting alternating wind regimes on time scales shorter than a day. The ABPs better distinguish different wind speed categories in the coastal complex terrain by using a higher-resolution model input. Differences among starting model and postprocessed forecasts in other types of terrain are less pronounced.
    Print ISSN: 1558-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-8432
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 3
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    The Community Foehn Classification Experiment (2018)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-01
    Description: Strong winds crossing elevated terrain and descending to its lee occur over mountainous areas worldwide. Winds fulfilling these two criteria are called foehn in this paper although different names exist depending on the region, the sign of the temperature change at onset, and the depth of the overflowing layer. These winds affect the local weather and climate and impact society. Classification is difficult because other wind systems might be superimposed on them or share some characteristics. Additionally, no unanimously agreed-upon name, definition, nor indications for such winds exist. The most trusted classifications have been performed by human experts. A classification experiment for different foehn locations in the Alps and different classifier groups addressed hitherto unanswered questions about the uncertainty of these classifications, their reproducibility, and dependence on the level of expertise. One group consisted of mountain meteorology experts, the other two of master’s degree students who had taken mountain meteorology courses, and a further two of objective algorithms. Sixty periods of 48 h were classified for foehn–no foehn conditions at five Alpine foehn locations. The intra-human-classifier detection varies by about 10 percentage points (interquartile range). Experts and students are nearly indistinguishable. The algorithms are in the range of human classifications. One difficult case appeared twice in order to examine the reproducibility of classified foehn duration, which turned out to be 50% or less. The classification dataset can now serve as a test bed for automatic classification algorithms, which—if successful—eliminate the drawbacks of manual classifications: lack of scalability and reproducibility.
    Print ISSN: 0003-0007
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0477
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 4
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    On Turbulent Fluxes During Strong Winter Bora Wind Events (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-18
    Print ISSN: 0006-8314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-1472
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 5
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    Classification of Cyclone Tracks over the Apennines and the Adriatic Sea (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-01
    Description: Cyclones that appear in the Adriatic Sea basin strongly influence the climate and weather conditions in the area. In particular, apart from the usually mild climate, cyclone activity in the Adriatic and the central Mediterranean Sea provide both the main hydrological forcing and the trigger mechanisms for a range of extreme weather phenomena. Therefore, a basic understanding of the cyclogenesis over the Adriatic Sea is essential. In particular, the classification of different types of cyclogenesis in the area is fundamental because it will help the understanding and prediction of the relevant weather phenomena. In this study, based on the analysis of the 4-yr (2002–05) operational European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts T511 dataset, various types of cyclone tracks are classified and the mesocyclogenesis areas in the vicinity of the Adriatic Basin are isolated. This analysis indicates that the following four types of cyclogenesis over the Adriatic Sea can be identified: 1) type A: cyclones connected with preexisting Genoa cyclones [with two subcategories, (A-I) continuous track: Genoa cyclones crossing over the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea, and (A-II) discontinuous track: new surface cyclones generated over the Adriatic Sea under the influence of a parent cyclone generated in the Gulf of Genoa (Genoa cyclones) and moving toward the Adriatic but blocked by the Apennines]; 2) type B: cyclones developed in situ over the Adriatic Sea without any connections with other preexisting cyclones in the surrounding area; 3) type AB: mixed types A and B cyclones, including cases where two cyclones coexist and stride over the Apennines (twin or eyeglass cyclones); and 4) type C: cyclones moving from the Mediterranean Sea, but not from the Gulf of Genoa (non-Genoa cyclones) [with 2 subcategories: (C-I) continuous track: a non-Genoa cyclone is able to cross over the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea continuously, and (C-II) discontinuous track: a non-Genoa cyclone is blocked by the Apennines and a new surface cyclone is generated over the Adriatic Sea]. The relevant dynamics of the above types of cyclones are discussed along with characteristics of the cyclones and their synoptic situations at the lower and upper troposphere.
    Print ISSN: 0027-0644
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0493
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 6
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    Comparison of NMC and Ensemble-Based Climatological Background-Error Covariances in an Operational Limited-Area Data Assimilation System (2019)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-22
    Description: The evaluation of several climatological background-error covariance matrix (defined as the B matrix) estimation methods was performed using the ALADIN limited-area modeling data-assimilation system at a 4 km horizontal grid spacing. The B matrices compared were derived using the standard National Meteorological Center (NMC) and ensemble-based estimation methods. To test the influence of lateral boundary condition (LBC) perturbations on the characteristics of ensemble-based B matrix, two ensemble prediction systems were established: one used unperturbed lateral boundary conditions (ENS) and another used perturbed lateral boundary conditions (ENSLBC). The characteristics of the three B matrices were compared through a diagnostic comparison, while the influence of the different B matrices on the analysis and quality of the forecast were evaluated for the ENSLBC and NMC matrices. The results showed that the lateral boundary condition perturbations affected all the control variables, while the smallest influence was found for the specific humidity. The diagnostic comparison showed that the ensemble-based estimation method shifted the correlations toward the smaller spatial scales, while the LBC perturbations gave rise to larger spatial scales. The influence on the analysis showed a smaller spatial correlation for the ensemble B matrix compared to that of the NMC, with the most pronounced differences for the specific humidity. The verification of the forecast showed modest improvement for the experiment with the ensemble B matrix. Among the methods tested, the results suggest that the ensemble-based data-assimilation method is the favorable approach for background-error covariance calculation in high-resolution limited-area data assimilation systems.
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4433
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 7
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    Water Tank Experiments on Stratified Flow over Double Mountain-Shaped Obstacles at High-Reynolds Number (2017)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-13
    Electronic ISSN: 2073-4433
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 8
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    Evolution and Structure of Two Severe Cyclonic Bora Events: Contrast between the Northern and Southern Adriatic (2009)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-01
    Description: While statistical analyses and observations show that severe bora with maximum gusts exceeding 40 m s−1 can occur in all parts of the Adriatic, the bora research to date has been mainly focused on the dynamics and structure of severe bora in the northern Adriatic. Examined to a significantly lesser degree is a less predictable counterpart in the southern Adriatic, where the Dinaric Alps are higher, broader, and steeper, and where the upwind bora layer is generally less well defined. Identification of the main differences in the sequence of mesoscale and macroscale events leading to the onset of bora in the northern and southern parts of the eastern Adriatic is of fundamental importance for its forecasting. To this end, presented here is a comparative analysis of the evolution and structure of two typical severe cyclonic bora events—one “northern” (7–8 November 1999) and one “southern” (6–7 May 2005) event. The analysis utilizes airborne, radiosonde, and ground-based observations, as well as the hydrostatic Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Developement International (ALADIN/HR) mesoscale model simulations. It is shown that the development of a severe bora in both the northern and southern Adriatic is critically dependent on the synoptic setting to create an optimal set of environmental conditions. For severe bora in the northern Adriatic, these conditions include a strong forcing of the northeasterly low-level jet and pronounced discontinuities in the upstreamflow structure that promote layering, such as lower- to midtropospheric inversions and environmental critical levels. The development of severe bora in the southern Adriatic is crucially dependent on the establishment of a considerably deeper upstream layer that is able to overcome the strong blocking potential of the southern Dinaric Alps. While the upstream layering is less pronounced, it is closely tied to the presence of a cyclone in the southern Adriatic or over the southern Balkan peninsula. The upstream atmospheric layering is shown to strongly modulate bora behavior, and different phases of severe bora, related to the presence or absence of upstream layering, are shown to occur within a single bora episode. Furthermore, the presence of a mountain-parallel upper-level jet aloft appears to impede severe bora development in both the northern and southern Adriatic.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 9
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    Day-Ahead Predictability of Complex Terrain Flows for Wind Resource Production: A Case Study of the Washoe Zephyr (2014)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-01
    Description: A detailed description of the meteorological conditions of the Washoe Valley (Nevada) and simulations that examine the predictability of the westerly high wind event known as the Washoe Zephyr are presented. Numerical weather model prediction skill is computed for day-ahead (24–48 h) forecasts of wind speed at a meteorological tower on the Virginia Hills range relative to a persistence forecast based on a seasonal climatology constructed of hourly mean observations. The model predictions are shown to be more skillful than a climatology based on seasonal and hourly means during winter and less skillful than the seasonal-hourly climatology (SHC) during summer. Overall skill of the forecasted winds tends to increase with finer horizontal grid spacing. Phase errors compose the largest component of the error decomposition and large phase errors are associated with the onset and decay of the diurnally forced Washoe Zephyr during summer and synoptically forced high wind events and valley rotors during winter. The correlation coefficient between forecasts and observations for all forecast horizontal grid spacings considered is shown to depend roughly linearly on the ratio of the integrated power spectral density in the synoptic band to the integrated power spectral density in the combined diurnal and subdiurnal band.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 10
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    Sub-kilometer dynamical downscaling of near-surface winds in complex terrain using WRF and MM5 mesoscale models (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-09
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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