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  • Water  (14)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (14)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (14)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2009-05-23
    Description: The Mars rover Opportunity has explored Victoria crater, an approximately 750-meter eroded impact crater formed in sulfate-rich sedimentary rocks. Impact-related stratigraphy is preserved in the crater walls, and meteoritic debris is present near the crater rim. The size of hematite-rich concretions decreases up-section, documenting variation in the intensity of groundwater processes. Layering in the crater walls preserves evidence of ancient wind-blown dunes. Compositional variations with depth mimic those approximately 6 kilometers to the north and demonstrate that water-induced alteration at Meridiani Planum was regional in scope.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Knoll, A H -- Arvidson, R E -- Ashley, J W -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Calvin, W M -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Cohen, B A -- de Souza, P A Jr -- Edgar, L -- Farrand, W H -- Fleischer, I -- Gellert, R -- Golombek, M P -- Grant, J -- Grotzinger, J -- Hayes, A -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, J R -- Jolliff, B -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knudson, A -- Li, R -- McCoy, T J -- McLennan, S M -- Ming, D W -- Mittlefehldt, D W -- Morris, R V -- Rice, J W Jr -- Schroder, C -- Sullivan, R J -- Yen, A -- Yingst, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 22;324(5930):1058-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1170355.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461001" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; *Mars ; Spacecraft ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-06-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, Jim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 5;297(5578):60-1. Epub 2002 May 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. jimbo@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12040091" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Gamma Rays ; Hydrogen ; *Ice ; *Mars ; Neutrons ; Spacecraft ; Spectrometry, Gamma ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on Mars Odyssey has produced infrared to visible wavelength images of the martian surface that show lithologically distinct layers with variable thickness, implying temporal changes in the processes or environments during or after their formation. Kilometer-scale exposures of bedrock are observed; elsewhere airfall dust completely mantles the surface over thousands of square kilometers. Mars has compositional variations at 100-meter scales, for example, an exposure of olivine-rich basalt in the walls of Ganges Chasma. Thermally distinct ejecta facies occur around some craters with variations associated with crater age. Polar observations have identified temporal patches of water frost in the north polar cap. No thermal signatures associated with endogenic heat sources have been identified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christensen, Philip R -- Bandfield, Joshua L -- Bell, James F 3rd -- Gorelick, Noel -- Hamilton, Victoria E -- Ivanov, Anton -- Jakosky, Bruce M -- Kieffer, Hugh H -- Lane, Melissa D -- Malin, Michael C -- McConnochie, Timothy -- McEwen, Alfred S -- McSween, Harry Y Jr -- Mehall, Greg L -- Moersch, Jeffery E -- Nealson, Kenneth H -- Rice, James W Jr -- Richardson, Mark I -- Ruff, Steven W -- Smith, Michael D -- Titus, Timothy N -- Wyatt, Michael B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2056-61. Epub 2003 Jun 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6305, USA. phil.christensen@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Mars ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Water
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The magnetic properties experiments are designed to help identify the magnetic minerals in the dust and rocks on Mars-and to determine whether liquid water was involved in the formation and alteration of these magnetic minerals. Almost all of the dust particles suspended in the martian atmosphere must contain ferrimagnetic minerals (such as maghemite or magnetite) in an amount of approximately 2% by weight. The most magnetic fraction of the dust appears darker than the average dust. Magnetite was detected in the first two rocks ground by Spirit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bertelsen, P -- Goetz, W -- Madsen, M B -- Kinch, K M -- Hviid, S F -- Knudsen, J M -- Gunnlaugsson, H P -- Merrison, J -- Nornberg, P -- Squyres, S W -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Gorevan, S -- Yen, A S -- Myrick, T -- Klingelhofer, G -- Rieder, R -- Gellert, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):827-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. preben@fys.ku.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297664" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferrosoferric Oxide ; Geologic Sediments ; Iron ; *Magnetics ; *Mars ; *Minerals ; Oxides ; Water
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The Spirit landing site in Gusev Crater on Mars contains dark, fine-grained, vesicular rocks interpreted as lavas. Pancam and Mini-Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) spectra suggest that all of these rocks are similar but have variable coatings and dust mantles. Magnified images of brushed and abraded rock surfaces show alteration rinds and veins. Rock interiors contain 〈/=25% megacrysts. Chemical analyses of rocks by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer are consistent with picritic basalts, containing normative olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase, and accessory FeTi oxides. Mossbauer, Pancam, and Mini-TES spectra confirm the presence of olivine, magnetite, and probably pyroxene. These basalts extend the known range of rock compositions composing the martian crust.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McSween, H Y -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Blaney, D -- Cabrol, N A -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Crisp, J A -- Crumpler, L S -- Des Marais, D J -- Farmer, J D -- Gellert, R -- Ghosh, A -- Gorevan, S -- Graff, T -- Grant, J -- Haskin, L A -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, J R -- Jolliff, B L -- Klingelhoefer, G -- Knudson, A T -- McLennan, S -- Milam, K A -- Moersch, J E -- Morris, R V -- Rieder, R -- Ruff, S W -- De Souza, P A Jr -- Squyres, S W -- Wanke, H -- Wang, A -- Wyatt, M B -- Yen, A -- Zipfel, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):842-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1410, USA. mcsween@utk.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297668" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Iron Compounds ; Magnesium Compounds ; *Mars ; *Minerals ; Oxides ; *Silicates ; Spectroscopy, Mossbauer ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit has traversed a fairly flat, rock-strewn terrain whose surface is shaped primarily by impact events, although some of the landscape has been altered by eolian processes. Impacts ejected basaltic rocks that probably were part of locally formed lava flows from at least 10 meters depth. Some rocks have been textured and/or partially buried by windblown sediments less than 2 millimeters in diameter that concentrate within shallow, partially filled, circular impact depressions referred to as hollows. The terrain traversed during the 90-sol (martian solar day) nominal mission shows no evidence for an ancient lake in Gusev crater.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grant, J A -- Arvidson, R -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Cabrol, N A -- Carr, M H -- Christensen, P -- Crumpler, L -- Des Marais, D J -- Ehlmann, B L -- Farmer, J -- Golombek, M -- Grant, F D -- Greeley, R -- Herkenhoff, K -- Li, R -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Ruff, S -- Richter, L -- Squyres, S -- Sullivan, R -- Weitz, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):807-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. grantj@nasm.si.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Volcanic Eruptions ; Water
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated the landing site in Eagle crater and the nearby plains within Meridiani Planum. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Wind ripples are common. Underlying the thin soil layer, and exposed within small impact craters and troughs, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sulfur, and contain abundant sulfate salts. Small-scale cross-lamination in some locations provides evidence for deposition in flowing liquid water. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments formed by episodic inundation by shallow surface water, followed by evaporation, exposure, and desiccation. Hematite-rich spherules are embedded in the rock and eroding from them. We interpret these spherules to be concretions formed by postdepositional diagenesis, again involving liquid water.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bruckner, J -- Cabrol, N A -- Calvin, W -- Carr, M H -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Crumpler, L -- Marais, D J Des -- d'Uston, C -- Economou, T -- Farmer, J -- Farrand, W -- Folkner, W -- Golombek, M -- Gorevan, S -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J -- Haskin, L -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Hviid, S -- Johnson, J -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knoll, A H -- Landis, G -- Lemmon, M -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Malin, M C -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J -- Morris, R V -- Parker, T -- Rice, J W Jr -- Richter, L -- Rieder, R -- Sims, M -- Smith, M -- Smith, P -- Soderblom, L A -- Sullivan, R -- Wanke, H -- Wdowiak, T -- Wolff, M -- Yen, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1698-703.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576602" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Water ; Wind
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The Microscopic Imager on the Spirit rover analyzed the textures of the soil and rocks at Gusev crater on Mars at a resolution of 100 micrometers. Weakly bound agglomerates of dust are present in the soil near the Columbia Memorial Station. Some of the brushed or abraded rock surfaces show igneous textures and evidence for alteration rinds, coatings, and veins consistent with secondary mineralization. The rock textures are consistent with a volcanic origin and subsequent alteration and/or weathering by impact events, wind, and possibly water.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herkenhoff, K E -- Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R -- Bass, D S -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bertelsen, P -- Cabrol, N A -- Gaddis, L -- Hayes, A G -- Hviid, S F -- Johnson, J R -- Kinch, K M -- Madsen, M B -- Maki, J N -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y -- Rice, J W Jr -- Sims, M -- Smith, P H -- Soderblom, L A -- Spanovich, N -- Sullivan, R -- Wang, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):824-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA. kherkenhoff@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297663" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Volcanic Eruptions ; Water ; Wind
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The precise location and relative elevation of Spirit during its traverses from the Columbia Memorial station to Bonneville crater were determined with bundle-adjusted retrievals from rover wheel turns, suspension and tilt angles, and overlapping images. Physical properties experiments show a decrease of 0.2% per Mars solar day in solar cell output resulting from deposition of airborne dust, cohesive soil-like deposits in plains and hollows, bright and dark rock coatings, and relatively weak volcanic rocks of basaltic composition. Volcanic, impact, aeolian, and water-related processes produced the encountered landforms and materials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arvidson, R E -- Anderson, R C -- Bartlett, P -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Blaney, D -- Christensen, P R -- Chu, P -- Crumpler, L -- Davis, K -- Ehlmann, B L -- Fergason, R -- Golombek, M P -- Gorevan, S -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Guinness, E A -- Haldemann, A F C -- Herkenhoff, K -- Johnson, J -- Landis, G -- Li, R -- Lindemann, R -- McSween, H -- Ming, D W -- Myrick, T -- Richter, L -- Seelos, F P 4th -- Squyres, S W -- Sullivan, R J -- Wang, A -- Wilson, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):821-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297662" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Volcanic Eruptions ; Water ; Wind
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: Panoramic Camera images at Gusev crater reveal a rock-strewn surface interspersed with high- to moderate-albedo fine-grained deposits occurring in part as drifts or in small circular swales or hollows. Optically thick coatings of fine-grained ferric iron-rich dust dominate most bright soil and rock surfaces. Spectra of some darker rock surfaces and rock regions exposed by brushing or grinding show near-infrared spectral signatures consistent with the presence of mafic silicates such as pyroxene or olivine. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission, and astronomical observations captured solar transits by the martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, as well as a view of Earth from the martian surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, J F 3rd -- Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Arneson, H M -- Bass, D -- Blaney, D -- Cabrol, N -- Calvin, W -- Farmer, J -- Farrand, W H -- Goetz, W -- Golombek, M -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Guinness, E -- Hayes, A G -- Hubbard, M Y H -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, M J -- Johnson, J R -- Joseph, J -- Kinch, K M -- Lemmon, M T -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Maki, J N -- Malin, M -- McCartney, E -- McLennan, S -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J E -- Morris, R V -- Dobrea, E Z Noe -- Parker, T J -- Proton, J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Seelos, F -- Soderblom, J -- Soderblom, L A -- Sohl-Dickstein, J N -- Sullivan, R J -- Wolff, M J -- Wang, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):800-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA. jfb8@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Iron Compounds ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Solar System ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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