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  • 1
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    Context of ancient aqueous environments on Mars from in situ geologic mapping at Endeavour crater (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: Using the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity , we have compiled one of the first field geologic maps on Mars while traversing the Noachian terrain along the rim of the 22-km diameter Endeavour crater (Lat -2° 16’ 33”, Long -5° 10’ 51”). In situ mapping of the petrographic, elemental, structural, and stratigraphic characteristics of outcrops and rocks distinguishes four mappable bedrock lithologic units. Three of these rock units pre-date the surrounding Burns formation sulfate-rich sandstones and one, the Matijevic formation, represents conditions on early Mars pre-dating the formation of Endeavour crater. The stratigraphy assembled from these observations includes several geologic unconformities. The differences in lithologic units across these unconformities record changes in the character and intensity of the Martian aqueous environment over geologic time. Water circulated through fractures in the oldest rocks over periods long enough that texturally and elementally significant alteration occurred in fracture walls. These oldest pre-Endeavour rocks and their network of mineralized and altered fractures were preserved by burial beneath impact ejecta and were subsequently exhumed and exposed. The alteration along joints in the oldest rocks, and the mineralized veins and concentrations of trace metals in overlying lithologic units is direct evidence that copious volumes of mineralized and/or hydrothermal fluids circulated through the early Martian crust. The wide range in intensity of structural and chemical modification from outcrop to outcrop along the crater rim shows that the ejecta of large (〉8 km in diameter) impact craters is complex. These results imply that geologic complexity is to be anticipated in other areas of Mars where cratering has been a fundamental process in the local and regional geology and mineralogy.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Evidence that the reactivity of the martian soil is due to superoxide ions (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-09-16
    Description: The Viking Landers were unable to detect evidence of life on Mars but, instead, found a chemically reactive soil capable of decomposing organic molecules. This reactivity was attributed to the presence of one or more as-yet-unidentified inorganic superoxides or peroxides in the martian soil. Using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that superoxide radical ions (O2-) form directly on Mars-analog mineral surfaces exposed to ultraviolet radiation under a simulated martian atmosphere. These oxygen radicals can explain the reactive nature of the soil and the apparent absence of organic material at the martian surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yen, A S -- Kim, S S -- Hecht, M H -- Frant, M S -- Murray, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1909-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. Albert.Yen@jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10988066" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Silicates/chemistry ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ions ; *Mars ; Oxygen ; Potassium Compounds/chemistry ; *Soil ; *Superoxides/analysis/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Identification of carbonate-rich outcrops on Mars by the Spirit rover (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2010-06-05
    Description: Decades of speculation about a warmer, wetter Mars climate in the planet's first billion years postulate a denser CO2-rich atmosphere than at present. Such an atmosphere should have led to the formation of outcrops rich in carbonate minerals, for which evidence has been sparse. Using the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit, we have now identified outcrops rich in magnesium-iron carbonate (16 to 34 weight percent) in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater. Its composition approximates the average composition of the carbonate globules in martian meteorite ALH 84001. The Gusev carbonate probably precipitated from carbonate-bearing solutions under hydrothermal conditions at near-neutral pH in association with volcanic activity during the Noachian era.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morris, Richard V -- Ruff, Steven W -- Gellert, Ralf -- Ming, Douglas W -- Arvidson, Raymond E -- Clark, Benton C -- Golden, D C -- Siebach, Kirsten -- Klingelhofer, Gostar -- Schroder, Christian -- Fleischer, Iris -- Yen, Albert S -- Squyres, Steven W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 23;329(5990):421-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1189667. Epub 2010 Jun 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. richard.v.morris@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20522738" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Carbonates/chemistry ; Climate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferrous Compounds ; Magnesium ; *Mars ; Meteoroids ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Curiosity at Gale crater, Mars: characterization and analysis of the Rocknest sand shadow (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: The Rocknest aeolian deposit is similar to aeolian features analyzed by the Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs) Spirit and Opportunity. The fraction of sand 〈150 micrometers in size contains ~55% crystalline material consistent with a basaltic heritage and ~45% x-ray amorphous material. The amorphous component of Rocknest is iron-rich and silicon-poor and is the host of the volatiles (water, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and chlorine) detected by the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument and of the fine-grained nanophase oxide component first described from basaltic soils analyzed by MERs. The similarity between soils and aeolian materials analyzed at Gusev Crater, Meridiani Planum, and Gale Crater implies locally sourced, globally similar basaltic materials or globally and regionally sourced basaltic components deposited locally at all three locations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blake, D F -- Morris, R V -- Kocurek, G -- Morrison, S M -- Downs, R T -- Bish, D -- Ming, D W -- Edgett, K S -- Rubin, D -- Goetz, W -- Madsen, M B -- Sullivan, R -- Gellert, R -- Campbell, I -- Treiman, A H -- McLennan, S M -- Yen, A S -- Grotzinger, J -- Vaniman, D T -- Chipera, S J -- Achilles, C N -- Rampe, E B -- Sumner, D -- Meslin, P-Y -- Maurice, S -- Forni, O -- Gasnault, O -- Fisk, M -- Schmidt, M -- Mahaffy, P -- Leshin, L A -- Glavin, D -- Steele, A -- Freissinet, C -- Navarro-Gonzalez, R -- Yingst, R A -- Kah, L C -- Bridges, N -- Lewis, K W -- Bristow, T F -- Farmer, J D -- Crisp, J A -- Stolper, E M -- Des Marais, D J -- Sarrazin, P -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 27;341(6153):1239505. doi: 10.1126/science.1239505.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. david.blake@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Magnetic properties experiments on the Mars exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The magnetic properties experiments are designed to help identify the magnetic minerals in the dust and rocks on Mars-and to determine whether liquid water was involved in the formation and alteration of these magnetic minerals. Almost all of the dust particles suspended in the martian atmosphere must contain ferrimagnetic minerals (such as maghemite or magnetite) in an amount of approximately 2% by weight. The most magnetic fraction of the dust appears darker than the average dust. Magnetite was detected in the first two rocks ground by Spirit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bertelsen, P -- Goetz, W -- Madsen, M B -- Kinch, K M -- Hviid, S F -- Knudsen, J M -- Gunnlaugsson, H P -- Merrison, J -- Nornberg, P -- Squyres, S W -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Gorevan, S -- Yen, A S -- Myrick, T -- Klingelhofer, G -- Rieder, R -- Gellert, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):827-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Planetary Science, Danish Space Research Institute and Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. preben@fys.ku.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297664" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferrosoferric Oxide ; Geologic Sediments ; Iron ; *Magnetics ; *Mars ; *Minerals ; Oxides ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Mineralogy of a mudstone at Yellowknife Bay, Gale crater, Mars (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: Sedimentary rocks at Yellowknife Bay (Gale crater) on Mars include mudstone sampled by the Curiosity rover. The samples, John Klein and Cumberland, contain detrital basaltic minerals, calcium sulfates, iron oxide or hydroxides, iron sulfides, amorphous material, and trioctahedral smectites. The John Klein smectite has basal spacing of ~10 angstroms, indicating little interlayer hydration. The Cumberland smectite has basal spacing at both ~13.2 and ~10 angstroms. The larger spacing suggests a partially chloritized interlayer or interlayer magnesium or calcium facilitating H2O retention. Basaltic minerals in the mudstone are similar to those in nearby eolian deposits. However, the mudstone has far less Fe-forsterite, possibly lost with formation of smectite plus magnetite. Late Noachian/Early Hesperian or younger age indicates that clay mineral formation on Mars extended beyond Noachian time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vaniman, D T -- Bish, D L -- Ming, D W -- Bristow, T F -- Morris, R V -- Blake, D F -- Chipera, S J -- Morrison, S M -- Treiman, A H -- Rampe, E B -- Rice, M -- Achilles, C N -- Grotzinger, J P -- McLennan, S M -- Williams, J -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Newsom, H E -- Downs, R T -- Maurice, S -- Sarrazin, P -- Yen, A S -- Morookian, J M -- Farmer, J D -- Stack, K -- Milliken, R E -- Ehlmann, B L -- Sumner, D Y -- Berger, G -- Crisp, J A -- Hurowitz, J A -- Anderson, R -- Des Marais, D J -- Stolper, E M -- Edgett, K S -- Gupta, S -- Spanovich, N -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 24;343(6169):1243480. doi: 10.1126/science.1243480. Epub 2013 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24324271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment/*chemistry ; Ferrosoferric Oxide/analysis/chemistry ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/*chemistry ; *Mars ; Minerals/analysis/*chemistry ; Silicates/analysis/chemistry ; Silicon Compounds/analysis/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Two years at Meridiani Planum: results from the Opportunity Rover (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has spent more than 2 years exploring Meridiani Planum, traveling approximately 8 kilometers and detecting features that reveal ancient environmental conditions. These include well-developed festoon (trough) cross-lamination formed in flowing liquid water, strata with smaller and more abundant hematite-rich concretions than those seen previously, possible relict "hopper crystals" that might reflect the formation of halite, thick weathering rinds on rock surfaces, resistant fracture fills, and networks of polygonal fractures likely caused by dehydration of sulfate salts. Chemical variations with depth show that the siliciclastic fraction of outcrop rock has undergone substantial chemical alteration from a precursor basaltic composition. Observations from microscopic to orbital scales indicate that ancient Meridiani once had abundant acidic groundwater, arid and oxidizing surface conditions, and occasional liquid flow on the surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Knoll, A H -- Arvidson, R E -- Clark, B C -- Grotzinger, J P -- Jolliff, B L -- McLennan, S M -- Tosca, N -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Calvin, W M -- Farrand, W H -- Glotch, T D -- Golombek, M P -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, J R -- Klingelhofer, G -- McSween, H Y -- Yen, A S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1403-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acids ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Sulfates ; Time ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Ancient impact and aqueous processes at Endeavour Crater, Mars (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-05
    Description: The rover Opportunity has investigated the rim of Endeavour Crater, a large ancient impact crater on Mars. Basaltic breccias produced by the impact form the rim deposits, with stratigraphy similar to that observed at similar-sized craters on Earth. Highly localized zinc enrichments in some breccia materials suggest hydrothermal alteration of rim deposits. Gypsum-rich veins cut sedimentary rocks adjacent to the crater rim. The gypsum was precipitated from low-temperature aqueous fluids flowing upward from the ancient materials of the rim, leading temporarily to potentially habitable conditions and providing some of the waters involved in formation of the ubiquitous sulfate-rich sandstones of the Meridiani region.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Calef, F 3rd -- Clark, B C -- Cohen, B A -- Crumpler, L A -- de Souza, P A Jr -- Farrand, W H -- Gellert, R -- Grant, J -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Hurowitz, J A -- Johnson, J R -- Jolliff, B L -- Knoll, A H -- Li, R -- McLennan, S M -- Ming, D W -- Mittlefehldt, D W -- Parker, T J -- Paulsen, G -- Rice, M S -- Ruff, S W -- Schroder, C -- Yen, A S -- Zacny, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 4;336(6081):570-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1220476.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556248" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium Sulfate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geological Phenomena ; *Mars ; Meteoroids ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; *Water ; Zinc
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 9
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    X-ray diffraction results from Mars Science Laboratory: mineralogy of Rocknest at Gale crater (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-28
    Description: The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity scooped samples of soil from the Rocknest aeolian bedform in Gale crater. Analysis of the soil with the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) x-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument revealed plagioclase (~An57), forsteritic olivine (~Fo62), augite, and pigeonite, with minor K-feldspar, magnetite, quartz, anhydrite, hematite, and ilmenite. The minor phases are present at, or near, detection limits. The soil also contains 27 +/- 14 weight percent x-ray amorphous material, likely containing multiple Fe(3+)- and volatile-bearing phases, including possibly a substance resembling hisingerite. The crystalline component is similar to the normative mineralogy of certain basaltic rocks from Gusev crater on Mars and of martian basaltic meteorites. The amorphous component is similar to that found on Earth in places such as soils on the Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bish, D L -- Blake, D F -- Vaniman, D T -- Chipera, S J -- Morris, R V -- Ming, D W -- Treiman, A H -- Sarrazin, P -- Morrison, S M -- Downs, R T -- Achilles, C N -- Yen, A S -- Bristow, T F -- Crisp, J A -- Morookian, J M -- Farmer, J D -- Rampe, E B -- Stolper, E M -- Spanovich, N -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 27;341(6153):1238932. doi: 10.1126/science.1238932.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. bish@indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 10
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    Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Grain Properties at Namib and High Dunes, Bagnold Dune Field, Gale Crater, Mars: A Synthesis of Curiosity Rover Observations (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-13
    Description: The Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover performed coordinated measurements to examine the textures and compositions of aeolian sands in the active Bagnold dune field. The Bagnold sands are rounded to subrounded, very fine- to medium- sized (~45-500 µm) with ≥6 distinct grain colors. In contrast to sands examined by Curiosity in a dust-covered, inactive bedform called Rocknest and soils at other landing sites, Bagnold sands are darker, less red, better sorted, have fewer silt-sized or smaller grains, and show no evidence for cohesion. Nevertheless, Bagnold mineralogy and Rocknest mineralogy are similar with plagioclase, olivine, and pyroxenes in similar proportions comprising 〉90% of crystalline phases, along with a substantial amorphous component (35% ± 15%). Yet, Bagnold and Rocknest bulk chemistry differ. Bagnold sands are Si-enriched relative to other soils at Gale crater, and H 2 O, S, and Cl are lower relative to all previously measured martian soils and most Gale crater rocks. Mg, Ni, Fe, and Mn are enriched in the coarse-sieved fraction of Bagnold sands, corroborated by VNIR spectra that suggest enrichment of olivine. Collectively, patterns in major element chemistry and volatile release data indicate two distinctive volatile reservoirs in martian soils: (1) amorphous components in the sand-sized fraction (represented by Bagnold) that are Si-enriched, hydroxylated alteration products and/or impact or volcanic glasses; and (2) amorphous components in the fine fraction (〈40 µm; represented by Rocknest and other bright soils) that are Fe-, S-, and Cl-enriched with low Si and adsorbed and structural H 2 O.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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