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  • 1
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    Esperance: Multiple episodes of aqueous alteration involving fracture fills and coatings at Matijevic Hill, Mars (2016)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-02
    Description: In the search for evidence of past aqueous activity by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, fracture-filling veins and rock coatings are prime candidates for exploration. At one location within a segment of remaining rim material surrounding Endeavour Crater, a set of "boxwork" fractures in an outcrop called Esperance are filled by a bright, hydrated, and highly siliceous (SiO 2 ~ 66 wt%) material, which has overall a montmorillonite-like chemical composition. This material is partially covered by patches of a thin, dark coating that is sulfate-rich (SO 3 ~ 21 wt%) but also contains significant levels of Si, Fe, Ca, and Mg. The simultaneous presence of abundant S, Si, and Fe indicates significant mineralogical complexity within the coating. This combination of vein and coating compositions is unlike previous analyses on Mars. Both materials are heterogeneously eroded, presumably by eolian abrasion. The evidence indicates at least two separate episodes of solute precipitation from aqueous fluids at this location, possibly widely separated in time. In addition to the implications for multiple episodes of alteration at the surface of the planet, aqueous chemical environments such as these would have been habitable at the time of their formation and are also favorable for preservation of organic material.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 2
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    Context of ancient aqueous environments on Mars from in situ geologic mapping at Endeavour crater (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-12
    Description: Using the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity , we have compiled one of the first field geologic maps on Mars while traversing the Noachian terrain along the rim of the 22-km diameter Endeavour crater (Lat -2° 16’ 33”, Long -5° 10’ 51”). In situ mapping of the petrographic, elemental, structural, and stratigraphic characteristics of outcrops and rocks distinguishes four mappable bedrock lithologic units. Three of these rock units pre-date the surrounding Burns formation sulfate-rich sandstones and one, the Matijevic formation, represents conditions on early Mars pre-dating the formation of Endeavour crater. The stratigraphy assembled from these observations includes several geologic unconformities. The differences in lithologic units across these unconformities record changes in the character and intensity of the Martian aqueous environment over geologic time. Water circulated through fractures in the oldest rocks over periods long enough that texturally and elementally significant alteration occurred in fracture walls. These oldest pre-Endeavour rocks and their network of mineralized and altered fractures were preserved by burial beneath impact ejecta and were subsequently exhumed and exposed. The alteration along joints in the oldest rocks, and the mineralized veins and concentrations of trace metals in overlying lithologic units is direct evidence that copious volumes of mineralized and/or hydrothermal fluids circulated through the early Martian crust. The wide range in intensity of structural and chemical modification from outcrop to outcrop along the crater rim shows that the ejecta of large (〉8 km in diameter) impact craters is complex. These results imply that geologic complexity is to be anticipated in other areas of Mars where cratering has been a fundamental process in the local and regional geology and mineralogy.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Opportunity Observations of the Burns Formation: Crater-Hopping at Meridiani Planum (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: CRISM hyperspectral (1.0-2.65 µm) along-track oversampled observations (ATOs) covering Victoria, Santa Maria, Endeavour, and Ada craters were processed to 6 m/pixel and used in combination with Opportunity observations to detect and map hydrated Mg and Ca-sulfate minerals in the Burns formation. The strongest spectral absorption features were found to be associated with outcrops that are relatively young and fresh (Ada) or preferentially scoured of dust, soil, and coatings by prevailing winds. At Victoria and Santa Maria the scoured areas are on the southeastern rims and walls, opposite to the sides where wind-blown sands extend out of the craters. At Endeavour the deepest absorptions are in Botany Bay, a subdued and buried rim segment that exhibits high thermal inertias, extensive outcrops, and is interpreted to be a region of enhanced wind scour extending up and out of the crater. Ada, Victoria, and Santa Maria outcrops expose the upper portion of the preserved Burns formation and show spectral evidence for the presence of kieserite. In contrast, gypsum is pervasive spectrally in the Botany Bay exposures. Gypsum, a relatively insoluble evaporative mineral, is interpreted to have formed close to the contact with the Noachian crust as rising ground waters brought brines close to and onto the surface, either as a direct precipitate or during later diagenesis. The presence of kieserite at the top of the section is hypothesized to reflect precipitation from evaporatively concentrated brines or dehydration of polyhydrated sulfates, in both scenarios as the aqueous environment evolved to very arid conditions.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Perchlorate induced low temperature carbonate decomposition in the Mars Phoenix Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-11
    Description: Simulated Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) analyses have shown that a CO2 release detected between 400°C and 680°C by the Phoenix Lander's TEGA instrument may have been caused by a reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrated magnesium perchlorate. In our experiments a CO2 release beginning at 385 ± 12°C was attributed to calcite reacting with water vapor and HCl gas from the dehydration and thermal decomposition of Mg-perchlorate. The release of CO2 is consistent with the TEGA detection of CO2 released between 400 and 680°C, with the amount of CO2 increasing linearly with added perchlorate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments confirmed CaCl2 formation from the reaction between calcite and HCl. These results have important implications for the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover. Heating soils may cause inorganic release of CO2; therefore, detection of organic fragments, not CO2 alone, should be used as definitive evidence for organics in Martian soils.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    Field reconnaissance geologic mapping of the Columbia Hills, Mars, based on Mars Exploration Rover Spirit and MRO HiRISE observations (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-07
    Description: Chemical, mineralogic, and lithologic ground truth was acquired for the first time on Mars in terrain units mapped using orbital Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (MRO HiRISE) image data. Examination of several dozen outcrops shows that Mars is geologically complex at meter length scales, the record of its geologic history is well exposed, stratigraphic units may be identified and correlated across significant areas on the ground, and outcrops and geologic relationships between materials may be analyzed with techniques commonly employed in terrestrial field geology. Despite their burial during the course of Martian geologic time by widespread epiclastic materials, mobile fines, and fall deposits, the selective exhumation of deep and well-preserved geologic units has exposed undisturbed outcrops, stratigraphic sections, and structural information much as they are preserved and exposed on Earth. A rich geologic record awaits skilled future field investigators on Mars. The correlation of ground observations and orbital images enables construction of a corresponding geologic reconnaissance map. Most of the outcrops visited are interpreted to be pyroclastic, impactite, and epiclastic deposits overlying an unexposed substrate, probably related to a modified Gusev crater central peak. Fluids have altered chemistry and mineralogy of these protoliths in degrees that vary substantially within the same map unit. Examination of the rocks exposed above and below the major unconformity between the plains lavas and the Columbia Hills directly confirms the general conclusion from remote sensing in previous studies over past years that the early history of Mars was a time of more intense deposition and modification of the surface. Although the availability of fluids and the chemical and mineral activity declined from this early period, significant later volcanism and fluid convection enabled additional, if localized, chemical activity.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Pyroclastic activity at Home Plate in Gusev Crater, Mars (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-05
    Description: Home Plate is a layered plateau in Gusev crater on Mars. It is composed of clastic rocks of moderately altered alkali basalt composition, enriched in some highly volatile elements. A coarsegrained lower unit lies under a finer-grained upper unit. Textural observations indicate that the lower strata were emplaced in an explosive event, and geochemical considerations favor an explosive volcanic origin over an impact origin. The lower unit likely represents accumulation of pyroclastic materials, whereas the upper unit may represent eolian reworking of the same pyroclastic materials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Aharonson, O -- Clark, B C -- Cohen, B A -- Crumpler, L -- de Souza, P A -- Farrand, W H -- Gellert, R -- Grant, J -- Grotzinger, J P -- Haldemann, A F C -- Johnson, J R -- Klingelhofer, G -- Lewis, K W -- Li, R -- McCoy, T -- McEwen, A S -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Moore, J M -- Morris, R V -- Parker, T J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Ruff, S -- Schmidt, M -- Schroder, C -- Soderblom, L A -- Yen, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 May 4;316(5825):738-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17478719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Detection of silica-rich deposits on Mars (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Mineral deposits on the martian surface can elucidate ancient environmental conditions on the planet. Opaline silica deposits (as much as 91 weight percent SiO2) have been found in association with volcanic materials by the Mars rover Spirit. The deposits are present both as light-toned soils and as bedrock. We interpret these materials to have formed under hydrothermal conditions and therefore to be strong indicators of a former aqueous environment. This discovery is important for understanding the past habitability of Mars because hydrothermal environments on Earth support thriving microbial ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Ruff, S -- Gellert, R -- Morris, R V -- Ming, D W -- Crumpler, L -- Farmer, J D -- Marais, D J Des -- Yen, A -- McLennan, S M -- Calvin, W -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Clark, B C -- Wang, A -- McCoy, T J -- Schmidt, M E -- de Souza, P A Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1063-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1155429.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Mars ; *Silicon Dioxide ; Spacecraft ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Detection of perchlorate and the soluble chemistry of martian soil at the Phoenix lander site (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-04
    Description: The Wet Chemistry Laboratory on the Phoenix Mars Lander performed aqueous chemical analyses of martian soil from the polygon-patterned northern plains of the Vastitas Borealis. The solutions contained approximately 10 mM of dissolved salts with 0.4 to 0.6% perchlorate (ClO4) by mass leached from each sample. The remaining anions included small concentrations of chloride, bicarbonate, and possibly sulfate. Cations were dominated by Mg2+ and Na+, with small contributions from K+ and Ca2+. A moderately alkaline pH of 7.7 +/- 0.5 was measured, consistent with a carbonate-buffered solution. Samples analyzed from the surface and the excavated boundary of the approximately 5-centimeter-deep ice table showed no significant difference in soluble chemistry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hecht, M H -- Kounaves, S P -- Quinn, R C -- West, S J -- Young, S M M -- Ming, D W -- Catling, D C -- Clark, B C -- Boynton, W V -- Hoffman, J -- Deflores, L P -- Gospodinova, K -- Kapit, J -- Smith, P H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 3;325(5936):64-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1172466.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. michael.h.hecht@jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574385" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anions ; *Cations ; Chemical Phenomena ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Mars ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Perchlorates ; Solubility ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    Exploration of Victoria crater by the Mars rover Opportunity (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-23
    Description: The Mars rover Opportunity has explored Victoria crater, an approximately 750-meter eroded impact crater formed in sulfate-rich sedimentary rocks. Impact-related stratigraphy is preserved in the crater walls, and meteoritic debris is present near the crater rim. The size of hematite-rich concretions decreases up-section, documenting variation in the intensity of groundwater processes. Layering in the crater walls preserves evidence of ancient wind-blown dunes. Compositional variations with depth mimic those approximately 6 kilometers to the north and demonstrate that water-induced alteration at Meridiani Planum was regional in scope.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Knoll, A H -- Arvidson, R E -- Ashley, J W -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Calvin, W M -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Cohen, B A -- de Souza, P A Jr -- Edgar, L -- Farrand, W H -- Fleischer, I -- Gellert, R -- Golombek, M P -- Grant, J -- Grotzinger, J -- Hayes, A -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, J R -- Jolliff, B -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knudson, A -- Li, R -- McCoy, T J -- McLennan, S M -- Ming, D W -- Mittlefehldt, D W -- Morris, R V -- Rice, J W Jr -- Schroder, C -- Sullivan, R J -- Yen, A -- Yingst, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 May 22;324(5930):1058-61. doi: 10.1126/science.1170355.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461001" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; *Mars ; Spacecraft ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Identification of carbonate-rich outcrops on Mars by the Spirit rover (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-05
    Description: Decades of speculation about a warmer, wetter Mars climate in the planet's first billion years postulate a denser CO2-rich atmosphere than at present. Such an atmosphere should have led to the formation of outcrops rich in carbonate minerals, for which evidence has been sparse. Using the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit, we have now identified outcrops rich in magnesium-iron carbonate (16 to 34 weight percent) in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater. Its composition approximates the average composition of the carbonate globules in martian meteorite ALH 84001. The Gusev carbonate probably precipitated from carbonate-bearing solutions under hydrothermal conditions at near-neutral pH in association with volcanic activity during the Noachian era.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morris, Richard V -- Ruff, Steven W -- Gellert, Ralf -- Ming, Douglas W -- Arvidson, Raymond E -- Clark, Benton C -- Golden, D C -- Siebach, Kirsten -- Klingelhofer, Gostar -- Schroder, Christian -- Fleischer, Iris -- Yen, Albert S -- Squyres, Steven W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jul 23;329(5990):421-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1189667. Epub 2010 Jun 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. richard.v.morris@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20522738" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Carbonates/chemistry ; Climate ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferrous Compounds ; Magnesium ; *Mars ; Meteoroids ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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