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  • 1
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    Surveying the sequence diversity of model prebiotic peptides by mass spectrometry (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-28
    Description: The rise of peptides with secondary structures and functions would have been a key step in the chemical evolution which led to life. As with modern biology, amino acid sequence would have been a primary determinant of peptide structure and activity in an origins-of-life scenario. It is a commonly held hypothesis that unique functional sequences would have emerged from a diverse soup of proto-peptides, yet there is a lack of experimental data in support of this. Whereas the majority of studies in the field focus on peptides containing only one or two types of amino acids, here we used modern mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques to separate and sequence de novo proto-peptides containing broader combinations of prebiotically plausible monomers. Using a dry–wet environmental cycling protocol, hundreds of proto-peptide sequences were formed over a mere 4 d of reaction. Sequence homology diagrams were constructed to compare experimental and theoretical sequence spaces of tetrameric proto-peptides. MS-based analyses such as this will be increasingly necessary as origins-of-life researchers move toward systems-level investigations of prebiotic chemistry.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Detection of silica-rich deposits on Mars (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Mineral deposits on the martian surface can elucidate ancient environmental conditions on the planet. Opaline silica deposits (as much as 91 weight percent SiO2) have been found in association with volcanic materials by the Mars rover Spirit. The deposits are present both as light-toned soils and as bedrock. We interpret these materials to have formed under hydrothermal conditions and therefore to be strong indicators of a former aqueous environment. This discovery is important for understanding the past habitability of Mars because hydrothermal environments on Earth support thriving microbial ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Ruff, S -- Gellert, R -- Morris, R V -- Ming, D W -- Crumpler, L -- Farmer, J D -- Marais, D J Des -- Yen, A -- McLennan, S M -- Calvin, W -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Clark, B C -- Wang, A -- McCoy, T J -- Schmidt, M E -- de Souza, P A Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1063-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1155429.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; *Mars ; *Silicon Dioxide ; Spacecraft ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    In situ evidence for an ancient aqueous environment at Meridiani Planum, Mars (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Sedimentary rocks at Eagle crater in Meridiani Planum are composed of fine-grained siliciclastic materials derived from weathering of basaltic rocks, sulfate minerals (including magnesium sulfate and jarosite) that constitute several tens of percent of the rock by weight, and hematite. Cross-stratification observed in rock outcrops indicates eolian and aqueous transport. Diagenetic features include hematite-rich concretions and crystal-mold vugs. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments with a complex diagenetic history. The environmental conditions that they record include episodic inundation by shallow surface water, evaporation, and desiccation. The geologic record at Meridiani Planum suggests that conditions were suitable for biological activity for a period of time in martian history.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Grotzinger, J P -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Calvin, W -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Crisp, J A -- Farrand, W H -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, J R -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knoll, A H -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Morris, R V -- Rice, J W Jr -- Rieder, R -- Soderblom, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1709-14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astrosun.tn.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Life ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Sulfates ; Sulfur ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    The Opportunity Rover's Athena science investigation at Meridiani Planum, Mars (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated the landing site in Eagle crater and the nearby plains within Meridiani Planum. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Wind ripples are common. Underlying the thin soil layer, and exposed within small impact craters and troughs, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sulfur, and contain abundant sulfate salts. Small-scale cross-lamination in some locations provides evidence for deposition in flowing liquid water. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments formed by episodic inundation by shallow surface water, followed by evaporation, exposure, and desiccation. Hematite-rich spherules are embedded in the rock and eroding from them. We interpret these spherules to be concretions formed by postdepositional diagenesis, again involving liquid water.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bruckner, J -- Cabrol, N A -- Calvin, W -- Carr, M H -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Crumpler, L -- Marais, D J Des -- d'Uston, C -- Economou, T -- Farmer, J -- Farrand, W -- Folkner, W -- Golombek, M -- Gorevan, S -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J -- Haskin, L -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Hviid, S -- Johnson, J -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knoll, A H -- Landis, G -- Lemmon, M -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Malin, M C -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J -- Morris, R V -- Parker, T -- Rice, J W Jr -- Richter, L -- Rieder, R -- Sims, M -- Smith, M -- Smith, P -- Soderblom, L A -- Sullivan, R -- Wanke, H -- Wdowiak, T -- Wolff, M -- Yen, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1698-703.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576602" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Water ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Spirit Rover at Gusev Crater (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: Panoramic Camera images at Gusev crater reveal a rock-strewn surface interspersed with high- to moderate-albedo fine-grained deposits occurring in part as drifts or in small circular swales or hollows. Optically thick coatings of fine-grained ferric iron-rich dust dominate most bright soil and rock surfaces. Spectra of some darker rock surfaces and rock regions exposed by brushing or grinding show near-infrared spectral signatures consistent with the presence of mafic silicates such as pyroxene or olivine. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission, and astronomical observations captured solar transits by the martian moons, Phobos and Deimos, as well as a view of Earth from the martian surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, J F 3rd -- Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Arneson, H M -- Bass, D -- Blaney, D -- Cabrol, N -- Calvin, W -- Farmer, J -- Farrand, W H -- Goetz, W -- Golombek, M -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Guinness, E -- Hayes, A G -- Hubbard, M Y H -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, M J -- Johnson, J R -- Joseph, J -- Kinch, K M -- Lemmon, M T -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Maki, J N -- Malin, M -- McCartney, E -- McLennan, S -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J E -- Morris, R V -- Dobrea, E Z Noe -- Parker, T J -- Proton, J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Seelos, F -- Soderblom, J -- Soderblom, L A -- Sohl-Dickstein, J N -- Sullivan, R J -- Wolff, M J -- Wang, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):800-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA. jfb8@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Iron Compounds ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Solar System ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Pancam multispectral imaging results from the Opportunity Rover at Meridiani Planum (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Panoramic Camera (Pancam) images from Meridiani Planum reveal a low-albedo, generally flat, and relatively rock-free surface. Within and around impact craters and fractures, laminated outcrop rocks with higher albedo are observed. Fine-grained materials include dark sand, bright ferric iron-rich dust, angular rock clasts, and millimeter-size spheroidal granules that are eroding out of the laminated rocks. Spectra of sand, clasts, and one dark plains rock are consistent with mafic silicates such as pyroxene and olivine. Spectra of both the spherules and the laminated outcrop materials indicate the presence of crystalline ferric oxides or oxyhydroxides. Atmospheric observations show a steady decline in dust opacity during the mission. Astronomical observations captured solar transits by Phobos and Deimos and time-lapse observations of sunsets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, J F 3rd -- Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Arneson, H M -- Bass, D -- Calvin, W -- Farrand, W H -- Goetz, W -- Golombek, M -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J -- Guinness, E -- Hayes, A G -- Hubbard, M Y H -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Johnson, M J -- Johnson, J R -- Joseph, J -- Kinch, K M -- Lemmon, M T -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Maki, J N -- Malin, M -- McCartney, E -- McLennan, S -- McSween, H Y Jr -- Ming, D W -- Morris, R V -- Dobrea, E Z Noe -- Parker, T J -- Proton, J -- Rice, J W Jr -- Seelos, F -- Soderblom, J M -- Soderblom, L A -- Sohl-Dickstein, J N -- Sullivan, R J -- Weitz, C M -- Wolff, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1703-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA. jfb8@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; *Mars ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Soils of Eagle crater and Meridiani Planum at the Opportunity Rover landing site (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The soils at the Opportunity site are fine-grained basaltic sands mixed with dust and sulfate-rich outcrop debris. Hematite is concentrated in spherules eroded from the strata. Ongoing saltation exhumes the spherules and their fragments, concentrating them at the surface. Spherules emerge from soils coated, perhaps from subsurface cementation, by salts. Two types of vesicular clasts may represent basaltic sand sources. Eolian ripples, armored by well-sorted hematite-rich grains, pervade Meridiani Planum. The thickness of the soil on the plain is estimated to be about a meter. The flatness and thin cover suggest that the plain may represent the original sedimentary surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soderblom, L A -- Anderson, R C -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Cabrol, N A -- Calvin, W -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Economou, T -- Ehlmann, B L -- Farrand, W H -- Fike, D -- Gellert, R -- Glotch, T D -- Golombek, M P -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J P -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Jerolmack, D J -- Johnson, J R -- Jolliff, B -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knoll, A H -- Learner, Z A -- Li, R -- Malin, M C -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Morris, R V -- Rice, J W Jr -- Richter, L -- Rieder, R -- Rodionov, D -- Schroder, C -- Seelos, F P 4th -- Soderblom, J M -- Squyres, S W -- Sullivan, R -- Watters, W A -- Weitz, C M -- Wyatt, M B -- Yen, A -- Zipfel, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1723-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA. lsoderblom@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    The Spirit Rover's Athena science investigation at Gusev Crater, Mars (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit and its Athena science payload have been used to investigate a landing site in Gusev crater. Gusev is hypothesized to be the site of a former lake, but no clear evidence for lacustrine sedimentation has been found to date. Instead, the dominant lithology is basalt, and the dominant geologic processes are impact events and eolian transport. Many rocks exhibit coatings and other characteristics that may be evidence for minor aqueous alteration. Any lacustrine sediments that may exist at this location within Gusev apparently have been buried by lavas that have undergone subsequent impact disruption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bruckner, J -- Cabrol, N A -- Calvin, W -- Carr, M H -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Crumpler, L -- Des Marais, D J -- D'Uston, C -- Economou, T -- Farmer, J -- Farrand, W -- Folkner, W -- Golombek, M -- Gorevan, S -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J -- Haskin, L -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Hviid, S -- Johnson, J -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knoll, A -- Landis, G -- Lemmon, M -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Malin, M C -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J -- Morris, R V -- Parker, T -- Rice, J W Jr -- Richter, L -- Rieder, R -- Sims, M -- Smith, M -- Smith, P -- Soderblom, L A -- Sullivan, R -- Wanke, H -- Wdowiak, T -- Wolff, M -- Yen, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):794-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Magnetics ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Water ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Near-infrared spectroscopy and spectral mapping of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites: results from Galileo's initial orbit (1996)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-10-18
    Description: The Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer performed spectral studies of Jupiter and the Galilean satellites during the June 1996 perijove pass of the Galileo spacecraft. Spectra for a 5-micrometer hot spot on Jupiter are consistent with the absence of a significant water cloud above 8 bars and with a depletion of water compared to that predicted for solar composition, corroborating results from the Galileo probe. Great Red Spot (GRS) spectral images show that parts of this feature extend upward to 240 millibars, although considerable altitude-dependent structure is found within it. A ring of dense clouds surrounds the GRS and is lower than it by 3 to 7 kilometers. Spectra of Callisto and Ganymede reveal a feature at 4. 25 micrometers, attributed to the presence of hydrated minerals or possibly carbon dioxide on their surfaces. Spectra of Europa's high latitudes imply that fine-grained water frost overlies larger grains. Several active volcanic regions were found on Io, with temperatures of 420 to 620 kelvin and projected areas of 5 to 70 square kilometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carlson, R -- Smythe, W -- Baines, K -- Barbinis, E -- Becker, K -- Burns, R -- Calcutt, S -- Calvin, W -- Clark, R -- Danielson, G -- Davies, A -- Drossart, P -- Encrenaz, T -- Fanale, F -- Granahan, J -- Hansen, G -- Herrera, P -- Hibbitts, C -- Hui, J -- Irwin, P -- Johnson, T -- Kamp, L -- Kieffer, H -- Leader, F -- Weissman, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1996 Oct 18;274(5286):385-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8832878" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydroxides/analysis ; *Jupiter ; Methane/analysis ; Phosphines/analysis ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; Water/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Surveying the sequence diversity of model prebiotic peptides by mass spectrometry [Chemistry] (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-13
    Description: The rise of peptides with secondary structures and functions would have been a key step in the chemical evolution which led to life. As with modern biology, amino acid sequence would have been a primary determinant of peptide structure and activity in an origins-of-life scenario. It is a commonly held...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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