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  • 1
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    Serial clustering of extratropical cyclones in a multi-model ensemble of historical and future simulations (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-04
    Description: This study has investigated serial (temporal) clustering of extra-tropical cyclones simulated by 17 climate models that participated in CMIP5. Clustering was estimated by calculating the dispersion (ratio of variance to mean) of 30 December-February counts of Atlantic storm tracks passing nearby each grid point. Results from single historical simulations of 1975-2005 were compared to those from historical ERA40 reanalyses from 1958-2001 ERA40 and single future model projections of 2069-2099 under the RCP4.5 climate change scenario. Models were generally able to capture the broad features in reanalyses reported previously: underdispersion/regularity (i.e. variance less than mean) in the western core of the Atlantic storm track surrounded by overdispersion/clustering (i.e. variance greater than mean) to the north and south and over western Europe. Regression of counts onto North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices revealed that much of the overdispersion in the historical reanalyses and model simulations can be accounted for by NAO variability. Future changes in dispersion were generally found to be small and not consistent across models. The overdispersion statistic, for any 30 year sample, is prone to large amounts of sampling uncertainty that obscures the climate change signal. For example, the projected increase in dispersion for storm counts near London in the CNRMCM5 model is 0.1 compared to a standard deviation of 0.25. Projected changes in the mean and variance of NAO are insufficient to create changes in overdispersion that are discernible above natural sampling variations.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Overview of the Mars Pathfinder mission and assessment of landing site predictions (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: Chemical analyses returned by Mars Pathfinder indicate that some rocks may be high in silica, implying differentiated parent materials. Rounded pebbles and cobbles and a possible conglomerate suggest fluvial processes that imply liquid water in equilibrium with the atmosphere and thus a warmer and wetter past. The moment of inertia indicates a central metallic core of 1300 to 2000 kilometers in radius. Composite airborne dust particles appear magnetized by freeze-dried maghemite stain or cement that may have been leached from crustal materials by an active hydrologic cycle. Remote-sensing data at a scale of generally greater than approximately 1 kilometer and an Earth analog correctly predicted a rocky plain safe for landing and roving with a variety of rocks deposited by catastrophic floods that are relatively dust-free.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Golombek, M P -- Cook, R A -- Economou, T -- Folkner, W M -- Haldemann, A F -- Kallemeyn, P H -- Knudsen, J M -- Manning, R M -- Moore, H J -- Parker, T J -- Rieder, R -- Schofield, J T -- Smith, P H -- Vaughan, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Dec 5;278(5344):1743-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9388167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Magnetics ; *Mars ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    The chemical composition of Martian soil and rocks returned by the mobile alpha proton X-ray spectrometer: preliminary results from the X-ray mode (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997
    Description: The alpha proton x-ray spectrometer (APXS) on board the rover of the Mars Pathfinder mission measured the chemical composition of six soils and five rocks at the Ares Vallis landing site. The soil analyses show similarity to those determined by the Viking missions. The analyzed rocks were partially covered by dust but otherwise compositionally similar to each other. They are unexpectedly high in silica and potassium, but low in magnesium compared to martian soils and martian meteorites. The analyzed rocks are similar in composition to terrestrial andesites and close to the mean composition of Earth's crust. Addition of a mafic component and reaction products of volcanic gases to the local rock material is necessary to explain the soil composition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rieder, R -- Economou, T -- Wanke, H -- Turkevich, A -- Crisp, J -- Bruckner, J -- Dreibus, G -- McSween, H Y Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Dec 5;278(5344):1771-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Chemie, P.O. Box 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9388173" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum/analysis ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Iron/analysis ; Magnesium/analysis ; *Mars ; Meteoroids ; Oxides/*analysis ; Potassium/analysis ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Chemistry of rocks and soils at Meridiani Planum from the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer on the Opportunity rover determined major and minor elements of soils and rocks in Meridiani Planum. Chemical compositions differentiate between basaltic rocks, evaporite-rich rocks, basaltic soils, and hematite-rich soils. Although soils are compositionally similar to those at previous landing sites, differences in iron and some minor element concentrations signify the addition of local components. Rocky outcrops are rich in sulfur and variably enriched in bromine relative to chlorine. The interaction with water in the past is indicated by the chemical features in rocks and soils at this site.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rieder, R -- Gellert, R -- Anderson, R C -- Bruckner, J -- Clark, B C -- Dreibus, G -- Economou, T -- Klingelhofer, G -- Lugmair, G W -- Ming, D W -- Squyres, S W -- d'Uston, C -- Wanke, H -- Yen, A -- Zipfel, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1746-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Chemie, J. J. Becher-Weg 27, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. rieder@mpch-mainz.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alpha Particles ; Bromine ; Chlorine ; Elements ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; Iron ; Magnesium ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission ; Sulfates ; Sulfur ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    The Opportunity Rover's Athena science investigation at Meridiani Planum, Mars (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity has investigated the landing site in Eagle crater and the nearby plains within Meridiani Planum. The soils consist of fine-grained basaltic sand and a surface lag of hematite-rich spherules, spherule fragments, and other granules. Wind ripples are common. Underlying the thin soil layer, and exposed within small impact craters and troughs, are flat-lying sedimentary rocks. These rocks are finely laminated, are rich in sulfur, and contain abundant sulfate salts. Small-scale cross-lamination in some locations provides evidence for deposition in flowing liquid water. We interpret the rocks to be a mixture of chemical and siliciclastic sediments formed by episodic inundation by shallow surface water, followed by evaporation, exposure, and desiccation. Hematite-rich spherules are embedded in the rock and eroding from them. We interpret these spherules to be concretions formed by postdepositional diagenesis, again involving liquid water.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bruckner, J -- Cabrol, N A -- Calvin, W -- Carr, M H -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Crumpler, L -- Marais, D J Des -- d'Uston, C -- Economou, T -- Farmer, J -- Farrand, W -- Folkner, W -- Golombek, M -- Gorevan, S -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J -- Haskin, L -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Hviid, S -- Johnson, J -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knoll, A H -- Landis, G -- Lemmon, M -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Malin, M C -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J -- Morris, R V -- Parker, T -- Rice, J W Jr -- Richter, L -- Rieder, R -- Sims, M -- Smith, M -- Smith, P -- Soderblom, L A -- Sullivan, R -- Wanke, H -- Wdowiak, T -- Wolff, M -- Yen, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1698-703.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576602" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Water ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Chemistry of rocks and soils in Gusev Crater from the alpha particle x-ray spectrometer (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The alpha particle x-ray spectrometer on the Spirit rover determined major and minor elements of soils and rocks in Gusev crater in order to unravel the crustal evolution of planet Mars. The composition of soils is similar to those at previous landing sites, as a result of global mixing and distribution by dust storms. Rocks (fresh surfaces exposed by the rock abrasion tool) resemble volcanic rocks of primitive basaltic composition with low intrinsic potassium contents. High abundance of bromine (up to 170 parts per million) in rocks may indicate the alteration of surfaces formed during a past period of aqueous activity in Gusev crater.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gellert, R -- Rieder, R -- Anderson, R C -- Bruckner, J -- Clark, B C -- Dreibus, G -- Economou, T -- Klingelhofer, G -- Lugmair, G W -- Ming, D W -- Squyres, S W -- D'Uston, C -- Wanke, H -- Yen, A -- Zipfel, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):829-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Chemie, J. J. Becher-Weg 27, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. gellert@mpch-mainz.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297665" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alpha Particles ; Bromine ; *Elements ; Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Potassium ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Soils of Eagle crater and Meridiani Planum at the Opportunity Rover landing site (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The soils at the Opportunity site are fine-grained basaltic sands mixed with dust and sulfate-rich outcrop debris. Hematite is concentrated in spherules eroded from the strata. Ongoing saltation exhumes the spherules and their fragments, concentrating them at the surface. Spherules emerge from soils coated, perhaps from subsurface cementation, by salts. Two types of vesicular clasts may represent basaltic sand sources. Eolian ripples, armored by well-sorted hematite-rich grains, pervade Meridiani Planum. The thickness of the soil on the plain is estimated to be about a meter. The flatness and thin cover suggest that the plain may represent the original sedimentary surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soderblom, L A -- Anderson, R C -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Cabrol, N A -- Calvin, W -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Economou, T -- Ehlmann, B L -- Farrand, W H -- Fike, D -- Gellert, R -- Glotch, T D -- Golombek, M P -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J P -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Jerolmack, D J -- Johnson, J R -- Jolliff, B -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knoll, A H -- Learner, Z A -- Li, R -- Malin, M C -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Morris, R V -- Rice, J W Jr -- Richter, L -- Rieder, R -- Rodionov, D -- Schroder, C -- Seelos, F P 4th -- Soderblom, J M -- Squyres, S W -- Sullivan, R -- Watters, W A -- Weitz, C M -- Wyatt, M B -- Yen, A -- Zipfel, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1723-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA. lsoderblom@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferric Compounds ; Geologic Sediments ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Silicates ; Spacecraft ; Spectrum Analysis ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    The Spirit Rover's Athena science investigation at Gusev Crater, Mars (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: The Mars Exploration Rover Spirit and its Athena science payload have been used to investigate a landing site in Gusev crater. Gusev is hypothesized to be the site of a former lake, but no clear evidence for lacustrine sedimentation has been found to date. Instead, the dominant lithology is basalt, and the dominant geologic processes are impact events and eolian transport. Many rocks exhibit coatings and other characteristics that may be evidence for minor aqueous alteration. Any lacustrine sediments that may exist at this location within Gusev apparently have been buried by lavas that have undergone subsequent impact disruption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Squyres, S W -- Arvidson, R E -- Bell, J F 3rd -- Bruckner, J -- Cabrol, N A -- Calvin, W -- Carr, M H -- Christensen, P R -- Clark, B C -- Crumpler, L -- Des Marais, D J -- D'Uston, C -- Economou, T -- Farmer, J -- Farrand, W -- Folkner, W -- Golombek, M -- Gorevan, S -- Grant, J A -- Greeley, R -- Grotzinger, J -- Haskin, L -- Herkenhoff, K E -- Hviid, S -- Johnson, J -- Klingelhofer, G -- Knoll, A -- Landis, G -- Lemmon, M -- Li, R -- Madsen, M B -- Malin, M C -- McLennan, S M -- McSween, H Y -- Ming, D W -- Moersch, J -- Morris, R V -- Parker, T -- Rice, J W Jr -- Richter, L -- Rieder, R -- Sims, M -- Smith, M -- Smith, P -- Soderblom, L A -- Sullivan, R -- Wanke, H -- Wdowiak, T -- Wolff, M -- Yen, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):794-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. squyres@astro.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Magnetics ; *Mars ; Minerals ; Water ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Cassini dust measurements at Enceladus and implications for the origin of the E ring (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: During Cassini's close flyby of Enceladus on 14 July 2005, the High Rate Detector of the Cosmic Dust Analyzer registered micron-sized dust particles enveloping this satellite. The dust impact rate peaked about 1 minute before the closest approach of the spacecraft to the moon. This asymmetric signature is consistent with a locally enhanced dust production in the south polar region of Enceladus. Other Cassini experiments revealed evidence for geophysical activities near Enceladus' south pole: a high surface temperature and a release of water gas. Production or release of dust particles related to these processes may provide the dominant source of Saturn's E ring.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spahn, Frank -- Schmidt, Jurgen -- Albers, Nicole -- Horning, Marcel -- Makuch, Martin -- Seiss, Martin -- Kempf, Sascha -- Srama, Ralf -- Dikarev, Valeri -- Helfert, Stefan -- Moragas-Klostermeyer, Georg -- Krivov, Alexander V -- Sremcevic, Miodrag -- Tuzzolino, Anthony J -- Economou, Thanasis -- Grun, Eberhard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1416-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Physik, Universitat Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Haus 19, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Cosmic Dust ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Long-term trends of hail-related weather types in an ensemble of regional climate models using a Bayesian approach (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-09
    Description: This paper investigates the long-term variability of specific weather types that are associated with damaging hailstorms in Germany for past (1971–2000) and future (2011–2050) time periods. Forty large-scale weather types are determined by the objective weather type classification scheme of German Weather Service. This scheme is applied to both reanalyses (ERA-40) and eight different regional climate model (RCM) simulations. It is shown that the RCMs are able to approximately reproduce the distribution of weather type occurrences obtained from the reference of ERA-40. Using additional insurance loss data, the weather types are further identified as hail-related or hail-unrelated. Hailstorms are neither captured comprehensively by existing observation systems nor can they be modeled reliably and the large-scale weather types are here considered as proxies for hail occurrence. Four weather types that are most likely associated with damaging hailstorms show a slight increase both during the past and future period according to the RCM simulations. A novel statistical model is developed for the probabilistic prediction of the fraction of hail damage days conditional on the weather types. The model is Bayesian and uses a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach. For the ERA-40 reanalysis the model prediction agrees well with fraction of hail damage days observed in the insurance data. For most of the RCM projections, the statistical model predicts a slight increase in the number of hail days in the future (2031–2045), with relative changes between 7 and 15% compared to the period 1971–2000.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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