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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1981-04-10
    Description: As Voyager 1 flew through the Saturn system it returned photographs revealing many new and surprising characteristics of this complicated community of bodies. Saturn's atmosphere has numerous, low-contrast, discrete cloud features and a pattern of circulation significantly different from that of Jupiter. Titan is shrouded in a haze layer that varies in thickness and appearance. Among the icy satellites there is considerable variety in density, albedo, and surface morphology and substantial evidence for endogenic surface modification. Trends in density and crater characteristics are quite unlike those of the Galilean satellites. Small inner satellites, three of which were discovered in Voyager images, interact gravitationally with one another and with the ring particles in ways not observed elsewhere in the solar system. Saturn's broad A, B, and C rings contain hundreds of "ringlets," and in the densest portion of the B ring there are numerous nonaxisymmetric features. The narrow F ring has three components which, in at least one instance, are kinked and crisscrossed. Two rings are observed beyond the F ring, and material is seen between the C ring and the planet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, B A -- Soderblom, L -- Beebe, R -- Boyce, J -- Briggs, G -- Bunker, A -- Collins, S A -- Hansen, C J -- Johnson, T V -- Mitchell, J L -- Terrile, R J -- Carr, M -- Cook, A F 2nd -- Cuzzi, J -- Pollack, J B -- Danielson, G E -- Ingersoll, A -- Davies, M E -- Hunt, G E -- Masursky, H -- Shoemaker, E -- Morrison, D -- Owen, T -- Sagan, C -- Veverka, J -- Strom, R -- Suomi, V E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Apr 10;212(4491):163-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17783827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1982-01-29
    Description: Voyager 2 photography has complemented that of Voyager I in revealing many additional characteristics of Saturn and its satellites and rings. Saturn's atmosphere contains persistent oval cloud features reminiscent of features on Jupiter. Smaller irregular features track out a pattern of zonal winds that is symmetric about Saturn's equator and appears to extend to great depth. Winds are predominantly eastward and reach 500 meters per second at the equator. Titan has several haze layers with significantly varying optical properties and a northern polar "collar" that is dark at short wavelengths. Several satellites have been photographed at substantially improved resolution. Enceladus' surface ranges from old, densely cratered terrain to relatively young, uncratered plains crossed by grooves and faults. Tethys has a crater 400 kilometers in diameter whose floor has domed to match Tethys' surface curvature and a deep trench that extends at least 270 degrees around Tethys' circumference. Hyperion is cratered and irregular in shape. Iapetus' bright, trailing hemisphere includes several dark-floored craters, and Phoebe has a very low albedo and rotates in the direction opposite to that of its orbital revolution with a period of 9 hours. Within Saturn's rings, the "birth" of a spoke has been observed, and surprising azimuthal and time variability is found in the ringlet structure of the outer B ring. These observations lead to speculations about Saturn's internal structure and about the collisional and thermal history of the rings and satellites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, B A -- Soderblom, L -- Batson, R -- Bridges, P -- Inge, J -- Masursky, H -- Shoemaker, E -- Beebe, R -- Boyce, J -- Briggs, G -- Bunker, A -- Collins, S A -- Hansen, C J -- Johnson, T V -- Mitchell, J L -- Terrile, R J -- Cook, A F 2nd -- Cuzzi, J -- Pollack, J B -- Danielson, G E -- Ingersoll, A P -- Davies, M E -- Hunt, G E -- Morrison, D -- Owen, T -- Sagan, C -- Veverka, J -- Strom, R -- Suomi, V E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jan 29;215(4532):504-37.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17771273" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1984-12-21
    Description: A circumstellar disk has been observed optically around the fourth-magnitude star beta Pictoris. First detected in the infrared by the Infrared Astronomy Satellite last year, the disk is seen to extend to more than 400 astronomical units from the star, or more than twice the distance measured in the infrared by the Infrared Astronomy Satellite. The beta Pictoris disk is presented to Earth almost edgeon and is composed of solid particles in nearly coplanar orbits. The observed change in surface brightness with distance from the star implies that the mass density of the disk falls off with approximately the third power of the radius. Because the circumstellar material is in the form of a highly flattened disk rather than a spherical shell, it is presumed to be associated with planet formation. It seems likely that the system is relatively young and that planet formation either is occurring now around beta Pictoris or has recently been completed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, B A -- Terrile, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Dec 21;226(4681):1421-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17788996" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1983-10-07
    Description: The Voyager spacecraft observed a narrow, eccentric ringlet in the Maxwell gap (1.45 Saturn radii) in Saturn's rings. Intercomparison of the Voyager imaging, photopolarimeter, ultraviolet spectrometer, and radio science observations yields results not available from individual observations. The width of the ringlet varies from about 30 to about 100 kilometers, its edges are sharp on a radial scale 〈 1 kilometer, and its opacity exhibits a double peak near the center. The shape and width of the ringlet are consistent with a set of uniformly precessing, confocal ellipses with foci at Saturn's center of mass. The ringlet precesses as a unit at a rate consistent with the known dynamical oblateness of Saturn; the lack of differential precession across the ringlet yields a ringlet mass of about 5 x 10(18) grams. The ratio of surface mass density to particle cross-sectional area is about five times smaller than values obtained elsewhere in the Saturn ring system, indicating a relatively larger fraction of small particles. Also, comparison of the measured transmission of the ringlet at radio, visible, and ultraviolet wavelengths indicates that about half of the total extinction is due to particles smaller than 1 centimeter in radius, in contrast even with nearby regions of the C ring. However, the color and brightness of the ringlet material are not measurably different from those of nearby C ring particles. We find this ringlet is similar to several of the rings of Uranus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Esposito, L W -- Borderies, N -- Goldreich, P -- Cuzzi, J N -- Holberg, J B -- Lane, A L -- Pomphrey, R B -- Terrile, R J -- Lissauer, J J -- Marouf, E A -- Tyler, G L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1983 Oct 7;222(4619):57-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17810092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1981-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0004-6256
    Electronic ISSN: 1538-3881
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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  • 6
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    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Imaging data from the Voyager 1 and 2 encounters with the Jupiter system provide a data set for the examination of short time-scale variations of surface features on Io. Clear evidence exists for variations near the known eruption sites and for other areas which appeared to have erupted between the encounters. Regions outside the known active eruption sites were examined in order to look for variations in the surface scattering properties which is due to undetected small-scale volcanic activity. The phase functions of many areas are intercompared in order to look for regions with phase functions outside the normal range for satellite surface properties. Areas with unusual scattering properties are related to small-scale eruptions of gas or particles. Determination of the distribution of these areas has strong implications for the resurfacing rates for Io.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Repts. of Planetary Geol. Program; p 39-40
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Voyager 2 images of Saturn's rings have been analyzed for spoke activity. More than 80 and 40 different spokes have been measured at the morning and at the evening ansa, respectively. Higher rate of spoke formation has been found at 145 + or 15 deg SLS and at 305 + or - 15 deg SLS which persisted for at least 3 Saturn revolutions. Higher spoke activity (formation and growth in width) by more than a factor 3 has been observed over the nightside hemisphere of Saturn than over the dayside hemisphere. The age distribution (i.e., time from radial formation until observation, assuming Keplerian shear) of the leading (old) edges of spokes has its maximum at approximately 9,000 s and 6,000 s for spokes observed at the morning ansa and at the evening ansa, respectively. The highest spoke age observed is approximately 20,000 s.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 4; 9, 19
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements made between 0.887 and 2.4 microns demonstrate that the Jovian ring and Amalthea have similar reflection spectra. The spectra, in particular the ratio of the 0.9- to 2.2-micron reflectivities, are inconsistent with those expected from water, ammonia, or methane frosts, but are consistent with reflection from large rock bodies.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 86; Apr. 198
    Format: text
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Nine eruption plumes which were observed during the Voyager 1 encounter with Io are discussed. During the Voyager 2 encounter, four months later, eight of the eruptions were still active although the largest became inactive sometime between the two encounters. Plumes range in height from 60 to over 300 km with corresponding ejection velocities of 0.5 to 1.0 km/s and plume sources are located on several plains and consist of fissures or calderas. The shape and brightness distribution together with the pattern of the surface deposition on a plume 3 is simulated by a ballistic model with a constant ejection velocity of 0.5 km/s and ejection angles which vary from 0-55 deg. The distribution of active and recent eruptions is concentrated in the equatorial regions and indicates that volcanic activity is more frequent and intense in the equatorial regions than in the polar regions. Due to the geologic setting of certain plume sources and large reservoirs of volatiles required for the active eruptions, it is concluded that sulfur volcanism rather than silicate volcanism is the most likely driving mechanism for the eruption plumes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 86; Sept. 30
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Ground-based 0.9-micron observations of the Jovian ring and inner satellites are reported. The ring observations substantially confirm those obtained by the Voyager spacecraft. The first ground-based detection of 1979J2 suggests a geometric albedo of about 0.10 and a new value for its orbit period of 16 hr 11 min 23.5 + or - 0.5 sec.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 48; Dec. 198
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