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  • 1
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    Cassini radar views the surface of Titan (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-05-14
    Description: The Cassini Titan Radar Mapper imaged about 1% of Titan's surface at a resolution of approximately 0.5 kilometer, and larger areas of the globe in lower resolution modes. The images reveal a complex surface, with areas of low relief and a variety of geologic features suggestive of dome-like volcanic constructs, flows, and sinuous channels. The surface appears to be young, with few impact craters. Scattering and dielectric properties are consistent with porous ice or organics. Dark patches in the radar images show high brightness temperatures and high emissivity and are consistent with frozen hydrocarbons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elachi, C -- Wall, S -- Allison, M -- Anderson, Y -- Boehmer, R -- Callahan, P -- Encrenaz, P -- Flamini, E -- Franceschetti, G -- Gim, Y -- Hamilton, G -- Hensley, S -- Janssen, M -- Johnson, W -- Kelleher, K -- Kirk, R -- Lopes, R -- Lorenz, R -- Lunine, J -- Muhleman, D -- Ostro, S -- Paganelli, F -- Picardi, G -- Posa, F -- Roth, L -- Seu, R -- Shaffer, S -- Soderblom, L -- Stiles, B -- Stofan, E -- Vetrella, S -- West, R -- Wood, C -- Wye, L -- Zebker, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 May 13;308(5724):970-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15890871" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrocarbons ; Ice ; Organic Chemicals ; Radar ; *Saturn ; *Spacecraft ; Temperature ; Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    The sand seas of Titan: Cassini RADAR observations of longitudinal dunes (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-06
    Description: The most recent Cassini RADAR images of Titan show widespread regions (up to 1500 kilometers by 200 kilometers) of near-parallel radar-dark linear features that appear to be seas of longitudinal dunes similar to those seen in the Namib desert on Earth. The Ku-band (2.17-centimeter wavelength) images show approximately 100-meter ridges consistent with duneforms and reveal flow interactions with underlying hills. The distribution and orientation of the dunes support a model of fluctuating surface winds of approximately 0.5 meter per second resulting from the combination of an eastward flow with a variable tidal wind. The existence of dunes also requires geological processes that create sand-sized (100- to 300-micrometer) particulates and a lack of persistent equatorial surface liquids to act as sand traps.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lorenz, R D -- Wall, S -- Radebaugh, J -- Boubin, G -- Reffet, E -- Janssen, M -- Stofan, E -- Lopes, R -- Kirk, R -- Elachi, C -- Lunine, J -- Mitchell, K -- Paganelli, F -- Soderblom, L -- Wood, C -- Wye, L -- Zebker, H -- Anderson, Y -- Ostro, S -- Allison, M -- Boehmer, R -- Callahan, P -- Encrenaz, P -- Ori, G G -- Francescetti, G -- Gim, Y -- Hamilton, G -- Hensley, S -- Johnson, W -- Kelleher, K -- Muhleman, D -- Picardi, G -- Posa, F -- Roth, L -- Seu, R -- Shaffer, S -- Stiles, B -- Vetrella, S -- Flamini, E -- West, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):724-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. rlorenz@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675695" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Hydrocarbons/chemistry ; Methane/chemistry ; Particle Size ; Radar ; *Saturn ; Spacecraft ; Wind
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Encounter with saturn: voyager 1 imaging science results (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-04-10
    Description: As Voyager 1 flew through the Saturn system it returned photographs revealing many new and surprising characteristics of this complicated community of bodies. Saturn's atmosphere has numerous, low-contrast, discrete cloud features and a pattern of circulation significantly different from that of Jupiter. Titan is shrouded in a haze layer that varies in thickness and appearance. Among the icy satellites there is considerable variety in density, albedo, and surface morphology and substantial evidence for endogenic surface modification. Trends in density and crater characteristics are quite unlike those of the Galilean satellites. Small inner satellites, three of which were discovered in Voyager images, interact gravitationally with one another and with the ring particles in ways not observed elsewhere in the solar system. Saturn's broad A, B, and C rings contain hundreds of "ringlets," and in the densest portion of the B ring there are numerous nonaxisymmetric features. The narrow F ring has three components which, in at least one instance, are kinked and crisscrossed. Two rings are observed beyond the F ring, and material is seen between the C ring and the planet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, B A -- Soderblom, L -- Beebe, R -- Boyce, J -- Briggs, G -- Bunker, A -- Collins, S A -- Hansen, C J -- Johnson, T V -- Mitchell, J L -- Terrile, R J -- Carr, M -- Cook, A F 2nd -- Cuzzi, J -- Pollack, J B -- Danielson, G E -- Ingersoll, A -- Davies, M E -- Hunt, G E -- Masursky, H -- Shoemaker, E -- Morrison, D -- Owen, T -- Sagan, C -- Veverka, J -- Strom, R -- Suomi, V E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Apr 10;212(4491):163-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17783827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    A new look at the saturn system: the voyager 2 images (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-01-29
    Description: Voyager 2 photography has complemented that of Voyager I in revealing many additional characteristics of Saturn and its satellites and rings. Saturn's atmosphere contains persistent oval cloud features reminiscent of features on Jupiter. Smaller irregular features track out a pattern of zonal winds that is symmetric about Saturn's equator and appears to extend to great depth. Winds are predominantly eastward and reach 500 meters per second at the equator. Titan has several haze layers with significantly varying optical properties and a northern polar "collar" that is dark at short wavelengths. Several satellites have been photographed at substantially improved resolution. Enceladus' surface ranges from old, densely cratered terrain to relatively young, uncratered plains crossed by grooves and faults. Tethys has a crater 400 kilometers in diameter whose floor has domed to match Tethys' surface curvature and a deep trench that extends at least 270 degrees around Tethys' circumference. Hyperion is cratered and irregular in shape. Iapetus' bright, trailing hemisphere includes several dark-floored craters, and Phoebe has a very low albedo and rotates in the direction opposite to that of its orbital revolution with a period of 9 hours. Within Saturn's rings, the "birth" of a spoke has been observed, and surprising azimuthal and time variability is found in the ringlet structure of the outer B ring. These observations lead to speculations about Saturn's internal structure and about the collisional and thermal history of the rings and satellites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, B A -- Soderblom, L -- Batson, R -- Bridges, P -- Inge, J -- Masursky, H -- Shoemaker, E -- Beebe, R -- Boyce, J -- Briggs, G -- Bunker, A -- Collins, S A -- Hansen, C J -- Johnson, T V -- Mitchell, J L -- Terrile, R J -- Cook, A F 2nd -- Cuzzi, J -- Pollack, J B -- Danielson, G E -- Ingersoll, A P -- Davies, M E -- Hunt, G E -- Morrison, D -- Owen, T -- Sagan, C -- Veverka, J -- Strom, R -- Suomi, V E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jan 29;215(4532):504-37.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17771273" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Evolutionary Divergence of Gene and Protein Expression in the Brains of Humans and Chimpanzees (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-26
    Description: Although transcriptomic profiling has become the standard approach for exploring molecular differences in the primate brain, very little is known about how the expression levels of gene transcripts relate to downstream protein abundance. Moreover, it is unknown whether the relationship changes depending on the brain region or species under investigation. We performed high-throughput transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) and proteomic (liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry) analyses on two regions of the human and chimpanzee brain: The anterior cingulate cortex and caudate nucleus. In both brain regions, we found a lower correlation between mRNA and protein expression levels in humans and chimpanzees than has been reported for other tissues and cell types, suggesting that the brain may engage extensive tissue-specific regulation affecting protein abundance. In both species, only a few categories of biological function exhibited strong correlations between mRNA and protein expression levels. These categories included oxidative metabolism and protein synthesis and modification, indicating that the expression levels of mRNA transcripts supporting these biological functions are more predictive of protein expression compared with other functional categories. More generally, however, the two measures of molecular expression provided strikingly divergent perspectives into differential expression between human and chimpanzee brains: mRNA comparisons revealed significant differences in neuronal communication, ion transport, and regulatory processes, whereas protein comparisons indicated differences in perception and cognition, metabolic processes, and organization of the cytoskeleton. Our results highlight the importance of examining protein expression in evolutionary analyses and call for a more thorough understanding of tissue-specific protein expression levels.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lakes of Titan (2007)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 445 (2007), S. 61-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The surface of Saturn’s haze-shrouded moon Titan has long been proposed to have oceans or lakes, on the basis of the stability of liquid methane at the surface. Initial visible and radar imaging failed to find any evidence of an ocean, although abundant evidence was found that flowing ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05438
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Titan Radar Mapper observations from Cassini's T 3 fly-by (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 441 (2006), S. 709-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Cassini's Titan Radar Mapper imaged the surface of Saturn's moon Titan on its February 2005 fly-by (denoted T3), collecting high-resolution synthetic-aperture radar and larger-scale radiometry and scatterometry data. These data provide the first definitive identification of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04786
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    North–south geological differences between the residual polar caps on Mars (2000)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 404 (2000), S. 161-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Polar processes can be sensitive indicators of global climate, and the geological features associated with polar ice caps can therefore indicate evolution of climate with time. The polar regions on Mars have distinctive morphologic and climatologic features: thick layered deposits, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35004528
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aeolian processes at the Mars Exploration Rover Meridiani Planum landing site (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 436 (2005), S. 58-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The martian surface is a natural laboratory for testing our understanding of the physics of aeolian (wind-related) processes in an environment different from that of Earth. Martian surface markings and atmospheric opacity are time-variable, indicating that fine particles at the surface are ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03641
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bright dunes on Mars (1999)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 397 (1999), S. 592-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Seasonal changes observed on the surface of Mars can in part be attributed to the transport of geological materials by wind. Images obtained by orbiting spacecraft in the 1970s showed large wind-formed features such as dunes, and revealed regional time-varying albedos that could be attributed ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/17557
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