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  • Animals  (28)
  • Chemistry  (28)
  • Astrophysics  (8)
  • 2000-2004  (22)
  • 1995-1999  (42)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 1999-01-15
    Description: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation has been implicated in many cellular responses, including fibroblast growth, transformation, survival, and chemotaxis. Although PI3K is activated by several agents that stimulate T and B cells, the role of PI3K in lymphocyte function is not clear. The mouse gene encoding the PI3K adapter subunit p85alpha and its splice variants p55alpha and p50alpha was disrupted. Most p85alpha-p55alpha-p50alpha-/- mice die within days after birth. Lymphocyte development and function was studied with the use of the RAG2-deficient blastocyst complementation system. Chimeric mice had reduced numbers of peripheral mature B cells and decreased serum immunoglobulin. The B cells that developed had diminished proliferative responses to antibody to immunoglobulin M, antibody to CD40, and lipopolysaccharide stimulation and decreased survival after incubation with interleukin-4. In contrast, T cell development and proliferation was normal. This phenotype is similar to defects observed in mice lacking the tyrosine kinase Btk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fruman, D A -- Snapper, S B -- Yballe, C M -- Davidson, L -- Yu, J Y -- Alt, F W -- Cantley, L C -- R01 GM041890/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 15;283(5400):393-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. dfruman@bidmc.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9888855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD45/analysis ; Apoptosis ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology/enzymology/*immunology ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Cycle ; Chimera ; Chromones/pharmacology ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Immunoglobulins/*blood ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Morpholines/pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Spleen/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/enzymology/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2001-11-10
    Description: The molecular mechanisms controlling synaptogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS) are poorly understood. Previous reports showed that a glia-derived factor strongly promotes synapse development in cultures of purified CNS neurons. Here, we identify this factor as cholesterol complexed to apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins. CNS neurons produce enough cholesterol to survive and grow, but the formation of numerous mature synapses demands additional amounts that must be provided by glia. Thus, the availability of cholesterol appears to limit synapse development. This may explain the delayed onset of CNS synaptogenesis after glia differentiation and neurobehavioral manifestations of defects in cholesterol or lipoprotein homeostasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mauch, D H -- Nagler, K -- Schumacher, S -- Goritz, C -- Muller, E C -- Otto, A -- Pfrieger, F W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 9;294(5545):1354-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Synapse Group and, Protein Chemistry Group, Max-Delbruck-Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13092 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11701931" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology ; Apolipoproteins E/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cholesterol/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Lovastatin/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Neuroglia/*metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phosphatidylcholines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism/*physiology ; Sphingomyelins/pharmacology ; Synapses/drug effects/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-03-07
    Description: An x-ray spectroscopic study of scleractinian coral skeletons indicated that, although some strontium substitutes for calcium in the aragonite structure, at concentrations of about 7500 parts per million, as much as 40 percent of the strontium resides in strontianite (SrCO3). A doublet peak in the Fourier transform of the extended x-ray absorption fine structure of the coral corresponded to six metal and 13 oxygen neighbors surrounding strontium at about 4.05 angstroms in strontium-substituted aragonite and at about 4.21 angstroms in strontianite. Thus, the mechanism of the temperature-sensitive partitioning of strontium between seawater and coral skeleton used for paleothermometry is unexpectedly complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greegor, R B -- Pingitore, N E Jr -- Lytle, F W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 7;275(5305):1452-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Boeing Company, Seattle, WA 98124, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/analysis ; Calcium Carbonate/*analysis ; Carbonates/*analysis ; Cnidaria/*chemistry ; Fourier Analysis ; Spectrum Analysis ; Strontium/*analysis ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: Immature thymocytes express a pre-T cell receptor (pre-TCR) composed of the TCRbeta chain paired with pre-Talpha. Signals from this receptor are essential for passage of thymocytes through a key developmental checkpoint in the thymus. These signals were efficiently delivered in vivo by a truncated form of the murine pre-TCR that lacked all of its extracellular immunoglobulin domains. De novo expression of the truncated pre-TCR or an intact alphabetaTCR was sufficient to activate characteristic TCR signaling pathways in a T cell line. These findings support the view that recognition of an extracellular ligand is not required for pre-TCR function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Irving, B A -- Alt, F W -- Killeen, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):905-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9572735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/analysis ; Antigens, CD3/analysis/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/chemistry ; Immunophenotyping ; Jurkat Cells ; Ligands ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Transgenic ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2002-01-12
    Description: An outcrop within the last interglacial terrace on Barbados contains corals that grew during the penultimate deglaciation, or Termination II. We used combined 230Th and 231Pa dating to determine that they grew 135.8 +/- 0.8 thousand years ago, indicating that sea level was 18 +/- 3 meters below present sea level at the time. This suggests that sea level had risen to within 20% of its peak last-interglacial value by 136 thousand years ago, in conflict with Milankovitch theory predictions. Orbital forcing may have played a role in the deglaciation, as may have isostatic adjustments due to large ice sheets. Other corals in the same outcrop grew during oxygen isotope (delta18O) substage 6e, indicating that sea level was 38 +/- 5 meters below present sea level, about 168.0 thousand years ago. When compared to the delta18O signal in the benthic V19-30/V19-28 record at that time, the coral data extend to the previous glacial cycle the conclusion that deep-water temperatures were colder during glacial periods.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallup, Christina D -- Cheng, H -- Taylor, F W -- Edwards, R L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 11;295(5553):310-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA. cgallup@d.umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786639" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Barbados ; Cnidaria/*growth & development ; *Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Protactinium ; *Seawater ; Thorium ; Time
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-09-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perry, Gad -- Schueler, Frederick W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 12;301(5639):1479-82; author reply 1479-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12971381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; *Metaphor ; *Terminology as Topic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: The use of semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) as fluorescent labels for multiphoton microscopy enables multicolor imaging in demanding biological environments such as living tissue. We characterized water-soluble cadmium selenide-zinc sulfide quantum dots for multiphoton imaging in live animals. These fluorescent probes have two-photon action cross sections as high as 47,000 Goeppert-Mayer units, by far the largest of any label used in multiphoton microscopy. We visualized quantum dots dynamically through the skin of living mice, in capillaries hundreds of micrometers deep. We found no evidence of blinking (fluorescence intermittency) in solution on nanosecond to millisecond time scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Larson, Daniel R -- Zipfel, Warren R -- Williams, Rebecca M -- Clark, Stephen W -- Bruchez, Marcel P -- Wise, Frank W -- Webb, Watt W -- NCRR P41-RR04224/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R33-645644/PHS HHS/ -- R44CA8839102/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- RR10675/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1434-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue ; Animals ; Blood Flow Velocity ; *Cadmium Compounds ; Capillaries/anatomy & histology ; Crystallization ; Dextrans ; *Diagnostic Imaging ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate/*analogs & derivatives ; *Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Mice ; Microscopy/*methods ; *Nanotechnology ; Photons ; *Selenium Compounds ; Semiconductors ; Skin ; Solubility ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; *Sulfides ; Water ; *Zinc Compounds
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2004-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whicker, F W -- Hinton, T G -- MacDonell, M M -- Pinder, J E 3rd -- Habegger, L J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1615-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. ward.whicker@colostate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Environmental Pollution ; Humans ; Nuclear Warfare ; *Public Health ; *Radioactive Pollutants ; Risk Assessment ; Soil Pollutants, Radioactive ; United States ; *United States Government Agencies ; Water Pollutants, Radioactive
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: The Sir2 deacetylase modulates organismal life-span in various species. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Sir2 increases longevity are largely unknown. We show that in mammalian cells, the Sir2 homolog SIRT1 appears to control the cellular response to stress by regulating the FOXO family of Forkhead transcription factors, a family of proteins that function as sensors of the insulin signaling pathway and as regulators of organismal longevity. SIRT1 and the FOXO transcription factor FOXO3 formed a complex in cells in response to oxidative stress, and SIRT1 deacetylated FOXO3 in vitro and within cells. SIRT1 had a dual effect on FOXO3 function: SIRT1 increased FOXO3's ability to induce cell cycle arrest and resistance to oxidative stress but inhibited FOXO3's ability to induce cell death. Thus, one way in which members of the Sir2 family of proteins may increase organismal longevity is by tipping FOXO-dependent responses away from apoptosis and toward stress resistance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brunet, Anne -- Sweeney, Lora B -- Sturgill, J Fitzhugh -- Chua, Katrin F -- Greer, Paul L -- Lin, Yingxi -- Tran, Hien -- Ross, Sarah E -- Mostoslavsky, Raul -- Cohen, Haim Y -- Hu, Linda S -- Cheng, Hwei-Ling -- Jedrychowski, Mark P -- Gygi, Steven P -- Sinclair, David A -- Alt, Frederick W -- Greenberg, Michael E -- NIHP30-HD18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 NS35138-17/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):2011-5. Epub 2004 Feb 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Center for Blood Research (CBR) Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebellum/cytology ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Histone Deacetylases/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/cytology ; *Oxidative Stress ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/genetics ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sirtuin 1 ; Sirtuins/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2004-10-02
    Description: Diatoms are unicellular algae with plastids acquired by secondary endosymbiosis. They are responsible for approximately 20% of global carbon fixation. We report the 34 million-base pair draft nuclear genome of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and its 129 thousand-base pair plastid and 44 thousand-base pair mitochondrial genomes. Sequence and optical restriction mapping revealed 24 diploid nuclear chromosomes. We identified novel genes for silicic acid transport and formation of silica-based cell walls, high-affinity iron uptake, biosynthetic enzymes for several types of polyunsaturated fatty acids, use of a range of nitrogenous compounds, and a complete urea cycle, all attributes that allow diatoms to prosper in aquatic environments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Armbrust, E Virginia -- Berges, John A -- Bowler, Chris -- Green, Beverley R -- Martinez, Diego -- Putnam, Nicholas H -- Zhou, Shiguo -- Allen, Andrew E -- Apt, Kirk E -- Bechner, Michael -- Brzezinski, Mark A -- Chaal, Balbir K -- Chiovitti, Anthony -- Davis, Aubrey K -- Demarest, Mark S -- Detter, J Chris -- Glavina, Tijana -- Goodstein, David -- Hadi, Masood Z -- Hellsten, Uffe -- Hildebrand, Mark -- Jenkins, Bethany D -- Jurka, Jerzy -- Kapitonov, Vladimir V -- Kroger, Nils -- Lau, Winnie W Y -- Lane, Todd W -- Larimer, Frank W -- Lippmeier, J Casey -- Lucas, Susan -- Medina, Monica -- Montsant, Anton -- Obornik, Miroslav -- Parker, Micaela Schnitzler -- Palenik, Brian -- Pazour, Gregory J -- Richardson, Paul M -- Rynearson, Tatiana A -- Saito, Mak A -- Schwartz, David C -- Thamatrakoln, Kimberlee -- Valentin, Klaus -- Vardi, Assaf -- Wilkerson, Frances P -- Rokhsar, Daniel S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 1;306(5693):79-86.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. armbrust@ocean.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459382" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Algal Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Chromosomes ; DNA/genetics ; Diatoms/chemistry/cytology/*genetics/metabolism ; *Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; *Genome ; Iron/metabolism ; Light ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Plastids/genetics ; Restriction Mapping ; Sequence Alignment ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Silicic Acid/metabolism ; Symbiosis ; Urea/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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