ALBERT

Description: Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoffmann, Michael -- Hilton-Taylor, Craig -- Angulo, Ariadne -- Bohm, Monika -- Brooks, Thomas M -- Butchart, Stuart H M -- Carpenter, Kent E -- Chanson, Janice -- Collen, Ben -- Cox, Neil A -- Darwall, William R T -- Dulvy, Nicholas K -- Harrison, Lucy R -- Katariya, Vineet -- Pollock, Caroline M -- Quader, Suhel -- Richman, Nadia I -- Rodrigues, Ana S L -- Tognelli, Marcelo F -- Vie, Jean-Christophe -- Aguiar, John M -- Allen, David J -- Allen, Gerald R -- Amori, Giovanni -- Ananjeva, Natalia B -- Andreone, Franco -- Andrew, Paul -- Aquino Ortiz, Aida Luz -- Baillie, Jonathan E M -- Baldi, Ricardo -- Bell, Ben D -- Biju, S D -- Bird, Jeremy P -- Black-Decima, Patricia -- Blanc, J Julian -- Bolanos, Federico -- Bolivar-G, Wilmar -- Burfield, Ian J -- Burton, James A -- Capper, David R -- Castro, Fernando -- Catullo, Gianluca -- Cavanagh, Rachel D -- Channing, Alan -- Chao, Ning Labbish -- Chenery, Anna M -- Chiozza, Federica -- Clausnitzer, Viola -- Collar, Nigel J -- Collett, Leah C -- Collette, Bruce B -- Cortez Fernandez, Claudia F -- Craig, Matthew T -- Crosby, Michael J -- Cumberlidge, Neil -- Cuttelod, Annabelle -- Derocher, Andrew E -- Diesmos, Arvin C -- Donaldson, John S -- Duckworth, J W -- Dutson, Guy -- Dutta, S K -- Emslie, Richard H -- Farjon, Aljos -- Fowler, Sarah -- Freyhof, Jorg -- Garshelis, David L -- Gerlach, Justin -- Gower, David J -- Grant, Tandora D -- Hammerson, Geoffrey A -- Harris, Richard B -- Heaney, Lawrence R -- Hedges, S Blair -- Hero, Jean-Marc -- Hughes, Baz -- Hussain, Syed Ainul -- Icochea M, Javier -- Inger, Robert F -- Ishii, Nobuo -- Iskandar, Djoko T -- Jenkins, Richard K B -- Kaneko, Yoshio -- Kottelat, Maurice -- Kovacs, Kit M -- Kuzmin, Sergius L -- La Marca, Enrique -- Lamoreux, John F -- Lau, Michael W N -- Lavilla, Esteban O -- Leus, Kristin -- Lewison, Rebecca L -- Lichtenstein, Gabriela -- Livingstone, Suzanne R -- Lukoschek, Vimoksalehi -- Mallon, David P -- McGowan, Philip J K -- McIvor, Anna -- Moehlman, Patricia D -- Molur, Sanjay -- Munoz Alonso, Antonio -- Musick, John A -- Nowell, Kristin -- Nussbaum, Ronald A -- Olech, Wanda -- Orlov, Nikolay L -- Papenfuss, Theodore J -- Parra-Olea, Gabriela -- Perrin, William F -- Polidoro, Beth A -- Pourkazemi, Mohammad -- Racey, Paul A -- Ragle, James S -- Ram, Mala -- Rathbun, Galen -- Reynolds, Robert P -- Rhodin, Anders G J -- Richards, Stephen J -- Rodriguez, Lily O -- Ron, Santiago R -- Rondinini, Carlo -- Rylands, Anthony B -- Sadovy de Mitcheson, Yvonne -- Sanciangco, Jonnell C -- Sanders, Kate L -- Santos-Barrera, Georgina -- Schipper, Jan -- Self-Sullivan, Caryn -- Shi, Yichuan -- Shoemaker, Alan -- Short, Frederick T -- Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio -- Silvano, Debora L -- Smith, Kevin G -- Smith, Andrew T -- Snoeks, Jos -- Stattersfield, Alison J -- Symes, Andrew J -- Taber, Andrew B -- Talukdar, Bibhab K -- Temple, Helen J -- Timmins, Rob -- Tobias, Joseph A -- Tsytsulina, Katerina -- Tweddle, Denis -- Ubeda, Carmen -- Valenti, Sarah V -- van Dijk, Peter Paul -- Veiga, Liza M -- Veloso, Alberto -- Wege, David C -- Wilkinson, Mark -- Williamson, Elizabeth A -- Xie, Feng -- Young, Bruce E -- Akcakaya, H Resit -- Bennun, Leon -- Blackburn, Tim M -- Boitani, Luigi -- Dublin, Holly T -- da Fonseca, Gustavo A B -- Gascon, Claude -- Lacher, Thomas E Jr -- Mace, Georgina M -- Mainka, Susan A -- McNeely, Jeffery A -- Mittermeier, Russell A -- Reid, Gordon McGregor -- Rodriguez, Jon Paul -- Rosenberg, Andrew A -- Samways, Michael J -- Smart, Jane -- Stein, Bruce A -- Stuart, Simon N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1503-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1194442. Epub 2010 Oct 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IUCN SSC Species Survival Commission, c/o United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. mike.hoffmann@iucn.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20978281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The transcriptome is the readout of the genome. Identifying common features in it across distant species can reveal fundamental principles. To this end, the ENCODE and modENCODE consortia have generated large amounts of matched RNA-sequencing data for human, worm and fly. Uniform processing and comprehensive annotation of these data allow comparison across metazoan phyla, extending beyond earlier within-phylum transcriptome comparisons and revealing ancient, conserved features. Specifically, we discover co-expression modules shared across animals, many of which are enriched in developmental genes. Moreover, we use expression patterns to align the stages in worm and fly development and find a novel pairing between worm embryo and fly pupae, in addition to the embryo-to-embryo and larvae-to-larvae pairings. Furthermore, we find that the extent of non-canonical, non-coding transcription is similar in each organism, per base pair. Finally, we find in all three organisms that the gene-expression levels, both coding and non-coding, can be quantitatively predicted from chromatin features at the promoter using a 'universal model' based on a single set of organism-independent parameters.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4155737/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4155737/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gerstein, Mark B -- Rozowsky, Joel -- Yan, Koon-Kiu -- Wang, Daifeng -- Cheng, Chao -- Brown, James B -- Davis, Carrie A -- Hillier, LaDeana -- Sisu, Cristina -- Li, Jingyi Jessica -- Pei, Baikang -- Harmanci, Arif O -- Duff, Michael O -- Djebali, Sarah -- Alexander, Roger P -- Alver, Burak H -- Auerbach, Raymond -- Bell, Kimberly -- Bickel, Peter J -- Boeck, Max E -- Boley, Nathan P -- Booth, Benjamin W -- Cherbas, Lucy -- Cherbas, Peter -- Di, Chao -- Dobin, Alex -- Drenkow, Jorg -- Ewing, Brent -- Fang, Gang -- Fastuca, Megan -- Feingold, Elise A -- Frankish, Adam -- Gao, Guanjun -- Good, Peter J -- Guigo, Roderic -- Hammonds, Ann -- Harrow, Jen -- Hoskins, Roger A -- Howald, Cedric -- Hu, Long -- Huang, Haiyan -- Hubbard, Tim J P -- Huynh, Chau -- Jha, Sonali -- Kasper, Dionna -- Kato, Masaomi -- Kaufman, Thomas C -- Kitchen, Robert R -- Ladewig, Erik -- Lagarde, Julien -- Lai, Eric -- Leng, Jing -- Lu, Zhi -- MacCoss, Michael -- May, Gemma -- McWhirter, Rebecca -- Merrihew, Gennifer -- Miller, David M -- Mortazavi, Ali -- Murad, Rabi -- Oliver, Brian -- Olson, Sara -- Park, Peter J -- Pazin, Michael J -- Perrimon, Norbert -- Pervouchine, Dmitri -- Reinke, Valerie -- Reymond, Alexandre -- Robinson, Garrett -- Samsonova, Anastasia -- Saunders, Gary I -- Schlesinger, Felix -- Sethi, Anurag -- Slack, Frank J -- Spencer, William C -- Stoiber, Marcus H -- Strasbourger, Pnina -- Tanzer, Andrea -- Thompson, Owen A -- Wan, Kenneth H -- Wang, Guilin -- Wang, Huaien -- Watkins, Kathie L -- Wen, Jiayu -- Wen, Kejia -- Xue, Chenghai -- Yang, Li -- Yip, Kevin -- Zaleski, Chris -- Zhang, Yan -- Zheng, Henry -- Brenner, Steven E -- Graveley, Brenton R -- Celniker, Susan E -- Gingeras, Thomas R -- Waterston, Robert -- 1U01HG007031-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- 5U01HG004695-04/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- 5U54HG004555/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG007000/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG007355/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- K99 HG006698/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA045508/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM076655/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RC2-HG005639/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T15 LM007056/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- T32 HD060555/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG 004263/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004261/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG004271/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG007031/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01-HG004261/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U01HG004258/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U41 HG007000/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U41 HG007234/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U41 HG007355/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG004555/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG006944/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG006994/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG007004/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG007005/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54HG007005/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- WT098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- ZIA DK015600-18/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Aug 28;512(7515):445-8. doi: 10.1038/nature13424.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉1] Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [3] Department of Computer Science, Yale University, 51 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA [4] [5]. ; 1] Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [3]. ; 1] Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA [2] Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766, USA [3]. ; 1] Department of Genome Dynamics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, 367 Evans Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3860, USA [3]. ; 1] Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA [2]. ; 1] Department of Genome Sciences and University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 Northeast Pacific Street, Box 355065 Seattle, Washington 98195-5065, USA [2]. ; 1] Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, 367 Evans Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3860, USA [2] Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1554, USA [3] Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-7088, USA [4]. ; 1] Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA [2]. ; 1] Centre for Genomic Regulation, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain [2] Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain [3]. ; 1] Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA [2] Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, Bass 432, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, 10 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA. ; Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, 367 Evans Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3860, USA. ; Department of Genome Sciences and University of Washington School of Medicine, William H. Foege Building S350D, 1705 Northeast Pacific Street, Box 355065 Seattle, Washington 98195-5065, USA. ; 1] Department of Genome Dynamics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, 367 Evans Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-3860, USA. ; Department of Genome Dynamics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. ; 1] Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7005, USA [2] Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7005, USA. ; MOE Key Lab of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ; National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA. ; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK. ; 1] Centre for Genomic Regulation, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain [2] Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. ; 1] Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland [2] Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Genopode building, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland. ; 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK [2] Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK. ; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8005, USA. ; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, PO Box 208103, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. ; Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7005, USA. ; Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, Box 252, New York, New York 10065, USA. ; 1] Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 USA. ; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8240, USA. ; 1] Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA [2] Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA. ; Section of Developmental Genomics, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. ; Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA. ; 1] Department of Genetics and Drosophila RNAi Screening Center, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode building, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland. ; 1] Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK [2] European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK. ; 1] Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Center for Genomic Regulation, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CRG-UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain [2] Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Theoretical Biochemistry Group (TBI), University of Vienna, Wahringerstrasse 17/3/303, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. ; 1] Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA [2] Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China. ; 1] Hong Kong Bioinformatics Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong [2] 5 CUHK-BGI Innovation Institute of Trans-omics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong. ; 1] Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [3]. ; 1] Department of Genome Dynamics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2].〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25164755" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: CpG islands (CGIs) are prominent in the mammalian genome owing to their GC-rich base composition and high density of CpG dinucleotides. Most human gene promoters are embedded within CGIs that lack DNA methylation and coincide with sites of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), irrespective of transcriptional activity. In spite of these intriguing correlations, the functional significance of non-methylated CGI sequences with respect to chromatin structure and transcription is unknown. By performing a search for proteins that are common to all CGIs, here we show high enrichment for Cfp1, which selectively binds to non-methylated CpGs in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of a mono-allelically methylated CGI confirmed that Cfp1 specifically associates with non-methylated CpG sites in vivo. High throughput sequencing of Cfp1-bound chromatin identified a notable concordance with non-methylated CGIs and sites of H3K4me3 in the mouse brain. Levels of H3K4me3 at CGIs were markedly reduced in Cfp1-depleted cells, consistent with the finding that Cfp1 associates with the H3K4 methyltransferase Setd1 (refs 7, 8). To test whether non-methylated CpG-dense sequences are sufficient to establish domains of H3K4me3, we analysed artificial CpG clusters that were integrated into the mouse genome. Despite the absence of promoters, the insertions recruited Cfp1 and created new peaks of H3K4me3. The data indicate that a primary function of non-methylated CGIs is to genetically influence the local chromatin modification state by interaction with Cfp1 and perhaps other CpG-binding proteins.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3730110/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3730110/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomson, John P -- Skene, Peter J -- Selfridge, Jim -- Clouaire, Thomas -- Guy, Jacky -- Webb, Shaun -- Kerr, Alastair R W -- Deaton, Aimee -- Andrews, Rob -- James, Keith D -- Turner, Daniel J -- Illingworth, Robert -- Bird, Adrian -- 079643/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 091580/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 098051/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0800026/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 15;464(7291):1082-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08924.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Michael Swann Building, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20393567" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The renowned soft-bodied faunas of the Cambrian period, which include the Burgess Shale, disappear from the fossil record in the late Middle Cambrian, after which the Palaeozoic fauna dominates. The disappearance of faunas of Burgess Shale type curtails the stratigraphic record of a number of iconic Cambrian taxa. One possible explanation for this loss is a major extinction, but more probably it reflects the absence of preservation of similar soft-bodied faunas in later periods. Here we report the discovery of numerous diverse soft-bodied assemblages in the Lower and Upper Fezouata Formations (Lower Ordovician) of Morocco, which include a range of remarkable stem-group morphologies normally considered characteristic of the Cambrian. It is clear that biotas of Burgess Shale type persisted after the Cambrian and are preserved where suitable facies occur. The Fezouata biota provides a link between the Burgess Shale communities and the early stages of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Roy, Peter -- Orr, Patrick J -- Botting, Joseph P -- Muir, Lucy A -- Vinther, Jakob -- Lefebvre, Bertrand -- el Hariri, Khadija -- Briggs, Derek E G -- England -- Nature. 2010 May 13;465(7295):215-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09038.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, PO Box 208109, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA. peter.vanroy@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20463737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: General anaesthetics have enjoyed long and widespread use but their molecular mechanism of action remains poorly understood. There is good evidence that their principal targets are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) such as inhibitory GABA(A) (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors and excitatory nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are respectively potentiated and inhibited by general anaesthetics. The bacterial homologue from Gloeobacter violaceus (GLIC), whose X-ray structure was recently solved, is also sensitive to clinical concentrations of general anaesthetics. Here we describe the crystal structures of the complexes propofol/GLIC and desflurane/GLIC. These reveal a common general-anaesthetic binding site, which pre-exists in the apo-structure in the upper part of the transmembrane domain of each protomer. Both molecules establish van der Waals interactions with the protein; propofol binds at the entrance of the cavity whereas the smaller, more flexible, desflurane binds deeper inside. Mutations of some amino acids lining the binding site profoundly alter the ionic response of GLIC to protons, and affect its general-anaesthetic pharmacology. Molecular dynamics simulations, performed on the wild type (WT) and two GLIC mutants, highlight differences in mobility of propofol in its binding site and help to explain these effects. These data provide a novel structural framework for the design of general anaesthetics and of allosteric modulators of brain pLGICs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nury, Hugues -- Van Renterghem, Catherine -- Weng, Yun -- Tran, Alphonso -- Baaden, Marc -- Dufresne, Virginie -- Changeux, Jean-Pierre -- Sonner, James M -- Delarue, Marc -- Corringer, Pierre-Jean -- R01 GM069379/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 20;469(7330):428-31. doi: 10.1038/nature09647.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Pasteur, Groupe Recepteurs-Canaux, F-75015 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21248852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The Acheulian is one of the first defined prehistoric techno-complexes and is characterized by shaped bifacial stone tools. It probably originated in Africa, spreading to Europe and Asia perhaps as early as approximately 1 million years (Myr) ago. The origin of the Acheulian is thought to have closely coincided with major changes in human brain evolution, allowing for further technological developments. Nonetheless, the emergence of the Acheulian remains unclear because well-dated sites older than 1.4 Myr ago are scarce. Here we report on the lithic assemblage and geological context for the Kokiselei 4 archaeological site from the Nachukui formation (West Turkana, Kenya) that bears characteristic early Acheulian tools and pushes the first appearance datum for this stone-age technology back to 1.76 Myr ago. Moreover, co-occurrence of Oldowan and Acheulian artefacts at the Kokiselei site complex indicates that the two technologies are not mutually exclusive time-successive components of an evolving cultural lineage, and suggests that the Acheulian was either imported from another location yet to be identified or originated from Oldowan hominins at this vicinity. In either case, the Acheulian did not accompany the first human dispersal from Africa despite being available at the time. This may indicate that multiple groups of hominins distinguished by separate stone-tool-making behaviours and dispersal strategies coexisted in Africa at 1.76 Myr ago.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lepre, Christopher J -- Roche, Helene -- Kent, Dennis V -- Harmand, Sonia -- Quinn, Rhonda L -- Brugal, Jean-Philippe -- Texier, Pierre-Jean -- Lenoble, Arnaud -- Feibel, Craig S -- England -- Nature. 2011 Aug 31;477(7362):82-5. doi: 10.1038/nature10372.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York 10964, USA. lepre@ldeo.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Obesity-linked insulin resistance is a major precursor to the development of type 2 diabetes. Previous work has shown that phosphorylation of PPARgamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) at serine 273 by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) stimulates diabetogenic gene expression in adipose tissues. Inhibition of this modification is a key therapeutic mechanism for anti-diabetic drugs that bind PPARgamma, such as the thiazolidinediones and PPARgamma partial agonists or non-agonists. For a better understanding of the importance of this obesity-linked PPARgamma phosphorylation, we created mice that ablated Cdk5 specifically in adipose tissues. These mice have both a paradoxical increase in PPARgamma phosphorylation at serine 273 and worsened insulin resistance. Unbiased proteomic studies show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinases are activated in these knockout animals. Here we show that ERK directly phosphorylates serine 273 of PPARgamma in a robust manner and that Cdk5 suppresses ERKs through direct action on a novel site in MAP kinase/ERK kinase (MEK). Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of MEK and ERK markedly improves insulin resistance in both obese wild-type and ob/ob mice, and also completely reverses the deleterious effects of the Cdk5 ablation. These data show that an ERK/Cdk5 axis controls PPARgamma function and suggest that MEK/ERK inhibitors may hold promise for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4297557/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4297557/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Banks, Alexander S -- McAllister, Fiona E -- Camporez, Joao Paulo G -- Zushin, Peter-James H -- Jurczak, Michael J -- Laznik-Bogoslavski, Dina -- Shulman, Gerald I -- Gygi, Steven P -- Spiegelman, Bruce M -- DK31405/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK93638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K01 DK093638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK031405/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 15;517(7534):391-5. doi: 10.1038/nature13887. Epub 2014 Nov 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Yale Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. ; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Infectious and inflammatory diseases have repeatedly shown strong genetic associations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); however, the basis for these associations remains elusive. To define host genetic effects on the outcome of a chronic viral infection, we performed genome-wide association analysis in a multiethnic cohort of HIV-1 controllers and progressors, and we analyzed the effects of individual amino acids within the classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins. We identified 〉300 genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the MHC and none elsewhere. Specific amino acids in the HLA-B peptide binding groove, as well as an independent HLA-C effect, explain the SNP associations and reconcile both protective and risk HLA alleles. These results implicate the nature of the HLA-viral peptide interaction as the major factor modulating durable control of HIV infection.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235490/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3235490/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉International HIV Controllers Study -- Pereyra, Florencia -- Jia, Xiaoming -- McLaren, Paul J -- Telenti, Amalio -- de Bakker, Paul I W -- Walker, Bruce D -- Ripke, Stephan -- Brumme, Chanson J -- Pulit, Sara L -- Carrington, Mary -- Kadie, Carl M -- Carlson, Jonathan M -- Heckerman, David -- Graham, Robert R -- Plenge, Robert M -- Deeks, Steven G -- Gianniny, Lauren -- Crawford, Gabriel -- Sullivan, Jordan -- Gonzalez, Elena -- Davies, Leela -- Camargo, Amy -- Moore, Jamie M -- Beattie, Nicole -- Gupta, Supriya -- Crenshaw, Andrew -- Burtt, Noel P -- Guiducci, Candace -- Gupta, Namrata -- Gao, Xiaojiang -- Qi, Ying -- Yuki, Yuko -- Piechocka-Trocha, Alicja -- Cutrell, Emily -- Rosenberg, Rachel -- Moss, Kristin L -- Lemay, Paul -- O'Leary, Jessica -- Schaefer, Todd -- Verma, Pranshu -- Toth, Ildiko -- Block, Brian -- Baker, Brett -- Rothchild, Alissa -- Lian, Jeffrey -- Proudfoot, Jacqueline -- Alvino, Donna Marie L -- Vine, Seanna -- Addo, Marylyn M -- Allen, Todd M -- Altfeld, Marcus -- Henn, Matthew R -- Le Gall, Sylvie -- Streeck, Hendrik -- Haas, David W -- Kuritzkes, Daniel R -- Robbins, Gregory K -- Shafer, Robert W -- Gulick, Roy M -- Shikuma, Cecilia M -- Haubrich, Richard -- Riddler, Sharon -- Sax, Paul E -- Daar, Eric S -- Ribaudo, Heather J -- Agan, Brian -- Agarwal, Shanu -- Ahern, Richard L -- Allen, Brady L -- Altidor, Sherly -- Altschuler, Eric L -- Ambardar, Sujata -- Anastos, Kathryn -- Anderson, Ben -- Anderson, Val -- Andrady, Ushan -- Antoniskis, Diana -- Bangsberg, David -- Barbaro, Daniel -- Barrie, William -- Bartczak, J -- Barton, Simon -- Basden, Patricia -- Basgoz, Nesli -- Bazner, Suzane -- Bellos, Nicholaos C -- Benson, Anne M -- Berger, Judith -- Bernard, Nicole F -- Bernard, Annette M -- Birch, Christopher -- Bodner, Stanley J -- Bolan, Robert K -- Boudreaux, Emilie T -- Bradley, Meg -- Braun, James F -- Brndjar, Jon E -- Brown, Stephen J -- Brown, Katherine -- Brown, Sheldon T -- Burack, Jedidiah -- Bush, Larry M -- Cafaro, Virginia -- Campbell, Omobolaji -- Campbell, John -- Carlson, Robert H -- Carmichael, J Kevin -- Casey, Kathleen K -- Cavacuiti, Chris -- Celestin, Gregory -- Chambers, Steven T -- Chez, Nancy -- Chirch, Lisa M -- Cimoch, Paul J -- Cohen, Daniel -- Cohn, Lillian E -- Conway, Brian -- Cooper, David A -- Cornelson, Brian -- Cox, David T -- Cristofano, Michael V -- Cuchural, George Jr -- Czartoski, Julie L -- Dahman, Joseph M -- Daly, Jennifer S -- Davis, Benjamin T -- Davis, Kristine -- Davod, Sheila M -- DeJesus, Edwin -- Dietz, Craig A -- Dunham, Eleanor -- Dunn, Michael E -- Ellerin, Todd B -- Eron, Joseph J -- Fangman, John J W -- Farel, Claire E -- Ferlazzo, Helen -- Fidler, Sarah -- Fleenor-Ford, Anita -- Frankel, Renee -- Freedberg, Kenneth A -- French, Neel K -- Fuchs, Jonathan D -- Fuller, Jon D -- Gaberman, Jonna -- Gallant, Joel E -- Gandhi, Rajesh T -- Garcia, Efrain -- Garmon, Donald -- Gathe, Joseph C Jr -- Gaultier, Cyril R -- Gebre, Wondwoosen -- Gilman, Frank D -- Gilson, Ian -- Goepfert, Paul A -- Gottlieb, Michael S -- Goulston, Claudia -- Groger, Richard K -- Gurley, T Douglas -- Haber, Stuart -- Hardwicke, Robin -- Hardy, W David -- Harrigan, P Richard -- Hawkins, Trevor N -- Heath, Sonya -- Hecht, Frederick M -- Henry, W Keith -- Hladek, Melissa -- Hoffman, Robert P -- Horton, James M -- Hsu, Ricky K -- Huhn, Gregory D -- Hunt, Peter -- Hupert, Mark J -- Illeman, Mark L -- Jaeger, Hans -- Jellinger, Robert M -- John, Mina -- Johnson, Jennifer A -- Johnson, Kristin L -- Johnson, Heather -- Johnson, Kay -- Joly, Jennifer -- Jordan, Wilbert C -- Kauffman, Carol A -- Khanlou, Homayoon -- Killian, Robert K -- Kim, Arthur Y -- Kim, David D -- Kinder, Clifford A -- Kirchner, Jeffrey T -- Kogelman, Laura -- Kojic, Erna Milunka -- Korthuis, P Todd -- Kurisu, Wayne -- Kwon, Douglas S -- LaMar, Melissa -- Lampiris, Harry -- Lanzafame, Massimiliano -- Lederman, Michael M -- Lee, David M -- Lee, Jean M L -- Lee, Marah J -- Lee, Edward T Y -- Lemoine, Janice -- Levy, Jay A -- Llibre, Josep M -- Liguori, Michael A -- Little, Susan J -- Liu, Anne Y -- Lopez, Alvaro J -- Loutfy, Mono R -- Loy, Dawn -- Mohammed, Debbie Y -- Man, Alan -- Mansour, Michael K -- Marconi, Vincent C -- Markowitz, Martin -- Marques, Rui -- Martin, Jeffrey N -- Martin, Harold L Jr -- Mayer, Kenneth Hugh -- McElrath, M Juliana -- McGhee, Theresa A -- McGovern, Barbara H -- McGowan, Katherine -- McIntyre, Dawn -- Mcleod, Gavin X -- Menezes, Prema -- Mesa, Greg -- Metroka, Craig E -- Meyer-Olson, Dirk -- Miller, Andy O -- Montgomery, Kate -- Mounzer, Karam C -- Nagami, Ellen H -- Nagin, Iris -- Nahass, Ronald G -- Nelson, Margret O -- Nielsen, Craig -- Norene, David L -- O'Connor, David H -- Ojikutu, Bisola O -- Okulicz, Jason -- Oladehin, Olakunle O -- Oldfield, Edward C 3rd -- Olender, Susan A -- Ostrowski, Mario -- Owen, William F Jr -- Pae, Eunice -- Parsonnet, Jeffrey -- Pavlatos, Andrew M -- Perlmutter, Aaron M -- Pierce, Michael N -- Pincus, Jonathan M -- Pisani, Leandro -- Price, Lawrence Jay -- Proia, Laurie -- Prokesch, Richard C -- Pujet, Heather Calderon -- Ramgopal, Moti -- Rathod, Almas -- Rausch, Michael -- Ravishankar, J -- Rhame, Frank S -- Richards, Constance Shamuyarira -- Richman, Douglas D -- Rodes, Berta -- Rodriguez, Milagros -- Rose, Richard C 3rd -- Rosenberg, Eric S -- Rosenthal, Daniel -- Ross, Polly E -- Rubin, David S -- Rumbaugh, Elease -- Saenz, Luis -- Salvaggio, Michelle R -- Sanchez, William C -- Sanjana, Veeraf M -- Santiago, Steven -- Schmidt, Wolfgang -- Schuitemaker, Hanneke -- Sestak, Philip M -- Shalit, Peter -- Shay, William -- Shirvani, Vivian N -- Silebi, Vanessa I -- Sizemore, James M Jr -- Skolnik, Paul R -- Sokol-Anderson, Marcia -- Sosman, James M -- Stabile, Paul -- Stapleton, Jack T -- Starrett, Sheree -- Stein, Francine -- Stellbrink, Hans-Jurgen -- Sterman, F Lisa -- Stone, Valerie E -- Stone, David R -- Tambussi, Giuseppe -- Taplitz, Randy A -- Tedaldi, Ellen M -- Theisen, William -- Torres, Richard -- Tosiello, Lorraine -- Tremblay, Cecile -- Tribble, Marc A -- Trinh, Phuong D -- Tsao, Alice -- Ueda, Peggy -- Vaccaro, Anthony -- Valadas, Emilia -- Vanig, Thanes J -- Vecino, Isabel -- Vega, Vilma M -- Veikley, Wenoah -- Wade, Barbara H -- Walworth, Charles -- Wanidworanun, Chingchai -- Ward, Douglas J -- Warner, Daniel A -- Weber, Robert D -- Webster, Duncan -- Weis, Steve -- Wheeler, David A -- White, David J -- Wilkins, Ed -- Winston, Alan -- Wlodaver, Clifford G -- van't Wout, Angelique -- Wright, David P -- Yang, Otto O -- Yurdin, David L -- Zabukovic, Brandon W -- Zachary, Kimon C -- Zeeman, Beth -- Zhao, Meng -- AI030914/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI068636/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069415/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069419/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069423/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069424/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069428/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069432/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069434/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069450/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069452/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069465/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069471/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069472/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069474/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069484/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069495/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069501/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069502/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069511/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069513/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069532/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI069556/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI077505/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI087145/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI25859/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI27661/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI28568/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI30914/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI34835/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI34853/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI38844/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI46370/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI68634/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI69467/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AL32782/PHS HHS/ -- HHSN261200800001E/PHS HHS/ -- K23 DA019809/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- K24 AI051966/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K24 AI064086/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K24 AI064086-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K24 AI069994/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K24 AI069994-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K24 AI069994-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K24AI069994/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- KL2 RR024977/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- MH071205/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH085520/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P-30 AI27763/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P-30-AI060354/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI027763/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI027763-19/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI027763-20/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI050410/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI060354/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI060354-08/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 AI060354-09/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- 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NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI068634/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI068634-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI068634-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI068636-06/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI068636-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- UM1 AI069477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 10;330(6010):1551-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1195271. Epub 2010 Nov 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21051598" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The structure of BPSL1549, a protein of unknown function from Burkholderia pseudomallei, reveals a similarity to Escherichia coli cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1. We found that BPSL1549 acted as a potent cytotoxin against eukaryotic cells and was lethal when administered to mice. Expression levels of bpsl1549 correlate with conditions expected to promote or suppress pathogenicity. BPSL1549 promotes deamidation of glutamine-339 of the translation initiation factor eIF4A, abolishing its helicase activity and inhibiting translation. We propose to name BPSL1549 Burkholderia lethal factor 1.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3364511/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3364511/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cruz-Migoni, Abimael -- Hautbergue, Guillaume M -- Artymiuk, Peter J -- Baker, Patrick J -- Bokori-Brown, Monika -- Chang, Chung-Te -- Dickman, Mark J -- Essex-Lopresti, Angela -- Harding, Sarah V -- Mahadi, Nor Muhammad -- Marshall, Laura E -- Mobbs, George W -- Mohamed, Rahmah -- Nathan, Sheila -- Ngugi, Sarah A -- Ong, Catherine -- Ooi, Wen Fong -- Partridge, Lynda J -- Phillips, Helen L -- Raih, M Firdaus -- Ruzheinikov, Sergei -- Sarkar-Tyson, Mitali -- Sedelnikova, Svetlana E -- Smither, Sophie J -- Tan, Patrick -- Titball, Richard W -- Wilson, Stuart A -- Rice, David W -- 085162/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- BB/D011795/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/D524975/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/E025293/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- WT085162AIA/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 11;334(6057):821-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1211915.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Cell-surface-receptor binding by influenza viruses is a key determinant of their transmissibility, both from avian and animal species to humans as well as from human to human. Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses that are a threat to public health have been observed to acquire affinity for human receptors, and transmissible-mutant-selection experiments have identified a virus that is transmissible in ferrets, the generally accepted experimental model for influenza in humans. Here, our quantitative biophysical measurements of the receptor-binding properties of haemagglutinin (HA) from the transmissible mutant indicate a small increase in affinity for human receptor and a marked decrease in affinity for avian receptor. From analysis of virus and HA binding data we have derived an algorithm that predicts virus avidity from the affinity of individual HA-receptor interactions. It reveals that the transmissible-mutant virus has a 200-fold preference for binding human over avian receptors. The crystal structure of the transmissible-mutant HA in complex with receptor analogues shows that it has acquired the ability to bind human receptor in the same folded-back conformation as seen for HA from the 1918, 1957 (ref. 4), 1968 (ref. 5) and 2009 (ref. 6) pandemic viruses. This binding mode is substantially different from that by which non-transmissible wild-type H5 virus HA binds human receptor. The structure of the complex also explains how the change in preference from avian to human receptors arises from the Gln226Leu substitution, which facilitates binding to human receptor but restricts binding to avian receptor. Both features probably contribute to the acquisition of transmissibility by this mutant virus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xiong, Xiaoli -- Coombs, Peter J -- Martin, Stephen R -- Liu, Junfeng -- Xiao, Haixia -- McCauley, John W -- Locher, Kathrin -- Walker, Philip A -- Collins, Patrick J -- Kawaoka, Yoshihiro -- Skehel, John J -- Gamblin, Steven J -- BB/E010806/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U117512723/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U117584222/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U117512723/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U117570592/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- U117584222/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2013 May 16;497(7449):392-6. doi: 10.1038/nature12144. Epub 2013 Apr 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23615615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉