ALBERT

Description: Stable isotope ratios of H, C, and O are powerful indicators of a wide variety of planetary geophysical processes, and for Mars they reveal the record of loss of its atmosphere and subsequent interactions with its surface such as carbonate formation. We report in situ measurements of the isotopic ratios of D/H and (18)O/(16)O in water and (13)C/(12)C, (18)O/(16)O, (17)O/(16)O, and (13)C(18)O/(12)C(16)O in carbon dioxide, made in the martian atmosphere at Gale Crater from the Curiosity rover using the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM)'s tunable laser spectrometer (TLS). Comparison between our measurements in the modern atmosphere and those of martian meteorites such as ALH 84001 implies that the martian reservoirs of CO2 and H2O were largely established ~4 billion years ago, but that atmospheric loss or surface interaction may be still ongoing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Chris R -- Mahaffy, Paul R -- Flesch, Gregory J -- Niles, Paul B -- Jones, John H -- Leshin, Laurie A -- Atreya, Sushil K -- Stern, Jennifer C -- Christensen, Lance E -- Owen, Tobias -- Franz, Heather -- Pepin, Robert O -- Steele, Andrew -- MSL Science Team -- Achilles, Cherie -- Agard, Christophe -- Alves Verdasca, Jose Alexandre -- Anderson, Robert -- Anderson, Ryan -- Archer, Doug -- Armiens-Aparicio, Carlos -- Arvidson, Ray -- Atlaskin, Evgeny -- Aubrey, Andrew -- Baker, Burt -- Baker, Michael -- Balic-Zunic, Tonci -- Baratoux, David -- Baroukh, Julien -- Barraclough, Bruce -- Bean, Keri -- Beegle, Luther -- Behar, Alberto -- Bell, James -- Bender, Steve -- Benna, Mehdi -- Bentz, Jennifer -- Berger, Gilles -- Berger, Jeff -- Berman, Daniel -- Bish, David -- Blake, David F -- Blanco Avalos, Juan J -- Blaney, Diana -- Blank, Jen -- Blau, Hannah -- Bleacher, Lora -- Boehm, Eckart -- Botta, Oliver -- Bottcher, Stephan -- Boucher, Thomas -- Bower, Hannah -- Boyd, Nick -- Boynton, Bill -- Breves, Elly -- Bridges, John -- Bridges, Nathan -- Brinckerhoff, William -- Brinza, David -- Bristow, Thomas -- Brunet, Claude -- Brunner, Anna -- Brunner, Will -- Buch, Arnaud -- Bullock, Mark -- Burmeister, Sonke -- Cabane, Michel -- Calef, Fred -- Cameron, James -- Campbell, John -- Cantor, Bruce -- Caplinger, Michael -- Caride Rodriguez, Javier -- Carmosino, Marco -- Carrasco Blazquez, Isaias -- Charpentier, Antoine -- Chipera, Steve -- Choi, David -- Clark, Benton -- Clegg, Sam -- Cleghorn, Timothy -- Cloutis, Ed -- Cody, George -- Coll, Patrice -- Conrad, Pamela -- Coscia, David -- Cousin, Agnes -- Cremers, David -- Crisp, Joy -- Cros, Alain -- Cucinotta, Frank -- d'Uston, Claude -- Davis, Scott -- Day, Mackenzie -- de la Torre Juarez, Manuel -- DeFlores, Lauren -- DeLapp, Dorothea -- DeMarines, Julia -- DesMarais, David -- Dietrich, William -- Dingler, Robert -- Donny, Christophe -- Downs, Bob -- Drake, Darrell -- Dromart, Gilles -- Dupont, Audrey -- Duston, Brian -- Dworkin, Jason -- Dyar, M Darby -- Edgar, Lauren -- Edgett, Kenneth -- Edwards, Christopher -- Edwards, Laurence -- Ehlmann, Bethany -- Ehresmann, Bent -- Eigenbrode, Jen -- Elliott, Beverley -- Elliott, Harvey -- Ewing, Ryan -- Fabre, Cecile -- Fairen, Alberto -- Farley, Ken -- Farmer, Jack -- Fassett, Caleb -- Favot, Laurent -- Fay, Donald -- Fedosov, Fedor -- Feldman, Jason -- Feldman, Sabrina -- Fisk, Marty -- Fitzgibbon, Mike -- Floyd, Melissa -- Fluckiger, Lorenzo -- Forni, Olivier -- Fraeman, Abby -- Francis, Raymond -- Francois, Pascaline -- Freissinet, Caroline -- French, Katherine Louise -- Frydenvang, Jens -- Gaboriaud, Alain -- Gailhanou, Marc -- Garvin, James -- Gasnault, Olivier -- Geffroy, Claude -- Gellert, Ralf -- Genzer, Maria -- Glavin, Daniel -- Godber, Austin -- Goesmann, Fred -- Goetz, Walter -- Golovin, Dmitry -- Gomez Gomez, Felipe -- Gomez-Elvira, Javier -- Gondet, Brigitte -- Gordon, Suzanne -- Gorevan, Stephen -- Grant, John -- Griffes, Jennifer -- Grinspoon, David -- Grotzinger, John -- Guillemot, Philippe -- Guo, Jingnan -- Gupta, Sanjeev -- Guzewich, Scott -- Haberle, Robert -- Halleaux, Douglas -- Hallet, Bernard -- Hamilton, Vicky -- Hardgrove, Craig -- Harker, David -- Harpold, Daniel -- Harri, Ari-Matti -- Harshman, Karl -- Hassler, Donald -- Haukka, Harri -- Hayes, Alex -- Herkenhoff, Ken -- Herrera, Paul -- Hettrich, Sebastian -- Heydari, Ezat -- Hipkin, Victoria -- Hoehler, Tori -- Hollingsworth, Jeff -- Hudgins, Judy -- Huntress, Wesley -- Hurowitz, Joel -- Hviid, Stubbe -- Iagnemma, Karl -- Indyk, Steve -- Israel, Guy -- Jackson, Ryan -- Jacob, Samantha -- Jakosky, Bruce -- Jensen, Elsa -- Jensen, Jaqueline Klovgaard -- Johnson, Jeffrey -- Johnson, Micah -- Johnstone, Steve -- Jones, Andrea -- Joseph, Jonathan -- Jun, Insoo -- Kah, Linda -- Kahanpaa, Henrik -- Kahre, Melinda -- Karpushkina, Natalya -- Kasprzak, Wayne -- Kauhanen, Janne -- Keely, Leslie -- Kemppinen, Osku -- Keymeulen, Didier -- Kim, Myung-Hee -- Kinch, Kjartan -- King, Penny -- Kirkland, Laurel -- Kocurek, Gary -- Koefoed, Asmus -- Kohler, Jan -- Kortmann, Onno -- Kozyrev, Alexander -- Krezoski, Jill -- Krysak, Daniel -- Kuzmin, Ruslan -- Lacour, Jean Luc -- Lafaille, Vivian -- Langevin, Yves -- Lanza, Nina -- Lasue, Jeremie -- Le Mouelic, Stephane -- Lee, Ella Mae -- Lee, Qiu-Mei -- Lees, David -- Lefavor, Matthew -- Lemmon, Mark -- Lepinette Malvitte, Alain -- Leveille, Richard -- Lewin-Carpintier, Eric -- Lewis, Kevin -- Li, Shuai -- Lipkaman, Leslie -- Little, Cynthia -- Litvak, Maxim -- Lorigny, Eric -- Lugmair, Guenter -- Lundberg, Angela -- Lyness, Eric -- Madsen, Morten -- Maki, Justin -- Malakhov, Alexey -- Malespin, Charles -- Malin, Michael -- Mangold, Nicolas -- Manhes, Gerard -- Manning, Heidi -- Marchand, Genevieve -- Marin Jimenez, Mercedes -- Martin Garcia, Cesar -- Martin, Dave -- Martin, Mildred -- Martinez-Frias, Jesus -- Martin-Soler, Javier -- Martin-Torres, F Javier -- Mauchien, Patrick -- Maurice, Sylvestre -- McAdam, Amy -- McCartney, Elaina -- McConnochie, Timothy -- McCullough, Emily -- McEwan, Ian -- McKay, Christopher -- McLennan, Scott -- McNair, Sean -- Melikechi, Noureddine -- Meslin, Pierre-Yves -- Meyer, Michael -- Mezzacappa, Alissa -- Miller, Hayden -- Miller, Kristen -- Milliken, Ralph -- Ming, Douglas -- Minitti, Michelle -- Mischna, Michael -- Mitrofanov, Igor -- Moersch, Jeff -- Mokrousov, Maxim -- Molina Jurado, Antonio -- Moores, John -- Mora-Sotomayor, Luis -- Morookian, John Michael -- Morris, Richard -- Morrison, Shaunna -- Mueller-Mellin, Reinhold -- Muller, Jan-Peter -- Munoz Caro, Guillermo -- Nachon, Marion -- Navarro Lopez, Sara -- Navarro-Gonzalez, Rafael -- Nealson, Kenneth -- Nefian, Ara -- Nelson, Tony -- Newcombe, Megan -- Newman, Claire -- Newsom, Horton -- Nikiforov, Sergey -- Nixon, Brian -- Noe Dobrea, Eldar -- Nolan, Thomas -- Oehler, Dorothy -- Ollila, Ann -- Olson, Timothy -- de Pablo Hernandez, Miguel Angel -- Paillet, Alexis -- Pallier, Etienne -- Palucis, Marisa -- Parker, Timothy -- Parot, Yann -- Patel, Kiran -- Paton, Mark -- Paulsen, Gale -- Pavlov, Alex -- Pavri, Betina -- Peinado-Gonzalez, Veronica -- Peret, Laurent -- Perez, Rene -- Perrett, Glynis -- Peterson, Joe -- Pilorget, Cedric -- Pinet, Patrick -- Pla-Garcia, Jorge -- Plante, Ianik -- Poitrasson, Franck -- Polkko, Jouni -- Popa, Radu -- Posiolova, Liliya -- Posner, Arik -- Pradler, Irina -- Prats, Benito -- Prokhorov, Vasily -- Purdy, Sharon Wilson -- Raaen, Eric -- Radziemski, Leon -- Rafkin, Scot -- Ramos, Miguel -- Rampe, Elizabeth -- Raulin, Francois -- Ravine, Michael -- Reitz, Gunther -- Renno, Nilton -- Rice, Melissa -- Richardson, Mark -- Robert, Francois -- Robertson, Kevin -- Rodriguez Manfredi, Jose Antonio -- Romeral-Planello, Julio J -- Rowland, Scott -- Rubin, David -- Saccoccio, Muriel -- Salamon, Andrew -- Sandoval, Jennifer -- Sanin, Anton -- Sans Fuentes, Sara Alejandra -- Saper, Lee -- Sarrazin, Philippe -- Sautter, Violaine -- Savijarvi, Hannu -- Schieber, Juergen -- Schmidt, Mariek -- Schmidt, Walter -- Scholes, Daniel -- Schoppers, Marcel -- Schroder, Susanne -- Schwenzer, Susanne -- Sebastian Martinez, Eduardo -- Sengstacken, Aaron -- Shterts, Ruslan -- Siebach, Kirsten -- Siili, Tero -- Simmonds, Jeff -- Sirven, Jean-Baptiste -- Slavney, Susie -- Sletten, Ronald -- Smith, Michael -- Sobron Sanchez, Pablo -- Spanovich, Nicole -- Spray, John -- Squyres, Steven -- Stack, Katie -- Stalport, Fabien -- Stein, Thomas -- Stewart, Noel -- Stipp, Susan Louise Svane -- Stoiber, Kevin -- Stolper, Ed -- Sucharski, Bob -- Sullivan, Rob -- Summons, Roger -- Sumner, Dawn -- Sun, Vivian -- Supulver, Kimberley -- Sutter, Brad -- Szopa, Cyril -- Tan, Florence -- Tate, Christopher -- Teinturier, Samuel -- ten Kate, Inge -- Thomas, Peter -- Thompson, Lucy -- Tokar, Robert -- Toplis, Mike -- Torres Redondo, Josefina -- Trainer, Melissa -- Treiman, Allan -- Tretyakov, Vladislav -- Urqui-O'Callaghan, Roser -- Van Beek, Jason -- Van Beek, Tessa -- VanBommel, Scott -- Vaniman, David -- Varenikov, Alexey -- Vasavada, Ashwin -- Vasconcelos, Paulo -- Vicenzi, Edward -- Vostrukhin, Andrey -- Voytek, Mary -- Wadhwa, Meenakshi -- Ward, Jennifer -- Weigle, Eddie -- Wellington, Danika -- Westall, Frances -- Wiens, Roger Craig -- Wilhelm, Mary Beth -- Williams, Amy -- Williams, Joshua -- Williams, Rebecca -- Williams, Richard B -- Wilson, Mike -- Wimmer-Schweingruber, Robert -- Wolff, Mike -- Wong, Mike -- Wray, James -- Wu, Megan -- Yana, Charles -- Yen, Albert -- Yingst, Aileen -- Zeitlin, Cary -- Zimdar, Robert -- Zorzano Mier, Maria-Paz -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):260-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1237961.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. chris.r.webster@jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We report on results of an all-sky search for high-energy neutrino events interacting within the IceCube neutrino detector conducted between May 2010 and May 2012. The search follows up on the previous detection of two PeV neutrino events, with improved sensitivity and extended energy coverage down to about 30 TeV. Twenty-six additional events were observed, substantially more than expected from atmospheric backgrounds. Combined, both searches reject a purely atmospheric origin for the 28 events at the 4sigma level. These 28 events, which include the highest energy neutrinos ever observed, have flavors, directions, and energies inconsistent with those expected from the atmospheric muon and neutrino backgrounds. These properties are, however, consistent with generic predictions for an additional component of extraterrestrial origin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉IceCube Collaboration -- Aartsen, M G -- Abbasi, R -- Abdou, Y -- Ackermann, M -- Adams, J -- Aguilar, J A -- Ahlers, M -- Altmann, D -- Auffenberg, J -- Bai, X -- Baker, M -- Barwick, S W -- Baum, V -- Bay, R -- Beatty, J J -- Bechet, S -- Becker Tjus, J -- Becker, K-H -- Benabderrahmane, M L -- BenZvi, S -- Berghaus, P -- Berley, D -- Bernardini, E -- Bernhard, A -- Bertrand, D -- Besson, D Z -- Binder, G -- Bindig, D -- Bissok, M -- Blaufuss, E -- Blumenthal, J -- Boersma, D J -- Bohaichuk, S -- Bohm, C -- Bose, D -- Boser, S -- Botner, O -- Brayeur, L -- Bretz, H-P -- Brown, A M -- Bruijn, R -- Brunner, J -- Carson, M -- Casey, J -- Casier, M -- Chirkin, D -- Christov, A -- Christy, B -- Clark, K -- Clevermann, F -- Coenders, S -- Cohen, S -- Cowen, D F -- Cruz Silva, A H -- Danninger, M -- Daughhetee, J -- Davis, J C -- Day, M -- De Clercq, C -- De Ridder, S -- Desiati, P -- de Vries, K D -- de With, M -- DeYoung, T -- Diaz-Velez, J C -- Dunkman, M -- Eagan, R -- Eberhardt, B -- Eichmann, B -- Eisch, J -- Ellsworth, R W -- Euler, S -- Evenson, P A -- Fadiran, O -- Fazely, A R -- Fedynitch, A -- Feintzeig, J -- Feusels, T -- Filimonov, K -- Finley, C -- Fischer-Wasels, T -- Flis, S -- Franckowiak, A -- Frantzen, K -- Fuchs, T -- Gaisser, T K -- Gallagher, J -- Gerhardt, L -- Gladstone, L -- Glusenkamp, T -- Goldschmidt, A -- Golup, G -- Gonzalez, J G -- Goodman, J A -- Gora, D -- Grandmont, D T -- Grant, D -- Gross, A -- Ha, C -- Haj Ismail, A -- Hallen, P -- Hallgren, A -- Halzen, F -- Hanson, K -- Heereman, D -- Heinen, D -- Helbing, K -- Hellauer, R -- Hickford, S -- Hill, G C -- Hoffman, K D -- Hoffmann, R -- Homeier, A -- Hoshina, K -- Huelsnitz, W -- Hulth, P O -- Hultqvist, K -- Hussain, S -- Ishihara, A -- Jacobi, E -- Jacobsen, J -- Jagielski, K -- Japaridze, G S -- Jero, K -- Jlelati, O -- Kaminsky, B -- Kappes, A -- Karg, T -- Karle, A -- Kelley, J L -- Kiryluk, J -- Klas, J -- Klein, S R -- Kohne, J-H -- Kohnen, G -- Kolanoski, H -- Kopke, L -- Kopper, C -- Kopper, S -- Koskinen, D J -- Kowalski, M -- Krasberg, M -- Krings, K -- Kroll, G -- Kunnen, J -- Kurahashi, N -- Kuwabara, T -- Labare, M -- Landsman, H -- Larson, M J -- Lesiak-Bzdak, M -- Leuermann, M -- Leute, J -- Lunemann, J -- Madsen, J -- Maggi, G -- Maruyama, R -- Mase, K -- Matis, H S -- McNally, F -- Meagher, K -- Merck, M -- Meures, T -- Miarecki, S -- Middell, E -- Milke, N -- Miller, J -- Mohrmann, L -- Montaruli, T -- Morse, R -- Nahnhauer, R -- Naumann, U -- Niederhausen, H -- Nowicki, S C -- Nygren, D R -- Obertacke, A -- Odrowski, S -- Olivas, A -- O'Murchadha, A -- Paul, L -- Pepper, J A -- Perez de los Heros, C -- Pfendner, C -- Pieloth, D -- Pinat, E -- Posselt, J -- Price, P B -- Przybylski, G T -- Radel, L -- Rameez, M -- Rawlins, K -- Redl, P -- Reimann, R -- Resconi, E -- Rhode, W -- Ribordy, M -- Richman, M -- Riedel, B -- Rodrigues, J P -- Rott, C -- Ruhe, T -- Ruzybayev, B -- Ryckbosch, D -- Saba, S M -- Salameh, T -- Sander, H-G -- Santander, M -- Sarkar, S -- Schatto, K -- Scheriau, F -- Schmidt, T -- Schmitz, M -- Schoenen, S -- Schoneberg, S -- Schonwald, A -- Schukraft, A -- Schulte, L -- Schulz, O -- Seckel, D -- Sestayo, Y -- Seunarine, S -- Shanidze, R -- Sheremata, C -- Smith, M W E -- Soldin, D -- Spiczak, G M -- Spiering, C -- Stamatikos, M -- Stanev, T -- Stasik, A -- Stezelberger, T -- Stokstad, R G -- Stossl, A -- Strahler, E A -- Strom, R -- Sullivan, G W -- Taavola, H -- Taboada, I -- Tamburro, A -- Tepe, A -- Ter-Antonyan, S -- Tesic, G -- Tilav, S -- Toale, P A -- Toscano, S -- Unger, E -- Usner, M -- van Eijndhoven, N -- Van Overloop, A -- van Santen, J -- Vehring, M -- Voge, M -- Vraeghe, M -- Walck, C -- Waldenmaier, T -- Wallraff, M -- Weaver, Ch -- Wellons, M -- Wendt, C -- Westerhoff, S -- Whitehorn, N -- Wiebe, K -- Wiebusch, C H -- Williams, D R -- Wissing, H -- Wolf, M -- Wood, T R -- Woschnagg, K -- Xu, D L -- Xu, X W -- Yanez, J P -- Yodh, G -- Yoshida, S -- Zarzhitsky, P -- Ziemann, J -- Zierke, S -- Zoll, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):1242856. doi: 10.1126/science.1242856.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R(2) approximately 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for approximately 2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3751588/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3751588/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rietveld, Cornelius A -- Medland, Sarah E -- Derringer, Jaime -- Yang, Jian -- Esko, Tonu -- Martin, Nicolas W -- Westra, Harm-Jan -- Shakhbazov, Konstantin -- Abdellaoui, Abdel -- Agrawal, Arpana -- Albrecht, Eva -- Alizadeh, Behrooz Z -- Amin, Najaf -- Barnard, John -- Baumeister, Sebastian E -- Benke, Kelly S -- Bielak, Lawrence F -- Boatman, Jeffrey A -- Boyle, Patricia A -- Davies, Gail -- de Leeuw, Christiaan -- Eklund, Niina -- Evans, Daniel S -- Ferhmann, Rudolf -- Fischer, Krista -- Gieger, Christian -- Gjessing, Hakon K -- Hagg, Sara -- Harris, Jennifer R -- Hayward, Caroline -- Holzapfel, Christina -- Ibrahim-Verbaas, Carla A -- Ingelsson, Erik -- Jacobsson, Bo -- Joshi, Peter K -- Jugessur, Astanand -- Kaakinen, Marika -- Kanoni, Stavroula -- Karjalainen, Juha -- Kolcic, Ivana -- Kristiansson, Kati -- Kutalik, Zoltan -- Lahti, Jari -- Lee, Sang H -- Lin, Peng -- Lind, Penelope A -- Liu, Yongmei -- Lohman, Kurt -- Loitfelder, Marisa -- McMahon, George -- Vidal, Pedro Marques -- Meirelles, Osorio -- Milani, Lili -- Myhre, Ronny -- Nuotio, Marja-Liisa -- Oldmeadow, Christopher J -- Petrovic, Katja E -- Peyrot, Wouter J -- Polasek, Ozren -- Quaye, Lydia -- Reinmaa, Eva -- Rice, John P -- Rizzi, Thais S -- Schmidt, Helena -- Schmidt, Reinhold -- Smith, Albert V -- Smith, Jennifer A -- Tanaka, Toshiko -- Terracciano, Antonio -- van der Loos, Matthijs J H M -- Vitart, Veronique -- Volzke, Henry -- Wellmann, Jurgen -- Yu, Lei -- Zhao, Wei -- Allik, Juri -- Attia, John R -- Bandinelli, Stefania -- Bastardot, Francois -- Beauchamp, Jonathan -- Bennett, David A -- Berger, Klaus -- Bierut, Laura J -- Boomsma, Dorret I -- Bultmann, Ute -- Campbell, Harry -- Chabris, Christopher F -- Cherkas, Lynn -- Chung, Mina K -- Cucca, Francesco -- de Andrade, Mariza -- De Jager, Philip L -- De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel -- Deary, Ian J -- Dedoussis, George V -- Deloukas, Panos -- Dimitriou, Maria -- Eiriksdottir, Guethny -- Elderson, Martin F -- Eriksson, Johan G -- Evans, David M -- Faul, Jessica D -- Ferrucci, Luigi -- Garcia, Melissa E -- Gronberg, Henrik -- Guethnason, Vilmundur -- Hall, Per -- Harris, Juliette M -- Harris, Tamara B -- Hastie, Nicholas D -- Heath, Andrew C -- Hernandez, Dena G -- Hoffmann, Wolfgang -- Hofman, Adriaan -- Holle, Rolf -- Holliday, Elizabeth G -- Hottenga, Jouke-Jan -- Iacono, William G -- Illig, Thomas -- Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta -- Kahonen, Mika -- Kaprio, Jaakko -- Kirkpatrick, Robert M -- Kowgier, Matthew -- Latvala, Antti -- Launer, Lenore J -- Lawlor, Debbie A -- Lehtimaki, Terho -- Li, Jingmei -- Lichtenstein, Paul -- Lichtner, Peter -- Liewald, David C -- Madden, Pamela A -- Magnusson, Patrik K E -- Makinen, Tomi E -- Masala, Marco -- McGue, Matt -- Metspalu, Andres -- Mielck, Andreas -- Miller, Michael B -- Montgomery, Grant W -- Mukherjee, Sutapa -- Nyholt, Dale R -- Oostra, Ben A -- Palmer, Lyle J -- Palotie, Aarno -- Penninx, Brenda W J H -- Perola, Markus -- Peyser, Patricia A -- Preisig, Martin -- Raikkonen, Katri -- Raitakari, Olli T -- Realo, Anu -- Ring, Susan M -- Ripatti, Samuli -- Rivadeneira, Fernando -- Rudan, Igor -- Rustichini, Aldo -- Salomaa, Veikko -- Sarin, Antti-Pekka -- Schlessinger, David -- Scott, Rodney J -- Snieder, Harold -- St Pourcain, Beate -- Starr, John M -- Sul, Jae Hoon -- Surakka, Ida -- Svento, Rauli -- Teumer, Alexander -- LifeLines Cohort Study -- Tiemeier, Henning -- van Rooij, Frank J A -- Van Wagoner, David R -- Vartiainen, Erkki -- Viikari, Jorma -- Vollenweider, Peter -- Vonk, Judith M -- Waeber, Gerard -- Weir, David R -- Wichmann, H-Erich -- Widen, Elisabeth -- Willemsen, Gonneke -- Wilson, James F -- Wright, Alan F -- Conley, Dalton -- Davey-Smith, George -- Franke, Lude -- Groenen, Patrick J F -- Hofman, Albert -- Johannesson, Magnus -- Kardia, Sharon L R -- Krueger, Robert F -- Laibson, David -- Martin, Nicholas G -- Meyer, Michelle N -- Posthuma, Danielle -- Thurik, A Roy -- Timpson, Nicholas J -- Uitterlinden, Andre G -- van Duijn, Cornelia M -- Visscher, Peter M -- Benjamin, Daniel J -- Cesarini, David -- Koellinger, Philipp D -- AA09367/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AA11886/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- BB/F019394/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- CZB/4/710/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- DA024417/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA029377/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA05147/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA13240/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- ETM/55/Chief Scientist Office/United Kingdom -- F31 DA029377/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- G0600705/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0700704/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9815508/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- K05 AA017688/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- MC_PC_U127561128/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12013/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12013/3/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UU_12013/5/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MH016880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH066140/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MR/K026992/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- P01 AG005842/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA089392/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 GM099568/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P01-AG005842/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01-AG005842-20S2/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30 AG012810/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30-AG012810/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AA009367/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AA011886/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA013240/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL090620/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL105756/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL111314/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH066140/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R37 DA005147/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- T32 AG000186/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- T32 MH016880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32-AG000186-23/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 AG009740/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01 DA024417/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- Z01 AG001050-01/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA AG000196-03/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- ZIA AG000196-04/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 21;340(6139):1467-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1235488. Epub 2013 May 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23722424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The observations of the exceptionally bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) 130427A by the Large Area Telescope aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope provide constraints on the nature of these unique astrophysical sources. GRB 130427A had the largest fluence, highest-energy photon (95 GeV), longest gamma-ray duration (20 hours), and one of the largest isotropic energy releases ever observed from a GRB. Temporal and spectral analyses of GRB 130427A challenge the widely accepted model that the nonthermal high-energy emission in the afterglow phase of GRBs is synchrotron emission radiated by electrons accelerated at an external shock.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Asano, K -- Atwood, W B -- Axelsson, M -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Baring, M G -- Bastieri, D -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Bissaldi, E -- Bonamente, E -- Bregeon, J -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Buehler, R -- Burgess, J Michael -- Buson, S -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Cecchi, C -- Chaplin, V -- Charles, E -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Chiaro, G -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cleveland, W -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Collazzi, A -- Cominsky, L R -- Connaughton, V -- Conrad, J -- Cutini, S -- D'Ammando, F -- de Angelis, A -- DeKlotz, M -- de Palma, F -- Dermer, C D -- Desiante, R -- Diekmann, A -- Di Venere, L -- Drell, P S -- Drlica-Wagner, A -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Ferrara, E C -- Finke, J -- Fitzpatrick, G -- Focke, W B -- Franckowiak, A -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Gibby, M -- Giglietto, N -- Giles, M -- Giordano, F -- Giroletti, M -- Godfrey, G -- Granot, J -- Grenier, I A -- Grove, J E -- Gruber, D -- Guiriec, S -- Hadasch, D -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Horan, D -- Hughes, R E -- Inoue, Y -- Jogler, T -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, W N -- Kawano, T -- Knodlseder, J -- Kocevski, D -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Larsson, S -- Latronico, L -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Mayer, M -- Mazziotta, M N -- McEnery, J E -- Michelson, P F -- Mizuno, T -- Moiseev, A A -- Monzani, M E -- Moretti, E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nemmen, R -- Nuss, E -- Ohno, M -- Ohsugi, T -- Okumura, A -- Omodei, N -- Orienti, M -- Paneque, D -- Pelassa, V -- Perkins, J S -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Petrosian, V -- Piron, F -- Pivato, G -- Porter, T A -- Racusin, J L -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Razzano, M -- Razzaque, S -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Ritz, S -- Roth, M -- Ryde, F -- Sartori, A -- Parkinson, P M Saz -- Scargle, J D -- Schulz, A -- Sgro, C -- Siskind, E J -- Sonbas, E -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Thayer, J G -- Thayer, J B -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Tinivella, M -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Troja, E -- Usher, T L -- Vandenbroucke, J -- Vasileiou, V -- Vianello, G -- Vitale, V -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Yamazaki, R -- Younes, G -- Yu, H-F -- Zhu, S J -- Bhat, P N -- Briggs, M S -- Byrne, D -- Foley, S -- Goldstein, A -- Jenke, P -- Kippen, R M -- Kouveliotou, C -- McBreen, S -- Meegan, C -- Paciesas, W S -- Preece, R -- Rau, A -- Tierney, D -- van der Horst, A J -- von Kienlin, A -- Wilson-Hodge, C -- Xiong, S -- Cusumano, G -- La Parola, V -- Cummings, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 3;343(6166):42-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1242353. Epub 2013 Nov 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24263133" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Gamma-ray burst (GRB) 130427A is one of the most energetic GRBs ever observed. The initial pulse up to 2.5 seconds is possibly the brightest well-isolated pulse observed to date. A fine time resolution spectral analysis shows power-law decays of the peak energy from the onset of the pulse, consistent with models of internal synchrotron shock pulses. However, a strongly correlated power-law behavior is observed between the luminosity and the spectral peak energy that is inconsistent with curvature effects arising in the relativistic outflow. It is difficult for any of the existing models to account for all of the observed spectral and temporal behaviors simultaneously.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Preece, R -- Burgess, J Michael -- von Kienlin, A -- Bhat, P N -- Briggs, M S -- Byrne, D -- Chaplin, V -- Cleveland, W -- Collazzi, A C -- Connaughton, V -- Diekmann, A -- Fitzpatrick, G -- Foley, S -- Gibby, M -- Giles, M -- Goldstein, A -- Greiner, J -- Gruber, D -- Jenke, P -- Kippen, R M -- Kouveliotou, C -- McBreen, S -- Meegan, C -- Paciesas, W S -- Pelassa, V -- Tierney, D -- van der Horst, A J -- Wilson-Hodge, C -- Xiong, S -- Younes, G -- Yu, H-F -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Axelsson, M -- Baldini, L -- Barbiellini, G -- Baring, M G -- Bastieri, D -- Bellazzini, R -- Bissaldi, E -- Bonamente, E -- Bregeon, J -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Buehler, R -- Buson, S -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Cecchi, C -- Charles, E -- Chekhtman, A -- Chiang, J -- Chiaro, G -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Cominsky, L R -- Conrad, J -- D'Ammando, F -- de Angelis, A -- de Palma, F -- Dermer, C D -- Desiante, R -- Digel, S W -- Di Venere, L -- Drell, P S -- Drlica-Wagner, A -- Favuzzi, C -- Franckowiak, A -- Fukazawa, Y -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Giroletti, M -- Godfrey, G -- Granot, J -- Grenier, I A -- Guiriec, S -- Hadasch, D -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Iyyani, S -- Jogler, T -- Johannesson, G -- Kawano, T -- Knodlseder, J -- Kocevski, D -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Larsson, J -- Larsson, S -- Latronico, L -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Mayer, M -- Mazziotta, M N -- Michelson, P F -- Mizuno, T -- Monzani, M E -- Moretti, E -- Morselli, A -- Murgia, S -- Nemmen, R -- Nuss, E -- Nymark, T -- Ohno, M -- Ohsugi, T -- Okumura, A -- Omodei, N -- Orienti, M -- Paneque, D -- Perkins, J S -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Piron, F -- Pivato, G -- Porter, T A -- Racusin, J L -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Razzano, M -- Razzaque, S -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Ritz, S -- Roth, M -- Ryde, F -- Sartori, A -- Scargle, J D -- Schulz, A -- Sgro, C -- Siskind, E J -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Suson, D J -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Thayer, J G -- Thayer, J B -- Tibaldo, L -- Tinivella, M -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Troja, E -- Usher, T L -- Vandenbroucke, J -- Vasileiou, V -- Vianello, G -- Vitale, V -- Werner, M -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Zhu, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 3;343(6166):51-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1242302. Epub 2013 Nov 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Space Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24263132" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We present the detection of five planets--Kepler-62b, c, d, e, and f--of size 1.31, 0.54, 1.95, 1.61 and 1.41 Earth radii (R plus sign in circle), orbiting a K2V star at periods of 5.7, 12.4, 18.2, 122.4, and 267.3 days, respectively. The outermost planets, Kepler-62e and -62f, are super-Earth-size (1.25 R plus sign in circle 〈 planet radius 〈/= 2.0 R plus sign in circle) planets in the habitable zone of their host star, respectively receiving 1.2 +/- 0.2 times and 0.41 +/- 0.05 times the solar flux at Earth's orbit. Theoretical models of Kepler-62e and -62f for a stellar age of ~7 billion years suggest that both planets could be solid, either with a rocky composition or composed of mostly solid water in their bulk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borucki, William J -- Agol, Eric -- Fressin, Francois -- Kaltenegger, Lisa -- Rowe, Jason -- Isaacson, Howard -- Fischer, Debra -- Batalha, Natalie -- Lissauer, Jack J -- Marcy, Geoffrey W -- Fabrycky, Daniel -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Bryson, Stephen T -- Barclay, Thomas -- Bastien, Fabienne -- Boss, Alan -- Brugamyer, Erik -- Buchhave, Lars A -- Burke, Chris -- Caldwell, Douglas A -- Carter, Josh -- Charbonneau, David -- Crepp, Justin R -- Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen -- Christiansen, Jessie L -- Ciardi, David -- Cochran, William D -- DeVore, Edna -- Doyle, Laurance -- Dupree, Andrea K -- Endl, Michael -- Everett, Mark E -- Ford, Eric B -- Fortney, Jonathan -- Gautier, Thomas N 3rd -- Geary, John C -- Gould, Alan -- Haas, Michael -- Henze, Christopher -- Howard, Andrew W -- Howell, Steve B -- Huber, Daniel -- Jenkins, Jon M -- Kjeldsen, Hans -- Kolbl, Rea -- Kolodziejczak, Jeffery -- Latham, David W -- Lee, Brian L -- Lopez, Eric -- Mullally, Fergal -- Orosz, Jerome A -- Prsa, Andrej -- Quintana, Elisa V -- Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto -- Sasselov, Dimitar -- Seader, Shawn -- Shporer, Avi -- Steffen, Jason H -- Still, Martin -- Tenenbaum, Peter -- Thompson, Susan E -- Torres, Guillermo -- Twicken, Joseph D -- Welsh, William F -- Winn, Joshua N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 May 3;340(6132):587-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1234702. Epub 2013 Apr 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. william.j.borucki@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The Rocknest aeolian deposit is similar to aeolian features analyzed by the Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs) Spirit and Opportunity. The fraction of sand 〈150 micrometers in size contains ~55% crystalline material consistent with a basaltic heritage and ~45% x-ray amorphous material. The amorphous component of Rocknest is iron-rich and silicon-poor and is the host of the volatiles (water, oxygen, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and chlorine) detected by the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument and of the fine-grained nanophase oxide component first described from basaltic soils analyzed by MERs. The similarity between soils and aeolian materials analyzed at Gusev Crater, Meridiani Planum, and Gale Crater implies locally sourced, globally similar basaltic materials or globally and regionally sourced basaltic components deposited locally at all three locations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blake, D F -- Morris, R V -- Kocurek, G -- Morrison, S M -- Downs, R T -- Bish, D -- Ming, D W -- Edgett, K S -- Rubin, D -- Goetz, W -- Madsen, M B -- Sullivan, R -- Gellert, R -- Campbell, I -- Treiman, A H -- McLennan, S M -- Yen, A S -- Grotzinger, J -- Vaniman, D T -- Chipera, S J -- Achilles, C N -- Rampe, E B -- Sumner, D -- Meslin, P-Y -- Maurice, S -- Forni, O -- Gasnault, O -- Fisk, M -- Schmidt, M -- Mahaffy, P -- Leshin, L A -- Glavin, D -- Steele, A -- Freissinet, C -- Navarro-Gonzalez, R -- Yingst, R A -- Kah, L C -- Bridges, N -- Lewis, K W -- Bristow, T F -- Farmer, J D -- Crisp, J A -- Stolper, E M -- Des Marais, D J -- Sarrazin, P -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 27;341(6153):1239505. doi: 10.1126/science.1239505.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. david.blake@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Cosmic rays are particles (mostly protons) accelerated to relativistic speeds. Despite wide agreement that supernova remnants (SNRs) are the sources of galactic cosmic rays, unequivocal evidence for the acceleration of protons in these objects is still lacking. When accelerated protons encounter interstellar material, they produce neutral pions, which in turn decay into gamma rays. This offers a compelling way to detect the acceleration sites of protons. The identification of pion-decay gamma rays has been difficult because high-energy electrons also produce gamma rays via bremsstrahlung and inverse Compton scattering. We detected the characteristic pion-decay feature in the gamma-ray spectra of two SNRs, IC 443 and W44, with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. This detection provides direct evidence that cosmic-ray protons are accelerated in SNRs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Allafort, A -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Baring, M G -- Bastieri, D -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Borgland, A W -- Bottacini, E -- Brandt, T J -- Bregeon, J -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Buehler, R -- Busetto, G -- Buson, S -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Casandjian, J M -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Charles, E -- Chaty, S -- Chaves, R C G -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Chiaro, G -- Cillis, A N -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Cominsky, L R -- Conrad, J -- Corbel, S -- Cutini, S -- D'Ammando, F -- de Angelis, A -- de Palma, F -- Dermer, C D -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Drlica-Wagner, A -- Falletti, L -- Favuzzi, C -- Ferrara, E C -- Franckowiak, A -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Germani, S -- Giglietto, N -- Giommi, P -- Giordano, F -- Giroletti, M -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grondin, M-H -- Grove, J E -- Guiriec, S -- Hadasch, D -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hayashi, K -- Hays, E -- Hewitt, J W -- Hill, A B -- Hughes, R E -- Jackson, M S -- Jogler, T -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, A S -- Kamae, T -- Kataoka, J -- Katsuta, J -- Knodlseder, J -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Larsson, S -- Latronico, L -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Madejski, G M -- Massaro, F -- Mayer, M -- Mazziotta, M N -- McEnery, J E -- Mehault, J -- Michelson, P F -- Mignani, R P -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Moiseev, A A -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nakamori, T -- Nemmen, R -- Nuss, E -- Ohno, M -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orienti, M -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Paneque, D -- Perkins, J S -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Piron, F -- Pivato, G -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Razzano, M -- Razzaque, S -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Ritz, S -- Romoli, C -- Sanchez-Conde, M -- Schulz, A -- Sgro, C -- Simeon, P E -- Siskind, E J -- Smith, D A -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Stecker, F W -- Strong, A W -- Suson, D J -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Takahashi, T -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J G -- Thayer, J B -- Thompson, D J -- Thorsett, S E -- Tibaldo, L -- Tibolla, O -- Tinivella, M -- Troja, E -- Uchiyama, Y -- Usher, T L -- Vandenbroucke, J -- Vasileiou, V -- Vianello, G -- Vitale, V -- Waite, A P -- Werner, M -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Wood, M -- Yamazaki, R -- Yang, Z -- Zimmer, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):807-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1231160.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), Zeuthen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23413352" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The Curiosity rover discovered fine-grained sedimentary rocks, which are inferred to represent an ancient lake and preserve evidence of an environment that would have been suited to support a martian biosphere founded on chemolithoautotrophy. This aqueous environment was characterized by neutral pH, low salinity, and variable redox states of both iron and sulfur species. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus were measured directly as key biogenic elements; by inference, phosphorus is assumed to have been available. The environment probably had a minimum duration of hundreds to tens of thousands of years. These results highlight the biological viability of fluvial-lacustrine environments in the post-Noachian history of Mars.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grotzinger, J P -- Sumner, D Y -- Kah, L C -- Stack, K -- Gupta, S -- Edgar, L -- Rubin, D -- Lewis, K -- Schieber, J -- Mangold, N -- Milliken, R -- Conrad, P G -- DesMarais, D -- Farmer, J -- Siebach, K -- Calef, F 3rd -- Hurowitz, J -- McLennan, S M -- Ming, D -- Vaniman, D -- Crisp, J -- Vasavada, A -- Edgett, K S -- Malin, M -- Blake, D -- Gellert, R -- Mahaffy, P -- Wiens, R C -- Maurice, S -- Grant, J A -- Wilson, S -- Anderson, R C -- Beegle, L -- Arvidson, R -- Hallet, B -- Sletten, R S -- Rice, M -- Bell, J 3rd -- Griffes, J -- Ehlmann, B -- Anderson, R B -- Bristow, T F -- Dietrich, W E -- Dromart, G -- Eigenbrode, J -- Fraeman, A -- Hardgrove, C -- Herkenhoff, K -- Jandura, L -- Kocurek, G -- Lee, S -- Leshin, L A -- Leveille, R -- Limonadi, D -- Maki, J -- McCloskey, S -- Meyer, M -- Minitti, M -- Newsom, H -- Oehler, D -- Okon, A -- Palucis, M -- Parker, T -- Rowland, S -- Schmidt, M -- Squyres, S -- Steele, A -- Stolper, E -- Summons, R -- Treiman, A -- Williams, R -- Yingst, A -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 24;343(6169):1242777. doi: 10.1126/science.1242777. Epub 2013 Dec 9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geologic and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24324272" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The ChemCam instrument, which provides insight into martian soil chemistry at the submillimeter scale, identified two principal soil types along the Curiosity rover traverse: a fine-grained mafic type and a locally derived, coarse-grained felsic type. The mafic soil component is representative of widespread martian soils and is similar in composition to the martian dust. It possesses a ubiquitous hydrogen signature in ChemCam spectra, corresponding to the hydration of the amorphous phases found in the soil by the CheMin instrument. This hydration likely accounts for an important fraction of the global hydration of the surface seen by previous orbital measurements. ChemCam analyses did not reveal any significant exchange of water vapor between the regolith and the atmosphere. These observations provide constraints on the nature of the amorphous phases and their hydration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meslin, P-Y -- Gasnault, O -- Forni, O -- Schroder, S -- Cousin, A -- Berger, G -- Clegg, S M -- Lasue, J -- Maurice, S -- Sautter, V -- Le Mouelic, S -- Wiens, R C -- Fabre, C -- Goetz, W -- Bish, D -- Mangold, N -- Ehlmann, B -- Lanza, N -- Harri, A-M -- Anderson, R -- Rampe, E -- McConnochie, T H -- Pinet, P -- Blaney, D -- Leveille, R -- Archer, D -- Barraclough, B -- Bender, S -- Blake, D -- Blank, J G -- Bridges, N -- Clark, B C -- DeFlores, L -- Delapp, D -- Dromart, G -- Dyar, M D -- Fisk, M -- Gondet, B -- Grotzinger, J -- Herkenhoff, K -- Johnson, J -- Lacour, J-L -- Langevin, Y -- Leshin, L -- Lewin, E -- Madsen, M B -- Melikechi, N -- Mezzacappa, A -- Mischna, M A -- Moores, J E -- Newsom, H -- Ollila, A -- Perez, R -- Renno, N -- Sirven, J-B -- Tokar, R -- de la Torre, M -- d'Uston, L -- Vaniman, D -- Yingst, A -- MSL Science Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 27;341(6153):1238670. doi: 10.1126/science.1238670.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universite de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse, France. pmeslin@irap.omp.eu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072924" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉