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  • American Society of Hematology  (48,929)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (46,193)
  • Annual Reviews
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4546-4550 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The properties of high-resistivity InP with resistivity up to 107 Ω cm, obtained by thermal diffusion of Cu at 800 °C for over 20 h into undoped and p-type InP samples, are investigated. Hall-effect measurements showed that the compensation mechanism in the slowly cooled sample is different from that in the quickly cooled samples. Photoluminescence was quenched in the quickly cooled samples when annealed at 350 °C and the anneal temperature at which the sample resistivity and carrier mobility reached the maximum. It is shown that the electrical compensation in the slowly cooled sample could be understood by a simple deep-level compensation model. However, the semi-insulating behavior of the quickly cooled samples appears to be consistent with an internal Schottky depletion model associated with the Cu precipitates. The photoluminescence quenching is due to the Cu precipitates acting as effective nonradiative recombination centers.
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  • 2
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4551-4556 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Iron pyrite thin films prepared by flash evaporation of pyrite powder have been annealed at different temperatures in a sulfur atmosphere. We present some results on the influence of the annealing temperature (from 250 to 450 °C) on the optical and electrical properties of three groups of samples with different thicknesses ((approximately-equal-to)0.3, 0.6, and 1 μm, respectively). Sulfuration temperature has a clear influence on the optical absorption and electrical resistivity of the films, with some differences in their behavior depending on the film thickness. In light of the available present knowledge of pyrite thin films, interpretation of the obtained results is difficult, it suggests that the shape of the optical absorption curves (and their absorption edge) at low photon energies is determined by the density of point defects, which decreases on increasing the annealing temperature. On the other hand, the electrical resistivity seems to be influenced by both the film grain size and point defect density.
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  • 3
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 839-847 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Self-consistent nonequilibrium fluid models of both the two-dimension (2D) and one-dimension (1D) are presented. In the 2D simulations, the models evaluate the quantitative effects of both radial and axial flow dynamics inside a cylindrically symmetric parallel-plate geometry. The 1D model assumes that the radius of the electrode is much larger than the electrode gap and the moment distributions are uniform along the radial direction. The models are based on the first three moments of the Boltzmann equation and Poisson's equation. Radio frequency (rf) glow discharge simulations from those two fluid models are presented and compared in this study. The comparisons are presented in terms of plasma density, electric field, mean energy, and ionization rate. Results of the 1D fluid model are close to those at the center of the reactor from the 2D simulations. Nonuniform profiles along the radial direction are obtained from the 2D simulations due to the radial dynamics. Higher electron mean energy in the middle region of the radial sheath is observed. The maximum ionization rate is located in the radial sheath region and agrees with the experimental observation.
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  • 4
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 825-831 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this paper a model of charged particle behavior in a low-pressure oxygen plasma is developed, and compared with experimental results. Agreement is excellent. It is demonstrated that the extremely high temperature ((approximately-greater-than)1 eV) of electrons in these plasmas results in diffusion totally dominating the transport of charged species. It is also shown that charged particle recombination on the walls of a quartz reactor is insignificant. Finally, the influence of the electron temperature profile must be fully considered for accurate results. This work complements an earlier model of radical behavior in these plasmas. Both are needed to fully understand materials modification in these plasmas, which has been shown to involve a synergism between radicals and charged species.
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  • 5
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 853-861 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Large particles (tens of nm to tens of μm in diameter) are problematic in low-pressure (〈1 Torr) plasma processing (etching, deposition) discharges because they can contaminate the product and can perturb electron transport. Although the source of these particles has been studied by a number of groups, a definitive explanation is still lacking. In this paper, we theoretically investigate the role of negative ions in the formation of large clusters, the precursors to particles, in low-pressure plasmas. We find that the formation of particles requires a critically large cluster. Forming the critically large cluster requires longer residence times in the plasma than is usually possible if clustering involves only neutral particles. We propose that negatively charged intermediates, which are trapped in electropositive plasmas, increase the average residence time of clusters to allow the growth of critically large clusters.
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  • 6
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 868-871 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Swift heavy ion irradiation-induced defects have been studied in n-type germanium at room temperature using deep level transient spectroscopy. Several electron traps have been observed after irradiation. The corresponding energies have been determined to be at Ec−0.22, Ec−0.275, Ec−0.29, Ec−0.32, and Ec−0.465 eV. The isochronal annealing behavior of these traps has been studied in detail between room temperature and 200 °C. Comparison of our results with previously published ones allowed an identification of these defects with complexes like divacancies or associations of vacancies with impurities.
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  • 7
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 862-867 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The temporal behavior of the cathode sheath in 30 kHz 0.4–1 Torr H2 discharges has been investigated by optical emission spectroscopy. Analysis of the Stark splitting of plasma-induced H Balmer delta emission was used to measure the electric field with spatial and temporal resolution in the instantaneous cathode sheath. The location of the plasma/sheath boundary was determined from the position of the maximum of the H2 d 3Πu→a 3Σg+ (0,0) Q1 emission at 622.5 nm. Both methods showed that the sheath width increases as the cathode voltage becomes more negative, whereas the width remains constant as the applied voltage drops off. Analysis of the electric-field profile provided information on the time evolution of the ion density close to the electrode during the cathode half-cycle, in agreement with recent numerical calculations. At the beginning of the anodic half-cycle an intense flash of plasma-induced emission was observed, localized within 3 mm from the electrode.
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  • 8
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 877-883 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hollow glass fibers can guide x rays because glancing-angle collisions with a smooth glass surface are highly reflective. Surface roughness decreases this reflectivity. We have developed relatively simple expressions for the effects of surface roughness on x-ray scattering, and we relate our results to the theoretical efficiency of x-ray lenses formed from bundles of hollow glass fibers.
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  • 9
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 884-890 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Positron lifetime spectroscopy and two-dimensional angular correlation of annihilation radiation have been used to investigate grown-in vacancy structures in synthetic crystalline α-SiO2, synthetic fused quartz, and in a 60-μm-thick chemical-vapor-deposited amorphous SiO2 film. For α-SiO2 a ∼300 ps lifetime component suggests trapping by either silicon monovacancies or by oxygen divacancies (or both). The vacancies are neutral and present at a concentration level of 1017/cm3. The positron bulk lifetime for α-SiO2 is estimated to be ∼238 ps in good agreement with semiempirical predictions. In the fused quartz significant positronium formation is found (80%) and the remaining positrons annihilate in voids yielding a lifetime of ∼500 ps. The amorphous SiO2 film contains a mixture of small vacancy clusters and voids and ∼30% of the positrons form positronium. Heat treatment above 950 °C results in a substantial reduction in defect concentration, but up to 1100 °C a small vacancy cluster contribution persists. The positron data indicate that positronium formation in the fused quartz and in the amorphous film takes place in the voids.
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  • 10
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 872-876 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to study the surface composition and chemistry of two perovskites: SrTiO3 and Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (commonly known as PZT). It is seen that ion bombardment, which is a common surface modification technique, can cause substantial changes in these oxides. The PZT surface undergoes surface depletion of lead along with chemical reduction of the Pb2+ ion to its metallic state. The Zr/(Ti+Zr) ratio also changes with sputtering, but the total oxygen to cation ratio is unchanged. On the other hand, the surface stoichiometry of SrTiO3 is almost unaffected by ion bombardment. In all the perovskites, irrespective of whether the composition changes or not, a substantial amount of surface Ti is reduced to a lower valency state on sputtering. Most of this component is restored back to the original Ti4+ state when Ni is evaporated on these surfaces, indicating that the reduced state is associated with a damaged outermost surface that can be repaired with an adsorbate. The implication of these results to the bonding properties of these materials have been discussed.
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  • 11
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4102-4104 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The spin pinning in the oxide surface layer has been observed directly, and it is considered a possible reason why the oxide layer leads to the decrease of the specific saturation magnetization for fine iron particles. The pinning depth has been estimated by means of a Mössbauer effect under an applied field of 6 T in a thermal-cycle process. The Debye temperature of the oxide layer and the temperature dependence of f2/f1 have been obtained, where f1 and f2 are the Mössbauer recoilless fractions for the inner α-Fe core and the oxide layer, respectively. Furthermore, the estimation for the thickness of an oxide layer has been improved.
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  • 12
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4105-4112 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A theory of collective translational vibrations of 90° domain walls (DWs) in ferroelectric ceramics is presented. Vibrational motions of DWs forming a regular domain structure of a representative grain are assumed to be completely correlated but independent of DW oscillations in other grains. A dynamic mechanical stress field appearing in a ceramic because of DW vibrations is calculated. In contrast to former studies, this calculation takes into account effects due to the lagging of sound waves emitted by oscillating DWs and gives a general expression for the dynamic mechanical restoring force acting on DWs. From this expression we derive the equation of sustained forced DW vibrations in an oscillating external electric field that is valid for a wide frequency range including microwave frequencies. A general solution of this equation is found, which enables us to compute numerically the dependencies of amplitude and phase of DW vibrations on the frequency ω of the applied electric field. It is shown that in the low-frequency range ω〈ω*=ct/g (ct=velocity of transverse sound wave, g=grain size) the general equation of DW vibrations can be reduced to a simplified equation that includes the static restoring force, the inertial reaction, and the radiation reaction self-force of the DWs emitting sound waves. Analytic expressions are derived for the DW effective mass and for the factors characterizing the static restoring force and the radiation reaction. The contribution of DW vibrations to the complex dielectric constants of ferroelectric ceramics is calculated. It is predicted that at very high frequencies ω(very-much-greater-than)ω* the DW contribution to the real part of permittivity strongly decreases due to clamping of DWs. In this frequency range a peak of dielectric losses should also arise being caused by the emission of sound waves from oscillating DWs. It is emphasized that the above effects can be correctly described on the base of the general equation of DW vibrations only.
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  • 13
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4121-4124 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A phenomenological model has been applied in an attempt to explain the inability of the ordered regions in the lead magnesium niobate family of relaxor ferroelectrics to coarsen. This approach is based on the concept that the free energy is lowered by an embryonic decomposition along a non-neutral direction. It is proposed that the excess free energy associated with the formation of the non-neutral phase is offset by the distortability of the perovskite structure toward the pyrochlore. The lack of coarsening is then explained as a balance of the electrostatic energy and gradient energy terms, following an earlier published report. This model is then applied to the La-modified (donor-doped) lead magnesium niobate, to explain the dependence of the size of the ordered regions on the degree of doping as observed by other workers.
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  • 14
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4113-4120 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Charge injection leading to catastrophic breakdown has been used to study the dielectric properties of the buried oxide layer in silicon implanted with high-energy oxygen ions. Current versus gate bias, current versus time, and capacitance versus gate bias were used to characterize, at various temperatures, MOS metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors with areas in the 1×10−4–1×10−2 cm2 range fabricated with commercially available single- or triple-implant separation by implanted oxygen silicon wafers. The data show that injected charge accumulates in the buried oxide at donorlike oxide traps ultimately leading to catastrophic breakdown. Both Poole–Frenkel and Fowler–Nordheim conduction, as well as impact-ionization mechanisms, have been identified in the oxide. The charge and field to breakdown in the best buried oxides are, respectively, near 1 C cm−2 and 10 MV cm−1, similar to the thermally grown oxide parameters. Cumulative distributions of these parameters measured over a large number of capacitors show that the frequency of breakdown events caused by extrinsic defects is scaled with the capacitor area. Intrinsic and extrinsic defect distributions are broader than with thermally grown oxides.
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  • 15
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4125-4129 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zinc (Zn) is doped into GaSe single crystals grown by the Bridgman technique in a wide range from 0.005 to 0.5 at. % to the stoichiometric melt. Radiative recombination mechanisms have been investigated by using photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The PL spectra in Zn-doped samples at 77 K are dominated by three emission bands at 1.75, 1.63, and 1.27 eV. The 1.63 and 1.27 eV emission bands are enhanced with the increase in the amount of Zn. In addition to the results of Hall effect measurements, it is found that the 1.63 and 1.27 eV emission bands are associated with the acceptor levels at 0.12 and 0.3 eV above the valence band, respectively. For the 1.27 eV emission band, the temperature dependences of the PL intensity, peak energy, and half-width are characterized by the configurational coordinate model.
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  • 16
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4598-4607 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High-field effects in metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors have been studied in detail. A comprehensive set of experiments, stressing identically fabricated capacitors on both P-type and N-type silicon, both in accumulation and in inversion, has been made to study defect generation in the oxide at high fields. There is clear experimental evidence that both bulk hole and electron traps are generated under all stress conditions. High-field prebreakdown properties depend mainly upon the dynamics of generation of traps, trapping and detrapping at these and in previously existing traps. It has been found that of several processes, some dominate, depending upon the type of silicon and polarity during stressing, and this is also true for the final breakdown mechanism. In this paper the dominant mechanisms are identified for each of the field stress conditions that have been studied.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The heavy-hole and light-hole excitons of a CdTe epilayer, pseudomorphically grown on an InSb epilayer by molecular beam epitaxy, are studied with a diamond anvil cell as a function of applied hydrostatic pressure via photoluminescence (PL) and photomodulated reflectivity (PR) spectroscopies. They are compared with the excitonic features in the simultaneously measured PL spectra of a sample of bulk CdTe. Under applied pressure, the lattice mismatch-induced splitting between the light-hole and heavy-hole related transitions increases in a continuous and reversible manner because of the additional pressure-induced compression due to the difference in the compressibilities of CdTe and InSb. The unusually large strain sustained by the CdTe epilayer under pressure is discussed in the light of various models. The PR signal vanishes after the InSb epilayer goes through a structural phase transition at approximately 20 kbar, while the PL signal persists until it is irreversibly quenched by the CdTe epilayer undergoing a structural phase transition at approximately 30 kbar. For pressures between 20 and 30 kbar, the behavior of the CdTe epilayer is similar to that of the bulk sample; the strain appears to have been relaxed due to the structural phase transition which has taken place in InSb. Values of the first- and second-order pressure coefficients for bulk CdTe and for the CdTe epilayer as well as values of the hydrostatic and shear deformation potentials are obtained at 14 and 80 K and compared with previously quoted values.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This article discusses a low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) and electroabsorption (EA) study of GaxIn1−xAs/Ga0.22In0.78As0.48P0.52 single quantum well (QW) samples prepared by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The linewidth of PL emitted from these single QW samples increases monotonically with increasing QW strain. EA measurements on the same samples reveal a multipeaked response on the high energy side of the PL spectrum. The energy separation of the EA features corresponds to that expected for differences in QW thickness of one monolayer. The observed PL broadening results from PL emanating from different regions of the same well, differing in thickness, while the Stokes shift results from migration of excitons to wider well regions. Spectral features are lost at large strain which is attributed to strain-enhanced roughening of the QW surface during the crystal deposition.
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  • 19
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4153-4157 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report photoluminescence (PL) results obtained on p-type ZnSe epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. As an acceptor dopant, we used an active nitrogen beam produced by a free radical nitrogen source. On the basis of a detailed analysis of PL data we propose a simple semiquantitative method for a quick and contactless evaluation of the net acceptor concentration in p-type ZnSe. In particular, we show that the intensity ratio of the donor–acceptor pair (DAP) emission to the acceptor-bound exciton (I1) emission strongly depends on both the excitation power and the quality of the sample, and because of that it cannot by itself be regarded as a good measure of the net acceptor concentration. On the other hand, the intensity of the DAP emission under saturation excitation shows a simple direct proportionality to the net acceptor concentration, thus providing a reliable tool for determining the relative doping level in p-type ZnSe films.
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  • 20
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4158-4162 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Polymer films containing 4-alkoxy-3-chlorobenzoic acid heated to 140 °C showed two optically different states at room temperature depending on the cooling rate. If after heating the film cooled rapidly, it froze in the transparent state. In contrast, it reverted to the light scattering state when cooled slowly. Cycles between the two optical states were reproducible, therefore these films may offer potential as a rewritable recording material. The reversibility in the optical transmittance may be caused by a reversible change in the crystal size of the acid in the polymer matrix.
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  • 21
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 963-968 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ultraviolet pulsed laser induced oxidation kinetics of crystalline germanium (c-Ge) is determined from real-time optical measurements in conjunction with absolute measurements of the oxygen incorporation performed by nuclear reaction analysis. Although the oxidation process can be triggered at laser fluences initially below the melting threshold of c-Ge, it is strongly activated when surface melting occurs and therefore the fast oxidation process observed is mainly a thermally activated process. Because an optical coupling between the oxide layer and the c-Ge underneath, the growth kinetics is complex and leads to nonconstant rates. The oxygen incorporation reaches a saturation value which depends both on the laser fluence and the oxygen pressure. The results show that the oxygen incorporation is limited by an overlapped laser-induced material removal process rather than by the diffusion length of oxygen species.
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  • 22
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4651-4659 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated melt-spun Pr-Co alloys with the objective of optimizing their permanent magnet characteristics. Among a variety of elemental additives studied, carbon was found capable of significantly improving the properties, the coercivity in particular. For binary Pr-Co systems optimum values of the remanence, Br=5.7 kG, intrinsic coercivity, Hci=5.8 kOe, and energy product, (BH)max=4.7 MG Oe, were obtained from the Pr16Co84 composition. These values were enhanced to Br=5.8 kG, Hci=16.5 kOe, and (BH)max=7.4 MG Oe for Pr18Co76C6. In both cases the melt-spun ribbons were principally composed of PrCo5. The 16.5 kOe coercivity of the carbon-containing ribbons is the highest ever reported for a PrCo5-based material. Two new rare earth-cobalt phases were tentatively identified during the course of this work: PrCo7 (hexagonal TbCu7 structure) and PrCo2Cx (cubic MgCu2 structure). Survey results for other melt-spun, RCo5-based alloys are also described.
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  • 23
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4643-4650 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The microstructural origin of magnetic anisotropy in a magnetron in-line sputter-deposited CoPtCr/Cr magnetic thin-film disk was examined by mapping magnetic properties and microstructure. The film coercivity (Hc), remanence-thickness product (Mrδ), and coercivity squareness (S*) were determined as a function of radial (r) and angular (θ) co-ordinates using a transfer curve magnetometer. The observed variations in Hc, Mrδ, and S* across the disk were 85 Oe, 0.15 emu/cm2, and 0.03, respectively. The angular variation in magnetic properties showed a sinusoidal pattern with the maxima corresponding to the regions where the tracks were parallel (θ=270°) to the pallet movement direction. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy showed subtle differences in the Co-alloy grain morphology and crystallographic orientation between θ=270° and θ=360° locations. The grains were equiaxed in general except for a small fraction of grains elongated in the direction of pallet movement. Lattice images clearly showed that about 45% of the Co-alloy grains had in-plane c axes and a preferred alignment of the c axes along the texture groove. A greater preference for the c axes to lie along the texture line was observed for the θ=270° location. A coherency stress-based model is proposed to explain the preferred c-axis alignment. While the crystalline anisotropy appears to be the main factor responsible for the magnetic anisotropy, both crystalline and shape anisotropies contribute to the magnetic anisotropy variations.
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  • 24
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4664-4672 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Insulating barium titanate films were successfully grown on Ti-deposited silicon substrates using the hydrothermal method. The film thickness was 35 and 49 nm for films treated at 200 and 250 °C, respectively, in a 0.25 M Ba(OH)2 solution for 8 h. The BaTiO3 films did not reach the Ti/Si interface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed OH-free and nearly carbon-free films, which was corroborated using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth analysis. AES revealed that the oxygen and barium concentrations are correlated throughout the film, and the existence of a diffuse BaTiO3/Ti interface. A discussion on the film growth mechanism is made using existing information on the subject.
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  • 25
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4660-4663 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetoresistance, antiferromagnetic coupling, and crystallographic orientation of Co/Cu superlattices with intentionally mixed interfaces have been studied as a function of the thickness of the mixed region. The antiferromagnetic coupling is weakened, and spin-independent scattering of free electrons is enhanced with increasing thickness of the mixed region, although the morphology and the superlattice period remain unchanged. Saturation magnetoresistance is reduced from 27% to 4% as the result of the formation of a 0.15 nm mixed region at the interfaces. Moreover, the crystallographic orientation of Co/Cu superlattices is also found to be varied by formation of the mixed region. Giant magnetoresistance, antiferromagnetic coupling, and the crystallinity of Co/Cu superlattices are governed by the events in the thin region at the interfaces less than 1 monolayer.
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  • 26
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4685-4690 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effects on the reflectance spectra of zinc oxide powders, of heat treatment, and of mechanical grinding were investigated for both undoped and aluminum-doped ZnO. A broad absorptance band at 390–400 nm was induced in the undoped powders both by heating in air and by grinding. From a comparison with electron paramagnetic resonance data from the literature, the band could be related to oxygen vacancies. It was found that aluminum doping suppresses the band formation induced by grinding; however, the doping does not suppress the band formation induced by heat treatment.
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  • 27
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4673-4680 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hydrogenated amorphous carbon films were prepared from CH4, H2, and Ar mixtures by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Films with various physical properties resulting from various deposition conditions were utilized for this study. The varying deposition parameters included H2 flow rates, Ar flow rates, total pressures, substrate temperatures, and power densities. A systematic study regarding the relationship between deposition conditions and the microstructures, optical, and thermal properties was conducted. Furthermore, how the optical and thermal properties related to the microstructures was analyzed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed in this paper for determining the hydrogen concentration and the amounts of tetrahedral and trigonal bondings associated with C—H bond and their relative ratio while the optical properties were measured by optical spectrophotometer. Additionally, photothermal deflection spectroscopy was applied for the measurements of thermal diffusion length.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4681-4684 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The relationship between the magnitude of the piezoelectric field and the degree of lattice constant mismatch is investigated via low-temperature photoluminescence measurements of the quantum-confined Stark effect for a series of (111)B Al0.15Ga0.85As-InyGa1−yAs pseudomorphic quantum well heterostructures. The experimental strain-induced electric field values agree well with theoretical calculations for indium mole fractions in the range 0.037≤y≤0.09. In addition, an anomalous saturation of the photoluminescence transition energy is observed at values of applied voltage greater than that required to nullify the piezoelectric field, despite the indication from separate electroreflectance measurements that the net electric field within the quantum well reverses polarity under similar electrical biasing conditions.
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  • 29
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7044-7047 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Laser assisted particle removal (LAPR) is an innovative laser cleaning technique which can remove various particles from solid surfaces via laser induced explosive evaporation of a chosen energy transfer medium, e.g., water. An Ar+ ion continuous-wave laser (488 nm) was used to study the CO2 laser pumped explosive evaporation of water adsorbed on a Si substrate. The probe laser beam was parallel to the sample surface at different displacements and interacted with the ejected material upon pulsed CO2 laser irradiation in analogy with the time resolved laser beam deflection experiments on laser induced vaporization of copper by Guo et al. [Opt. Commun. 77, 381 (1990)]. Using CO2 laser energies which are much greater than the LAPR thresholds, we observed the generation and propagation of a shock wave at supersonic speeds followed by a water vapor/aerosol/particle cloud at a much slower speed. From the evolution of the shock wave, the total conversion efficiency of the incident laser beam into the shock wave has been determined using a self-similar approximation.
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  • 30
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2681-2685 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two types of YBa2Cu3Oy-La0.7Ca0.3MnOz-YBa2Cu3Oy (YBCO-LCMO-YBCO) coplanar-type junctions with a 0.2 μm gap were fabricated by electron-beam lithography and Ar-ion-beam milling. One is a junction in which a current flows into the a-b plane (ferromagnetic spin arrangement) of the LCMO and then passes through the channel along the c axis (antiferromagnetic arrangement), and the other is a junction in which the current only passes through the a-b plane. In the former junction the current-voltage characteristics show nonlinearity which suggests a superconductive linkage, while the latter has linear characteristics. This anisotropy of the proximity effect is attributed to anisotropy of the spin structure, because the LCMO film has a small anisotropy of the normal decay length in the a-b plane and along the c axis.
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  • 31
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2701-2704 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: RFe2 laves phase intermetallic compounds are promising materials for magnetostrictive applications. To obtain a larger magnetostriction in a low magnetic field, the influence of boron addition on the giant magnetostriction of an amorphous (SmFe2) (1−x) at. % B (x) at. % alloy has been examined. In the amorphous alloy, the saturation magnetostriction anomalously increases, while the saturation magnetization decreases with the increase in x. The highest saturation magnetostriction of −670×10−6 at 10 kOe and its effective magnetostriction of −490×10−6 at 0.3 kOe can be obtained for amorphous (SmFe2) 99.26 at. % B 0.74 at. % alloy. This effective giant magnetostriction obtained in a low magnetic field is larger than those reported in previous researches. I attribute this anomalous giant magnetostriction in a low magnetic field to the increment of elastic energy in the amorphous (SmFe2) (1−x) at. % B (x) at. % alloy.
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  • 32
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2725-2730 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Effects of interfaces such as metal/polymer interfaces and polymer/polymer interfaces on the space-charge distribution in multiply low-density polyethylene have been investigated using a pulsed electroacoustic method. It has been found that the heterocharge was dominant in an artificial interface existing in a polyethylene sample. The time dependence of the heterocharge distribution in the interface on applied voltages and polarity was studied. From these charge distributions, the modified electrical field was calculated based on Poisson's equation. The calculated result indicated that the actual field was stronger than the applied uniform field at the artificial interface. A new data display method for a three- or two-dimensional plot is employed to display all measurement data on one plot in which the space charge becomes visible so that the results can be easily and conveniently understood.
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  • 33
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7078-7084 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The thermal diffusivity measurement through pulsed photodeflection in a modified collinear configuration is presented and discussed; comparison between theory and experiment is also shown.
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  • 34
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7094-7100 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A theory is presented to explain the observed electron emission characteristics of a hollow-cathode-based plasma source. The theory is compared with measurements made in a laboratory vacuum facility and is used to predict emission characteristics when the source plasma expands into an ambient space plasma. Crucial to understanding the observed emission current-voltage characteristic of hollow-cathode-type devices is the recognition of the role of emission current, not just the current in the main discharge circuit, in ionization of the neutral gas flowing through the device. This ionization can lead to breakdown of the sort that is familiar in many gas discharge devices. Equally crucial to understanding the low impedance capability of the device in coupling spacecraft to an ambient space plasma is recognition of the role of escaping as well as trapped source electrons in the formation of the space potential profile. The presence of these electrons, according to the theory, results in space electron emission current-voltage characteristics which are well approximated by those observed in laboratory chambers.
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  • 35
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4729-4736 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The neutral and charged species emitted by pulsed-laser irradiation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) at 248 nm in vacuum have been examined. In particular, the species and properties of the emission products produced at typical fluence regimes used in the pulsed-laser deposition of PTFE thin films have been characterized. The relative intensities of the major products as well as their dependence on laser fluence are presented, and a simple model is used to fit the observed fluence dependence. Evidence that the major neutral component, the monomer (C2F4), is formed from a thermally activated unzipping reaction is presented. The ionic species are derived from the neutral decomposition products, apparently ionized by electron collisions in the weak plasma generated at the target surface.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4737-4740 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Impurity doping in InP layer grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy using tertiarybutylphosphine and organic doping sources is presented. Diethylzinc and diethylselenide were used as the p-type and n-type doping sources, respectively. Electrical properties and surface morphology of the impurity-doped layers together with their growth condition dependence were investigated. Good controllability and reproducibility of the doping level were confirmed. The maximum doping levels of 1.8×1018 and 1×1019 cm−3 were successfully attained for p-InP and n-InP, respectively. These results promise further safe metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy by using organic compounds for all precursors.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3103-3110 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In a previous report [G. P. Watson, D. G. Ast, T. J. Anderson, and Y. Hayakawa, Appl. Phys. Lett. 58, 2517 (1991)] we demonstrated that the motion of misfit dislocations in InGaAs, grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy on patterned GaAs substrates, can be impeded even if the strained epitaxial layer is continuous. Trenches etched into GaAs before growth are known to act as a barrier to misfit dislocation propagation [E. A. Fitzgerald, G. P. Watson, R. E. Proano, D. G. Ast, P. D. Kirchner, G. D. Pettit, and J. M. Woodall, J. Appl. Phys. 65, 2220 (1989)] when those trenches create discontinuities in the epitaxial layers; but even shallow trenches, with continuous strained layers following the surface features, can act as barriers. By considering the strain energy required to change the length of the dislocation glide segments that stretch from the interface to the free surface, a simple model is developed that explains the major features of the unique blocking action observed at the trench edges. The trench wall angle is found to be an important parameter in determining whether or not a trench will block dislocation glide. The predicted blocking angles are consistent with observations made on continuous 300 and 600 nm thick In0.04Ga0.96As films on patterned GaAs. Based on the model, a structure is proposed that may be used as a filter to yield misfit dislocations with identical Burgers vectors or dislocations which slip in only one glide plane.
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  • 38
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3126-3130 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Near-surface regions of Cd1−xMnxTe and Hg1−xCdxTe epilayers (down to tens of angstroms) on (001) GaAs substrates have been characterized by extremely asymmetric Bragg reflection topography (EABRT) with the laboratory x-ray source condition and a Lang camera, using x-ray grazing incidence angles less than the critical angle for total external reflection. The experimental topographs obtained in the present work illustrate the potential of the EABRT technique for nondestructive characterization of near-surface regions of crystals. The resolution of an image in EABRT is discussed in detail.
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  • 39
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3144-3149 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The enthalpies of formation of metastable fcc Ag-Cu solid solutions, produced by ball milling of elemental powders, were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Experimental thermodynamic data for these metastable alloys and for the equilibrium phases are compared with both calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) and atomistic simulation predictions. The atomistic simulations were performed using the free-energy minimization method (FEMM). The FEMM determination of the equilibrium Ag-Cu phase diagram and the enthalpy of formation and lattice parameters of the metastable solid solutions are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. CALPHAD calculations made in the same metastable regime, however, significantly overestimate the enthalpy of formation. Thus, the FEMM is a viable alternative approach for the calculation of thermodynamic properties of equilibrium and metastable phases, provided reliable interatomic potentials are available. The FEMM is also capable of determining such properties as the lattice parameter which are not available from CALPHAD calculations.
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  • 40
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3150-3155 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The diffusion of δ-function-shaped B- and Sb-dopant spikes in thin Si films grown by solid-phase-epitaxy [(SPE), growth of amorphous film by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) at room temperature and subsequent regrowth in situ] during annealing in vacuum is compared to diffusion in films grown by low-temperature (LT) MBE. Diffusion temperatures from 750 to 900 °C, and two-dimensional concentrations of 0.7–1.6×1014 cm−2 have been investigated. The diffusive behavior of dopants in SPE films is found to be qualitatively different from that in films grown by LTMBE. This is related to the vacancylike defects that are intrinsic to growth by SPE but not to growth by LTMBE. Dopant profiles widen significantly during SPE regrowth, making the achievement of δ-function dopant spikes impossible. After a vacuum anneal the diffusion coefficients for both n- and p-type dopants are lower in SPE films than the corresponding values in films grown by LTMBE by up to one order of magnitude. The diffused depth profile of the dopant in LTMBE films shows the characteristic deviation from a pure Gaussian that is expected due to the concentration dependence of diffusion, i.e., a flat top and steep shoulders. In contrast, dopant depth profiles of SPE-grown material show after diffusion a central spike and relatively flat shoulders. The width of the central spike is, after an initial transient that it was not possible to resolve, independent of diffusion time and temperature. This indicates that the SPE material is defective, with the defects acting as traps during diffusion.
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  • 41
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3162-3171 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ultrathin GaAs wires as thin as 15–40 nm and about 2 μm long have been grown on a GaAs substrate by metal-organic vapor-phase epitaxy. The wires, which consist of whiskers, are grown between 380 and 550 °C using trimethylgallium and arsine (AsH3) as source materials. It is found that the wire growth direction is parallel to the [111] arsenic dangling-bond direction and can be perfectly controlled by the crystallographic orientation of the GaAs substrate surface. From transmission electron microscopic analysis it is revealed that the crystal structure of the wire coincides with the zinc-blende type for the growth temperature range of 460–500 °C, but it changes to the wurtzite type at 420 °C and temperatures higher than 500 °C. It is also found that the wires have a twin-type structure around the [111] growth axis for zinc blende and [0001] growth axis for wurtzite. Photoluminescence study of these wires shows that the luminescence peak energy shifts to a higher energy as the wire width decreases from 100 to about 35 nm. In terms of luminescence polarization it is confirmed that the luminescence intensity parallel to the wires is four times greater than that perpendicular to the wires. These results clearly indicate the quantum-size effect of carriers confined in the wire. As a preliminary application to devices, a p-n junction has been formed along the GaAs wire. Light emission by current injection to the p-n junction wires has been observed in continuous operation at room temperature.
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  • 42
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3181-3188 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The existence of partially correlated roughness in multilayer thin films is demonstrated using x-ray diffraction diffuse-intensity distribution measurements. The method is generally applicable and produces, in addition to values of magnitudes of interfacial roughness and its lateral correlation length, a measure of the cross correlation between interfaces separated by intermediate ones. A simple phenomenological model can describe roughness in W/C multilayers prepared under standard conditions. A cumulative roughness function is used to show that the wavelength range in which the interfacial roughness predominates in these layers lies between 50 A(ring) and 2000 A(ring) and that the long-wavelength roughness replicates better than the short-wavelength roughness.
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  • 43
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3194-3203 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Film-substrate interactions of YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition on alkaline earth fluoride substrates were investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray-diffraction measurements showed that the quality of the film and amount of chemical reaction between film and substrate were dependent on the substrate material and deposition temperature. The reaction of YBCO films with CaF2 and MgF2 substrates forms BaF2 and calcium or magnesium oxide species. The reacted film is insulating and has a microscopically rough surface. No reaction was detected in films deposited on BaF2 and SrF2. Physical and thermodynamic properties which may explain the observed order of reactivity are examined.
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  • 44
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3215-3218 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We analyze the role of coherent terahertz radiation on the ultrafast electron dynamics of laser excited photoconductors. Generation of electromagnetic radiation is included within the framework of the usual hot carrier transport theory. A Monte Carlo scheme is used to study the resulting changes in the nonequilibrium electronic energy and transient drift velocity. Our results reveal a density dependent decrease in both quantities, due to reductions in the internal electric fields caused by radiative energy outflow. At densities above 2×1017 cm−3, we obtain a decrease in the transient velocity and expect delays in the onset of phonon emission.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3219-3223 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The steady state and transient drift velocity of holes in silicon have been investigated using Monte Carlo techniques. The valence band is modeled by warped nonparabolic heavy and light hole bands, and a spherical spin-orbit band. The nonparabolicity of the heavy and light hole bands is included using piecewise continuous functions. The calculated velocities are in better agreement with experimental steady state drift velocity values compared to previous Monte Carlo calculations using only a heavy hole band. Transient calculations show the magnitude of the velocity overshoot for holes is smaller than electrons in silicon but is significantly higher than the steady state drift velocity when high fields are applied.
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  • 46
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7264-7268 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The dc and ac conductivity of single crystal and glass of Li2B4O7 have been measured at various temperatures. It has been shown that these materials are mixed conductors in which electronic and ionic conduction coexist. In the single crystals, both the electronic conduction and ionic conduction along the c axis are much smaller than that perpendicular to the c axis. The anisotropy in the electronic conduction is considered to be due to the conduction by the π electron of the BO3 layer located on the (001) crystallographic plane. The anisotropy in the ionic conduction is also considered to be due to the diffusion of Li ions and/or protons between the BO3 layers. The thermal activation energies of the electronic conduction were 0.65 eV for glass, 1.61 eV for the crystal parallel to the c axis, and 0.78 eV for the crystal perpendicular to the c axis. The activation energy of the ionic conduction was 0.46 eV for the crystal perpendicular to the c axis.
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  • 47
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2968-2970 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is shown that a combination of low-temperature photoluminescence and luminescence excitation spectroscopies together with appropriate modelization can provide the precise information needed for a thorough control of interdiffusion in quantum well structures. A fit of observed and calculated transition energies up to five energy levels, using the interdiffusion length as a unique parameter, is considered. The potentiality of this procedure to fully characterize the interdiffusion process is illustrated by considering the examples of lightly and heavily intermixed GaAs-AlGaAs multiquantum wells.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2977-2979 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A photoluminescence study has been made on an oxygen-containing Si fine structure fabricated by a gas evaporation technique. Transmission electron micrographs have shown that the fine structure is composed of nonspherical particles aggregated together in chain-like or cluster-like structures. The luminescence from the samples after oxidation treatment is bright blue as viewed with the naked eye, the spectra having a peak at about 470 nm or shorter wavelength. A peculiar temperature dependence of the emission peak indicates that the emission is strongly correlated with some structural change in the fine structure.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2983-2985 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films with Tc=89.5 K were deposited on MgLaAl11O19 (11¯0) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the YBa2Cu3O7−δ films were epitaxial films, with the c axis perpendicular to the substrate surfaces. Microstrip resonators of YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films deposited on MgLaAl11O19 substrates were fabricated. The loaded quality factor of the resonator was 1007 at 77 K and 4.28 GHz. As a new substrate for high Tc oxide superconducting films, MgLaAl11O19 substrates are especially suitable for superconducting-microwave applications.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1469-1472 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Barrier penetration is attributed to energy fluctuations expected from the uncertainty principle. Numerical simulations are made by calculating the traversal time and action for a large number of possible velocity profiles. Distributions of traversal time are determined by assuming that the probability of each velocity profile decreases exponentially with the action of the fluctuation it requires. Distributions of traversal times are reported for rectangular barriers having different sizes. For large barriers the distributions are leptokurtic and centered at the semiclassical traversal time T0 = d(square root of)m/[2(V0−E)], where d and V0 are the length and height of the barrier and m and E are the mass and energy of the particle. The kurtosis decreases and the mode shifts to shorter durations with decreasing barrier size.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7306-7310 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have found that a nonquantizing weakly p-doped InP/Ga0.47In0.53As/InP heterostructure exhibits a photovoltage as high as 2 V at 120 K for moderate light excitation power densities of a few mW/cm2. The back electrical contact is ohmic and the front rectifying contact is established through a thin silver layer. We have monitored as a function of reverse bias applied to the structure the internal photoemission current and also the external photoemission current, due to electrons emitted into vacuum after lowering the surface work function by cesium and oxygen adsorption. Both of these dependences exhibit strong effects of the excitation power density. The dependence of the photovoltage as a function of external bias is obtained using photoreflectance. As shown by a simple model, this gigantic photovoltage arises from accumulation of photoexcited carriers in the Ga0.47In0.53As layer because of the existence of energy barriers with the neighboring InP layers. The different electron and hole transfer probabilities across these barriers result in a strong change of the potential of the Ga0.47In0.53As layer under light excitation.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7315-7320 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We propose a new method of making heavily doped n-type GaAs to a very shallow depth using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) plasma treatment of the GaAs surface. Semi-insulating GaAs substrate implanted with Si was exposed to a sulfur containing SF6 plasma and capped with silicon nitride anneal cap. During a subsequent anneal step at an elevated temperature to electrically activate the implanted Si, the sulfur diffused into GaAs to a shallow depth of ∼600 A(ring) resulting in further enhancement of net carrier concentration. With this technique the carrier concentration near the surface region was almost doubled compared to samples with Si implantation only. The enhanced carrier concentration improved the wafer-scale variation of ohmic contact resistance using AuGeNi contact metals from 0.089±0.073 to 0.049±0.017 Ω mm. The surface chemistry of SF6 plasma treated GaAs surface was characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy, and the results were compared with the carrier-concentration profiles and ohmic contact resistance.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 7329-7339 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electron coincidence spectroscopy in an ultrahigh vacuum scanning transmission electron microscope has been used to study the generation pathways for secondary (SE) and Auger electrons (AE) excited by high-energy incident electrons. Energy and momentum transfer of inelastically scattered 100 keV primary electrons have been correlated with energy selected SE and AE for both thin 〈111〉 oriented Si crystals and amorphous C films. Coincidence spectra from the valence excitation region indicate that bulk plasmon decay is not the primary production channel for SE in Si(111) and that SE result partially from the decay of ionizations from deep in the valence band. Energy deposition by the primary beam is responsible for SE production at excitation energies above the valence region. At most one SE is emitted from the entrance surface of a thin film for each inelastically scattered 100 keV primary electron. An enhancement in both the SE yield and generation probability is observed at the C K ionization edge. Correlations between energy loss electrons in the vicinity of the C K ionization edge and energy selected SE near the C KLL AE energy show a very sharp threshold in the generation probability. High-momentum transfer (spatially localized) inelastic scattering events are more efficient at creating SE than low-momentum transfer events. The high-spatial resolution obtained in SE images is explained using the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the scattering angle dependence of the SE generation probability.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3061-3064 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A steep plasma edge in infrared reflectivity spectra of Hg1−xCdxTe and HgSe:Fe has been observed. It is predicted that the edge is sensitive to the variation of carrier concentration, which indicates the possibility of developing a fast light-controlled switch for infrared radiation as well as a new approach of infrared modulation and detection. The modulation gain in power and detectivity limited by the generation-recombination process has been calculated and compared with the photoconductive counterpart.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3065-3070 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The transfer of energy between the plasma and the iron anode and the evaporation of metal were taken into account in modeling a short free-burning arc in argon at atmospheric pressure. The presence of metal vapor in the plasma modifies the electrical conductivity and the radiated power and leads to arc cooling in the anode region. In return, the arc cooling modifies the rate of vaporization of the anode and thus the calculated concentration of iron vapor in the arc.
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  • 56
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3080-3083 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Six samples of congruently melting lithium niobate (∼Li0.95Nb1.01O3) have been examined by powder x-ray diffraction for the occurrence of niobium antisite defects (niobium on lithium sites). Contrary to current thinking, we have found no evidence for the occurrence of high concentrations of such defects, which also require the presence of Nb site vacancies. Rather, it was found that the number of antisite defects is close to the minimum that is required to sustain charge neutrality in a model of the type ([Li1−xNbx/5][Nb]O3), where the Nb site is fully occupied.
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  • 57
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3071-3079 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The plasma plume induced by pulsed CO2 laser irradiation of a Ti target at power densities up to 4×108 W cm−2 was studied by emission spectroscopy. Time- and space-resolved measurements were performed by varying laser intensity, laser temporal pulse shape, ambient gas pressure, and the nature of the ambient gas. Experimental results are discussed by comparison with usual models. We show that shock wave and plasma propagation depend critically on the ratio Ivap/Ii, Ivap being the intensity threshold for surface vaporization and Ii the plasma ignition threshold of the ambient gas. Spectroscopic diagnostics of the helium breakdown plasma show maximum values of electron temperature and electron density in the order of kTe∼10 eV and ne=1018 cm−3, respectively. The plasma cannot be described by local thermodynamic equilibrium modeling. Nevertheless, excited metal atoms appear to be in equilibrium with electrons, hence, they can be used like a probe to measure the electron temperature. In order to get information on the role of the plasma in the laser-surface interaction, Ti surfaces were investigated by microscopy after irradiation. Thus an enhanced momentum transfer from the plasma to the target due to the recoil pressure of the breakdown plasma could be evidenced.
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  • 58
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3084-3090 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Crystallization temperatures of a-Si:H films deposited on GaAs substrates by a glow-discharge method increased with an increase in the concentration of As doped into the a-Si:H films. Crystallization of a-Si:H films with an As concentration of 2×1020 cm−3 started at a temperature of about 1050 °C. These a-Si:H films also had a large amounts of H and SiH3.
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  • 59
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3091-3098 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The conductivity and the impurity profiles of InP implanted with dopant ions (Si,Be) or non dopant ions (B,H,N,O,P) have been investigated. Experiments have been done in substrates with and without Fe doping. Low-temperature, short-time annealing of implanted Si and Be reveals an n-type distribution of carriers which cannot be accounted for on the basis of implant activation. In order to examine the contribution without the carriers originating from the dopant ions, the behavior of electrically inactive B, H, N, O, and P, implants was investigated. Implantation of these ions into semi-insulating InP introduced n-type doping in the 1×1016 cm3 range after an anneal above 450 °C. For H, O, N, and P ions, the n-type conductivity could be eliminated by annealing at higher temperatures. However, boron anneals up to 750 °C did not eliminate the n-type conductivity. The n-type carrier profiles tracked the ion profiles. The carrier profile is influenced by the redistribution of the Fe during annealing; however, the Fe motion cannot explain the n-type conductivity. This conductivity may be due to a complex formed above 450 °C.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3099-3102 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated proton implantation enhanced intermixing of GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells for H+ doses ranging from 5×1013 to 1×1016 ions/cm2. Implantation of 20 keV H+ followed by a high temperature rapid thermal anneal leads to enhanced diffusion of Al into the GaAs quantum well. Shifts of electron–heavy hole recombination energies due to compositional changes were observed using room temperature cathodoluminescence. Diffusion lengths of longer than 2 nm were calculated from energy shifts in a 5 nm well and were found to vary with both implanted dose and anneal time, as expected if the enhanced interdiffusion is caused by implantation introduced defects.
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  • 61
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3111-3120 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The influence of various rubbing parameters on the molecular reorientation of thin polyimide orienting layers, used to align liquid-crystal (LC) molecules within liquid-crystal displays, has been studied. For this purpose the optical phase retardation in the polymer layer, explicitly induced during the rubbing treatment, was determined. The observed rubbing-induced phase retardation can directly be related to a molecular orientation within the polymer orienting layer, as could be shown by infrared dichroism studies. Furthermore, it is found that the top of the polymer layer, directly contacting the rubbing cloth during the actual rubbing process, is almost instantaneously oriented to a certain maximum value as soon as the rubbing is started. Additional or stronger rubbing has no detectable influence on the orientation within the top layer. Increasing the rubbing density or the rubbing pressure only results in an increase of the penetration depth of the rubbing process, i.e., molecular reorientation occurs deeper within the layer. Experiments show that the penetration depth can be varied from less than 10 nm to more than 60 nm by variation in rubbing conditions. These findings are supported by surface second-harmonic-generation studies of LC monolayers deposited onto rubbed orienting layers and by infrared dichroism studies.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3121-3125 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This paper illustrates the procedure for extracting structural information available from x-ray diffraction space mapping and topography. The methods of measuring, the residual strain, macroscopic tilts, microscopic tilts and their lateral dimensions, and the strain field disruption emanating from the interfacial defects are presented. Partially relaxed thick InGaAs layers on GaAs substrates were studied and it was concluded that the relaxation and macroscopic tilting were anisotropic, the microscopic tilting reduced with thickness, and the interfacial disruption did not continue to increase with increasing relaxation. A "mosaic grain growth'' model is postulated to account for the diminishing microscopic tilt spread and increasing topographic contrast with layer thickness.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1744-1746 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Metal adhesion to polymers depends on the chemical structure at the interface. In the present work, we study the evaporation of Cr, Ti, and Au onto Teflon PFA (perfluoromethyl-vinyl-ether) substrates, and we modify the interface by post-deposition x-ray irradiation. In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that deposition of reactive metals such as Cr and Ti leads immediately to crosslinking and to the formation of carbide and fluoride species. Less reactive metals, such as Au, cause only small loss of fluorine without formation of any new species. The metal/PFA interface is strongly affected by x-ray irradiation in the case of Cr and Ti: remarkably enhanced crosslinking has been observed, which further increases with the metal coverage, while the carbides and fluorides remain basically unaffected. On the other hand, crosslinking increases only very slightly for pure PFA and for the Au/PFA interface, regardless of the Au thickness. These results suggest that radical recombination reactions are responsible for crosslinking at the interface between PFA and reactive metals.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1776-1780 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method for parameter identification in grazing incidence x-ray reflectometry is presented. It is based on a nonlinear least-squares approach with on-line low-pass filtering and fits the measured reflectivity curve as a function of the incidence angle to a simulation model. The filter is applied in the (angular) frequency domain; it introduces, even for strong filtering, no bias and renders the result independent of the angular stepsize of the data. Automatic restarting helps to determine the global solution. The commonly used roughness model is generalized to non-normal distributions in order to assess data with large scattering vectors. The method is demonstrated for data from single and double film samples. Thickness and roughness can be determined with an accuracy of about 0.2 nm. However, only in special cases it is possible to determine accurately materials constants such as compositional fractions or densities. Absorption cannot be neglected, but the corresponding parameters are difficult to determine separately.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1770-1775 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The segregation and interdiffusion of In atoms in the GaAs/InAs/GaAs heterostructures were investigated by secondary-ion mass spectroscopy. When the 1-ML-thick InAs layer was grown in a layer-by-layer growth mode with no dislocations, the segregation of In atoms became marked with the increase of the growth temperature. However, the segregation was observed even at a relatively low growth temperature of 400 °C in molecular beam epitaxy. It was found that the segregation was markedly enhanced by dislocations near the heterointerface when thick InAs layers were grown in a three-dimensional island growth mode. The interdiffusion of In atoms toward the growth direction occurred after thermal annealing, which could be assisted by vacancies propagating from the film surface into the epilayer. It became apparent that the interdiffusion was effectively suppressed by a thin AlAs layer inserted in the GaAs cap layer.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1818-1821 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The results of an ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of the electron transport in gallium nitride (GaN) are presented. The calculation shows that intervalley electron transfer plays a dominant role in GaN in high electric fields leading to a strongly inverted electron distribution and to a large negative differential conductance. An analytic expression for the polar optical momentum relaxation time for phonon energies larger than the thermal energy is also derived. This expression applies to many wide-gap semiconductors, such as GaN and SiC, at room temperature since these semiconductors have large polar optical-phonon energies (on the order of 100 meV). The calculated mobility agrees well with the results of the Monte Carlo calculation.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1822-1825 
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    Notes: We present a theoretical investigation of the growth orientation dependence of valence-subband structures in ZnSxSe1−x/ZnyMg1−ySzSe1−z quantum wells grown in the [001], [115], [113], [112], and [111] directions. The results indicate that the in-plane effective mass of the heavy-hole subband in the [111]-oriented structure is substantially smaller than that in the [001] quantum wells. For applications to quantum-well lasers, the lighter effective mass will lead to a smaller threshold current density, and therefore a better laser performance. Our investigations should provide useful guidelines for the design of II-VI quantum-well blue lasers.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1832-1837 
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    Notes: We present a detailed analysis of the electronic carrier transport in silicon when subject to a nonuniform stress distribution. Such a distribution gives rise to two independent current components which can be viewed in terms of carrier generation-recombination. One component arises as a result of the nonuniform stress induced position dependent density of states, and the other due to stress induced shifts in the band edges. The various parameters and coefficients describing these phenomena are presented.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1862-1867 
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    Notes: The defect energy levels in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown GaxIn1−xP/InP:Fe and GaxIn1−xP/InP:S epilayers (x≤0.24) have been studied by photoluminescence (PL) and photoconductivity (PC) measurements. To understand the origin of the observed deep levels, we have determined the temperature dependence of the intensity and half-width of the dominant deep-level PL peaks. We find that (1) the dominant deep-level peaks of the samples grown on the same substrate are related to the epilayer composition, and move to higher energies with increasing gallium content; (2) the dominant deep-level peaks of the samples with the same epilayer composition grown on different substrates are different. They are attributed to the impurity in the substrate diffusing into the epilayer during MOCVD growth, forming an impurity-vacancy complex. The following tentative assignments are proposed: the dominant deep-level peaks in GaxIn1−xP/InP:Fe and GaxIn1−xP/InP:S are attributed to the emission of a (V)P-(Fe)III complex and a (V)III-(S)P complex, respectively. Comparing the deep level with the near-band-edge emission we show that (1) all deep levels are independent of the band edge as x is varied; (2) the composition dependences of the deep levels associated with such complexes depend on the site occupied by the impurity atom.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1868-1873 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The in-well ambipolar diffusion coefficients and carrier lifetimes in ordered all-binary quantum wells, composed of (InAs)2(GaAs)5 short-period strained-layer superlattices (SPSLSs) grown on [001]-oriented GaAs substrates, are measured using picosecond optically induced transient grating and pump-probe techniques. Quantum wells containing SPSLSs may be expected to exhibit higher in-plane hole mobilities compared to InGaAs ternary alloy quantum wells because of a larger average indium content and reduced disorder scattering in the SPSLS structures. The results obtained in the SPSLSs are compared to those obtained in InGaAs alloy quantum wells of comparable well width and confinement energies. This indicates that, for a given SPSLS and its equivalent alloy, the ambipolar diffusion coefficients are comparable while the carrier lifetimes in the SPSLSs are longer. The longer carrier lifetimes in the SPSLSs suggest that these binary structures possess fewer nonradiative recombination centers than the alloys. The absence of a dramatic improvement in the transport properties, however, may indicate that imperfect interfaces in the SPSLSs may be offsetting their possible advantages, in spite of the fact that optical measurements in the SPSLSs indicate high quality and x-ray and transmission electron microscopic measurements demonstrate the binary nature of these structures.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1894-1899 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Capacitance-voltage (C-V) profiling has been used to measure the apparent carrier concentration profiles in Si/Si1−xGex/Si structures for a range of Ge percentages. Using Kroemers analysis, good agreement has been found between theoretical valence band offsets and those determined from the experimental data. The validity of Kroemers analysis has been assessed in the presence of traps using a C-V simulation program. Under certain circumstances, large errors occur in the extracted valence band offset due to distortion of the apparent carrier concentration profile by traps. It is proposed that the experimental data presented here falls into a regime where minimal distortion is to be expected and is reflected by the accuracy of the extracted valence band offsets.
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 1922-1928 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The ordered PtCo tetragonal intermetallic compound with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and a preferred c-axis orientation perpendicular to the film plane has been produced by annealing epitaxial multilayers of Pt and Co. These films demonstrate large magnetic anisotropy, magneto-optic Kerr rotations, and magnetization, suggesting them as candidates for magneto-optic and perpendicular magnetic recording.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3224-3230 
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    Notes: A multiple trapping model is used to study the dispersive transport of holes in insulators. The one-dimensional Poisson and continuity equations are solved numerically along with the trap rate equations that model multiple trapping. The transient current due to a pulse of radiation is obtained as a function of the spread in the trap energy levels and the trap density distribution. The main properties of continuous time random walk transport, namely universality and superlinear dependence of the transit time on the electric field and oxide thickness, are verified.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3246-3250 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An attempt is made to study the interband tunneling rate for small-gap semiconductors having Kane-type energy bands in the presence of an external electric field, taking InSb as an example for the purpose of numerical computations. The experimentally obtained tunneling currents, which may not be limited by the factor 2, can be better explained by this formulation. Thus, the present analysis is applicable for wider ranger of electric fields and are more consistent with the experimental results than that previously proposed.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3270-3272 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The intrinsic Schottky-barrier height obtained from an interface-defect-free model has the close correlation with the heat of formation of transition-metal silicides. This linear correlation includes previously anomalous values reported for PtSi and IrSi.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3273-3276 
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    Notes: A comparison between different numerical methods which are used to solve Poisson's and Schroedinger's equations in semiconductor heterostructures is presented. Considering Schroedinger's equation, both the Rayleigh–Ritz method and the finite difference method are examined. The accuracy and the computational speed are investigated as a function of both the mesh size and the number of Rayleigh–Ritz functions and the numerical results are compared with analytical solutions for special cases. To solve Poisson's equation, direct and iterative methods are implemented and the advantages and limitations of each method are discussed. The previous methods are used to solve Poisson's and Schroedinger's equations self-consistently in typical heterostructures to obtain the wave functions, the carrier distribution, and the subband energies.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3293-3297 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The intrinsic carrier density in silicon has been measured by a novel technique based on low-frequency capacitance measurements of a p+-i-n+ diode biased in high injection. The major advantage of the method is its insensitivity to uncertainties regarding the exact values of the carrier mobilities, the recombination parameters, and the doping density. The intrinsic carrier density was measured in the temperature range from 78 to 340 K. At 300 K the value of ni was found to be (9.7±0.1)×109 cm−3.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3298-3302 
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    Notes: A new method for the characterization of the SOI separation by implanted oxygen (SIMOX) oxide is presented. It is based on the fact that the buried oxide can be polarized by applying a bias in the substrate of the structure. In the process of relaxation, current transients are induced in the Si film, which can be monitored by the rate window technique. The experiment reveals that the relaxation process is thermally activated with one or more time constants. These properties of the SIMOX oxide are attributed to the high metal concentration of the oxide.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3323-3327 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic anisotropy, Kσ, induced by heating under applied tensile stress has been studied for the Fe73.5Cu1Nb3Si13.5B9 amorphous alloy as a function of the annealing temperature. The induction process was carried out by means of current annealing in samples as-quenched and preannealed (TP.A.=400 °C during 2 min). It is found that the easy axis of this anisotropy is transverse to the tensile stress. The dependence of the stress induced anisotropy on annealing temperature is, in both cases, similar to that reported in other different metallic glasses when annealing at temperature below Tc=350 °C, while Kσ is practically constant (≈500 J m−3) in the annealing temperature range from 350 to 525 °C. On the other hand, the magnetostriction constant, λs, was determined as a function of the measuring temperature within the range from 4.2 K up to 600 K. The results can be well accounted for by the single-ion model up to 350 K, while above this temperature the contribution of two-ion mechnism is also inferred.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3328-3332 
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    Notes: Magnetic and microstructural properties are studied in sputter deposited Fe100−xRhx alloy (28.0〈x〈57.0) thin films. As-deposited films show a preferred (111) oriented fcc phase at x(approximately-greater-than)35.0. Annealing at 600 °C results in the CsCl type structure which exhibits a preferred (110) orientation with the same lattice constant as that of bulk. However, an incomplete antiferro-ferromagnetic transition with large thermal hysteresis is observed in a wider composition range (x(approximately-greater-than)45.4) than bulk. Furthermore, magnetization at room temperature decreases continuously from x=35.0 to x=57.0 in contrast to the sharp drop at x=50 in bulk. By using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy, it is found that the retained fcc phase and compositional fluctuation strongly affect the magnetic transition. The retained fcc phase surprisingly reduces the grain growth of the CsCl type ordered phase from 4000 to 300 A(ring) as the Rh content increases from 45.4% to 54.0%.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3357-3365 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A thermal pulse study of the polarization profiles in samples of 12-μm-thick, biaxially oriented polyvinylidene fluoride after corona poling under approximately constant-current conditions, using a modified corona triode in atmospheric air, is reported. An electrical characterization of the corona triode is also reported to show how it may be operated in the constant-current mode. Samples poled without electrode on the corona-exposed surface show polarization distributions sensitive to the corona polarity, with polarization depletion on the corona side of the samples when the corona is positive. Polarization-reversal experiments show switching inhomogeneities with a pronounced dependence on the initial corona polarity. The above observations are consistent with a simple model in which positive charges from the positive corona partially penetrate the sample during poling and cause an inhomogeneous reduction of the poling field.
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    Notes: It is confirmed that a melt-quenched and annealed blend of 80 wt % polyvinylidene fluoride and 20 wt % polymethylmethacrylate has the β-crystal form of PVDF with optical clarity and other properties that are desirable for a host material in a guest-host system where the guest is an optically nonlinear dye that is orientationally stabilized by the strong internal electric field of a poled ferroelectric. Combined measurements, in such a blend, of the internal electric field Ei, the pyroelectric coefficient Cpyro, and the polarization distribution after electrically poling and subsequently thermally aging for 2 h intervals at temperatures up to 120 °C are reported. Ei and Cpyro increase with increasing poling field Ep. Ei was found to be as large as three times Ep. An unexpected thermal stability of Ei was observed at annealing temperatures above the glass transition temperature of 60 °C up to 100 °C when significant loss of Cpyro was measured. Thermal pulse results yield polarization distributions that may be attributed in part to dipolar polarization and in part to space charge. The prolonged thermal stability of Ei is ascribed to space charge that does not contribute to Cpyro. The poled blend shows second-harmonic generation with a nonlinear coefficient d33 of around 1 pm/V (9×10−9 esu).
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3394-3398 
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    Notes: The symmetry-predicted nonzero components of the piezoelectric coefficient, dielectric constant, and elastic compliance matrices have been determined on poly(vinylidene fluoride/trifluoroethylene)(75/25) copolymer at room temperature and a frequency of 500 Hz. The temperature dependence of each of the complex piezoelectric coefficients and complex dielectric constants has been measured in the temperature range of −100 to 65 °C. The frequency dependence of these coefficients has also been measured at room temperature. It is found that the relaxation observed in the tensile piezoelectric coefficients of this material is different from that of the dielectric constants, whereas the relaxation of the piezoelectric shear constants shows behavior similar to that of the dielectric constants.
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    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3406-3413 
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    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The temperature dependence of phase stability for tin-modified lead zirconate titanate solid solution ceramics Pb(0.98)Nb0.02[(Zr1−x, Snx)1−yTiy]1−zO3 (PZST) was investigated by hot-stage transmission electron microscopy. Compositions studied included, a material that was antiferroelectric (AFE) at room temperature with x=0.42 and y=0.04, and a material that was ferroelectric (FE) at room temperature with x=0.43 and y=0.08 (abbreviated as PZST 42/4/2 and 43/8/2, respectively). PZST 42/4/2 was found to exhibit a sequence of phase transformations on heating of AFE–multicell cubic (MCC)–simple cubic (SC), whereas PZST 43/8/2 had a sequence of FE-AFE-MCC-SC. Previously referred to F spots (i.e., 1/2[111] superlattice spots) were observed in all four phases. The diffraction intensities for the F spots decreased with increasing temperature, and eventually disappeared above 300 °C. Electron diffraction confirmed the presence of the MCC phase which was characterized by the existence of weak 1/2[110] superlattice spots in the temperature region between the AFE and SC phases. In each composition the AFE phase was characterized by arrays of one-dimensional antiphase domain boundaries and (1/x)[110] superlattice spots. The modulation wavelength for the superlattice spots was found to be a strong function of temperature and was incommensurate with the lattice. The thermal stability of phases in the crystalline solution PZST system is discussed in terms of the observed microstructural features.
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  • 85
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3435-3441 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical response of CdTe in the 1.1–5.6 eV photon-energy range at room temperature has been studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The measured ε(E) data reveal distinct structures at energies of the E0, E1, E1+Δ1, and E2 critical points. These data are analyzed using various theoretical models, namely the model dielectric function (MDF), harmonic-oscillator approximation (HOA), and standard critical-point (SCP) model. Results are in satisfactory agreement with the MDF calculations over the entire range of the photon energies. The HOA (five oscillators) cannot successfully explain the peculiar experimental ε(E) data. The SCP model can provide satisfactory fits to the derivatives of ε(E), but does not yield good fits to ε(E). Dielectric-related optical constants of CdTe, such as the complex refractive index, the absorption coefficient, and the normal-incidence reflectivity, are presented and analyzed. Results of the chemical surface-treatment effect on the pseudodielectric functions have also been presented.
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  • 86
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3459-3463 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Bulk polycrystalline cadmium manganese telluride, Cd1−xMnxTe, was manufactured in several compositions by a synthesis process. The structure of the obtained compounds was the characteristic zinc-blende polycrystalline pattern being the grain size 100±20 nm. These materials are manufactured to replace single-crystal compounds in some magneto-optical devices. The cut-off wavelength and the Verdet constant are the same as the single-crystals with identical composition. A polarized laser beam, after having passed through a sample of 0.76 mm thickness, was depolarized less than 2.5%, and 90% of its energy was spread into a 2° cone. Scattering of light is produced because of the polycrystalline structure of these compounds. Some scattering diagrams, due to the diffraction and Mie scattering in the polycrystalline grains are shown.
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  • 87
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3470-3474 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The complex magneto-optical Kerr rotation spectra of Fe/Cu and FeCo/Cu bilayers and compositionally modulated films (CMF) were studied experimentally and theoretically. In the bilayers, an enhancement of Kerr ellipticity εk by a factor of 5 was observed at long wavelength side, while the Kerr rotation θk can only be enhanced by a factor of 2 around the plasma edge of Cu. In the CMFs, εk was enhanced by 60% but no θk enhancement was observed. Theoretical analyses showed that both the magnitude of effective ε˜xye and the magnitude and signs of effective Ae and Be are important for magneto-optical enhancement.
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  • 88
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3479-3496 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A detailed knowledge of low-energy positron implantation is of considerable importance for depth profiling and data analysis in slow positron experiments. Existing Monte Carlo models are capable of simulating the behavior of positrons incident at keV energies, then following the energy-loss process to final kinetic energies of from 20 to 100 eV. A Monte Carlo calculation of the final stages of positron thermalization in Al, Cu, and Au, from 25 eV to thermal energies, is described via the mechanisms of conduction-electron and longitudinal acoustic-phonon scattering. This calculation produces a wide variety of data, including implantation profiles, fraction and energy distribution of reemitted positrons, and the mean thermalization time. A way to obtain information about positron energy loss by considering the time evolution of a point concentration (delta-function distribution) of positrons is described. Diffusion coefficients are obtained that are in good agreement with experiment. The effects of a positive positron work function are examined in the context of a positron Monte Carlo calculation. It is shown that the latter stages of thermalization can have important effects on the stopping profiles and mean depth. In particular, calculated stopping profiles and mean implantation depth are not adequately described by the Makhovian distribution, in agreement with recent experimental findings. A parameterization of these profiles is provided which will be of use in the analysis of experimental data.
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  • 89
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3514-3518 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hydrogen absorption and disproportionation of melt-spun Nd–Fe–B-based ribbons are significantly affected by quench state (wheel speed). The initial hydrogen absorption temperature corresponding to the formation of the Nd2Fe14BHx-type phase shifts from ∼120 °C for ingot to 250–300 °C for ribbons spun at 13, 15, 17, 20, 22, and 24 m/s wheel speeds. This shift is presumably related to the fact that ribbons are considerably more inert than ingot, which is typical of Nd–Fe–B materials. The hydrogen disproportionation temperature, however, monotonically decreases with increasing wheel speed from (approximately-greater-than)700 °C for ingot to 530 °C for 24 m/s ribbons. Hydrogen absorption due to disproportionation exhibits a two-step feature for wheel speeds ≥20 m/s. The onset and size of the lower temperature step correlates with the presence and amount of an amorphouslike component in the x-ray diffraction spectra of as-spun ribbons. The amorphouslike component is detectable only for wheel speeds ≥20 m/s, and both the amount of amorphouslike component and the size of the lower temperature step in the hydrogen absorption increase with increasing wheel speed.
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  • 90
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3531-3533 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An inert-gas curtain method, in which a combustion flame of oxygen/acetylene mixture is protected from the air by a surrounding inert-gas flow, has been developed for the deposition of microcrystalline diamond films. As a result, highly uniform and highly dense microcrystal films of diamonds possessing the quality of natural diamond were successfully prepared. The inert-gas flow allows the hydrocarbon radicals in the flame to be varied for preferential deposition of diamonds.
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  • 91
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3546-3550 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A high-precision measurement of the proximity shift on a magnetic transition due to the presence of an old transition in the background is presented. Using peak detection electronics, this interpattern shift was deduced by measuring the distance between a reference and a test transition in a multibit pattern, with and without a background transition in the vicinity of the test transition. The measurement process was carefully designed to achieve high accuracy. The proximity shift of a 3380-type write head on disks with different remenent-thickness product for cases of both easy and hard transition types was measured for both the background and the data transitions. Results showed three distinct transition-shift behaviors depending on the background-to-test intertransition distance: a gradual decay in the far region ((approximately-greater-than)2 μm), a rapid rise in the intermediate region, and asymptotic saturation at the near region when the two transitions are almost on top of each other. The asymptotic shift magnitude agrees well with independently measured hard-transition shifts, and good agreement with theoretical modeling is obtained for shifts in the far and intermediate regions.
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  • 92
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3567-3571 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Millimeter-wave detection was investigated using a step-edge microbridge Josephson junction fabricated by a YBaCuO thin film for both the video detection and harmonic mixing detection. Current–voltage (I–V) characteristics, which could be described by the resistively shunted junction (RSJ) model, were obtained up to 70 K with the IcR product of 150 μV at 70 K. The responsivity and noise equivalent input power were calculated as 2400 W/V and 4.4×10−14 W/(square root of)Hz, respectively, in the video detection assuming the RSJ model approximation. Clear dependence of the intermediate frequency output on the applied dc bias voltage was observed in the harmonic mixing detection with the harmonic numbers of 5–16, reflecting the change of dynamic resistance at the constant voltage steps induced by the local oscillation signal on the I–V curve. A minimum detection power of −59.4 dB m and a conversion efficiency (η) of −49.6 dB were obtained for the harmonic number (N) of 5 at 60 K. The relationship between the η and N was expressed as η∝N−2.2.
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  • 93
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3584-3586 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electroluminescence (EL) in the blue region of the spectrum with a maximum at 465 nm was observed from polymer films sandwiched between indium-tin-oxide and Al electrodes. The specially designed soluble multiblock copolymers used consisted of chromophoric units that have uniform conjugation length and are spaced with polymethylene units of various lengths. EL originates from the radiative decay of the chromophore singlet excitation created as a result of the recombination of injected charge carriers.
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  • 94
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3596-3598 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The microstructure and coercivity of NdxFe93−xB7 (x=16–28) sintered magnets were systematically studied. A new stable ferromagnetic phase with a composition of NdFe2Ox (x≈0.3) and a Curie temperature of 145 °C is found in the intergranular regions of the magnets, owing to the introduction of oxygen in the magnet processing. It forms at ∼650 °C and its volume fraction reaches a maximum of ∼4% in the Nd22Fe71B7 magnets. The coercivity is considerably enhanced by the appearance of this new phase.
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  • 95
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3599-3601 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We describe a new method for the simultaneous emission of two CO2 laser pulses from a single transversely excited atmospheric discharge. The transient gains of the pulsed low-pressure sections of two spatially separate hybrid cavities aligned on the discharge were temporally manipulated to allow low-jitter pulse synchronization. Independently frequency tunable dual laser pulses over arbitrarily selected rotational transitions spanning the available P and R branches of the 9 and 10 μm CO2 laser transitions were obtained, overcoming limitations on possible dual frequency combinations that restricted previous techniques. The result of numerical calculations for the hybrid laser, using a four-level rate equation model, supports the observed delay characteristics and provides a physical basis for understanding the dynamics of the synchronization.
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  • 96
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3617-3619 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The photorefractive properties of a poled polymer containing the tricyanovinylcarbazole group with an alkylene spacer are investigated by four-wave mixing experiments and Mach–Zehnder type electro-optic measurements. The photorefractive effect is demonstrated in a polymer that shows both the photoconductivity and the electro-optic effect intrinsically.
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  • 97
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 3620-3621 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The recent findings of Hakimzadeh, Möller, and Bailey [J. Appl. Phys. 72, 2919 (1992)] regarding the determination of minority carrier diffusion length from electron-beam-induced current data are compared to the results of an earlier study by Luke, von Roos, and Cheng [J. Appl. Phys. 57, 1978 (1985)]. The differences are briefly discussed.
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  • 98
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2159-2166 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Under certain experimental conditions a semiconductor-discharge gap structure can be used as detector for spatiotemporal resolved measurements on IR radiation. With a streak camera system and a semiconductor laser diode (λ=1.3 μm), we investigate experimentally the speed properties of this kind of converter. The experimental results are compared with the predictions of a simple theoretical model.
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  • 99
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2192-2196 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two normalized parameters (i.e., s=λ/g and h=a/g, where g is the grating period and a is the width of metal dot) are introduced to characterize the two-dimensional (2D) double periodic reflection metal grating coupler for a multiquantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP). The "method of moments'' is used to analyze this square metal grating structure for coupling the normal incident infrared (IR) radiation into the quantum wells. The main advantage for such a grating structure is that the coupling of the normal incident IR radiation is independent of its polarization direction. Two universal graphs relating the higher-order diffracted power and diffracted angle to the normalized wavelength have been constructed for the design of 2D metal grating coupled QWIPs. By using a simple scaling rule, the coupling quantum efficiency versus wavelength over a broad IR spectrum can be obtained for the grating coupled QWIPs.
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  • 100
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    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 2203-2207 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The results of a parametric investigation of the high-pressure fission-fragment excited atomic neon laser operating on the 703.2-nm (3p[1/2]1→3s[3/2]20) and 724.5-nm (3p[1/2]1→3s[3/2]10) transitions in He/Ne/Ar and He/Ne/Kr gas mixtures are reported. The highest measured power efficiency was 0.12% using a 1550-Torr He/Ne/Kr (17/75/8) gas mixture at a pump power of 1 kW/cm3. The power efficiency and the ratio of the 703.2- to the 724.5-nm laser output as a function of total pressure, He/Ne ratio, and percent of Ar or Kr will be discussed.
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