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  • 101
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: For 5 months before the 2001 Mt. Etna eruption, a progressive gravity decrease was measured along a profile of stations on the southern slope of the volcano. Between January and July 2001, the amplitude of the change reached 80 μGal, while the wavelength of the anomaly was of the order of 15 km. Elevation changes observed through GPS measurements during a period encompassing the 5-month gravity decrease, remained within 4–6 cm over the entire volcano and within 2–4 cm in the zone covered by the microgravity profile. We review both gravity and elevation changes by a model assuming the formation of new cracks, uniformly distributed in a rectangular prism. The inversion problem was formulated following a global optimization approach based on the use of Genetic Algorithms. Although it is possible to explain the observed gravity changes by means of the proposed analytical formulation, the results show that calculated elevation changes are significantly higher than those observed. Two alternative hypotheses are proposed to account for this apparent discrepancy: (1) that the assumptions behind the analytical formulation, used to invert the data, are fallacious at Etna, and thus, numerical models should be utilized; (2) that a second process, enabling a considerable mass decrease to occur without deformation, acted together with the formation of new cracks in the source volume.
    Description: Published
    Description: 553–562
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Gravity ; Elastic modeling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.05. Gravity variations
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 102
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This work presents a methodology to study the interannual variability associated with summertime months in which extremely hot temperatures are frequent. Daily time series of maximum and minimum temperature fields (T max and T min, respectively) are used to define indexes of extreme months based on the number of days crossing thresholds. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is applied to the monthly indexes. EOF loadings give information about the geographical areas where the number of days per month with extreme temperatures has the largest variability. Correlations between the EOF principal components and the time series of other fields allow plotting maps highlighting the anomalies in the large scale circulation and in the SSTs that are associated with the occurrence of extreme events. The methodology is used to construct the “climatology” of the extremely hot summertime months over Europe. In terms of both interannual and intraseasonal variability, there are three regions in which the frequency of the extremely hot days per month homogeneously varies: north-west Europe, Euro-Mediterranean and Eurasia region. Although extremes over those regions occur during the whole summer (June to August), the anomalous climatic conditions associated with frequent heatwaves present some intraseasonal variability. Extreme climate events over the north-west Europe and Eurasia are typically related to the occurrence of blocking situations. The intraseasonal variability of those patterns is related to the amplitude of the blocking, the relative location of the action centre and the wavetrain of anomalies downstream or upstream of the blocking. During June and July, blocking situations which give extremely hot climate conditions over north-west Europe are also associated with cold conditions over the eastern Mediterranean sector. The Euro-Mediterranean region is a transition area in which extratropical and tropical systems compete, influencing the occurrence of climate events: blockings tend to be related to extremely hot months during June while baroclinic anomalies dominate the variability of the climate events in July and August. We highlight that our method could be easily applied to other regions of the world, to other fields as well as to model outputs to assess, e.g. the potential change of extreme climate events in a warmer climate.
    Description: Published
    Description: 77-98
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Extreme events ; Heatwaves ; Temperature anomalies ; climate variability ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 103
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a Bayesian event tree model for eruption forecasting (BET_EF). The model represents a flexible tool to provide probabilities of any specific event at which we are interested in, by merging all the relevant available information, such as theoretical models, a priori beliefs, monitoring measures, and any kind of past data. BET_EF is based on a Bayesian procedure and it relies on the fuzzy approach to manage monitoring data. The method deals with short- and long-term forecasting, therefore it can be useful in many practical aspects, as land use planning, and during volcanic emergencies. Finally, we provide the description of a free software package that provides a graphically supported computation of short- to long-term eruption forecasting, and a tutorial application to the recent MESIMEX exercise at Vesuvius.
    Description: Published
    Description: 623-632
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: eruption forecasting ; event tree ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 104
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Fluorine is one of the many environmental harmful elements released by volcanic activity. The content of total, oxalate extractable and water extractable fluorine was determined in 96 topsoils of three active volcanic systems of southern Italy (Mt. Etna, Stromboli and Vulcano). Total fluorine content (FTOT) ranges from 112 to 7430 mg kg-1, F extracted with oxalate (FOX) ranges from 16 to 2320 mg kg-1 (2 – 93 % of FTOT) and F extracted with distilled water (FH2O) ranges from 1.7 to 159 mg kg-1 (0.2 – 40 % of FTOT). Fluorine in the sampled topsoils derives both from the weathering of volcanic rocks and ashes and from enhanced deposition due to volcanic gas emissions either from open-conduit passive degassing (Mt. Etna and Stromboli) or from a fumarolic field (Vulcano). Fluorine accumulation in the studied soils does generally not present particular environmental issues except for a few anomalous sites at Vulcano where measured contents could be dangerous both for vegetation and for grazing animals.
    Description: Published
    Description: 413-423
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: soil fluorine ; oxalate extractable F ; water extractable F ; environmental impact of volcanic F ; Sicily ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 105
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: While the seismicity of the Southern Alps is high in the Eastern sector, corresponding to the Veneto and Friuli regions, it decreases towards West up to the Adda River. In the sector between the Lessini Mts. and Eastern Friuli the damaging earthquakes are clustered in a well defined seismic belt, where seismogenic sources responsible for earthquakes with Mw 6 have been defined in recent works. In contrast, the knowledge of the Southalpine sector West of this area is sparser; the area experienced some earthquakes with Mw〉5.5 and varied events with 4.8≤Mw≤5.5 the distribution of which is, apparently, random. For the area roughly defined by the basins of the Adda River to the West and the middle Adige River to the East, this paper reappraises the background knowledge of the earthquakes occurred before 1700. The investigation and the results are presented according to two successive periods, up to 1995 and from 1995 on. In the research performed up to 1995, the most important achievements concerned two different aspects: i) the assessement of several “fake quakes”, some of which were the object of paradigmatic case-histories; ii) the resizing and relocation of several, presumed damaging earthquakes. Though this round of investigation changed significantly the picture of the seismicity with respect to the Seventies, the research continued. For the period from 1995 on, the discussion focuses on the reliability of the available information; material that received little or no consideration before, new historical findings and comments to the seismological interpretation as in the most recent literature are also presented. This part includes also the discussion of archaeoseismological evidence of damage related to past earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 93-129
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: historical seismology ; Adda and Middle Adige River Basins ; Southern Alps ; archaeoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 106
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: National seismic risk maps are an important risk mitigation tool as they can be used for the prioritization of regions within a country where retrofitting of the building stock or other risk mitigation measures should take place. The production of a seismic risk map involves the convolution of seismic hazard data, vulnerability predictions for the building stock and exposure data. The seismic risk maps produced in Italy over the past 10 years are compared in this paper with recent proposals for seismic risk maps based on state-of-the-art seismic hazard data and mechanics-based vulnerability assessment procedures. The aim of the paper is to open the discussion for the way in which future seismic risk maps could be produced, making use of the most up-to-date information in the fields of seismic hazard evaluation and vulnerability assessment.
    Description: Italian Ministry of Research and Higher Education (MIUR—Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca) through the financing of the project AIRPLANE (Advancing Interdisciplinary Research PLAtform on volcanoes aNd Earthquakes)
    Description: In press
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic risk ; Seismic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 107
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: The Valtiberina region (central Italy) has a seismic record going back to the Middle Ages and including five Io 〉 VIII MCS earthquakes, the earliest of which (1352, 1389, 1458). though recently and extensively studied, remain rather poorly known. This makes it all the more important to ensure that the later ones (1789, 1917) are as throughly studied as possible. The 1789 earthquake is listed by the current Italian catalogue (CPTI Working Group 2004) with Io VIII-IX MCS and Mm 5.8. These parameters were assessed from a database of 28 macroseismic intensity data points (Castelli et al. 1996), which is less than plentiful for a late 18th century earthquake. An analysis of the historical context of the 1789 earthquake and its influence on the production of contemporary accounts evidences a few research paths that previous studies either did not or could not take. Following them, the macroseismic database of the 1789 earthquake can be noticeably improved, providing the catalogue compiler with a mean to check the reliability of its current parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 249-260
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: open
    Keywords: Historical Seismicity ; 1789 Valtiberina Earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 108
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We consider the process of slow extrusion of very viscous magma that forms lava domes. Dome-building eruptions are commonly associated with hazardous phenomena, in- cluding pyroclastic flows generated by dome collapses, explosive eruptions and volcanic blasts. These eruptions commonly display fairly regular alternations between pe- riods of high and low or no activity with time scales from hours to years. Usually hazardous phenomena are asso- ciated with periods of high magma discharge rate, thus, understanding the causes of pulsatory activity during ex- trusive eruptions is an important step towards forecasting volcanic behavior, especially the transition to explosive ac- tivity when magma discharge rate increases by a few orders of magnitude. In recent years the risks have increased be- cause the population density in the vicinity of many active volcanoes has increased.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: open
    Keywords: Volcanic Eruptions ; Cyclicity ; During Lava ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 109
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We show the magnetic model of the Selli-Vavilov region. The Selli Line is known as the northwestern edge of the southern Tyrrhenian basin. The tectonic evolution of the Tyrrhenian basin is dominated by a Tortonian - Quaternary extension through the eastward movement of the Apennine subduction system. This migration has generated a diffuse stretching of the continental crust with the emplacement of new oceanic material. This latter occurred in several localized zones where the eastward retreating of the Ionian subduction system produced a strong depletion of the crust with formation of basins and correlated spreading. Nowadays the presence of oceanic crust is confirmed through direct drilling investigation but a complete mapping of the oceanic crustal distribution is still lacking. The Selli-Vavilov region shows a differentiated crustal setting where seamount structures, the oceanic basement portions and continental crust blocks are superimposed. To this aim, a 2D inversion of the magnetic data of this region was conducted to define buried structures. The magnetic susceptibility pattern was computed by solving the least squares problem of the misfit between the predicted and real data for separated wavebands. This method produced two 2D models of the high and low frequency fields of the Selli-Vavilov region. The two apparent susceptibility maps provide different information for distinct ranges of depth. The results of the inversions were also combined with seismic data of the Selli region highlighting the position of the highly-magnetized buried bodies. The results confirm a role for the Selli Line as a deep crustal boundary dividing the Sardinian passive domain from the easternmost active region where different oceanic structures are located. The Selli Line has worked as a detachment fault system which has moved eastward. Finally, the Selli-Vavilov region may be interpreted as a tectonic result due to a passive asymmetrical rift occurred between the Tortonian and Pliocene.
    Description: Published
    Description: 251-266
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geomagnetism ; Tectonics ; Geodynamics ; Inversion ; Oceanic crust ; Volcanic structure ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 110
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Cross-spectral analysis of ULF wave measurements recorded at ground magnetometer stations closely spaced in latitude allows accurate determinations of magnetospheric field line resonance (FLR) frequencies. This is a useful tool for remote sensing temporal and spatial variations of the magnetospheric plasma mass density. The spatial configuration of the South European GeoMagnetic Array (SEGMA, 1.56 〈 L 〈 1.89) offers the possibility to perform such studies at low latitudes allowing to monitor the dynamical coupling between the ionosphere and the inner plasmasphere. As an example of this capability we present the results of a cross-correlation analysis between FLR frequencies and solar EUV irradiance (as monitored by the 10.7-cm solar radio flux F10.7) suggesting that changes in the inner plasmasphere density follow the short-term (27-day) variations of the solar irradiance with a time delay of 1–2 days. As an additional example we present the results of a comparative analysis of FLR measurements, ionospheric vertical soundings and vertical TEC measurements during the development of a geomagnetic storm.
    Description: Published
    Description: 25-27
    Description: 1.6. Osservazioni di geomagnetismo
    Description: 1.7. Osservazioni di alta e media atmosfera
    Description: 3.9. Fisica della magnetosfera, ionosfera e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ULF waves ; Field line resonance ; Remote sensing ; Solar activity ; Plasmasphere ; Ionosphere ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.02. Dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.04. Plasma Physics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.03. Magnetospheric physics ; 05. General::05.07. Space and Planetary sciences::05.07.01. Solar-terrestrial interaction
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 111
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Following the 2001 and 2002–2003 flank eruptions, activity resumed at Mt. Etna on 7 September 2004 and lasted for about 6 months. This paper presents new petrographic, major and trace element, and Sr–Nd isotope data from sequential samples collected during the entire 2004–2005 eruption. The progressive change of lava composition allowed defining three phases that correspond to different processes controlling magma dynamics inside the central volcano conduits. The compositional variability of products erupted up to 24 September is well reproduced by a fractional crystallization model that involves magma already stored at shallow depth since the 2002–2003 eruption. The progressive mixing of this magma with a distinct new one rising within the central conduits is clearly revealed by the composition of the products erupted from 24 September to 15 October. After 15 October, the contribution from the new magma gradually becomes predominant, and the efficiency of the mixing process ensures the emission of homogeneous products up to the end of the eruption. Our results give insights into the complex conditions of magma storage and evolution in the shallow plumbing system of Mt. Etna during a flank eruption. Furthermore, they confirm that the 2004–2005 activity at Etna was triggered by regional movements of the eastern flank of the volcano. They caused the opening of a complex fracture zone extending ESE which drained a magma stored at shallow depth since the 2002–2003 eruption. This process favored the ascent of a different magma in the central conduits, which began to be erupted on 24 September without any significant change in eruptive style, deformation, and seismicity until the end of eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 781–793
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geochemistry ; Isotopic compositions ; Magma feeding system ; Magma mixing ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 112
    Publication Date: 2019-01-30
    Description: Within the framework of the European LESSLOSS Project “Risk Mitigation for Earthquakes and Landslides”, finite-fault seismological models have been proposed for the computation of earthquake scenarios for three urban areas: Istanbul (Turkey), Lisbon (Portugal) and Thessaloniki (Greece). For each case study, ground motion scenarios were developed for the two most probable events with different return periods (generally 50 and 500 years), locations and magnitudes that were derived from historical and geological data. The ground motion simulations were performed in the frequency band of engineering interest (0.5-20 Hz) by two numerical finite-fault methods: a hybrid deterministic-stochastic method, DSM, used for all of the cases investigated, and a non-stationary stochastic finite-fault simulation method, RSSIM, applied only in the case of Lisbon. In the present study, the results with respect to bedrock and surface are presented in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) for the city of Lisbon and the surrounding area, using earthquake scenarios from the onshore source area of the Lower Tagus Valley, and from the offshore source area of the Marques de Pombal fault, which is one of the possible sources of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Site effects are evaluated by means of a properly designed equivalent stochastic non-linear one-dimensional ground response analyses of stratified soil profile units. The requirements of the users (e.g., engineers, local administrators) constrain the choice of the scenario that can be adopted as input for disaster scenario predictions and loss modelling; in the case of Lisbon, the maximum values of shaking were assumed as the criteria for the reference scenarios.
    Description: Published
    Description: 233-243
    Description: 3T. Storia Sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: Simulating Earthquake Scenarios ; European LESSLOSS project ; The Case of Lisbon ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 113
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    Springer
    In:  EPIC3The Andes - Active Subduction Orogeny, Frontiers in Earth Sciences, Springer, pp. 3-27, ISBN: 978-3-540-24329-8
    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
    Description: We quantitatively analyse the spatial pattern of deformation partitioning and of temporal accumulation of deformation in the Central Andes (15–26° S) with the aim of identifying those mechanisms responsible for initiating and controlling Cenozoic plateau evolution in this region. Our results show that the differential velocity between upper plate velocity and oceanic plate slab rollback velocity is crucial for determining the amount and rate of shortening, as well as their lateral variability at the leading edge of the upper plate. This primary control is modulated by factors affecting the strength balance between the upper plate lithosphere and the Nazca/South American Plate interface. These factors particularly include a stage of reduced slab dip (33 to 20 Ma) that accelerated shortening and an earlier phase (45 to 33 Ma) of higher trenchward sediment flux that reduced coupling at the plate interface, resulting in slowed shortening and enhanced slab rollback. Because high sediment flux and transfer of convergence into upper plate shortening constitute a negative feedback, we suggest that interruption of this feedback is critical for sustaining high shortening transfer, as observed for the Andes. Although we show that climate trends have no influence on the evolution of the Central Andes, the position of this region in the global arid belt in a low erosion regime is the key that provides this interruption; it inhibits high sediment flux into the trench despite the formation of relief from ongoing shortening. Along-strike variations in Andean shortening are clearly related to changes of the above factors. The spatial pattern of distribution of deformation in the Central Andes, as well as the synchronization of fault systems and the total magnitude of shortening, was mainly controlled by large-scale, inherited upper plate features that constitute zones of weakness in the upper plate leading edge. In summary, only a very particular combination of parameters appears to be able to trigger plateau-style deformation at a convergent continental margin. The combination of these parameters (in particular, differential trench-upper plate velocity evolution, high plate interface coupling from low trench infill, and the lateral distribution of weak zones in the upper plate leading edge) was highly uncommon during the Phanerozoic. This led to very few plateau-style orogens at convergent margins like the Cenozoic Central Andes in South America or, possibly, the Laramide North American Cordillera.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 114
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Metal concentrations of 37 soil samples taken from mining areas (abandoned mine pits and transport routes) in Kpogamé and Hahotoé (southern Togo) range from 0.2-43 ppm for Cd, 15-115 ppm for Pb, 182-1,029 ppm for Cr, 18-356 ppm for Cu, 15-342 pm for Ni, 90-513 ppm for V, 35-536 ppm for Zn, 80-469 ppm for Zr and 266-3,161 ppm for Sr. The tropical alteration of the ore waste plays an important role in the distribution of trace elements in the studied soils. Because the alteration affects the element mobility, generally old abandoned mining areas, which , together with soils near the transport routes, show a higher degree of contamination. Under low pH and oxidising conditions in studied soils Cd, Ni and Zn are generally easily mobilised and are thus available to the environment.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Pollution ; Heavy metals ; Mining ; Phosphorite ; Pollution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 115
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 The Author. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Fluid Mechanics 8 (2008): 551-560, doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9076-5.
    Description: Experiments are reviewed in which a two-layer salt-stratified tank of water was mixed by turbulence. The density profile began as a single step and evolved to a smooth mixed profile. The turbulence was generated by many excursions of a horizontally moving vertical rod with Richardson number Ri 〉 0.9 and Reynolds Number Re 〉 600. There was almost perfect collapse of all the profiles to one universal profile as a function of a similarity variable. We develop a theoretical model for a simple mixing law with a buoyancy flux that is a function of internal Richardson number Rii. A similarity equation is found. A flux law that increases with small Rii and decreases with large Rii is considered next. Since no analytical solution is known, the similarity concept is tested by numerically integrating the equations in space and time. With buoyancy flux monotonically increasing with internal Richardson number, the similarity approach is valid for a profile starting from a slightly smoothed step. However, a shock forms for a mixing law with higher initial Rii (so that buoyancy flux decreases with Richardson number) and the similarity approach is invalid for those initial conditions.
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Mixing ; Stratified ; Similarity solution ; Layered fluid
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 116
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Geo-Marine Letters 29 (2009): 395-404, doi:10.1007/s00367-009-0159-1.
    Description: A program of geophysical mapping and vibracoring was conducted to better understand the geologic evolution of Apalachicola Bay. Analyses of the geophysical data and sediment cores along with age control provided by 34 AMS 14C dates on marine shells and wood reveal the following history. As sea level rose in the early Holocene, fluvial deposits filled the Apalachicola River paleochannel, which extended southward under the central part of the bay and seaward across the continental shelf. Sediments to either side of the paleochannel contain abundant wood fragments, with dates documenting that those areas were forested at 8,000 14C years b.p. As sea level continued to rise, spits formed of headland prodelta deposits. Between ~6,400 and ~2,500 14C years b.p., an Apalachicola prodelta prograded and receded several times across the inner shelf that underlies the western part of the bay. An eastern deltaic lobe was active for a shorter time, between ~5,800 and 5,100 14C years b.p. Estuarine benthic foraminiferal assemblages occurred in the western bay as early as 6,400 14C years b.p., and indicate that there was some physical barrier to open-ocean circulation and shelf species established by that time. It is considered that shoals formed in the region of the present barrier islands as the rising sea flooded an interstream divide. Estuarine conditions were established very early in the post-glacial flooding of the bay.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 117
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2009 The Authors. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Marine Biology 156 (2009): 1049-1056, doi:10.1007/s00227-009-1149-6.
    Description: Behavioral observations using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in the Gulf of California in March, 2003, provided insights into the vertical distribution, feeding and anatomy of the rare and delicate ctenophore Thalassocalyce inconstans. Additional archived ROV video records from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute of 288 sightings of T. inconstans and 2,437 individual observations of euphausiids in the Gulf of California and Monterey Canyon between 1989 and 2005 were examined to determine ctenophore and euphausiid prey depth distributions with respect to temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration [dO]. In the Gulf of California most ctenophores (96.9%) were above 350 m, the top of the oxygen minimum layer. In Monterey Canyon the ctenophores were more widely distributed throughout the water column, including the hypoxic zone, to depths as great as 3,500 m. Computer-aided behavioral analysis of two video records of the capture of euphausiids by T. inconstans showed that the ctenophore contracted its bell almost instantly (0.5 s), transforming its flattened, hemispherical resting shape into a closed bi-lobed globe in which seawater and prey were engulfed. Euphausiids entrapped within the globe displayed a previously undescribed escape response for krill (‘probing behavior’), in which they hovered and gently probed the inner surfaces of the globe with antennae without stimulating further contraction by the ctenophore. Such rapid bell contraction could be effected only by a peripheral sphincter muscle even though the presence of circumferential ring musculature was unknown for the Phylum Ctenophora. Thereafter, several live T. inconstans were collected by hand off Barbados and microscopic observations confirmed that assumption.
    Description: Supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and NOAA Grant #NA06OAR4600091.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 118
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2008 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Environmental Fluid Mechanics 8 (2008): 495-509, doi:10.1007/s10652-008-9107-2.
    Description: Estuarine turbulence is notable in that both the dissipation rate and the buoyancy frequency extend to much higher values than in other natural environments. The high dissipation rates lead to a distinct inertial subrange in the velocity and scalar spectra, which can be exploited for quantifying the turbulence quantities. However, high buoyancy frequencies lead to small Ozmidov scales, which require high sampling rates and small spatial aperture to resolve the turbulent fluxes. A set of observations in a highly stratified estuary demonstrate the effectiveness of a vessel-mounted turbulence array for resolving turbulent processes, and for relating the turbulence to the forcing by the Reynolds-averaged flow. The observations focus on the ebb, when most of the buoyancy flux occurs. Three stages of mixing are observed: (1) intermittent and localized but intense shear instability during the early ebb; (2) continuous and relatively homogeneous shear-induced mixing during the mid-ebb, and weakly stratified, boundary-layer mixing during the late ebb. The mixing efficiency as quantified by the flux Richardson number Rf was frequently observed to be higher than the canonical value of 0.15 from Osborn (J Phys Oceanogr 10:83–89, 1980). The high efficiency may be linked to the temporal–spatial evolution of shear instabilities.
    Description: The funding for this research was obtained from ONR Grant N00014-06-1-0292 and NSF Grant OCE-0729547.
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Estuaries ; Shear instability ; Buoyancy flux
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 119
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © 2009 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in JARO - Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology 10 (2009): 497-509, doi:10.1007/s10162-009-0174-y.
    Description: The dynamic displacement of the semicircular canal cupula and modulation of afferent nerve discharge were measured simultaneously in response to physiological stimuli in vivo. The adaptation time constant(s) of normal cupulae in response to step stimuli averaged 36 s, corresponding to a mechanical lower corner frequency for sinusoidal stimuli of 0.0044 Hz. For stimuli equivalent to 40–200 deg/s of angular head velocity, the displacement gain of the central region of the cupula averaged 53 nm per deg/s. Afferents adapted more rapidly than the cupula, demonstrating the presence of a relaxation process that contributes significantly to the neural representation of angular head motions by the discharge patterns of canal afferent neurons. We also investigated changes in time constants of the cupula and afferents following detachment of the cupula at its apex—mechanical detachment that occurs in response to excessive transcupular endolymph pressure. Detached cupulae exhibited sharply reduced adaptation time constants (300 ms–3 s, n = 3) and can be explained by endolymph flowing rapidly over the apex of the cupula. Partially detached cupulae reattached and normal afferent discharge patterns were recovered 5–7 h following detachment. This regeneration process may have relevance to the recovery of semicircular canal function following head trauma.
    Description: Financial support was provided by the NIDCD R01 DC06685 (Rabbitt) and NASA GSRP 56000135 & NSF IGERT DGE- 9987616 (Breneman).
    Keywords: Vestibular ; Inner ear micromechanics ; Cupula regeneration ; Angular motion sensation ; Afferent response dynamics
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  • 120
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: The role of mud volcanoes (MVs) as a source of methane(CH4) flux to the atmosphere and the ocean has been increasingly recognised in the last several years (Milkov 2000; Dimitrov 2002, 2003; Etiope and Klusman 2002; Kopf 2002, 2003; Milkov et al. 2003; Etiope and Milkov 2004). In one of the most recent papers, Kopf (2003) claims to report a reliable estimate of the global CH4 emission from MVs. However, the significance and usefulness of the estimate presented by Kopf (2003) are rather poor. The used dataset is smaller than in previous studies (although the author makes a reverse claim), and some previously published works are misquoted and misinterpreted. Numerous arithmetic mistakes made during simple calculations and data manipulations lead to confusing results and conclusions. In this comment, we highlight some of the most significant problems with the estimates published by Kopf (2003).
    Description: Published
    Description: 490-492
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; mud volcanoes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 121
    Publication Date: 2022-02-16
    Description: A new estimate of global methane emission into the atmosphere from mud volcanoes (MVs) on land and shallow seafloor is presented. The estimate, considered a lower limit, is based on 1) new direct measurements of flux, including both venting of methane and diffuse microseepage around craters and vents, and 2) a classification of MV sizes in terms of area (km2) based on a compilation of data from 120 MVs. The methane flux to the atmosphere is conservatively estimated between 6 and 9 Mt y)1. This emission from MVs is 3–6% of the natural methane sources and is comparable with ocean and hydrate sources, officially considered in the atmospheric methane budget. The total geologic source, including MVs, seepage from seafloor, microseepage in hydrocarbon-prone areas and geothermal sources, would amount to 35–45 Mt y)1. The authors believe it is time to add this parameter in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change official tables of atmospheric methane sources.
    Description: Published
    Description: 997-1002
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Methane ; Mud volcanoes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
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  • 122
    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Results of geological, geomechanical and seismometric investigations aiming at the analysis of the seismic response in a carbonate ridge of the Nera River valley (Central Apennines – Italy) are discussed. Geological and geomechanical surveys were aimed at defining the stratigraphic and structural setting of the outcropping formations and the jointing conditions of the rock mass. Velocimetric records of both ambient noise and small-magnitude earthquakes were analysed in order to identify amplification conditions. The analysis was carried out in the time domain, through directional energy evaluation, and in the frequency domain, through H/V spectral ratios and spectral ratios with respect to a reference station. A local amplification factor was estimated from Housner intensity. The study revealed a significant seismic amplification in a fault zone. This effect was observed in intensely jointed and mylonitic rock masses, located inside moderately jointed rock masses, and is the result of specific geometries and significant impedance contrasts. A map of fault zones prone to amplification of ground motion was constructed, taking into account the jointing conditions of the rock masses and the structural setting of the investigated ridge. The study relied on an integrated methodological approach, which combined the available data under union and intersection criteria.
    Description: Published
    Description: 416-449
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: jointed rock masses ; velocimetric records ; seismic amplification ; trapped waves ; Central Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
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  • 123
    Publication Date: 2022-05-24
    Description: Various authors, analysing the set of accelerograms recorded at Gubbio Piana (GBP) (central Italy), have demonstrated that strong amplification occurs at this accelerometric station, which is installed within an alluvial basin. In particular, Ambraseys et al. [(2005a), Bull Earthq Eng 3:1–53; (2005b), Bull Earth Eng 3:55–73] observed that the strong motion peaks at GBP greatly exceed the median values predicted by the attenuation relationships they derived for Europe. In this work, we analyse and discuss some characteristics of the ground motion recorded at the GBP station. We show that the ground motion parameters, such as peak-ground acceleration and peak-ground velocity, are strongly influenced by the presence of locally induced surface waves that produce both a lengthening of the significant shaking duration and an increase in the peak values with respect to a nearby bedrock site. The basin-induced surface waves are observed in the three components of motion and their effects on the peak values are particularly evident in the vertical component. In the frequency domain, the energy of the surface waves is mostly restricted to the frequency band 0.4–0.8Hz for both the horizontal and vertical components. The horizontal and vertical Fourier amplitudes are also very similar, and this indicates that the H/V spectral ratio technique is not applicable to describing the site response due to the propagation of seismic wave in a complex 2D/3D geological structure. Finally, a preliminary polarization analysis shows that the directions of polarization, as well as the degree of elliptical polarization, exhibit a strong variability with time, that may be related to a complex propagation of Love and Rayleigh waves within the basin.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Strong motion ; Alluvial basin effects ; Site effects ; Gubbio plain ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
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  • 124
    Publication Date: 2022-05-30
    Description: Scientific investigations in Antarctica are, for many different reasons, a challenging and fascinating task. Measurements, observations and field operations must be carefully planned well in advance and the capacity of successfully meeting the goals of a scientific project is often related to the capacity of forecasting and anticipating the many different potential mishaps. In order to do that, experience and logistic support are crucial. On the scientific side, the team must be aware of its tasks and be prepared to carry out observations in a hostile environment: both technology and human resources have to be suitably selected, prepared, tested and trained. On the logistic side, nations, institutions and any other organisation involved in the expeditions must ensure the proper amount of competence and practical support. The history of modern Italian Antarctic expeditions dates back to the middle 80’s when the first infrastructures of “Mario Zucchelli Station”, formerly Terra Nova Bay Station, were settled at Terra Nova Bay, Northern Victoria Land. Only a few years later, the first geodetic infrastructures were planned and built. Italian geodetic facilities and activities were, ever since, being constantly maintained and developed. Nowadays, the most remarkable geodetic infrastructures are the permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) station (TNB1) installed at Mario Zucchelli and the GPS geodetic network Victoria Land Network for DEFormation control (VLNDEF) entirely deployed on an area extending between 71° S and 76° S and 160° E and 170° E. These facilities do not only allow carrying out utmost geodetic investigations but also posses interesting capacities on the international multidisciplinary scientific scenario. In order to fully exploit their potentiality, management and maintenance of the infrastructure are crucial; nevertheless, in order to perform high quality scientific research, these abilities must be coupled with the knowledge concerning a proper use and a correct processing of the information that these infrastructures can provide. This work focuses on the different methods that can be applied to process the observations that are performed with GPS technique in Northern Victoria Land, aiming at reaching the highest accuracy of results and assuring the larger significance and versatility of the processing outcomes. Three software were used for the analysis, namely: Bernese v.5.0, Gipsy/Oasis II and Gamit/Globk. The working data sets are (i) the permanent GPS station TNB1 observations continuously performed since 1998 and (ii) the five episodic campaigns performed on the sites of VLNDEF. The two infrastructures can be regarded as neat examples of standard geodetic installation in Antarctica. Therefore, the technological solutions that were adopted and applied for establishing the GPS permanent station and the VLNDEF geodetic network as well as the data processing strategies and the data analysis procedures that were tested on their observation will be illustrated in detail. The results will be presented, compared and discussed. Furthermore, their potentials and role in geodetic research will be carefully described; their versatility will also be highlighted in the foreground of a multidisciplinary Antarctic international scientific activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 37-72
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Antarctica ; Geodesy ; Geodetic Infrastructures ; GPS ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 125
    Publication Date: 2022-05-24
    Description: In the framework of the SESAME project one of the taskswas the compilation of all available ambient noise measurements within urban environments affected by historical or/and recent strong earthquakes in Europe. The aim of such a task was to give an answer to the question; “How does horizontal-to-vertical ambient noise spectral ratio compare with damage in modern cities?”. For this purpose five European urban areas, namely, Angra do Heroismo (Portugal), Fabriano and Palermo (Italy), Thessaloniki and Kalamata (Greece) were selected for which spatial damage information was available either in terms of modified Mercalli intensity or in EMS98 damage grades. The geological setting of the examined sites as well as the causative earthquakes are satisfactorily known. Ambient noise recordings compiled for all examined sites have been homogeneously processed by a technique developed and agreed upon SESAME project. Using a standard multivariate statistical analysis, namely, factor analysis and canonical correlation, the horizontal-to-vertical ambient noise spectral ratio (HVNSR) is correlated with damage pattern observed within examined urban areas. Results show that, in some cases (Thessaloniki, Palermo), the HVNSR seems to be able to differentiate between areas previously shown to be associated with higher damage. In other cases however (Angra do Heroismo, Fabriano, Kalamata), the correlation is not statistically significant indicating thus the complex character of the parameters involved, implying that currently there is no a straightforward way that a value of HVNSR can correctly predict the extent to which a given region will be associated with increased damage.
    Description: Published
    Description: 109–140
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ambient noise ; Site effect ; Macroseismic intensity ; Factor and canonical analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 126
    Publication Date: 2022-05-24
    Description: The concerted effort to collect earthquake damage data in Italy over the past 30 years has led to the development of an extensive database from which vulnerability predictions for the Italian building stock can be derived. A methodology to derive empirical vulnerability curves with the aforementioned data is presented herein and the resulting curves have been directly compared with mechanics-based vulnerability curves. However, it has been found that a valid comparison between the empirical and analytical vulnerability curves is not possible mainly due to a number of shortcomings in the database of surveyed buildings. A detailed discussion of the difficulties in deriving vulnerability curves from the current observed damage database is thus also presented.
    Description: DPC — Dipartimento della Protezione Civile MIUR – Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca - project AIRPLANE
    Description: Published
    Description: 485–504
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: vulnerability curves ; damage data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 127
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © 2009 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Coral Reefs 28 (2009): 327-337, doi:10.1007/s00338-009-0466-z.
    Description: Design and decision-making for marine protected areas (MPAs) on coral reefs require prediction of MPA effects with population models. Modeling of MPAs has shown how the persistence of metapopulations in systems of MPAs depends on the size and spacing of MPAs, and levels of fishing outside the MPAs. However, the pattern of demographic connectivity produced by larval dispersal is a key uncertainty in those modeling studies. The information required to assess population persistence is a dispersal matrix containing the fraction of larvae traveling to each location from each location, not just the current number of larvae exchanged among locations. Recent metapopulation modeling research with hypothetical dispersal matrices has shown how the spatial scale of dispersal, degree of advection versus diffusion, total larval output, and temporal and spatial variability in dispersal influence population persistence. Recent empirical studies using population genetics, parentage analysis, and geochemical and artificial marks in calcified structures have improved the understanding of dispersal. However, many such studies report current self-recruitment (locally produced settlement/settlement from elsewhere), which is not as directly useful as local retention (locally produced settlement/total locally released), which is a component of the dispersal matrix. Modeling of biophysical circulation with larval particle tracking can provide the required elements of dispersal matrices and assess their sensitivity to flows and larval behavior, but it requires more assumptions than direct empirical methods. To make rapid progress in understanding the scales and patterns of connectivity, greater communication between empiricists and population modelers will be needed. Empiricists need to focus more on identifying the characteristics of the dispersal matrix, while population modelers need to track and assimilate evolving empirical results.
    Description: Work by CB Paris was supported by the National Science Foundation grant NSF-OCE 0550732. Work by M-A Coffroth and SR Thorrold was supported by the National Science Foundation grant NSF-OCE 0424688. Work by TL Shearer was supported by an International Cooperative Biodiversity Group grant R21 TW006662-01 from the Fogarty International Center at the National Institutes of Health.
    Keywords: Connectivity ; Larval dispersal ; Marine protected areas ; Resilience ; Replacement ; Genetics
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  • 128
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    In:  Primate Biogeography, Progress and Prospects vol. 77 no. 2, pp. 135-138
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Keywords: primates ; biogeography
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 131
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    In:  International Association of Geodesy Symposia
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The lAG International Symposium on Gravity, Geoid, and Space Missions 2004 (GGSM2004) was lield in the beautiful city of Porto, Portugal, from 30 August to 3 September 2004. This symposium encompassed the themes of Commission 2 (Gravity Field) of the newly structured lAG, as well as interdisciplinary topics related to geoid and gravity modeling, with special attention given to the current and planned gravi- dedicated satellite missions. The symposium also followed in the tradition of mid-term meetings that were held between the quadrennial joint meetings of the International Geoid and Gravity Commissions. The previous mid-term meetings were the International Symposia on Gravity, Geoid, and Marine Geodesy (Tokyo, 1996), and Gravity, Geoid, and Geodynamics (Banff, 2000). GGSM2004 aimed to bring together scientists from different areas in the geosciences, working with gravity and geoid related problems, both from the theoretical and practical points of view. Topics of interest included the integration of heterogeneous data and contributions from satellite and airborne techniques to the study of the spatial and temporal variations of the gravity field. In addition to the special focus on the CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE satellite missions, attention was also directed toward projects addressing topographic and ice field mapping using SAR, LIDAR, and laser altimetry, as well as missions and studies related to planetary geodesy.
    Language: English
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  • 132
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 135
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  • 136
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 137
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 138
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 139
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans des séries étendues d'expériences, des ouvrières deLasius niger L. différemment et fortement intoxiquées par les insecticides DDT, HCH, E 605f (Parathion) et Chlordane, furent éprouvées pour savoir si elles étaient encore capables de faire des actions sociales. Il est possible d'expliquer les dérangements chez les Fourmis recueillant despupæ, donnant le fourrage et combattant par des changements de la fonction des mandibules. Ces changements arrivent dans une manière typique pour chaque insecticide. Parce que l'appétence correspondante est reconnaissable, on peut conclure que ne sont pas effectués de changements des fonctions centrales par l'intoxication commençante. Parce que les ouvrières facilement intoxiquées n'acceptent plus de fourrage, les fourrageurs sains offrent le fourrage avec une manière très typique. Il est très difficile d'observer cette manière dans le cas normal, car les Fourmis se donnent à manger tout de suite. Des combats ne furent pas observés entre les compagnons d'un nid chez lesL. niger. Les insecticides examinés sont transmis facilement par le contact entre les Fourmis intoxiquées et leurs compagnons sains.
    Abstract: Summary In extend series of experiments workers ofLasius niger L., poisoned in different stages with the insecticides DDT, HCH, E 605f (Parathion) and Chlordane, were tested if they were still able for doing some works, typical for their social behaviour. The irregular working of ants collectingpupæ, feeding themselves and fighting can be explained above all by changements of the function of the mandibules. Such changements appeare in a manner, typical for each insecticid. Indepedent of the functional changements can be seen an appetence correspondenting with the behaviour. Therefore we can conclude, that primarily no changements of the central functions are effected by the examinated insecticides. Because the hungry but poisoned ants don't eat, the food carring workers offer the food in a typical manner. It's difficult to observe this behaviour in the norm for the workers feed directly themselves. Fightings between poisoned ants of the same colony as a consequence of the higher excitability could not been observed byL. niger. The examinated insecticides are easily transfered by contact between poisoned and unpoisoned ants.
    Notes: C.—Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse In ausgedehnten Versuchsreihen wurden vonLasius niger L., die durch Begiftung mit den Kontaktinsektiziden DDT, HCH, E 605 und Chlordan verschieden stark geschädigt waren, auf ihre Fähigkeit hin überprüft, einige für ihr soziales Verhalten typische Tätigkeiten noch richtig auszuführen. Die Störungen bei der Ausführung des Puppensammelns, bei der Fütterung und im Kampfverhalten lassen sich neben allgemeinen Lähmungserscheinungen vor allem auf Ausfallserscheinungen in der Mandibelfunktion zurückführen, die in einer für jedes Insektizid charakteristischen Weise eintreten. Da trotz funktioneller Störungen das jeweils entsprechende Appetenzverhalten erkennbar ist, kann man annehmen, dass anfänglich durch die Vergiftung keine zentralen Ausfallserscheinungen bewirkt werden. Wenn leicht begiftete , die kein Futter mehr annehmen, mit gesunden Futterträgerinnen zûsammengebracht werden, zeigt sich auf Seiten der Futterträgerinnen ein ganz eindeutiges Anbietungsverhalten, das sonst wegen der sofort einsetzenden Fütterung nur schwer zu beobachten ist. Kämpfe zwischen Nestgenossen als Folge der durch die Begiftung gesteigerten Erregbarkeit wurden unter der Einwirkung der appl. Gifte beiL. niger nicht beobachtet. Eine Uebertragung der angewendten Insektizide durch Kontakt zwischen begifteten und unbegifteten Tieren findet leicht statt.
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  • 140
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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  • 141
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Vorwort Das Tracheen-System und die thorakalen Nerven des Imago vonCalotermes flavicollis werden beschrieben. Die Tracheen wurden nach der Methode vonWigglesworth und die Nerven mittels einer vonRichard gefundenen Methode gefärbt. Die Entwicklung des Tracheen-und Nerven-Systems durch alle Jugendstadien hindurch werden studiert unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der normalen Entwicklung im Vergleich mit Regressions-Erscheinungen. Schliesslich wird die Anatomie vonCalotermes mit derjenigen von anderen Blattopteroiden, im Besonderen vonPhyllodromia germanica verglichen.
    Abstract: Summary The tracheal system and the nerves of the thorax of the imago ofCalotermes flavicollis are described. The tracheas have been colored by the method ofWigglesworth and the nerve system by the method ofRichard. The entire organo-genesis of the tracheas and nerves through all instars of the development ofCalotermes has been followed. Special attention has been given to the construction of these systems as well as to their regression. The anatomy ofCalotermes is then compared to that of other Blattopteroids, in particular to that ofPhyllodromia germanica.
    Notes: Résumé On décrit les trachées, puis les nerfs thoraciques de l'imago deCalotermes flavicollis. Les trachées ont été colorées par la méthode deWigglesworth, les nerfs par la méthode deRichard. On suit l'organogenèse des trachées et des nerfs au travers des stades du développement deCalotermes en mettant en évidence, d'une part, les phénomènes de construction, d'autre part les phénomènes de régression. On compare l'anatomie deCalotermes à celle d'autres Blattoptéroïdes,Phyllodromia germanica, en particulier.
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  • 142
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 199-208 
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  • 143
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    Insectes sociaux 1 (1954), S. 209-217 
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  • 144
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 5-10 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Here is explained, through the solution of two problems, a procedure for the determination of the cartographic projections of the sphere, according to the principle that lines of a forfixed equation on paper correspond to determined lines on the sphere. Here are the problems in question: 1) To determine the equation of a rectilineal and convergent meridian lined paper in which the loxodromies are represented by straight lines. 2) To point out if there are other projections, besides the perspective centrographic one, turning maximum circles into straight lines.
    Notes: Riassunto Si espone, attraverso la risoluzione di due problemi, un procedimento di carattere generale per la determinazione di proiezioni cartografiche della sfera, secondo il principio che a determinate linee sulla sfera corrispondano linee di prefissata equazione sulla carta. I problemi trattati sono i seguenti: 1) Determinare l'equazione di una carta a meridiani rettilinei e convergenti in cui le lossodromie siano rappresentate con linee rette. 2) Ricercare se esistono altre proiezioni, oltre la centrografica prospettica, che trasformano i cerchi massimi in rette.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 37-53 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a comparative consideration of the generally used methods of measurements ofD, H, I andZ, emphasizing the characteristic differences between the measure of angles and intensities, the new methods of the absoluteZ-determination are examined, in particular those basing upon electronic principles. The description of a new magnetic apparatus, simular to another instrument for determining the atm.-electric potential, called “magnetische Feldmfihle” is as follows: The principle is based upon the interrupted covering of coils, the central part of which consists of Mu-metall with laminas of the same material. On account of the position of the coils the frequency is 4-times as much as that of an earth-inductor, for which reason a normal amplifier may be used. The totalZ-field induces in the Feldmfihle an effective voltage of more than 2 Volts, whereas the great station-inductor ofSchulze produces only 75 inV. The Feldmfihle is used as a zeroinstrument for the absoluteZ-determination. The compensation ofZ is effected by a solenoid which bears more windings in according toHelmholtz-style for the finer calculation. The inhomogenity of the field within the solenoid is computed. This method permits to measure the field-intensity up to ±0.6 ψ.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einer vergleichenden Betrachtung der gebräuchlichen Meßmethoden yonD, H, I undZ unter Hervorhebung der charakteristischen Unterschiede zwischen Winkel- und Intensitätsmessungen, werden die neuen Methoden der absolutenZ-Messung, besonders auf elektronischer Grundlage untersucht. Eines neues magnetisches Meßgerät, entsprechend einem ähnlichen Gerät zur Messungen des luftelektrischen Potentials “magnetische Feldmiihle” bezeichuet, wird beschrieben. Das Prinzip beruht auf der intermittierten Abdeckung yon Spulen, deren Kerne aus Mu-Metallamellen bestehen, mit entsprechenden Lamellen und Kernen. Infolge der Anordnung der Spulen ist die Frequenz viermal so groß wie beim Erdinduktor, so daß ein normalcr Röhreuverstärker verwendet werden kann. Das totaleZ-Feld induziert in der Feldmühle eine effektive Spannung von über 2 Volt, wäihrend der große Stations-Induktor yonSchulze nur 75 mV gibt. Die Feldmühle wird als Nullinstrument für die absoluteZ-Messung verwendet. Die Kompensation vonZ erfolgt durch ein Solenoid, auf welchem sich noch weitere Wicklungen inHelmholt zanordnung zur Feinabstimmung desZ-Feldes befinden. Die Inhomogenitiit des Feldes im Solenoid wird berechnet. Bei 30–50-facher Verstärkung kann das Feldminimum mit einer Genauigkeit von +-0.6 ψ bestimmt werden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 83-94 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The mean ozone distribution for various geographical latitudes is derived from ozone distributions measured by means of balloon ascents, eclipses of the moon and the «Umkehreffekt» and compared with the theoretically calculated photochemical distributions, whereby the full scope of the latter is considerably limited. —The discrepancy between the calculated and the measured ozone distribution below the ozone maximum at 23 km altitude is a sign of a considerable effect of mass exchange in the troposphere and lower stratosphere which increases towards the equator. In the mean and higher latitudes we find — especially in spring — a second lower ozone maximum at 16 km altitude which cannot be explained photochemically but is probably due to advection, to ozone transported down from polar latitudes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus den bei Ballonaufstiegen, bei Mondfinsternissen und durch den Umkehreffekt gemessenen Ozonverteilungen werden für verschiedene geographische Breiten gemittelte Ozonverteilungen abgeleitet und mit den theoretisch photochemisch berechneten Verteilungen verglichen, wodurch der Spielraum der letzten erheblich eingeengt wird. — Die Diskrepanz zwischen der berechneten und der gemessenen Ozonverteilung unterhalb des Ozonmaximums in 23 km Höhe lässt auf eine bedeutende Wirkung des Massenaustausches in der Troposphäre und in der unteren Stratosphäre schliessen, der nach den Aequator hin stark zunimmt. — In mittleren und höheren Breiten tritt — vornehmlich im Frühjahr — ein zweites tieferes Ozonmaximum in 16 km Höhe auf, das photochemisch nicht zu erklären ist, sondern advektiv, durch aus polaren Breiten herzugeführtes Ozon bedingt wird.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 107-114 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A radiation measuring instrument with windshelter transmitting infrared waves is described, it fulfills our demands for continuous records of the atmospheric radiation, of the long-wave outgoing radiation of the ground, of the effective outgoing radiation (nocturnal radiation), and of the radiation balance (during the days) on the conditions of protection against wind, of reception of radiation from the hemisphere (2 π), and of following the Cosinelaw; the instrument has proved well without interruption. The radiation is received by twoMoll thermopiles (one of which points towards the sky and the other one towards the earth's surface) which are protected against wind by means of a thin leave of Lupolen-H transmitting the infrared waves. The thermopiles are connected with three galvanometers in such a way that we are able to record continuously the atmospheric radiation for itself, the long-wave outgoing radiation of the ground for itself, and in the night additionally the effective outgoing radiation, as well as the whole day long the radiation balance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Strahlungsmessgerät mit ultrarotdurchlässigen Windschutzhauben beschrieben, das die von uns gestellten Forderungen nach laufender Registrierung der atmosphärischen Gegenstrahlung, der langwelligen Ausstrahlung des Erdbodens, der effektiven Ausstrahlung (bei Nacht) und der Strahlungsbilanz (bei Tag) unter den Bedingungen des Windschutzes, des Strahlungsempfangs aus dem Halbraum 2 π und der Befolgung des Cos-Gesetzes erfüllt und sich im Dauerbetrieb bewährt hat. Als Strahlungsempfänger werden zweiMoll'sche Thermosäulen (eine nach oben und eine nach unten gerichtet) verwendet, die gegen den Windeinfluss durch eine ultrarotdurchlässige Lupolen-H-Folie geschützt sind. Die Thermosäulen sind elektrisch derart an drei Galvanometer geschaltet, dass die atmosphärische Gegenstrahlung für sich allein, die langwellige Ausstrahlung des Erdbodens für sich allein und bei Nacht zusätzlich die effektive Ausstrahlung sowie am Tage die Strahlungsbilanz laufend registriert werden können.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 207-213 
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    Notes: Summary The observations of ten Aprils (1941–50) at Blue Hill have been analyzed, and it has been found that frost (night minimum temperature ≦32° F) (T) can be predicted on the basis of the 19h wet-bulb temperature (ti) by the formula:T=ti−k, in whichk is found to be 1.8 F deg. in clear weather and 2.1 F deg. in cloudy. The results of a test on an independent set of Aprils (1936–40), are satisfactory especially with clear skies at 19h.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 24 (1953), S. 214-215 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 1-6 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les conditions géométriques de l'observation de fusées verticales ou horizontales sont examinées par rapport aux applications geodésiques et géophysiques. Les figures démontrent l'existance de quelques districts stationnaires, particulièrement destinés à l'observation par principes différents.
    Notes: Summary The most suitable geometrical conditions of observation of vertically or horizontally moved rockets are inquired, with respect to geodetical and geophysical applications. Some diagrams show, that there exist several regions of stationary state, apt for different principles of observation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 7-12 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This article contains the development of the theory of the adoption of the ellipsoid of revolution in the gravimetric method, for the determination of the earth's shape, presented by the author in a former work. The conclusion completly justifies the actual practical methods for the calculation of the ellipsoidic gravity.
    Notes: Résumé On Cherche le développement de la théorie de l'adoption de l'ellipsoöde de révolution dans la méthode gravimétrique pour la détermination de la figure de la Terre, exposée par l'auteur dans un ouvrage antérieur. La conclusion justifie complètement les actuels méthodes pratiques pour le calcul de la pésanteur ellipsoïdique.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 13-15 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Measuring the deflections of the plumb-line the attainable precision is determined, in particular to investigations for geophysical prospecting.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird für die Bestimmung der Lotabweichungen der erreichbare Genauigkeitsgrad untersucht, besonders im Hinblick auf Messungen zur Erforschung des Untergrundes.
    Notes: Riassunto Si determinano le precisioni con le quali possono venire osservate le deviazioni della verticale e si richiama l'attenzione su ciò quando si debbono interpretare le misure predette per prospezioni del sottosuolo.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 16-18 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 38-46 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The research deals with the hydrographic observations of the East-Europe's plain. The monthly means of the water level have been elaborated after the method of Mr. and Mrs.Labrouste with the aim to determine the phase of the yearly component. The map of the phase distribution and the profiles along the streams shows that this distribution is governed by the physiography, as well as by the seasonal course of the temperatures, what can permit to explain the observed particularities.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude publiée intéresse l'ensemble des échelles hydrométriques de la plaine de l'Est européen. Les moyennes mensuelles des niveaux ont été élaborées par la méthode d'analyse par combinaisons linéaires d'ordonnées, due à M. et MmeLabrouste, afin de définir la phase de la composante annuelle. La carte de la répartition de la phase et les profils de celle-ci le long des cours d'eau, montrent que cette répartition est commandée par le relief, ainsi que par la marche saisonnière des températures, ce qui permet d'expliquer les particularités constatées par les causes naturelles: altitudes, forme et extension du bassin, etc.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 47-75 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A detailed description of an electrical method is given, developped by the author, concerning the application of two pairs of electrodes rectangular to each other, the one of which is creating an electrical field, whilst the other is measuring the disturbing function when turning the electrode arrangement. The disturbing function has been calculated for spherical and ellipsoidal bodies, taking into account the decrease of the current with increasing distance. It is shown, that it is possible to localize disturbing bodies when turning the electrode arrangement at one or a few places only and without any measuring equipotential lines and their distortions. It is proved that the determination of the direction of disturbing bodies is possible without the knowledge of their distance. It is emphasized that this theory is an other modification may also be applied on corresponding induction methods, based on the application of twe coils rectangular to each other and supplied by low frequency currents.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die vom Verfasser entwickelte elektrische Drehkreuzmethode beschrieben. Die Messanordnung besteht aus zwei Elektrodenpaaren, von denen das eine zur Erzeugung eines elektrischen Feldes dient, während das andere zur Messung des elektrischen Störfeldes verwandt wird. Die Störfunktion beim Drehen der Elektrodenanordnung wird für elliptische Störkörper quantitativ berechnet, und es werden die Bedingungen für die Ortnung von Störkörpern quantitativ diskutiert
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 19-37 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the present paper there is a description of a very strange kind of thunderstorm with fog and only one thunder-clap. It is analysed with regard to synoptic aerology and atmospheric electricity. It belonged to a cold-front-thunderstorm, but the characteristic frontal phenomenons occurred hours before. By a combination of the theories ofWilson andSimpson we try to explain the distribution of the charge and the single discharge. The quantity of the charge can grow enormously by ground fog and this fact stands for the intensity of the clap. The form of the discharge can be explained by the theory ofSchonland-Walter. We found gliding phenomenons in the fog and disruptige discharges from cloud to earth, but it is very difficult to say whether there is an uniform direction of the different branches of the single lightning. The different partial discharges of the single lightning are analogous to the discharge of a rapidly and strongly charged condenser, the plates of which are at a small distance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein eigenartiges Gewitter beschrieben und aerologischsynoptisch sowie luftelektrisch analysiert. Es trat nur ein einziger, allerdings sehr heftiger Donner auf. Während des Gewitters herrschte Nebel, es ergab sich, dass es sich um ein «maskiertes Kaltfrontgewitter» handelte, bei dem die Kaltfronterscheinungen aber bereits Stunden vorher aufgetreten waren. Die Erklärung der Ladungsverteilung und in ihrer Folge der einzigen kräftigen Entladung als gesamte wahrnehmbare elektrische Gewittererscheinung wird durch eine Kombination der scheinbar gegensätzlichen Gewittertheorien vonWilson undSimpson versucht. Die Ladungsmenge kann durch den herrschenden Bodennebel ungeheuer anwachsen und erklärt damit die Stärke des Schlages. Die Entladungsform wird nach derSchonland-Walterschen Theorie zu deuten versucht. Es ergeben sich Gleitvorgänge im Nebel und Funkenentladungen von der Wolke zur Erde, wobei eine endgültige Entscheidung über die einheitliche Richtung der Verästelung nicht getroffen werden kann. Die mehrfachen Teilentladungen des einzigen Blitzes werden erklärt als Analogie zu den Funkenentladungen zwischen den Platten eines Kondensators mit geringem Abstand, der plötzlich stark aufgeladen wird.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 76-80 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Fussend auf theoretischen Ergebnissen vonR. M. Foster undS. S. Stefanescu wird ein neuartiges Verfahren zur elektrischen Tiefensondierung bei horizontaler Schichtung vorgeschlagen. Dieses Verfahren arbeitet im Gegensatz zum bekanntenWenner-Verfahren und zum «Zentralinduktions-Verfahren» nachKoenigsberger nicht mit der Veränderung eines Längenparameters (Elektrodenabstand, Schleifenradius), sondern mit veränderlicher Frequenz bei unveränderter Position der Elektroden und Sonden. Einige Vorzüge werden genannt, die diese Methode in praktischer Hinsicht haben dürfte.
    Notes: Summary Taking reference of theoretical results ofR. M. Foster andS. S. Stefanescu, a new method of electrical depth-sounding refering to horizontal strata is proposed. This new way works contrary to the wellknown princip ofWenner and also to the «Zentral-Induktions-Verfahren» afterKoenigsberger not with a change of a length-parameter (electrode-distance and coilradius), but with changeable frequency at unchanged position of electrodes and sondes. A few advantages are described, which this method may have in practice.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 98-99 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 16 (1950), S. 81-86 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird untersucht, mit welcher Verzögerung und Verformung eine in einem Induktions-Seismometer erzeugte elektrische Spannungsschwankung die Registriervorrichtung erreicht, wenn die Uebertragung durch eine Leitung erfolgt. Es werden «Verformungszahlen» definiert, mittels deren sich Leitungen verschiedenen Typs hinsichtlich der Formtreue der Uebertragung vergleichen lassen. Einige Beispiele hierfür werden behandelt. Die erforderliche Selbstinduktivität (Pupinisierung) eine freischwebenden Doppelleitung für grösstmögliche Formtreue wird angegeben. Hierbei ergibt sich z.B. für 20 km Kabellänge eine Laufzeit von der Grössenordnung einer hundertstel Sekunde.
    Notes: Summary It is beeing investigated, with which retarding and deforming one in an induction-seismometer generated electrical tension-oscillation the recorderapparatus arrives, presuming the transformation has been taken by means of wire. Numbers of deforming are given, which allowes the comparison by different types of wires, regarding the true shape of the transmission. A few examples will be described. The necessary selfinduction («Pupinisierung») of a freehanging doublewire for the greatest possible true shape is named. Thereby results for instance by a cablelength of 20 km a traveltime of about 1/100 of a second.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 54-63 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An induction pulse method is described, based upon the measurement of a dielectric dispersion phenomenon. This method opens the possibility of a direct and selective reaction of the petroleum at a depth of more than 6000 feet. Hereby the selective reaction is based upon the variation of the exciting conditions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Induktionsimpulsmethode beschrieben, welche sich auf die Messung dielektrischer Dispersionsphänomene gründet, und welche einen direkten Nachweis des Petroleums auf Tiefen von über 2000 m ermöglicht. Durch Variation der Anfachungsbedingungen kann man selektive Reaktionswirkungen erzielen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 64-67 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 70-72 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 73-76 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 77-80 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 46-53 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. There are discussed individual proceedings which shall explain the characteristic behaviour of pressure, and temperature instability in their vertical distribution. When there exists equalization of pressure on a lower level near the ground, and again on a higher level, changes of temperature on one level will be compensated by such on another level. It is shown that the compensating influence of middle and upper troposphere is opposed by the compensating influence of cold, and heat waves from the ground layer, ultimately resulting in the removal of the level of pressure equalization from the ground to an altitude roughly corresponding to the height of ground layer. — 2. The influence of friction and convection on the formation of ground layer is discussed. While friction is acting slowly and by layers, convection is acting more rapidly, but only locally at first. In the long run however, also convection can produce homogeneity of the lower layers of the atmosphere, i. e. an atmospheric layer of uniform character. This process is being intensified when convection is associated with condensation. Then, another increase in height of the ground layer will be possible. However, as this process will not be of similar intensity over wide stages, the increase in height will vary locally. Therefore, generally the ground layer of the squally weather type will not possess a uniform surface extending over wide areas. — 3. Another important factor in the formation of ground layer is radiation. Since the share taken by each of the three factors (friction, convection, radiation) cannot be computed, one must be satisfied with qualitative valuation of the influence of the factors participating in the formation of ground layer. An appropriate scheme is submitted and discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Es werden die einzelnen Vorgänge besprochen, die das eigentümliche Verhalten der Veränderlichkeit von Druck und Temperatur in ihrer vertikalen Verteilung erklären sollen. Wenn ein unteres an der Erdoberfläche vorhandenes Druckausgleichsniveau vorhanden ist und ein weiteres in grösserer Höhe, so müssen Temperaturänderungen in dem einen Niveau durch solche eines anderen ausgeglichen, kompensiert werden. Es wird gezeigt, dass dem kompensierenden Einfluss der mittleren und oberen Troposphäre ein kompensierender Einfluss der Kälte- und Wärmewellen aus dem Bereiche der Grundschicht entgegenwirkt, sodass letzten Endes das Druckausgleichsniveau nicht mehr am Erdboden liegt, sondern in eine Höhe verschoben wird, die der ungefähren Höhe der Grundschicht entspricht. — 2. Der Einfluss von Reibung und Konvektion auf die Bildung der Grundschicht wird besprochen. Die Reibung wirkt langsam und immer schichtweise. Die Konvektion wirkt rascher, aber zunächst immer nur lokal. Im Verlaufe längerer Zeit kann aber auch die Konvektion eine Homogenisierung der unteren Luftschichten bewirken, also eine Luftschicht von einem einheitlichen Charakter schaffen. Dieser Prozess wird noch verstärkt, wenn die Konvektion mit Kondensation verbunden ist. Jetzt ist eine weitere Ueberhöhung der Grundschicht möglich. Da dieser Prozess aber über weite Räume nicht von gleicher Grösse ist, wird diese Ueberhöhung vielfach gebietsweise verschieden sein. Die Grundschicht vom Böenwettertyp hat daher gewöhnlich keine einheitliche Oberfläche über weite Gebiete hinweg. — 3. Ein weiterer Faktor, der für die Bildung der Grundschicht von Bedeutung ist, ist die Strahlung. Da der Beitrag, den jeder der drei Faktoren (Reibung, Konvektion, Strahlung) zur Bildung der Grundschicht beisteuert, nicht errechnet werden kann, muss man sich zunächst mit einer qualititativen Abschätzung der Einflüsse der einzelnen an der Bildung der Grundschicht beteiligten Faktoren begnügen. Ein entsprechendes Schema wird vorgelegt und besprochen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 81-87 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 88-93 
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    Notes: Summary Laboratory-scale experiments on a small cylindrical barrier capable of being moved zonally with respect to a rotating hemispherical shell of liquid are described. When the cylinder is moved west relative to the shell at rates approximating 1/10 of the basic rotation a strong anticyclonic circulation developes around the cylinder and pronounced wave motions appear in the remainder of the liquid. When the cylinder is moved eastward at the same relative rates there is no net circulation around it and rapid motions toward the east occur in the latitude zone that it occupies. Velocity discontinuity surfaces on which occasional vortices develop divide this zone from the remainder of the liquid on both sides where much less developed motions occur. General implications of these and certain other types of experiments for problems of flow over large mountain masses are pointed out.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 121-126 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a procédé à des mesures simultanées de la radiation en deux stations d'altitude différente (400 et 1100 m/m) sur le versant sud des Alpes. On peut tirer de ces recherches les conclusions suivantes: Aux deux endroits l'intensité est la plus forte par situation de foehn. Les différences d'insolation sont minimum aux jours de foehn, maximum par temps brumeux; dans le rapport des deux radiations on remarque une courbe journalière prononcée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An zwei Stationen auf der Südseite der Alpen wurden in verschiedenen Meereshöhen (400 und 1100 m/M) zu gleicher Zeit Messungen der direkten Sonnenstrahlung vorgenommen. Aus diesen Untersuchungen geht folgendes hervor: Die grössten Intensitäten werden an beiden Orten bei Föhnlagen gefunden. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Strahlungen an beiden Stationen sind am kleinsten an Föhntagen, am grössten an dunstigen Tagen. Auch zeigt sich in dem Verhältnis beider Strahlungen ein ausgeprägter Tagesgang.
    Notes: Summary Measurements of direct sun radiation were taken contemporaneously by two stations on the south side of the Alps at two different altitudes above sea level, viz. 400 and 1100 meters. From these observations the following results were obtained: The greatest intensities are found in both places when Föhn prevails. The differences between the two stations are smallest on days of Föhn, largest on dusty and damp days. Furthermore, a marked daily march is found in the relation between both radiations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 130-135 
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    Notes: Summary The position of the very important climatic limit, definited byBenevent, which separates the humid climate of north Alps and the dry climate of south Alps, is first described. The method used for synoptic study of alpine precipitations is then exposed: it consists in plotting for every day on a great scale chart the amounts of rain measured in the alpine rain-jauge stations and in comparing this result with the isohypses charts at the 700, 500 and 300 mb levels.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 167-182 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The heavy «Foehn» of the 18 th of December 1945 is described in detail and considered in connection with a theory about the «Foehn» formerly published. Based on this theorie the essential problems of the development of the «Foehn» can well be explained.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Dimmerföhnlage vom 18. Dez. 1945 wird in ihrer Entwicklung eingehend beschrieben und im Zusammenhang mit einer früher veröffentlichten Föhntheorie betrachtet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 17 (1950), S. 210-213 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Experiments to determine the thickness of glaciers by high frequency prospecting were carried out on the Austrian glacier Hintereisferner in 1938. After the war electrohydrographical measurements on glacier rivulets were carried out in the Kaprun Valley. The resistance of the glacier water fluctuates according to the time of season. It depends on the respective composition of these waters (Fig. 2). Therefore the geologic and mineralogic properties of the glacier-water may be deducted from the electric resistance. Especially the amount of surface water may be deducted (Fig. 3). An example is shown in Fig. 4.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The articledeals with a preliminary evaluation of observations of snow depth at the Grossglockner highway during a period of ten years. The numerous observations show clearly the variation of the depth of a snow cover in between a small area in high mountains. The stations were located 100 meters and less apart from each other. 800 observation stations have been established extending 46 km along the highway. Observations were made once a week. Mean values obtained from 6 measurements in a 120 m broad profile rectangular to the road give a representative annual average of snow depth for different elevation and different orographic areas. Two types of annual variations can be distinguished according to the exposure of the considered area. The great variation of the mean snow depth at each of the six stations of one profile—there are variations of several meters-and variations of the same order of magnitude for stations of the same profile for different years show that the observations of a single station in high mountains are by no means representative. Therefore the evaluation of mean values over a certain small area must be recommended in order to obtain accurate results. In general a derivation of the amount of precipitation from the snow depth for a single station cannot be justified. The variation of snow depth can also be recognized from the average snow profile along the highway and from the difference of this quantity between the center and the border of the road. The results of frequent measurements of snow depth at the Grossglockner highway can be also used with success for considerations on the economy of glaciers and for an estimation of the water contents of a snow cover in winter which may be of particular interest for hydrology.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine vorläufige Bearbeitung zehnjähriger Beobachtungen der Schneehöhen auf der Grossglockner-Hochalpenstrasse berichtet, die durch die Häufung von Beobachtungsstellen vor allem einen Einblick in die Veränderlichkeit der Mächtigkeit der Schneedecke auf kleinem Raum im Hochgebirge gewähren. Die Messtellen lagen in Entfernungen von 100m und weniger. Aus je sechs Messungen in 120m breiten Profilen quer zur Strasse berechnete Mittelwerte erlauben, repräsentative durchschnittliche Jahresgänge der Mächtigkeit der Schneedecke für verschiedene Höhen und orographische Lagen abzuleiten. Es lassen sich zwei Typen der Jahresgänge unterscheiden, die durch den Grad der Exposition des Messgebietes bestimmt werden. Die grossen Unterschiede der mittleren Schneehöhen an jeder der sechs Messtellen der einzelnen Profile, die mehrere Meter übersteigen können, und die ähnlich grossen Unterschiede in der Verteilung der Schneehöhen auf die einzelnen Messtellen der Profile in den verschiedenen Jahren lassen erkennen, wie wenig repräsentativ für ein weiteres Gebiet im allgemeinen eine einzelne Schneehöhenmesstelle im unebenen Gelände des Hochgebirges ist. Zur Gewinnung repräsentativer Werte der Schneehöhen ist im Hochgebirge die Bildung von Gebietsmittel aus mehreren über einen kleinen Raum verteilten Messtellen zweckmässig. Ein Rückschluss auf die Niederschlagsmengen aus den Schneehöhen einer Messtelle ist im allgemeinen im Hochgebirge nicht gerechtfertigt. Die grosse Veränderlichkeit der Schneehöhe im Hochgebirge wird auch aus durchschnittlichen Schneeprofilen entlang der Hochalpenstrasse und aus den Unterschieden der durchschnittlichen Schneehöhen zwischen Strassenmitte und Strassenrand ersichtlich. Die Ergebnisse der gehäuften Schneehöhenmessungen auf der Grossglocknerstrasse erscheinen für die Beurteilung der Nährgebiete der Gletscher und für die Abschätzung des Wasserwertes der winterlichen Schneedecke des Hochgebirges für die Zwecke der Wasserwirtschaft von grosser Bedeutung.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 128-131 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Recent experiments on the radioactivity of potassium 40 give as result: $$\lambda = (0.60 \pm 0.05)10^{ - 9} a^{ - 1} ,\lambda _K /\lambda = 0.10 \pm 0.05,$$ λ K being the constant of decay byK-electron capture, λ=λβ+λ K the total decay constant. If we make following assumptions: 1st) the atmospheric argon is the decay product of potassium 40 in the earth, which has undergoneK-capture; 2nd) the potassium existing in the earth is practically all contained in the external crust, 10 miles thick; 3rd) the age of the solid crust does not exceed ∼3.109 years: we come to the conclusion that the earth as a whole must have remained in a fluid state for ∼ 109 years at least.
    Notes: Riassunto Da esperienze recenti risultano per le costanti radioattive del potassio 40 i valori seguenti: $$\lambda = (0.60 \pm 0.05)10^{ - 9} a^{ - 1} ,\lambda _K /\lambda = 0.10 \pm 0.05,$$ dove λ=λβ+λ K è la costante di disintegrazione totale λ K la costante di catturaK. Se si ammette che: 1°) l'argon atmosferico abbia origine dal potassio 40 contenuto nella terra, che ha subìto la catturaK; 2°) la massa di potassio disponibile nella terra sia praticamente quella contenuta nella crosta, di 16 km di spessore; 3°) la crosta si sia solidificata da non più di ∼ 3.109 a: si conclude che la terra deve essere rimasta allo stato fluido per un tempo dell'ordine di 109 anni almeno.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 113-119 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Geodesy is at present faced with tremendous tasks of world-wide scope. Main triangulations constituting the basis for a reliable determination of the earth's figure, the establishment of absolute coordinates and consistent large-scale mapping have, in the course of the past 150 years, been completed only to a very limited extent. In order to speed up efforts the customary methods and instruments of observation should be revised on the grounds of recent experiences made in the field of physics. Numerous nations have already made valuable contributions and an appreciable increase of results has been reached by means of the optical micrometer, theodolites with photographic registration, steel towers etc. In order to overcome obstacles due to unfavorable atmospheric conditions, the electric eye has been designed, replacing visual observation by photo-electric indication. The present note is in particular a report on the present stage of experiments made by the Institut für angewandte Geodäsie. These experiments have proved that generally speaking the new device is well suited for the purpose on hand. However, further efforts will be required for creating an apparatus thoroughly reliable also in the field.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die internationale Geodäsie steht noch heute vor gewaltigen Aufgaben. Das Hauptdreiecksnetz, das die Grundlage der sicheren Bestimmung der Erdfigur, der Schaffung absoluter Koordinaten für die gesamte Erdoberfläche und klaffungsfreier grossmasstäblicher Karten dient, ist in den letzten 150 Jahren nur zu einem geringen Bruchteil fertiggestellt. Moderne physikalische Erkenntnisse müssen die klassischen Beobachtungsmethoden und-instrumente reformieren, um die Leistungen zu beschleunigen. Viele Nationen haben hier wertvolle Beiträge geliefert. Optisches Mikrometer, photographisch registrierende. Theodolitc, stählerne Beobachtungstürme usw. haben schon bedeutende Leistungssteigerungen erzielt. Zur Ueberwindung der Hindernisse, die durch ungünstige atmosphärische Verhältnisse erzeugt werden, ist das elektrische Auge konstruiert worden, das die visuelle Beobachtung durch elektrische Anzeigegeräte ersetzt. Es wird über den neuesten Stand der im Institut für angewandte Geodäsie durchgeführten Versuche berichtet, die bereits die grundsätzliche Eignung des Gerätes im erstrebten Sinne beweisen liessen. Fernere Versuche und Vervollkommnungen werden notwendig sein, um das Gerät zu einem nie versagenden, feldmässig einsatzfähigen Gerät zu gestalten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 18 (1950), S. 120-127 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The oscillation of the sight point picture in telescope and simultaneously the difference of the air temperatures between the hights of 0.5 and 2.5 meters have been observed every two hours through two clear days and nights. Hereby the following results have been obtained. Short after the sunrise the sight point picture is quite immovable. Soon after it beginns to vibrate, at first slightly and slowly (one time in second) and then more violently and quickly (five times in second). The vibration attains its maximum short after the noon, then it decreases and becomes zero not long before the sunset. From now till the sunrise the sight point picture is swaying very slowly (in periods of several minutes). The vibration is proportional to the 1.68-power of the sight length. It correlates the vertical temperature gradient, and the vibration is e. g. for the sight of 75 m:F 75=0.66–1.42 ϱ mm, where ϱ means the temperature increase from 0.5 to 2.5 m (here negative). The swaying is proportional to the 2.05-power of the sight length. It correlates the gradient, and the swaying is e. g. for the sight of 125 m:S 125=1.3+4.02 ϱ mm, where ϱ has the same meaning as above. Between the sight errorZ and the vibrationF a relation:Z=0.11+0.029F mm is to be seen. Thus the accuracy of the sighting is not very sensitive to the vibration.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In zwei Beobachtungsserien von 24 Stunden ist jede zweite Stunde die Schwankung des Zielbildes beobachtet und gleichzeitig die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den Höhen 0.5 und 2.5 m gemessen worden. Aus diesen Beobachtungen gehen folgende Resultate hervor. Kurz nach Sonnenaufgang ist das Zielbild unbeweglich. Bald beginnt es zu flimmern, zuerst schwach und langsam (einmal in der Sek.) später stärker und schneller (5 mal in der Sek.). Das Flimmern erreicht sein Maximum etwas nach Mittag, vermindert sich dann und wird Null kurz vor Sonnenuntergang. Von hier an beginnt das Zielbild sehr langsam (in Perioden von Minuten) zu schweben. Der Betrag des Flimmerns ist proportional der 1.68-Potenz der Zielweite. Sie hängt von dem Temperaturgradienten ab, und z. B. bei der Zielweite 75 m beträgtF 75=0.66–1.42 ϱ mm, wo ϱ die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den Höhen 0.5 und 2.5 m bezeichnet. Der Betrag des Schwebens ist proportional der 2.05-Potenz der Zielweite. Sie hängt von dem Temperaturgradienten ab, und z. B. bei der Zielweite 125 m beträgtS 125=1.3+4.02 ϱ mm, wo ϱ die obenangegebene Bedeutung hat. Zwischen dem ZielungsfehlerZ und dem FlimmernF besteht die BeziehungZ=0.11++0.029F mm. Das Schweben wirkt sehr stark auf die Zielungsgenauigkeit ein, obgleich beim Vorkommen des Schwebens das Zielbild nach dem Augenmass unbeweglich erscheint.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 33-38 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From 1941 to 1942 at Cologne ionospheric interferences have been observed, which showed a specially favoured flow from NNE in the E-layer. In the F-layer such favoured flow were not to recognize. If one interpret the movement of these ionospheric interferences as a motion of material particles, this direction distribution is incompatible with the direction distribution ofHoffmeister's «Leuchtstreifen» (glowing stripes) at 120 km. Of course it is to concede, that the «Leuchtstreifen» were observed at night, while the ionospheric interferences are day observations. An explanation of these differences and an unobjectionable interpretation of the mechanism of the ionospheric interferences are so much the more necessary as the synoptic meteorology is more and more interested in the ionosphere.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Köln wurden in den Jahren 1941 bis 1942 Ionosphärenstörungen beobachtet, die in der E-Schicht eine bevorzugte Zugrichtung aus NNE aufwiesen. In der F-Schicht liess sich eine solche Bevorzugung einer Zugrichtung nicht erkennen. Wenn man die Wanderung dieser Ionosphärenstörungen als Bewegung materieller Teile deutet, so steht die Richtungsverteilung in einem klaffenden Widerspruch zur Richtungsverteilung der vonHoffmeister beobachteten Leuchtstreifen in rund 120 km Höhe. Es muss allerdings eingeräumt werden, dass es sich bei Leuchtstreifen um Nacht-, bei den Ionosphärenstörungen um Tagesbeobachtungen handelt. Eine Aufklärung dieser Unterschiede und eine einwandfreie Deutung des Mechanismus dieser Ionosphärenstörungen ist umso notwendiger, als die Ionosphäre steigendes Interesse auch für die synoptische Meteorologie gewinnt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 39-43 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary One may represent a spatial curve Γ on a plane by bending a metal thread along the curve and then photographing it, but in this way much time is wasted. In the present paper the A. suggests an optical device which, replaced to the pencil of the out-put table ofBush's machine, traces on film a curve Γ′ that should look like the photographic image of the thread. In this study were taken into account only the cases in which the light source lighting Γ′, is at the infinite or in the coordinate origin, while the point of view is always at the infinite.
    Notes: Riassunto Per rappresentare una curva spaziale Γ su un piano si può piegare un filo metallico secondo la curva e fotografarlo, operazione che però richiede molto tempo. Nel presente articolo l'A. illustra un dispositivo ottico che, sostituito alla matita della tavola di egresso della macchina diBush, è atto a descrivere su pellicola una curva Γ′ simile all'immagine fotografica del filo. In questo studio si sono considerati soltanto i casi in cui la sorgente di luce che illumina la Γ′ è all'infinito o nella origine delle coordinate, mentre il punto di vista à sempre all'infinito.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 47-51 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The index of similarity calculated between one alpine locality, Sion in Wallis, and some other places situated on each side of the Alps shows the dissimilarity of the rain systems of both sides. In North, the nearly normal indices reflect the homogeneous distribution of rain in large areas; in South, too small indices betray the irregularity of rain zones and their geographic dispersion. Wallis belongs to the north region.
    Notes: Résumé L'indice de similitude calculé entre une station alpine, Sion en Valais, et quelques localités situées de part et d'autre des Alpes met en évidence la dissemblance des régimes pluviaux des deux versants. Au Nord, les indices quasi normaux reflètent la distribution homogène des pluies en plages de grandes dimensions; au Sud, les indices trop faibles trahissent l'irrégularité des zones pluvieuses et leur dispersion géographique. La Valais appartient à la région nord.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 60-74 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An investigation is made into the possibility of replacing the normal magnetic needle jewelled bearings by a torsion suspended needle. The needle is suspended between two wires (ribbons) under torsion. The object is to make practical use of the new magnetic material, with practical reference to permanently magnetic materials, in magnetic measuring instruments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden systematisch die physikalischen Grundlagen untersucht, um die bisherigen gewöhnlichen Magnetnadeln mit Steinlagerung durch eine solche Torsionsmagnetnadel zu ersetzen, deren Torsionsaufhängung beiderseitig gespannt ist. Das Ziel ist, für magnetische Messinstrumente die neuen magnetischen Werkstoffe, hier vorerst die Dauermagnetwerkstoffe, nutzbar zu verwenden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 52-59 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The five cold front types adopted by the author, with the vertical lapse rate of temperature in the frontal area as the essential characteristic, and stable und unstable warm frontal systems are distinguishable in the weather maps by specific weather phenomena connected with them. Based on the weather maps for Hamburg Germany, in 1950, the annual mean coefficient of vertical exchange at the 35-m level and the oxydation value of the surface air layer were determined for each of these frontal types. The results obtained are confirming as justified the adopted classification.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vom Verfasser aufgestellten fünf Typen von Kaltfronten, die als wesentliches Unterscheidungsmerkmal die vertikale Temperaturschichtung im Frontbereich benutzen, sowie stabile und labile Warmfronten zeichnen sich in den Wetterkarten durch typische Wettererscheinungen aus. Für jeden dieser Fronttypen, die nach diesen Erscheinungen aus den Wetterkarten des Jahres 1950 für Hamburg ausgesucht wurden, wurde das Jahresmittel des vertikalen Austauschkoeffizienten in 35 m Höhe und der Oxydationswert der Bodenluft bestimmt. Die Ergebjisse bestätigen die Berechtigung der gegebenen Frontenklassifikation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 100-104 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 92-99 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to close the clefts in subsoil of dams, cement is pressed into them. A geoelectrical method of measuring is now described, with which the following data may be determined: the open volume of the clefts before injection of cement, the volume that has been filled with cement during injection and the still open volume after injection. Further we can state, whether cement has flows to distant spaces. The method was esamined by some hundred injections in Austria.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um den Kluftraum im Baugrunde von Staumauern zu schliessen, presst man in diesen Zementmilch. Es wird nun ein geoelektrisches Verfahren beschrieben, mit dem folgende Angaben bestimmt werden können: Das offene Kluftvolumen vor der Injektion; das durch die Injektion gefüllte Kluftvolumen; die Menge von Injektionsmilch, die aus dem für die Injektion bestimmten Raume nach entfernten Räumen ausfloss. Das Verfahren wurde in Oesterreich an mehreren hundert Einzelinjektionen erprobt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 75-91 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It follows from the geophysical facts that in prospecting, especially for ore, an universal magnetic instrument with a relative measuring accuracy of 0.1 p. c. is completely adequate. The field components are compensated by means of bar magnets. A magnetic needle suspended under tension serves here as the zero indicator. The vertical component is determined by means of deflectors. Apart from research into their scientific basis, the new magnetic materials are being examined in respect of their most suitable practical application. The temperature coefficients of the magnetic moment of permanent bar magnets are measured. The theory of deflectors is given. The experimental research on various highly permeable newer alloys shows that the magnetic induction in deflectors composed of such materials is in actual fact dependent only on their geometrical proportions. In particular descriptions are given of prospecting apparatus with offset-scales (Ablenkungsschienen) and of the type known as Kohlrausch-variometers (Einstabvariometer). The desired accuracy of 0.1 p. c. inH andZ is already being achieved by direct indicator reading of the torsion needle.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus den geophysikalischen Gegebenheiten folgt, dass für die Prospektion, vornehmlich auf Erz, ein magnetisches Universalinstrument mit einer relativen Messgenauigkeit von 0.1 % völlig ausreicht. Die Feldkomponenten werden durch Stabmagnete kompensiert. Als Nullindikator dient dabei eine Spannbandmagnetnadel. Die Vertikalkomponente wird mittels Deflektorstäbe bestimmt. Neben den theoretischen Grundlagen werden die neuen magnetischen Werkstoffe auf ihre zweckentsprechende Verwendung hin untersucht. Die Temperaturkoeffizienten des magnetischen Moments von Stabdauermagneten werden magnetometrisch gemessen. Die Theorie der Deflektorstäbe wird gegeben. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen an verschiedenen neueren hochpermeablen Legierungen zeigen, dass die magnetische Induktion in kurzen Deflektorstäben aus solchen Materialien praktisch nur noch von dem geometrischen Dimensionsverhältnis abhängt. Im einzelnen werden Prospektorgeräte mit Ablenkungsschienen und als Einstabvariometer beschrieben. Die angestrebte Genauigkeit von 0.1 % inH unZ wird bereits mit Zeigerablesung der Spannbandmagnetnadel erreicht.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 105-107 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 108-108 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 111-116 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 109-111 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 124-128 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some simple relations between the formation of the mountains and the gravity are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Einige einfache Beziehungen zwischen den Schwere-Werten und der Formung der Gebirge werden gezeigt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 117-123 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le déclinaison gravitationelle apparaît ici comme analogue à la déclinaison magnétique. Le théodolite photographique enrégistreur utilisé avec des signaux horaires radiotélégraphiques spéciaux permet par une méthode de simultanéité, appliquée à deux stations de campagne, sa détermination et son élimination rélativement à des directions géodésiques. La méthode est basée sur des équations linéaires et ne demande que des mesures horizontales par rapport à un système simple d'étoiles sans avoir recours aux pendules transportables. Elle fournit probablement une exactitude bien améliorée et une vitesse plusieurs fois plus grande comparées à l'état actuel.
    Notes: Summary The gravitational declination appears here as the analogue of the wellknown magnetic declination. The photographic recording theodolit in connection with a high frequency impulse transmitter allows, by a method of simultaneousness on two fieldstations, its direct and connected measurement and its elimination with regard to geodetic directions. The method has been based on linear equations, with the only request of horizontal angle measurements to a plain system of stars, abstracting from any transportable clocks. The method promises a higher accuracy and a multiple as great working velocity, comparatively to the state at present.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 144-150 
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    Notes: Summary By substituting in an allowed manner the actual waves with plane waves and considering that any segments of the trajectories between the same wave fronts are isochronic ways for the vibrations: on derives the well known travel-time formulas quite plainly without the tiresome geometrical calculations applied hitherto.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 232-236 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 231-232 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 19 (1951), S. 170-172 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The true solar constant 2.4 is proved.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Solarkonstante 2.4 wird begründet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 46-49 
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    Notes: Summary The comparison of the geomagneticK-indices for Mogadiscio with the correspondingK p for the whole earth, during the 2.nd Intern. Polar Year 1932–33, allows to deduce some features of the equatorial geomagnetic activity. Furthermore, evidence is adduced indicating that the geomagnetic disturbance at Mogadiscio is normal inH andD, while it appears slightly abnormal inZ.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 24-26 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On rencontre souvent des problèmes où divers oscillateurs dé périodes propres différentesT 0j et de même coefficient d'amortissement ε, sont attaqués par un phénomène sinusoïdal de périodeT. Les courbes classiques qui donnent l'amplitude et la phase du mouvement forcé en fonction du rapportT/T 0 pour différentes valeurs du paramètreh=εT 0/2π, ne peuvent alors être utilisées. Nous donnons ici les courbes correspondant à des valeurs différentes du paramètreh(=ε/n)=ε T/2π.
    Notes: Summary Frequency characteristics of a linear oscillator or a seismometer, whose equation of free oscillation is $$\ddot x + 2\varepsilon \dot x$$ +n 2 x=0, are usually represented by takingh(=ε/n) as parameters. In this case, however, the independent variable is the frequency of impressed force or displacement from outside on the oscillator. But, we often encounter those cases, where the frequencies from outside are constant, and the frequency of the oscillator or pick-up is to be changed, or the several oscillators with various frequencies are to be used. Then, of course,h cannot be taken as parameters, as they vary with the oscillator's frequencyn. The author here calculated the amplitude- and phase-characteristics for the latter case, taking $$\bar h$$ (=ε/n) as parameters and represented them in thick lines in the figures together with the ordinary ones in thin lines.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 27-30 
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    Notes: Summary Following on the examination of the frequencies of S. Cs. and S. Is. given in a recent paper (1), the diurnal variation of theH-amplitudes at the six stations Cheltenham, Tucson, San Juan, Honolulu, Huancayo and Watheroo during the period 1926–46 is investigated, and in this S. Cs. and S. Is. do not appear to differ greatly in their behaviour. Except in the case of Huancayo, the greatest amplitudes occur near 0h. local time, after which there is a fall to the lowest values about 7h. The S. Is. amplitudes may have a secondary minimum near 18h., but this is not certain.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 138-156 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Verteilung der Kondensationskerne auf der Messplatte des kleinenScholz-Zählers untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sind die folgenden: 1) Mit zunehmender Expansionsgeschwindigkeit und Kerndichte verstärkt sich die Wirbelbildung im Rezipienten und führt zu einer ungleichmässigen Verteilung der Kerne auf der Messplatte. 2) Der Einfluss der Expansionsgeschwindigkeit kann dann vernachlässigt werden, wenn die Luftprobe so dosiert wird, dass etwa 5–8 Tropfen auf den Quadratmillimeter fallen. 3) Der Rührflügel ist notwendig. Er muss jedoch so angebracht werden, dass er keine zusätzliche Wirbelbildung verursacht.
    Abstract: Riassunto Nella presente ricerca si studia la distribuzione dei nuclei di condensazione sulla lastra di misura del piccolo contatoreScholz. I risultati sono i seguenti: 1) Con l'aumento della velocità di espansione e della densità dei nuclei, si rafforza la formazione di vortici nel recipiente e si ha una distribuzione irregolare dei nuclei sulla lastra di misura. 2) L'influenza della velocità di espansione può essere trascurata quando il provino d'aria vien dosato in modo che su un millimetro quadrato cadano pressapoco 5–8 gocce. 3) La paletta per rimescolare l'aria è necessaria. Deve però essere applicata in modo che non provochi una formazione supplementare di vortici.
    Notes: Summary In this paper results of researches which have been carried out on the distribution of the condensation nucleus on the ruled plate of the small counter-Scholz are presented. They are as follows: 1) The quicker the expansion and the greater the number of the nucleus, the stronger the vortex in the receiver. This vortex causes an irregular distribution of the nucleus on the ruled plate. 2) The influence of the velocity of expansion can be disregarded when the quantity of dust-laden air is chosen in such a manner, that no more than 5–8 droplets fall upon the ruled plate. 3) The stirrer is absolutely necessary, but its construction must not cause any new vortexes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 183-185 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Description of two ordinary globular lightnings (Nr. 1 and 2), one multiple globular lightning (Nr. 5) and two other phenomena (Nr. 3 and 4) similar to a globular lightning.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwei einfache Kugelblitze (Nr. 1 und 2), ein mehrfacher Kugelblitz (Nr. 5) und zwei weitere kugelblitzähnliche Erscheinungen (Nr.3 und 4) werden beschrieben.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 1-14 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the past, spectral analysis of oscillations was based upon the Fourier transform almost exclusively. This spectral decomposition is shown to be merely a special case of a more general type of decomposition which is based upon the concept of exhaustion largely used in periodographic analysis. The exhaustion principle is extended to continuous variable shift periods, the result being an integral transform similar to the Fourier transform, with the exception that the cosine function is replaced by a series of equidistantDirac functions. A periodograph is described which permits continuous exhaustion analysis of oscillogram patterns by means of an optical projection device.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Spektralanalyse von Schwingungsvorgängen basierte bisher ausschliesslich auf der Fourierschen Funktionaltransformation. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Art der spektralen Zerlegung nur ein Sonderfall einer allgemeinen Zerlegungsart ist, die auf dem in der periodographischen Analyse vielbenutzten Exhaustionsprinzip beruht. Dieses Prinzip wird auf kontinuierlich variable Verschiebungsweiten ausgedehnt und führt dann zu einer Integraltransformation, die der Fourier-Transformation analog gebildet ist, aber an Stelle der Cosinusfunktion eine Summe von gleichabständigenDirac-Funktionen enthält. Es wird ein Periodograph beschrieben, der eine kontinuierliche Exhaustionsanalyse von Oszillogrammschablonen nach dem optischen Projektionsverfahren ermöglicht.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 20 (1951), S. 50-55 
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    Notes: Summary Tangential and normal equations of horizontal motion along and normal to the characteristic lines (for example: stream lines, isobars, isotherms, etc.) are derived in general form. Then the later section of this paper is devoted to applications to natural coordinates and the coordinates chosen to lie parallel and normal to the isobars.
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