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  • 2005-2009
  • 1950-1954  (7,259)
  • 1952  (7,259)
  • 1
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 19-31 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By the German Atlantic Expedition on the «Meteor», 1925–1927, and the marine-aerological work of the Deutsche Seewarte numerous upper air wind measurements were gained from the Atlantic. The evaluation of this material for the area in the south of 20° northern latitude and of the measurements up to 1937 is done within the scale of the «Meteorwerk», vol. XVI as a continuation of vol. XV. In consequence of war events and the difficulties of the time after the war the publication has been delayed considerably. For the information on hand, some partial results are selected which refer to the route to South America; as a contribution for gaining necessaryquantitative data on the general circulation. For the levels 4–5, 9–10, and 14–15 km the average wind elements and the dispersion of the wind velocities are treated. The stratification of air currents in the vertical profile of the route is given for the height of 0–15 km. It is entered into particulars of the structure of the «Urpassat» (tropical easterlies), and the tropical West-wind layer of the upper troposphere in various seasons.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch die Deutsche Atlantische Expedition auf «Meteor» 1925–27 und das maritim-aerologische Werk der Deutschen Seewarte wurden zahlreiche Höhenwindmessungen auf dem Atlantischen Ozean gewonnen. Die Bearbeitung dieses Materials, für das Gebiet südlich von 20° Nordbreite und die Messungen bis 1937, geschieht im Rahmen des Meteorwerkes, in Band XVI als Fortsetzung von Band XV-Kriegsereignisse und Schwierigkeiten der Nachkriegszeit haben die Veröffentlichung leider stark verzögert. Für die vorliegende Mitteilung werden einige Teilergebnisse ausgewählt, die sich auf den Seeweg nach Südamerika beziehen; als Beitrag zur Gewinnung erforderlicher quantitativer Daten über die allgemeine Zirkulation. Für die Höhenstufen 4–5, 9–10 und 14–15 km werden die mittleren Windelemente und die Streuung der Windgeschwindigkeiten behandelt. Es wird die Schichtung der Luftströmungen im Vertikalprofil des Seeweges für 0–15 km Höhe gegeben. Auf die Struktur des Urpassates (der tropischen Ostströmung) und der tropischen Westwindschicht der hohen Troposphäre in den verschiedenen Jahreszeiten wird näher eingegangen.
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  • 2
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 7-18 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Recent research, and particularly that undertaken by the «Kieler Institut für Meereskunde», has suggested a re-examination of the water households of both the Mediterranean and the Baltic Seas. It is hoped that a comparative study of the two may contribute to a better understanding of the maritim-meteorological and oceanographic characteristics of either sea. The latest rain maps byW. Daume, F. Möller, andW. Brogmus show an average annual amount of rainfall of 345 mm in the Mediterranean, and 474 mm in the Baltic. In both cases these figures are roughly 15 per cent lower than what authors have so far assumed them to be. The figures for the fresh-water sypply from the land have also been revised in recent publications byDaume andBrogmus, the annual figures for the Mediterranean being 350 km3 (i. e. 129mm in hight), while the annual figure for the Baltic is 480 km3 (i. e. 1243 mm in hight). These figures have been used together with recent, but still largely hypothetical, figures for the difference between in- and outflow at the straits (Gibraltar, Bosphorus, the Belts, and the Sound), to calculate the evaporation from the basic water-household equation. The annual evaporation figure is 1450 mm for the Mediterranean, and only 473 mm for the Baltic. Again, these figures differ from former estimates, but they are confirmed by other considerations, and calculations of maritime meteorology. It is with these new figures in mind that the author finally goes into the question of the hydrographic and climatic effects of a damming-up of the above-mentioned straits.Soergel's fantastic «Atlantropa» project, already criticised bytroll, van Einerm andDaume, is briefly treated from the point of view of the water household and is found to be largely impracticable. It is pointed out that the systematic collection of further information on the meteorological and oceanographic conditions of the two seas is urgently needed for the sake of further reducing the margin of error in the above calculations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund neuerer, besonders auch im Kieler Institut für Meereskunde durchgeführter Untersuchungen wird der Versuch gemacht, die Wasserhaushalte des Mittelländischen Meeres und der Ostsee einer Revision zu unterziehen und durch eine vergleichende Betrachtung zu einem vertieften Verständnis der maritim-meteorologischen und ozeanographischen Besonderheiten beider meere beizutragen. Aus neuen Regenkarten vonW. Daume, F. Möller undW. Brogmus ergibt sich die mittlere Niederschlagshöhe für das Mittelmeer zu 345 mm/Jahr und für die Ostsee zu 474 mm/Jahr, das sind in beiden Fällen um rd. 15% niedrigere Werte, als frühere Autoren vermuteten. Auch für die Süßwasserzufuhr vom Lande werden im Anschluss an die neuen Arbeiten vonDaume undBrogmus neue Zahlen geboten: für das Mittelmeer 350 km3/Jahr (=129 mm/Jahr Wasserhöhe), für die Ostsee hingegen 480 km3/Jahr (=1243 mm/Jahr Wasserhöhe). Unter Benutzung dieser Zahlen und neuerer z.T. zwar noch sehr hypothetischer Angaben über die Differenz von Ausstrom und Einstrom in den ozeanischen Verbindungsstraßen (Straße von Gibraltar, Bosporus, Belte und Sund) wird die Verdunstung aus der Grundgleichung des Wasserhaushaltes rechnerisch ermittelt und für das Mittelmeer zu 1450 mm/Jahr, für die Ostsee hingegen zu nur 473 mm/Jahr gefunden, Werte, die von früheren Schätzungen abweichen, aber auch durch andere maritim- meteorologische Ueberlegungen und Berechnungen gestützt werden können. Zum Schluss wird die Frage der hydrographischen und klimatischen Auswirkung der Abdämmung der genannten Meeresengen vom Standpunkte dieser neuen Wasserbilanzen kritisch geprüft. Das phantastische «Atlantropa»-ProjektSoergels wird im Anschluss an die kritischen Betrachtungen vonTroll, van Einerm undDaume vom Standpunkte des Wasserhaushalts kurz beleuchtet und seine Durchfürhung in grossen Teilen als unmöglich angesehen. Weitere systematische maritimmeteorologische und ozeanographische Beobachtungen werden für beide Nebenmeere als dringend erwünscht bezeichnet, um die in dem Bilanzen noch bestehenden Unsicherheiten weiter zu verringern.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 58-62 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The frequency of mist and fog over the Eastern Mediterranean generally shows a maximum in the warm season and a minimum in winter. It is also less on the African coats than on the northern shores. In the warm season visibility may also deteriorate as a result of the spreading out of heat-haze, notably by midday, or by dust-haze. An outline of the distributions favouring these weather features has been given. It has also been shown that apart from these features, visibility may deteriorate as a result of suspended dust blown from the African deserts by southerly winds in front of travelling depressions in winter or in spring. Visibility may also deteriorate as a result of heavy precipitation in a ≪Cyprus low≫ in winter.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 52-57 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Conclusions Importance pour l'économie mondiale du problème de la connaissance des vents en altitude et necessité de la collaboration des organisations scientifiques. Suggestions pour un plan de travail des Etats: a) extension au sol du réseau aérologique mondial tout spécialement dans l'hémisphère sud. b) utilisation des déplacements de navires spécialement équipés pour la télémetrie des radio-sondes. c) exploitation systématique des anciens journaux de navigation pour connaître les positions des cirrus. d) observation généralisée des cirrus par les navires et les stations au sol actuelles: directives correspondantes à donner par les Amirautés et les Marines Marchandes. e) préparation en 1953 de journées mondiales d'observations aérologiques spécialement dans l'hémisphère sud. f) collationnement des résultats: établissement généralisé de pilot charts. analogues aux cartes ≪upper air≫ américaines, leur extension systématique. g) rôle de l'Organisation Météorologique Mondiale et de l'Union géodésique et géophysique internationale pour l'organisation du plan de travail et l'exploitation des résultats obtenus.
    Notes: Summary About the middle of the 19th century, clipper sailing made astouding progress, owing toMaury's famous works on surface winds. These works, kept up to date and constantly perfected since, were to lead to the American ≪Pilots Charts≫ known to-day. — We are at present perfectly acquainted with the high altitude winds in the medium range of the Northern hemisphere, since modern flying tends more and more to adopt the isobaric method. As for the Southern hemisphere, our aerological knowledge, although obtained from theoretical studies and from a few isolated measurements remains very incomplete. However, it seems practically certain that air currents and the ≪Jet Stream≫ do exist, with strong and very regular Western components. — In practice, this means that in view of the gradual decrease of sea travel and of the generalisation of high altitude flying exact knowledge of air currents becomes indispensable: the working conclusions of this point will be found at the end of this communication. — For example, it is already an evident fact that the route from Europe to Australia will lie via South Africa and the Kerguelen Islands, and no longer via India. More generally speaking, a kind of one-way route will appear in the Southern hemisphere on the level of 34° South, as shown by our sketches, and we suggest that this migh be called the ≪Southern Circus≫.
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 102-109 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From the observations of the seawave-motion effectuated in Trieste at 8h, 14h and 19h, during the years 1931–1950, the monthly and annual mean values are calculated. The maximum wave-motion results at 14h of the summer months, the minimum one at 8h of the same months. The mean annual value is 1.7, that is: a little inferior than «lightly moved». Between the wind-velocity and the wave-motion have been determined correlation-coefficients varying from 0.49 to 0.94.
    Notes: Riassunto Dalle osservazioni dello stato del mare, eseguite a Trieste alle ore 8, 14 e 19, nel ventennio 1931–1950, si deducono le medie mensili, stagionali ed annue. Il moto ondoso risulta massimo alle ore 14 dei mesi estivi, minimo alle ore 8 degli stessi mesi. Il valore medio annuo è 1.7, lo stato medio del mare risulta poco meno che leggermente mosso. Nel ventennio l'andamento medio annuo non è nè crescente nè decrescente, presenta una concavità negli anni centrali. Tra la velocità del vento e lo stato ondoso sono stati determinati coefficienti di correlazione che variano, secondo i casi, da 0.49 a 0.94.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is physiographically elaborated correlation among the volumetrical variations relates to the bottom Mediterranean Sea, occurred from 1824 to 1924, and the centurial continental-shelf sedimentation or water-level sea vertical variations of Italy and Tunisy, the neutral-line Cornaglia's, the axis of minima selection Thoulet's, the mud-line Murray's. It is too remarked the gross mistake of some geographer when the morphological confrontation it is limited linearly with only one dimension (coastlines variations) or surfacially with two dimensions (area's variations), not to esteeming of any account of the bathylithological synchronous variations, without orthodromical compensation of scale, if it is about of original maps differently dated.
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 127-130 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The A. describes the meteorological service of the Italian merchant ship organised after 1-1-1950 by the Istituto Idrografico di Genova, according to the resolutions of the Meteorological Conference, Washington 1947. The actual effort to overcome the difficulty of some observations at sea is emphasised.
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 131-132 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The A. points out that the confirmation of the theory ofNeumann's significative waves, which differ from those ofSverdrup andMunk, would require observations of an accuracy not yet available. The existence of these waves would not change, anyhow,Sverdrup andMunk's conclusions out of the wind area.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 133-141 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a short description of the Lido of Venice, their microclimatic features (marine and paramarine air) are discussed, together with a report of the researches made on the temperature and salinity of the air and rain, as well as on the dampness at the Lido and at the near island of Poveglia, also from biological standpoint, for the knowledge of the seatherapy, psammotherapy and physiotherapy of the Ospedale al Mare.
    Notes: Riassunto Fatta una breve descrizione del Lido di Venezia si enunciano i caratteri del suo microclima (ariamarina e ariaparamarina) e si dà relazione degli studi fatti relativamente alla temperatura, alla salsedine dell'aria e della pioggia, all'umidità, sia al Lido come nella vicina Isola di Poveglia, anche in relazione alla biologia zoologica e botanica, a servizio della talassoterapia, elioterapia, psammoterapia, fisioterapia dell'Ospedale al Mare.
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for the recording of sea-wave motion is described and explained. It consists in having the vertical movement of the sea surface transformed into compression or expansion of a volume of air enclosed in a tube which is carrying on its upper part a sensitive membrane. This self-recording instrument, set up at Prà (Genoa) by the ≪Istituto Geofisico dell'Università di Genova≫ is functioning since several months already without giving rise to objections. Some first results obtained up now are also examided, from which it appears the importance of the passage of cold fronts.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein neues Verfahren für die Registrierung der Meereswellenbewegung beschrieben und erläutert. Es besteht darin, dass der vertikale Gang der Meeresoberfläche umgewandelt wird in Kompression oder Expansion einer in einem Rohre befindlichen Luftmasse, welche am oberen Teil von einer empfindlichen Membran geschlossen ist. Dieser Gerät, vom ≪Istituto Geofisico dell'Università di Genova≫ in Prà (Genua) aufgestellt, arbeitet bereits seit einigen Monaten einwandfrei. Einige vorläufige Ergebnisse werden dann erläutert, wofür auf die Bedeutung des Durchganges von Kaltfronten hingewiesen wird.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene descritto ed illustrato un nuovo procedimento di registrazione del moto ondoso marino, il quale consiste sostanzialmente nel trasformare l'escursione verticale che subisce la superficie del mare nella compressione o dilatazione di una massa d'aria sovrastante racchiusa in un tubo verticale munito superiormente di opportuna membrana sensibile. Un tale apparecchio, installato a Prà (Genova) dal-l'Istituto Geofisico dell'Università di Genova, funziona con successo da alcuni mesi. Segue un esame dei primi risultati ivi conseguiti, dal quale appare l'importanza del passaggio dei fronti freddi sul moto ondoso del mare.
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 1-36 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is examined which changes of the vertical extension and of the density of rectangular prisms are allowed without changing their gravity effects beyond certain limits. Forms of mass respectively of geological layers which differ from each other only in geometrical dimensions and in density but have practically the same gravity effect are called ≪gravimetrically equivalent≫. — A synthetical example is treated in which the dimensions are such that the rectangular prism can be regarded as isostatic compensation for a pattern mountain range of the extension of the Alps. — It is concluded that the examination of the gravity anomalies cannot furnish a clear conception of the extension of the ≪disturbing geological layer≫ below the mountain range, even if its form is known. — In an appendix the necessary formulas for calculating the ≪gravimetrical equivalence≫ are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird untersucht, welche Aenderungen in der vertikalen Ausdehnung und der Dichte von rechteckigen Prismen erlaubt sind, ohne ihren gravimetrischen Effekt über gewisse Grenzen hinaus zu ändern. Formen von Massen bzw. von geologischen Körpern, die sich untereinander nur in geometrischen Dimensionen und in der Dichte unterscheiden, praktisch aber den gleichen gravimetrischen Effekt haben, werden ≪gravimetrisch äquivalent≫ genannt. — Es wird ein Beispiel durchgerechnet, in dem die Abmessungen solche sind, dass die rechteckigen Prismen als isostatische Kompensation einer Modell-Gebirgskette, von der Erstreckung der Alpen angesehen werden können. — Aus dem Ergebnis wird der Schluss gezogen, dass das Studium der Schwereanomalien keine klare Vorstellung von der Erstreckung des ≪störenden geologischen Körpers≫ unter dem Gebirgszuge liefern kann, selbst wenn seine Form bekannt ist. — In einem Anhang werden die für die Berechnung der ≪gravimetrischen Aequivalenz≫ nötigen Formeln mitgeteilt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 37-41 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary From the standpoint of the electrical state of the earth's interior as inferred from both geophysical and physical researches, the possibility ofElsasser-Bullard's theory is discussed. The electromagnetic shielding within the earth's mantle is also taken into account. It is of interest that the theory seems to well harmonize with the electrical state considered.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The ion-production of a monochromatic radiation in an atmosphere with variable temperature in various heights is considered. A stratification ofF-layer intoF 1-andF 2-layer appears by a heat zone between these layers. But always the temperature of theF 2-layer is lower as this ofF 1-layer. Thus some difficulties ofF 2-layer can be removed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Theorie der Schichtbildung durch eine monochromatische Strahlung wird für beliebige Temperaturverteilungen in der Atmosphäre erweitert. Unter gewissen Voraussetzungen ergeben sich durch Ionisation einer einzigen Komponente des Luftgemisches bereits zwei Maxima der Ionenbildung. Es wird vermutet, daß dieser Vorgang bei der häufig beobachteten Aufspaltung der F-Schicht in dieF 1- undF 2-Schicht vorliegt; aus der Theorie ergibt sich dann, daß die Temperatur in derF 2-Schicht tiefer sein muß als in derF 1-Schicht, weiters können verschiedene bisher bestandene Schwierigkeiten hinsichtlich derF 2-Schicht behoben werden.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 84-88 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author describes a new highly sensitive recording instrument for the measurement of the atmospheric electric field, which enables a separated registration of the plus and minus fields. Furthermore the author presents some registrations of the atmospheric electric field obtained in the most various conditions at the Institute for terrestrial physics of the University of Naples.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene fatta la descrizione di un nuovo sensibile apparecchio registratore per la misura del campo elettrico atmosferico che offre la possibilità di una registrazione differenziata dei campi positivi e negativi. Vengono presentate inoltre alcune registrazioni di campo elettrico atmosferico nelle più varie condizioni, ottenute col discritto apparecchio nell'Istituto di Fisica Terrestre dell'Università di Napoli.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 97-107 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We confirm with a new septennium of observations the value that has been already other times determined by the author of the critical temperature of ≪antèsi≫ for the ≪Taxus baccata≫ and with a period of twenty years of observations we determine the value of the analogous biologic element for the ≪Punica granatum≫.
    Notes: Riassunto Si conferma, con un nuovo settennio di osservazioni, il valore già altre volte determinato dall'A. dellatemperatura critica di antèsi per ilTaxus baccata. E con un ventennio di osservazioni si determina il valore dell'analogo elemento biologico per ilPunica granatum.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 129-132 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In diesem Aufsatze werden die lokalen, nationalen und weltweiten geodätischen Systeme behandelt, vor zu grossem Vertrauen in die Ausgleichsrechnungen gewarnt, einige Vorbedingungen für gute Ausgleichung der Europäischen Triangulation erwähnt, die Bedeutung der gravimetrischen Methode für das weltweite geodätische System, für Kontrolle der Karten von kleinem Masstabe (nicht grösser als 1∶100.000), für Berechnung der Erddimensionen und für Gründung der Superkontrollpunkte für die grossen Triangulationen betont.
    Notes: Summary In this article the local, nation-wide and world-wide geodetic control systems will be treated as well as the advantage and limitation of the geodetic adjustments of large triangulation nets, and the additional observations needed before the second adjustment of the European triangulation. The fundamental significance of the gravimetric method for establishing the world-wide geodetic system, for the control of small scale maps beginning from 1∶100.000 for determining of the super control points for the long-range triangulations and particulary for checking the earth's dimensions will be emphasized.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 147-161 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'objet principal de l'article se rapporte à des propositions de l'auteur ayant le but de modifier le bienconnu appareil à fil (FP), construit parBessel en 1826 à Königsberg. Les propositions tendent à l'introduction de méthodes et de matériaux physiques modernes. La méthode est probablement la seule comparable en exactitude aux pendules de reversion (RP). En outre la méthode de la “chute libre” (FF) a été discutée relativement aux erreurs moyennes expectables, au but de la comparaison avec les deux autres. La méthode FF est trouvée incapable à contrôler les mesures RP.
    Notes: Summary The chief object treated here relates to the proposals of the author, to modify the wellknown thread-pendulum apparatus (FP), constructed byBessel 1826 at Königsberg, aiming at the introduction of modern physical methods and materials. This method seems to be the single one comparable in exactitude with reversion pendulum (RP). Further more the “free fall” method (FF) has been shortly discussed with regard to the expectable mean errors, for purpose of comparison with the two others. The FF-method seems not to be able to control the RP-measurements.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 166-170 
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    Notes: Summary The study deals with expansion waves in fluids, with particular reference to hydrodynamic earthquake effects. The current assumption of steady harmonic motion is compared with the assumption that the motion is discontinuous in the sense that it starts from the initial condition of rest. A numerical example shows that the impulsive start may have a considerable influence on the dynamic water pressure.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 174-188 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The solution of the heat diffusion equation with a periodic, plane source is applied to problems of the diurnal and annual range of surface temperature, and its lag on insolation. The application of diffusion theory to practical problems is much simplified by the introduction of the concept of a heat capacity for a surface source. Heat capacity may be calculated from the thermal characteristics of the diffusing substance, and the nature of the periodic source. Heat capacities so determined give diurnal surface temperature ranges fo the order revealed in nature. It is possible to account for the way in which the annual temperature range changes with latitude. The annual temperature range computed on diffusion theory alone is about 250% in excess of observed values, but the discrepancy may be accounted for by the interlatitudinal exchange of heat. The indications are that in average circumstances the air absorbs 50%–100% more heat from a plane source than the soil.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 195-204 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the present paper is determined the energy scattered by a grain of volcanic ashes in each of the two hemispaces individuated by a plane passing through the figure centre of the grain, in the case of a beam of parallel rays incident on it, the direction of the rays forming an angle ζ with the normal to the considered plane. One arrives to the conclusion that, varying ζ from 0 to π, the energy scattered in the hemispace of the light origin varies from 26‰ to 130‰ of the incident energy, and, vice-versa, the energy scattered in the hemispace in which the light continues its way, varies from 130‰ to 26‰ of the incident energy; and that, in the case in which the light is incident on a grain from all the directions contained in the solid angle 2π, a 38‰ is scattered in the hemispace of the light origin and a 118‰ in the other hemispace, while, as it is obvious, in each case the ratio between scattered energy and incident energy is constant and equal to 0.156.
    Notes: Riassunto Viene determinata l'energia diffusa da un granulo di polvere vulcanica in ciascuno dei due semispazi individuati da un piano passante per il centro di figura del granulo, nel caso in cui incida su di esso un fascio di raggi paralleli, la cui direzione formi un angolo ζ con la normale al piano considerato, pervenendo alla conclusione che, al variare di ζ da 0 a π, l'energia diffusa nel semispazio di provenienza della luce varia dal 26 ‰ al 130 ‰ dell'energia incidente e, viceversa, quella diffusa nel semispazio in cui la luce prosegue il suo cammino varia dal 130‰ al 26‰ dell'energia incidente, e che, nel caso in cui la luce incida su un granulo secondo tutte le direzioni contenute nell'angolo solido 2 π, il 38‰ viene diffuso nel semispazio di provenienza e il 118‰ nell'altro semispazio, mentre, com'è ovvio, in ogni caso il rapporto tra energia diffusa ed energia incidente si mantiene costante ed è pari a 0.156.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 237-250 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Experiments carried out by the Author in Austria show the following results: 1. The electrical conductivity of the grounds has a decisive influence on the course of the lightning: such zones are called «lightning nests». 3. The amplitude of the strength of lightning current is determined also by the specific resistivity of ground. 4. The agreement between the position of lightning nests and the geoelectric condition of ground is beyond dispute.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus den Untersuchungen, die vom Verf. in Oesterreich ausgeführt wurden, werden folgende Ergebnisse bewiesen: 1. Die elektrische Bodenleitfähigkeit beinflusst massgebend den erdnahen Teil der Blitzbahn; 2. Es gibt daher Zonen hoher Blitzgefährdung, die Blitznester genannt werden; 3. Die Scheitelstromstärke des Blitzes ist durch den spezifischen Bodenwiderstand mitbestimmt; 4. Es besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen Blitzgefährdung und geoelektrischer Bodenbeschaffenheit.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two examples of retrograde displacement of depressions in the Mediterranean are being examined, explaining their causes. For one of them the energetic elements are calculated showing how the ratioK/P between the kinetic and the potential energy of the depression constitutes an index of its capacity to continue the motion along the preceding course.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es werden zwei Fälle rückläufiger Bewegungen, von Mittelmeerdepressionen untersucht und die Ursachen derselben erläutert. Für einen dieser Fälle werden die Grössen der Energie berechnet: und es wird gezeigt, dass das VerhältnisK/P zwischen kinetischer und potentieller Energie massgebend ist für die Fähigkeit der Depression, ihre Bewegung in der ursprünglichen Richtung fortzusetzen.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono esaminati due esempi di spostamento retrogrado di depressioni nel Mediterraneo, illustrandone le cause. Per uno di essi si calcolano gli elementi energetici, dimostrando come il rapportoK/P fra l'energia cinetica e quella potenziale della depressione costituisca un indice della sua capacità di proseguire il moto lungo la rotta precedente.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 1-5 
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    Notes: Summary Based on the recordings of the free oscillations of a seismometer, an approximate method is developed for calculating the non-linear terms of the corresponding indicator equation. An equivalent linear indicator equation is calculated with the results.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 6-20 
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    Notes: Summary All the investigations carried out up to date regarding the magnetic state of the Earth have led unanimously to the conclusion that during the last one hundred years the average mean magnetization of our planet has been diminishing at the rate of 1/1.500 annually. In the above-mentioned study a comparison is made between the present magnetic state of the Earth and that of earlier periods, and it is shown that the absolute value of the mean magnetization of the globe has experienced a notable increase since about the year 1930. Finally, an analysis is made of the geographic distribution shown by the signs and gradients of the secular variation offered by geomagnetic intensity.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 27-35 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theoretical distribution of the temperature in a step-shaped part of the earth's crust has been determined, how it would be on the edge of the continents or the shelf of the oceans, under isotropic conditions and homogeneity of the material. Some inferences are deduced.
    Notes: Riassunto Si determina la distribuzione teorica della temperatura in an gradino della crosta terrestre, quale si averebbe ai margini dei continenti o delle fosse cceaniche in condizioni di isotropia ed omogeneità del materiale; deducendone alcune particolarità.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 65-68 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author reports the results of ionospheric observations made at Deception (Antarctics, 63.0°S; 60.7°W); during summer, the foF2 has a minimum about noon and a maximum at nearly 2300 (60°W M.T.).—It was seen that in summer the foF2 shows at midnight a gradual and considerable increase with the southern latitude, abouth the 60° meridian.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. riferisce i risultati di osservazioni ionosferiche eseguite nell'isola di Decepción (63° S, 60.7° W): nei mesi estivi la frequenza critica della regione F2 presenta un minimo attorno al mezzodì e un massimo verso le 23 h . Si è rilevato che detta frequenza critica, a mezzanotte, d'estate, presenta un progressivo e notevole aumento procedendo verso il polo Sud, lungo il meridiano di 60° W.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 130-136 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The regions of prevailing rains of convection and the neighbouring areas with more frequent precipitation of advection prove as «swings of precipitation». The former are to be found preferably in the lee of advectiv winds of air. As «swings of temperature» are to be regarded the following areas in the northern hemispheric summer: Northamerican Polarsea coast-central part of Alaska-Peninsula Northern Westsiberian region westward off the Northern Ural. The cause is to be found in the contrary thermic effect of cyclonic disturbances.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Als Niederschlagsschaukeln erweisen sich die Gebiete mit vorwiegenden Konvektionsregen und die benachbarten Bereiche mit häufigeren Advektionsniederschlägen. Erstere befinden sich vorzugsweise im Lee advektiver Luftströmungen. Als Temperaturschaukeln sind im nordhemisphärischen Sommer die Gebiete: nordamerikanische Eismeerküste-mittlere Alaskahalbinsel, nördliches Westsibirien-Gebiet westlich des Nordural anzusehen. Die Ursache liegt in der konträren thermischen Wirkung der zyklonalen Störungen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 124-129 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le 5 mai 1950 un halo solaire remarquable a attiré l'attention d'une grande partie des habitants de l'Ile de Cuba. Les photographies en couleurs prises par l'auteur démontre qu'il s'agit d'un halo circulaire de 22 degrés circonscrit par un ovale osculateur en deux points, calculé, avec d'autres, parA. Wegener. L'auteur, au moyen de plusieurs dessins, donne une explication détaillée de l'origine de ce phénomène, qui est du à la grande hauteur du soleil (65°) et à la prédominance horizontale des cristaux de glace allongés constituant le cirrus.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Am 5. Mai 1950 beobachteten viele Bewohner der Insel Kuba einen auffälligen Sonnenhalo. Die vom Verfasser aufgenommenen Farbphotographien zeigen, dass es sich um einen Kreishalo von 22 Grad handelte, der von einem in zwei Punkten berührenden Oval umschrieben war, so wie dies vonA. Wegener und andern Autoren bereits eingehend beschrieben und auch berechnet wurde. Mit Hilfe mehrerer Zeichnungen gibt der Autor eine eingehende Erklärung der Ursache dieser Erscheinung, die auf dem hohen Sonnenstand (65°) und auf der Vorherrschaft länglicher, horizontal orientierter Eisflimmerchen der Zirrenwolke beruht.
    Notes: Summary On May 5th 1950 a conspicuous solar halo attracted the interest of many of the inhabitants of the Isle of Cuba. The colour photographs taken by the author prove that it was a circular halo of 22 degrees, circumscribed by a doubly osculating oval, as theoretically studied byA. Wegener and others. By means of several drawings, the author gives a detailed explanation of the origin of this phenomenon, due to the high elevation of the sun (65°) and the prevalence of elongated horizontal ice crystals which constitute the cirrus.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 137-144 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Using the results obtained in preceding investigations we arrived to the equations of propagation of the solar beams through a layer of volcanic dusts. These equations applied to the data furnished by the observations made in the summer and autumn of 1912 after the violent Katmai paroxysm, brought to the following conclusions: 1 st ) the layer of dusts had to be such to contain approximately 15×106 granules in a vertical cylinder of a height equal to the thickness and with a section of 1 cm2, number about 44 times higher than the one obtained byHumphreys with a much more simplified method applied to the same observations of 1912; 2 nd ) assuming as likely an equivalent thickness of 1 Km for the layer, the number of granules for each cm3 results to be about 150.
    Notes: Riassunto Servendosi dei risultati ottenuti in precedenti lavori, si perviene alle equazioni che regolano la propagazione dei raggi solari attraverso ad uno strato di polveri vulcaniche le quali, applicate ai dati forniti dalle osservazioni effettuate nell'estate e nell'autunno 1912, dopo il violento parossismo del Katmai, hanno permesso di pervenire alle conclusioni seguenti: 1o) lo strato di polveri dovette essere tale da contenere circa 15×106 granuli in un cilindro ad asse verticale, di altezza uguale allo spessore dello strato e di sezione 1 cm2, numero circa 44 volte più grande di quello determinato dall'Humphreys con altro metodo assai più semplificato applicato alle medesime osservazioni del 1912; 2o) ammettendo come probabile uno spessore equivalente di 1 Km per lo strato, il numero di granuli per cm3 risulta di circa 150.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 60-64 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Author reports synthetically the results of an investigation concerning the characteristics of ionospheric storms at Buenos Aires. In winter, the positive phase of the storms in the F2 region appears considerably large, and a close negative correlation is observed between the foF2 and the horizontal component of the terrestrial magnetic field.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. espone in forma sintetica i risultati di uno studio sulle caratteristiche delle perturbazioni ionosferiche in Buenos Aires. Durante i mesi invernali la fase positiva delle perturbazioni nella regione F2 appare notevolmente ampia e si nota una stretta correlazione negativa fra la foF2 e la componente orizzontale del campomagnetico terrestre.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 111-123 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that in order for a steady-state closed circulation to be maintained in the atmosphere, the working of the pressure force on a particle moving round the closed circuit is exactly balanced by the working of the particle against friction. It is concluded that sources of heat are associated with low surface pressure, and sinks with high surface pressure. This association of sources and sinkswith low and high surface pressure is verified, for circulations ranging in scale from that associated with an individual cumulus cloud to large-scale monsoonal systems.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 145-146 
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    Notes: Summary Two determination of the sun's temperatur by application of the law ofWien on 2 published bolometer-curves of the Astrophysical Observatory, Washington.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 69-110 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary I) The basic principles of computing the colour of the sky are outlined. Scattering of light by air molecules and its dependence of direction and wavelength is well known. From recent papers the dependence of scattering by aerosol, supposed to consist of waterdroplets (refractive numberm=4/3), of the angle of dispersion and of the wavelenght is known. The variation with the refractive index of the droplets assumed to consist of highly diluted solutions of salt can be estimated. The scattering function of a non-homogeneous aerosol consisting of a spectrum of different radii of droplets has been deduced on the assumption that the droplets show an average distribution of size as found byJunge. So we obtain the scattering function depending on wavelenght and amount of dust. It is used when computing the primary radiation scattered from a point of the sky.-II) For 7 wavelenghts in the visible spectrum the intensities of primary light scattered from points of the sky situated on the vertical through the sun and its opposite at zenith distances of 90, 85, 60, 30, and 0°, further from points at 10° distance above and below the sun have been computed. All these calculations have been made for two different altitudes of the sun and for four different degrees of turbidity. Applying the «Farbdreieck» (= colorimetric diagram) the wavelength of equivalent colour, the colour saturation, and the brightness are obtained, further the variation of these characteristic figures of the sun's vertical with turbidity of the atmosphere are discussed.-III) The influences of secondary scattering within the atmosphere, of illumination of the atmosphere by radiation reflected from the ground, and of multiple scattering are determined. For this purpose the method of vertical radiation flux (from which the azimuth dependence of secondary scattering cannot be found), and further the direct computation of secondary scattering from the atmosphere and ground are used. Because of the multiple numerical integration this latter procedure is rather tedious. However, it only allows for accurate estimations for the region of the sky close to the sun. The effect of secondary scattering is shown for three points of the sky. In the vicinity of the sun it is about 30%, and at greater distances it rises to about 50% of the sky light. Thus this effect is of great importance for accurately considering the shade of colour and its saturation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung I.-Es werden die Grundlagen für eine Berechnung der Farbe des Himmels zusammengestellt. Die Lichtstreuung an Luftmolekülen ist nach Richtungs- und Wellenlängenabhängigkeit bekannt. Für das Aerosol, das aus Wassertröpfchen (Brechungszahlm=4/3) bestehend angenommen wird, ist die Abhängigkeit der Streuung vom Streuwinkel und von der Wellenlänge durch neuere Arbeiten bekannt; die Veränderung mit dem Brechungsindex der Tröpfchen kann für den Fall, dass diese aus stark verdünnten. Salzlösungen bestehen, abgeschätzt werden. Die Streufunktion für ein nicht homogenes sondern aus einem Spektrum verschiedener Tropfengrössen bestehendes Aerosol wird unter der Annahme abgeleitet, dass die vonJunge im Mittel gefundene Tropfenverteilung vorliegt. Damit ergibt sich die Abhängigkeit der Streufunktion von Wellenlänge und Dunstgehalt. Sei findet ihre Verwendung in der Formel für die primäre Streustrahlung eines Himmelspunktes.-II.-Es werden für 7 Wellenlängen im sichtbaren Spektrum die Intensität des primären Streulichtes der im Sonnen- und im Gegenvertikal in 90, 85, 60, 30 0° Zenithdistanz, sowie beiderseits der Sonne in 10° Abstand gelegenen Himmelspunkte bei 2 Sonnenhöhen und vier verschiedenen Trübungszuständen der Atmosphäre gerechnet. Durch Auswertung im Farbdreieck werden hieraus die farbtongleiche Wellenlänge, die Farbsättigung und die Leuchtdichte bestimmt und die Veränderung dieser charakteristischen Grössen im Sonnenvertikal mit dem Trübungszustand der Atmosphäre diskutiert.-III.-Die Einflüsse der zweifachen Streuung innerhalb der Atmosphäre, der Beleuchtung der Atmosphäre durch Reflexstrahlung des Bodens und der Vielfachstreuung werden bestimmt. Hierfür finden einmal die Methode der vertikalen Strahlungsströme (die die Abhängigkeit der sekundären Streuung von Azimuth nicht zu erkennen gestattet), zum zweiten die direkte Berechnung der Sekundärstreuung aus der Atmosphäre und vom Erdboden Verwendung. Letzteres, Verfahren ist wegen der notwendigen mehrfachen numerischen Integrationen sehr langwierig. Es gestattet jedoch allein klare Abschätzungen für den sonnennahen Himmelsteil. An drei berechneten Punkten wird gezeigt, dass die Wirkung der sekundären Streuung in Sonnennähe etwa 30%, an sonnenfernen Himmelspunkten etwa 50% des Himmelslichtes ausmacht, und dass sie für die korrekte Erfassung des Farbtones und der Farbstättigung wesentlich ist.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 151-152 
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    Notes: Summary Answer to the apprehensions of Dr.Schüepp regarding the errors of the executed measurements of the sun's radiation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 162-173 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After a short historical review on the development of the föhn problem in the meteorology new föhn theories are being discussed. An attempt is made to combine the previous thermodynamic manner of consideration with the present more dynamical point of view. This, naturally, leads to the classification of the föhn problem the general atmospheric dynamics within which the phenomenon of the föhn proves to be a partial problem. The direct and indirect climatic consequences connected here-with are being referred to.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach einem kurzen historischen Rückblick auf die Entwicklung des Föhnproblems in der Meteorologie werden neue Föhntheorien besprochen Es wird der Versuch gemacht, die frühere thermodynamische Betrachtungsweise mit der heutigen, mehr dynamischen Auffassung zu vereinigen. Dies führt zwangsläufig zur Einordnung des Föhnproblems in die allgemeine atmosphärische Dynamik, inmerhalb deren sich die Erscheinung des Föhns als ein Teilproblem darstellt. Auf die mit ihm verbundenen direkten und indirekten klimatischen Folgewirkungen wird hingewiesen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 212-216 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 223-231 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 236-238 
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    Development genes and evolution 146 (1952), S. 96-114 
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    Development genes and evolution 146 (1952), S. 1-20 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die in frÜheren Mitteilungen (1951, 1, 2) gemachten qualitativen Angaben Über das Auftreten interlamellärer Federungen in denHaversschen Systemen biegungsbelasteter frischer Corticalisstäbchen konnten an einem größeren Untersuchungsmaterial in vollem Umfange bestätigt werden. Außerdem ergab sich, daß die Breitenänderungen der Lamellen mit gegenseitigen Torsionen und wahrscheinlich auch tangentialen Längsverschiebungen benachbarter Schichten einhergehen. Bei all diesen histomechanisch und -genetisch gleichermaßen bedeutsamen Vorgängen sowie beim mikroskopischen Bruchgeschehen spielen die interlamellären Faserverbindungen eine wichtige Rolle. Die mit Hilfe des Okularschraubenmikrometers im Auflicht durchgefÜhrte quantitative Analyse des Verhaltens derHaversschen Lamellen im Belastungsversuch erbrachte den Nachweis, daß sich die Lamellenverschiebungen im Experiment tatsächlich in jener Größenordnung abspielen, die bereits in den ersten Untersuchungen mit Hilfe des photographischen Vergleiches ermittelt wurde. An Hand einer Reihe tabellarisch zusammengestellter typischer Belastungsserien werden der räumliche und zeitliche Ablauf der Belastungsauswirkungen im Bereiche derHaversschen Lamellen eingehend und kritisch besprochen und der nur synthetisch zu erfassenden mechanischen Reaktion des Gesamtknochens gegenÜbergestellt. Eine konkrete Beziehung zwischen der Verhaltensweise einer bestimmten Speziallamelle und ihrer Zugehörigkeit zu einem auf der Druck- oder Zugseite des Probebälkchens angeordneten Osteon besteht offenbar nicht. Die Untersuchungen werden fortgesetzt.
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    Development genes and evolution 145 (1952), S. 333-346 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Ungefurchte Keime vonTriton taeniatus undalpestris wurden 2–6 Tage in einer Atmosphäre von 2,1% Sauerstoff und 97,9% Stickstoff bei Normaldruck entwickelt und anschließend fixiert. 2. 60 der überlebenden Keime wurden in lückenloser Serie histologisch untersucht. 3. Neben einer deutlichen Entwicklungsverzögerung gegenüber zahlreichen Kontrollen fand sich eine schwere Beeinträchtigung der Gastrulationsbewegungen. In einigen Fällen wurde eine partielle Exogastrulation beobachtet. 4. Die Neurulation war ebenfalls stark beeinträchtigt. Die Neuralanlage war meist asymmetrisch. 5. Den Störungen der Neuralwulstbildung entsprach bei einem Teil der Keime eine fehlende oder unvollkommene Unterlagerung. Bei anderen Keimen war die Neuralwulstbildung trotz gelungener guter Unterlagerung gestört. 6. Unter Auswertung der neueren Ergebnisse über die Chemie der Entwicklung werden die drei Möglichkeiten der Wirkung des Sauerstoffmangels diskutiert: a) Behinderung der Materialbewegung und damit der orts- und zeitgerechten Unterlagerung. b) Induktive Minderleistung des durch Sauerstoffmangel geschädigten Induktors. c) Direkte Störung des präsumptiven Neuralektoderms durch Sauerstoffmangel.
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    Development genes and evolution 145 (1952), S. 347-386 
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    Development genes and evolution 145 (1952), S. 417-461 
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    Development genes and evolution 145 (1952), S. 387-402 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde das Verhalten der Nukleinsäuren während der Augenentwicklung vonTriton alpestris, Pleurodeles Waltlii und vom Hühnchen mittels der Methylgrün-Pyroninfärbung untersucht. In der Einzelzelle findet man die Ribonukleinsäure (RNS) hauptsächlich an der Oberfläche des Kerns und des Zytoplasmas, sowie in den Nukleolen. Während der Mitose nimmt sie bei den Amphibien deutlich ab. Die Desoxyribonukleinsäure findet man nur im Kern. Während der Entwicklung des Auges nimmt die RNS entsprechend der Wachstumsintensität zu, um bei beginnender Differenzierung wieder abzunehmen. Nach Abschluß der Differenzierung verfügen nur noch die trophischen Zentren der nervösen Elemente, sowie solche Zellen, deren mitotische Aktivität weiterbesteht, über wesentliche Mengen. Die Resultate, welche das Verhalten der Desoxyribosenukleinsäure betreffen, sind weniger gesichert und bedürfen einer Nachprüfung mit anderen Methoden. Wahrscheinlich nimmt im Lauf der Entwicklung die DNS-Menge im einzelnen Kern zu, wobei in die Kerne der einzelnen Gewebe eine für sie spezifische Menge eingelagert wird. Gleichzeitig treten vermutlich auch Strukturänderungen auf, die entweder die Azidität oder die Länge der Desoxyribosenukleinsäuremoleküle betreffen.
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    Development genes and evolution 145 (1952), S. 403-416 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei 4 unter etwa 200 Entenküken traten Schwanzmißbildungen auf infolge mehr oder weniger starker Aufwärtskrümmung der Schwanzwirbelsäule. Drei dieser Fälle konnten histologisch untersucht werden. 2. Die Zahl der Wirbelkörper war stets normal, die Gesamtlänge der Schwanzwirbelsäule aber geringer als im Normalfall. 3. Bei extremer Verkürzung der Schwanzwirbelsäule (Fall C) setzen knochen- und knorpelzerstörende Prozesse ein, bei welchen Riesenzellen eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Es entsteht so ein ähnliches Bild wie es bei der Gruppe der „weichen Schwänze“ des Menschen auftritt. 4. Je stärker die Aufwärtskrümmung der Schwanzwirbelsäule, desto stärker ist die Tendenz zur basalen Abschnüruns des Schwanzfortsatzes. 5. In den stärker abgeschnürten Schwanzanhängen kommt es zur Bildung von Lipomen, Hämangiomen sowie zu teratomartigen Knorpel- und Fbrombildungen. 6. Die Faktoren, welche zur Schwanzmißbildung führen könnten, werden erörtert. Die Atavismenhypothese wird dabei abgelehnt. Dagegen wird die atypische Schwanzbildung mit dem Rassetypus der Indischen Laufente mit ihrem extrem aufrechten Gang in Zusammenhang gebracht.
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    Development genes and evolution 145 (1952), S. 462-496 
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    Development genes and evolution 145 (1952), S. 528-548 
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    Development genes and evolution 145 (1952), S. 561-581 
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    Development genes and evolution 145 (1952), S. 582-668 
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    Development genes and evolution 145 (1952), S. 669-692 
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    Development genes and evolution 145 (1952), S. 693-705 
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    Development genes and evolution 146 (1952), S. 21-67 
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    Development genes and evolution 146 (1952), S. 68-95 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 39-40 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary An X-Band Radar is operating since 1949 at the «Musée Océanographique». It has been used extensively for the observation of meteorological echoes and of sea echoes. Many photographical records have been made. Echoes have been observed without any cloud reporting to.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Jahre 1949 und 1950 wurde der Einfluss der über dem Golf von Genua gelegenen Depressionen auf das Wetter im Kanton Tessin (Alpensüdfuss) untersucht. Die wichtigsten Resultate sind die folgenden: Liegt über den Alpen eine orographische Warmfront, so verursachen die Genuadepressionen in allen Fällen Niederschläge. Niederschlag oder Bewölkungszunahme ist zu erwarten, wenn die Genuazyklone mit einem Frontensystem über dem westlichen Mittelmeer oder Italien verbunden ist. Für alle Wetterlagen gilt: Befindet sich der Kanton Tessin auf der Vorderseite eines Höhentroges, so bewirkt die Genuadepression maximale Niederschläge.
    Abstract: Riassunto Per gli anni 1949 e 1950 si analizza l'azione che ebbero sul tempo del Canton Ticino (Svizzera Italiana) le depressioni situate sul Golfo di Genova. Quali risultati più importanti si citano: influenza di tutte le depressioni collegate alla formazione di un fronte caldo orografico sulle Alpi, influenza di quasi tutte le depressioni con sistemi frontali distinti e situati sul Mediterraneo occidentale o l'Italia. Inoltre, per le condizioni in quota, le massime precipitazioni causate da queste depressioni si hanno quando il versante sudalpino si trova davanti al canale depressionario d'altitudine.
    Notes: Summary In the present paper results of researches carried out for the years 1949 and 1950 relative to the influence of the Genua-cyclone on the weather in the Southern part of Switzerland, more exactly in the Canton Ticino are presented. They are as follows: When an orographic warm-front lies over the Alps, the depression of Genova causes precipitations in every case. Precipitations and an increase of clouds are to be expected, when the Genua-cyclone is connected with a front-system over the Western Mediterranean or Italy. For all weather situations this rule holds good: Whenever the Canton Ticino lies on the fore part of an upper trough, the depression of Genova causes very heavy precipitations.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 43-48 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The first three harmonic components of the annual variation of the atmospheric pressure have been calculated on the basis of their respective monthly averages for 52 localities on the basin of the Mediterranean and adjoining regions. The repartition of the values of the first harmonic component allows the deduction that from the climatic point of view, the basin of the Mediterranean can be divided into five parts, each one having different characteristics compared to the movement under consideration.
    Notes: Riassunto Per 52 località del Bacino del Mediterraneo ed adiacenze sono state calcolate le prime tre componenti armoniche dell'andamento annuo della pressione atmosferica in base alle rispettive medie mensili. La distribuzione dei valori della prima armonica permette di dedurre che dal punto di vista climatico il Bacino del Mediterraneo può venir distinto in cinque parti, aventi ciascuna caratteristiche diverse nei confronti dell'andamento considerato.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 49-51 
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    Notes: Summary Mean values of the angle of inclination between the mean vector surface wind and the mean isobars have been calculated as a function of latitude for a number of independent Marsden squares over the ocean. Mean values of the ratio between the mean vector surface wind velocity and the calculated geostrophic wind velocity have been computed in the same way. Some general inferences about the general circulation have been drawn from the results.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 63-70 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From the visibility-observations towards the sea, effectuated every day at 8h, 14h and 19h, during the period of twenty years (1931–1950), the monthly and annual mean values are calculated. The visibility results maximum at 14h of the summer months. The mean annual value is 6.5 of the International Codex, the visibility is 15.000 m and it is classified ≪middle-good≫. In the twenty years 1931–1950, the mean annual going results lightly increasing.
    Notes: Riassunto Dalle osservazioni di visibilità verso il mare, eseguite giornalmente a Trieste alle ore 8, 14 e 19, nel ventennio 1931–1950, si deducono le medie mensili, stagionali e annue. La visibilità risulta massima alle ore 14 e nei mesi estivi. Il valore medio annuo è 6.5 del codice internazionale, la visibilità è di 15.000 m ed è classificata mediocre-buona. Nel ventennio l'andamento medio annuo risulta leggermente crescente.
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    Notes: Summary After a short reference made to the utility, having regard on maritime structures, and particularly on vertical wall breakwaters, of knowledge on the centurial observations on the storm wave height and the depth of water breaking wave or breaking hydrogeological on the bottom of Mediterranean Sea, because of the subaqueous source, are here shown the correlations among the waves characteristics and the morphological configuration of the continental-shelf, of the fetch, of the winds, of the sedimentation, of the stereophotogrammetry at the stormy sea surface. It is here likewise stated the analogical parallelism between the atomical disintegration and the transformation from potential energy of the oscillatory wave till kinetic energy of breaking waves.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 71-85 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In climatic therapeutics sea climate ist most important besides the high altitude climate. This is primarily caused by the specific qualities of the maritime nucleus aerosol. Practically for climate treatment only a small transition zone of a few kilometers between the open ocean and the continent is usefull. It comprimes besides the islands only a stripe of nearly 5 km of the coast. This is the zone of the ≪Isle- and Coast-Climate≫. Within this zone the qualities of the climate are changing very much. Therefore it does not care, where one builts hospitals. Especially the temperatures and the qualities of the aerosol are changing to very different values along the beach from the waterline to the dunes (about 300 m). To the treatment are suitable primarily kinds of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (tuberculosis of bones, joints and glands), and certain kinds of pulmonary tuberculosis of adults and allergic and constitutional eczema. Beyond it the ≪Isle- and Coast-Climate≫ is most important for recreation and strengthening. The effect is always caused by ≪tuning anew≫ the organism. Organ defects and special infections are a contraindication, they must be repaired before beginning a climate cure. Not the illness is subdued, but in the ill organism forces are alarmed, which let him win the victory over the sickness. Therefore it is important to know the types of reaction of men, which are supposed to have a tuning anew of the organism by the Isle- and Coast-Climate. Only these types of men are fit for a climate cure.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Klimatherapie kommt neben dem Höhenklima dem Meeresklima eine besondere Bedeutung zu, die wesentlich in den spezifischen Eigenschaften des maritimen Kernaerosols begründet liegt. Praktisch kommt für die Klimakuren nur eine wenige Kilometer breite Uebergangszone vom offenen Meer zum Festland in Frage, die neben den vorgelagerten Inseln lediglich einen kaum 5 km breiten Küstenstreifen umfasst. Das ist die Zone des ≪Insel- und Küstenklimas≫. Innerhalb dieser Zone ändern sich die Klimaeigenschaften sehr stark, so dass es nicht gleichgültig ist, wo man Heilstätten baut. Insbesondere nehmen die Temperaturverhältnisse und die Aerosoleigenschaften längs der von der Wasserlinie bis zu den Dünen reichenden Strandzone auf einer Strecke von etwa 300 m ganz andere Werte an. Für die Therapie kommen vor allem Formen der extrapulmonalen Tuberkulose (Knochen-, Gelenk- und Drüsentuberkulose), dann auch bestimmte Formen der Lungentuberkulose Erwachsener und allergische und konstitutionelle Ekzeme in Frage. Darüber hinaus hat das Insel-und Küstenklima besondere Bedeutung für die Erholung und für die Kräftigung. Die Wirkung läuft immer auf eine Umstimmung des Organismus hinaus. Organdeffekte und Herdinfektionen stellen eine Kontraindikation dar, sie müssen vor einer Klimakur saniert werden. Nicht die Krankheit wird angegangen, sondern es werden im kranken Organismus Kräfte geweckt, die ihn mit der Krankheit fertig werden lassen. Deshalb ist es von Bedeutung, die Reaktionstypen zu kennen, bei denen das Insel- und Küstenklima eine Umstimmung des Organismus hervorrufen kann. Nur solche Typen sind für eine Klimakur geeignet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 110-126 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It seems that there is no absolute «critical wind speed» for air-sea boundary processes. From our observations it may, however, be referred that there are relative values of the «critical wind speed» which seem to depend on the fetch. These relative values of the «critical wind speed» are characterized by the following marks: The sea surface pattern is changed (smooth-rough);, the boundary layer in water turns from laminar to turbulent flow; the gravity waves break; the resistance coefficient of the sea surface has a minimum.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eineabsolute «kritische Windgeschwindigkeit» für Prozesse an der Grenzfläche Wasser-Luft scheint nicht zu existieren. Unsere Beobachtungen liefern jedoch Anzeichen für das Vorhandenseinrelativer «kritischer Windgeschwindigkeiten, die vom Ueberströmungsweg, bzw. von der Wellenlaufstrecke abzuhängen scheinen. Diese relativen «kritischen Windgeschwindigkeiten» sind durch folgende-Merkmale gekennzeichnet: Aenderung der Struktur der Meeresoberfläche (glatt-rauh); Umschlag der laminaren Wassergrenzschicht zur Turbulenz; Ueberbrechen der Schwerewellen; Minimum des Widerstandskoeffizienten der Meeresoberfläche.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 142-146 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By means of photocells and Schott's glass-filters the intensity of the reflected radiations from a surface of the sea have been determined for every sun-height between 10o and 80o. For the incident angles less than 60o, the effective reflection resulted 2–3 times greater than the theoretic reflection, for greater angles it resulted remarkably inferior. The greatest differences between the determined and the theoretic values have been found for the blue and violet radiations.
    Notes: Riassunto Mediante cellula fotoelettrica e vetri-filtri selezionatori si determinarono le intensità delle radiazioni riflesse da una superficie acquea in condizioni naturali per ogni altezza solare fra 10o e 80o. Per angoli d'incidenza minori di 60o circa la riflessione effettiva risultò 2–3 volte maggiore di quella teorica, per angoli più grandi risultò notevolmente minore. Massimi scostamenti dai valori teorici si ebbero per le radiazioni azzurre e violette.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 169-181 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die wichtigsten Charakteristiken der Seebrise von Genua, Savona und Belvedere Marittimo erläutert. Die Untersuchung an den zwei ersten Orten ergab eine zeitweilige Küstenströmung, die längs der Liguria zyklonal gerichtet ist. Ihre Aktivität ist für den Ursprung und das verhalten der Brise wichtig. Die Registrierungen der Globalstrahlung in Genua zeigen überdies, dass die Minimaldauer der Seebrise von der Intensität der Globalstrahlung abhängt.
    Abstract: Summary In the present treatise the chief characteristics of the sea breeze of Genoa, Savona and Belvedere Marittimo are being elucidated. Investigations carried out at the first two mentioned places showed a temporary coastal current which is pointing cyclonically along the coast of Liguria. Its activity has an important bearing upon the origin and behaviour of the breeze. The registrations of the total radiation from sun and sky at Genoa furthermore show that the minimum duration of sea breeze depends on the intensity of that radiation.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono illustrate le principali caratteristiche della brezza marina a Genova, a Savona ed a Belvedere Marittimo. L'esame relativo alle prime due località dimostra fra l'altro l'intervento di unacorrente costiera, diretta in senso ciclonico lungo la Liguria, la cui azione è importante per l'origine della brezza marina e per determinarne il suo comportamento. In base alle registrazioni della radiazione globale eseguite a Genova si trova altresì che la durata minima della brezza di mare dipende dall'intensità della medesima radiazione globale.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 147-158 
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    Notes: Summary Some specific peculiarities of climate of the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea as well as of the next-lying hinterland on the Balkan Peninsula have been discussed, especially as to the horizontal distribution of the air-temperature shown by the isotherms. First a short historical description of the hitherto existing investigations about this object had been given, wherein it had been settled that in all of comparatively few detailed cartographic views of the distribution of the air-temperature over the area in question, the line-shapes of the isothermes had been given in a likely too much generalised manner, within little real connection in detail with physical influence of the relievo of the earth-surface could be found. The author gives informations about the results obtained in his recent publication treating the same matter, where some new features of the sea-level distribution of the air-temperature have been brought forward and at the same time its connection with physical conditions of the above mentioned region has been explained. A brief discussion of the ≪short-period≫ monthly and yearly mean values of temperature, obtained from a rathergreat number of stations, has been outlined. Therein the average regional deviations of the short-period means from the longrated means, as well as their average variation-intervals had been shown. The cartographic views of the sea-level distribution of the temperature, shown by the isothermes for two characteristic months (January, July), and for the year, pointed out that an expressivelydoubled division of the distribution of temperature could be distinguished: The former one characterised by anisothermic arrangement of the temperatures along the Adriatic coast (the isothermes rather parallel to the coast-line); the latter one over the hinterland, composed of a system of physically conditioned, partially connected or isolated territories of comparatively cold resp. warm thermal regions. Over the southern part of the coast a fairly developed centre of warmth could be distinguished, which according to the seasonal changes variably situated, owes its existence to special thermal conditions of the much increased depth of the southern part of the Adriatic Sea, as well as to the strong influence of growing hot of the bare laid lime-stones of this stony land during the summer. Numerical examples of the annual variation of the temperature for some characteristically situated stations and especially of theannual variations of their differences showed, how the special thermic conditions of the sea resp. of the ground had influenced the specific distribution of the warmth on the coast and over the next-lying hinterland. Over the whole interior behind the high ridge of the mountain-chain of the Dinarasystem there could be distinguished some well developed comparatively cold areas, whose appearance, especially in winter, mostly seems to be bound on import of cold air from the North and its damming up within the valleys of the numerous riverbeds. These areas form the habitual kernels of the wintry inversions of temperature and offer a wide possibility for building of cold air-waves in the upper layer of the inversion (caused by an upper warm air-current), which could be connected with occasional appearance of the well knownbora-wind on the eastern shore of the Adriatic. Finally the thermal circumstances of the lower layers of the sea-water in the southern deeper part of the Adriatic Sea have been discussed, which in comparation with the same layers of the Mediterranean must be identical one i.e. in either case beneath 360 m there should be found a huge and coherentisothermic layer of water with a uniform temperature of 12.8°C, in strait connexion with the analogous temperature of water prevailing in the same layer of the Atlantic Ocean of which the Mediterranean is separated by the straits of Gibraltar, whose greatest depth of the bottom does not surpass 360 m.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 53-56 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In contrast withH. Cloos, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden are explained as continental gaps. In the morphological appearance of the bed of the Gulf, in the ridges and depressions, the author sees above all, clear indications of the rightness of theWegener theory of continental drift. Further arguments are: the excess of gravity of the Red Sea and of the Gulf of Aden, the parallelism of the opposite coastlines and the wide extent of the continental gaps.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Rote Meer und der Golf von Aden werden im Gegensatz zuH. Cloos als kontinentale Risse gedeutet. Der Verfasser erkennt vor allen Dingen in den morphologischen Erscheinungen des Golfbodens, den Rinnen und Rücken deutliche Hinweise für die Richtigkeit derWegener'schen Kontinentalverschiebungstheorie. Weitere Argumente sind: Schwereüberschuss des Roten Meeres und des Adengolfes, Parallelität der gegenüberliegenden Küstenumrisse, globale Verbreitung der kontinentalen Risse.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 42-52 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary They discuss the various formulae which enable to calculate, by means of the macrosismical data, the ipocentral earthquake depths and the absorption coefficients. They propose some modifications in the calculus required by theKövesligethy formula, which simplify considerably these calculations. On the basis of the indicated methods, the earthquakes of the Aetna area, especially those of the eastern side, are examined. The values obtained for the ipocentral depths, comprised between 0.1 and 2.5 Km, confirm the opinion they have on the origin of the earthquakes of this area. On the contrary the results for the absorption coefficients comprised between 0.03 and 0.35 enabled to find a variation law of this coefficient with the depth. For the low eastern region this law has the following form: α(x)=0.27e −3.5x.
    Notes: Riassunto Si discutono le diverse formule che permettono il calcolo, con i dati macrosismici, delle profondità ipocentrali dei terremoti e dei coefficienti di assorbimento delle zone interessate. Si indicano delle modifiche, nella conduzione dei calcoli richiesti dalla formula delKövesligethy, apportanti notevoli semplificazioni ai calcoli stessi. In base ai metodi indicati vengono studiati i terremoti della regione etnea e particolarmente di quella orientale. Per le profondità ipocentrali i valori ottenuti, compresi fra 0.1 e 2.5 Km, confermano le idee che si hanno sulla genesi dei terremoti della zona. Per i coefficienti di assorbimento invece i risultati, compresi fra 0.03 e 0.35, hanno permesso, di trovare una legge di variazione del coefficiente stesso con la profondità, legge che per la bassa regione orientale ha l'espressione seguente: α(x)=0.27e −3.5x.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 57-62 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author attempts to find an indicator which is applicable to geological antiquity as well as to the North-South bearing. The solution to this problem would, at the same time, provide an answer to the question concerning the reality of the movements of Poles and Continents. The serviceable compass is found in the course of the investigation, in the established «Nickels Rule». This signifies that given a sufficient number of trees (the author examined 200) the formed inner radii of treetrunks towards the various compass directions are not equal. The reason for this is to be sought in the fact that plants endeavoured to obtain the greatest possible amount of light. To this end they lean towards the sun, in the Northern hemisphere therefore, towards the South. This can only happen through the fact that the plants grow stronger on the side which is in shadow. In this way, the established fact is explained, in consequence of which the northerly radius of tree trunks is, on average in all cases the largest and the southerly radius is the smallest. It is now quite possible there-fore, when a sufficient number of autochthonous trunk fossils are discovered to determine relatively exactly by using the «Geological Compass», the North-South bearing of the particular period.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Verf. unternimmt den Versuch, einen auch für die geologische Vorzeit anwendbaren Indikator für die Nord-Südrichtung zu finden. Die Lösung dieses Problems würde gleichzeitig die Frage nach der Realität von Pol- und Kontinentalwanderungen beantworten. Der brauchbare Kompaß wird in der im Verlauf der Untersuchungen entdeckten «Nickels'schen Regel» gefunden. Diese besagt, daß die mit Hilfe einer genügenden Anzahl von Bäumen (der Verf. untersuchte 200) gebildeten mittleren Stammradien nach den verschiedenen Himmelsrichtungen nicht gleich sind. Die Pflanzen sind nämlich bestrebt, die größtmögliche Lichtmenge zu empfangen. Zu diesem Zweck neigen sie sich zur Sonne, also auf der Nordhalbkugel nach Süden. Dies kann nur dadurch geschehen, daß die Pflanzen auf der Schattenseite stärker assimilieren. So erkärt sich die gefundene Tatsache, derzufolge der polare Radius der Baumstämme im Mittel aller Fälle der größte und der äquatoriale der kleinste ist. Nunmehr ist es also durchaus möglich, bei der Auffindung einer genügenden Anzahlautochthoner Stammfossilien unter Anwendung des «Geologischen Kompasses» die Nord-Südrichtung der entsprechenden Periode relativ genau zu bestimmen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 89-96 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author, following a graphic-analitic method, determines the energy diffused through reflection by a small sphere, of a given radius and a given material, hit by a beam of parallel rays, and afterwards discusses an analogous case referring to a particle of volcanic ashes, attaining the conclusion that, while the diffused energy for the small sphere is 103‰ of the incidence energy, in the case of the volcanic ashes, in same conditions, the diffused energy is 156‰ of the incidence energie.
    Notes: Riassunto Seguendo un metodo analitico-grafico, si determina l'energia diffusa per riflessione da una sferetta di assegnato raggio e di determinata sostanza, sulla quale incida un fascio di raggi paralleli, passando poi a trattare il caso analogo relativo ad un granulo di polvere vulcanica, pervenendo alla conclusione che, mentre nel caso di una sferetta l'energia diffusa è data dal 103‰ di quella incidente, nel caso di un granulo, a parità di condizioni, l'energia diffusa è data dal 156‰ di quella incidente.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 75-83 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Kernzähler, derAitkens Prinzip benützt, wird beschrieben und abgebildet. Er gestattet die gleichzeitige Beobachtung des Zählglases durch zwei Personen oder die Beobachtung des Zählglases durch eine Person und die gleichzeitige photographische Registrierung der Tröpfchen auf Kino-Normalfilm (von 35 mm) oder Platten. Miteiner Aufnahme können die Tröpfchen auf 24 Quadraten des in Quadratmillimeter geteilten Zählglases festgehalten werden, so dass eine Wiederholung der erforderlichen Operationen, welche bei allen anderen Kernzählern vorgeschrieben sind, um Mittelwerte der Einselzählungen zu erhalten, überflüssig ist und die Dauereines vollständigen Experimentes auf dreiviertel Minuten reduziert wird. Die Beschränkung auf fünf Tröpfchen per Quadratmillimeter, welche für die meisten bisherigen Kernzähler bei Augenbeobachtungen empfohlen wird, wird aufgehoben, wenn die Tröpfchen und das Zählglas photographiert werden. Durch eine spezielle Dichtungseinrichtung und durch Verwendung von Vakuum-Hähnen, welche sich bei der Konstruktion eines photo-elektrischen Kernzählers so sehr bewährt haben, ist Undichtwerden des Rezipienten praktisch unmöglich. Die Spiegelglasfenster des Rezipienten können gegen solche aus leitendem Glas ausgetauscht werden, welche mittels eines durch sie geschickten elektrischen Stromes geheizt werden können. Die Konstruktion gewährleistet, dass der Abstand (1 cm) oberhalb des Zählglases stets erhalten bleibt, unabhängig vom Drucke, der auf die Dichtung ausgeübt wird. Der Rezipient ist mit einem Rührer ausgestattet, der von aussen durch einen permanenten Magneten betätigt wird. Es sind zwei Pumpen vorgesehen, die leicht abnomontiert werden können; die eine ist für die Reinigung der Luft im Rezipienten und für die Dilatation zur Herbeiführung des Tropfenfalles bestimmt, die andere dient zum Einsaugen der zu untersuchenden Luftprobe in den Rezipienten. Die adiabatische Abkühlung im Rezipienten kann z.B. mittels der Dilatationspumpe erzeugt werden. Die Messmethode wird beschrieben. Probe von photographischen Registrierungen der Tröpfchen auf dem Zählglase werden reproduziert. Einige Anwendungen und die Entwicklung eines voll-automatisch registrierenden Kernzählers wird angedeutet.
    Notes: Summary A condensation nuclei counter based onAitken's principle is described and depicted. It permits simultaneous observations of the graticule by two persons or the observation of the graticule by one person and the synchroeous photographic recording of the droplets on 35 mm film strip or single plates. With one exposure, the droplets on 24 squares of the millimetre graticule can be recorded so that a repetition of the necessary operations required by other counters in order to obtain an average count becomes superfluous and the time taken for one experiment is reduced to three quarters of a minute. The limitation to five droplets per square mm recommended for all hitherto existing nuclei counters with eye observations is removed when the droplets and the graticule are photographed. By the use of a special sealing arrangement and by employment of vacuum taps which proved most satisfactory with the previous construction of a photo-electric nuclei counter, leakages are practically impossible. The glass windows of the receiver are interchangeable with plates of conducting glass which can be heated by the passage of an electric current. The construction ensures that the 1 cm distance above the graticule is always maintained, independent of the tightening of the sealing arrangement. The receiver is equipped with a stirrer operated from outside by a permanent magnet. Two easily detached pumps are provided; one for purifying the air in the receiver and for the dilatation, the other for sucking the sample of impure air into the receiver. The adiabatic cooling in the receiver can be produced e. g. by means of an expansion pump. The method of measuring is discussed. Examples of records are reproduced. Applications and the development of a fully automatic recording nuclei counter are indicated.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 128-129 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 108-127 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En utilisant les observations de 50 ans, faites par 4 stations météorologiques au sud des Alpes, on a étudié: le nombre de jours avec gel; le début et la fin du gel, la durée de la période avec danger de gel et la durée de la période sans danger de gel, le nombre des jours de gelée, le minimum absolu de la température pour les mois avec gel, les sommes mensuelles et annuelles des degrés de froid. Pour deux stations on a aussi déterminé la longueur des périodes avec gel et la fréquence des valeurs de la température minimale. La comparaison avec deux stations au nord des Alpes met en évidence les conditions particulières du sud des Alpes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An Hand fünfzigjähriger Beobachtungen von vier meteorologischen Stationen südlich der Alpen wurde folgendes untersucht: Anzahl der Frosttage, Beginn und Ende des Frostes, Dauer der Frostgefahr, bezw. der frostfreien Zeit, Anzahl der Eistage, absolute Minima der Temperaturen in den Frostmonaten, Monats-und Jahressummen der Kältegrade. An zwei Stationen wurden auch die Länge der Frostperioden und die Häufigkeit bestimmter Minimaltemperaturen ermittelt. Ein Vergleich mit zwei Stationen am Alpennordfuss lässt die besonderen Verhältnisse südlich der Alpen klar hervortreten.
    Notes: Summary On the strength of observations covering 50 years, carried out by four meteorological stations on the South side of the Alps, the following points were investigated: Number of days of frost, beginning and end of the frost, duration of the danger of frost or of the time free of frost, number of the days of ice, absolute minimums of temperatures in the month of frost, monthly and yearly sums of the degrees of cold. Two stations also ascertained the duration of the periods of frost and the frequency of determined minimum temperatures. A comparison with two stations on the North base of the Alps clearly shows up the special condition prevailing South of the Alps.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 139-146 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La Lune artificielle, comme projet d'une science sérieuse moderne, présente, quand même préalablement sans réalité, un grand nombre de problèmes théoriques intéressantes. Avant tout la figure elle même de sa route dans le champs variant de la gravité et de la force centrifuge, de plus l'observation par angles et distances relatives à la terre et au ciel, et les reconclusions à la figure de la terre et au mouvement de la Lune naturelle. Cette dernière se trouvant perpétuellement dans une position de distance trop grande, la première peut aider sans doute la solution de problèmes différents de géodésie et astronomie.
    Notes: Summary The artificial moon, projected from serious scientists, presents, whenever previously without reality, a field of interesting theoretical problems. At first the figure of movement of the body itself within the varying gravity field, further more its observation by angles and distances relative to earth's body and to sky and the possible reconclusions to earth's figure and to natural moons movement. The latter beeing in a too far distance from the earth, the former surely will help to solve different problems of geodesy and astronomy.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 162-165 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From the analogy between the optical principle ofFermat and the mechanical one of minimum action, the Author deduces a method for obtaining with mechanical devices: 1) the optical path of a light beam passing through two given points and separated by a lens; 2) the surfaces of stigmatic lenses fulfilling prefixed conditions, particularly those ofAbbe, Herschell.... Further, it is hinted at possible applications in the field of spherical lenses.
    Notes: Riassunto Dall'analogia fra il principio ottico diFermat e quello meccanico della minima azione, l'A. ricava un metodo per determinare con mezzi meccanici: 1° la traiettoria di un raggio luminoso passante per due punti dati e separati da un lente; 2°) le superficie di lenti stigmatiche soddisfacenti a condizioni prefissate, in particolare a quelle diAbbe, Herschel.... Si accenna infine a possibili applicazioni nel campo delle lenti sferiche.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 171-173 
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    Notes: Summary The movements of whirlwinds are discussed along the line of the phugoid theory, and it is concluded that the path of whirlwinds has the shape of a trochoid.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 189-194 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A waterdrop, falling from an earthed injection-needle within an earthed screening-cage is influenced by the electric space charge of the surrounding air. The drop therefore leaves the point with a true electric charge proportional to the spacecharge of the air. A method for measuring electric charge on waterdrops is described. Recording of the space-charge is rendered possible as sensitive as about ± 10 electronic charges/cm3. Volta potentials cause a zero-uncertainty of ± 25 electronic-charges/cm3. Three measures can be reached in a second.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Wassertropfen an einer geerdeten Tropfspitze im Innern eines geerdeten Drahtkäfigs wird von der elektrischen Raumladung der ihn umgebenden Luft influenziert. Der Tropfen löst sich daher mit einer wahren Eigenladung ab, die der Raumladungsdichte der Luft proportional ist. Eine Methode zur Messung der elektrischen Ladung auf Wassertropfen wird beschrieben. Die Anordnung gestattet eine fortlaufende Registrierung der Raumladung mit einer Empfindlichkeit bis etwa 10 Elementarladungen/ccm. Volta-Effekte bedingen eine Nullpunktsunsicherheit von ± 25 Elementarladungen/ccm. Die zeitliche Auflösung beträgt etwa 0.3 sec.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 205-236 
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    Notes: Summary History and results of a 41/2-years-expedition to Argentine. A determination of the sun's «temperature» can only be given by the laws ofBoltzmann-Stefan andWien, because the temperature of the different layers is different. In the measurements of the sun's radiation the law ofBoltzmann-Stefan was introduced (σT 4, where σ is a constant, andT the Kelvin-Temperature) while in the passed 100 years the difference between the sun's and the instruments radiation was taken as radiation, although this difference was arbitrariously variable with the instruments temperature. The effect of the vertical exchange of airmasses, on the radiation of the sun and the radiation of the air between the sun and the instrument was cleared. With these corrections one can not receive more as the difference between the so called solar constant and the albedo of the atmosphere. If the highest values are used (smallest albedo) the approximated value of the solar constant becomes 2.4, corresponding well to the value, derived from the supposed temperature of the sun.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 251-254 
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    Notes: Summary The equation of motion of wind vane in a wind fluctuating both in direction and speed is integrated by the graphical method of isocline and isocurvature. Two examples are given, one for the wind fluctuating only in speed and the other for the wind fluctuating both in direction and speed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 262-263 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 22 (1952), S. 263-267 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 43-59 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the ionospheric F-layer the electron densityn increases with the formulan=a. cosχ+b in the morning (χ is meaning the zenithangle of the sun). This experimental result may be explained by consideration of earth-curvature and by assumption of a linear recombination-law equally an attachment process. The constantsa andb vary with season and location. We conclude the temperature from these variations and we find for polar locations a greater temperature in the summer and on the other hand a smaller temperature in the winter as for temperate latitudes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Elektronenkonzentration in derF-Schicht der Ionosphäre wächst in den Morgenstunden nicht einfach proportional dem Cosinus des Einfallswinkels der Sonnenstrahlung, sondern sie folgt einem linearen Gesetz von der Formn=a. cos χ+b. Diese Gestzmässigkeit kann erklärt werden, wenn man die Schichtbildung nach denChapman'schen Ansätzen für eine gekrümmte Erde berechnet und einen Ionenvernichtungsprozess voraussetzt, demzufolge die Vernichtung der Ionen ihrer jewwiligen Konzentration linear proportional ist. Die genannten Grössena andb sind zeitlich und örtlich variabel, aus ihren Veränderungen schliessen wir auf Temperaturverhältnisse in der Ionosphäre, die dadurch ausgezeichnet sind, dass sie in ähnlicher Weise auch in der viel tiefer liegenden Stratosphäre wiedergefunden werden: In polaren Gegenden herrschen darnach im Polarsommer höhere, im Polarwinter dagegen tiefere Temperaturen als in den gemässigten Breiten.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 21-26 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the present paper the thermal conditions in the heigher layer of the earth's crust are examined, in some elementary cases with discontinuity of the material as well as when the external surface presents a step. The results may facilitate the interpretation and application of the geothermic data.
    Notes: Riassunto Si esamina il regime termico negli strati superiori della crosta terrestre in alcuni casi elementari di discontinuità del materiale, nonchè nell'ipotesi di una superficie esterna sagomata a gradino, traendone deduzioni atte a facilitare l'interpretazione ed a valorizzare i dati geotermici.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 36-42 
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    Notes: Summary The present paper is a continuation of a previous study by the author(1), dealing with expansion waves in fluids. Relating to hydro-dynamic effects due to harmonic vibrations, with special reference to earthquakes, it contains solutions for some rigid-walled vessels of geometrically determined shape. A salient feature of the problem is that the motion is assumed discontinuous in the sense that it starts from the initial condition of rest.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 147-150 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On discute deux définitions de l'intensité du rayonnement solaire. On met en évidence que la définition deK. Wegener qui inclut le rayonnement thermique (Boltzmann) et de l'instrument et de l'atmosphère conduit à des conclusions contraires à l'expérience. La définition classique qui se base sur le flux d'énergie tient l'épreuve dans des climats très différents et ne dépend pas de la methode employée. Pourtant ils restent encore beaucoup de problèmes à résoudre jusqu'à ce que la constante solaire soit connue au ±1% près.
    Notes: Summary Two definitions of solar intensity are discussed. It is shown, thatK. Wegener's definition, which includesBoltzmann-radiation of the instrument and the atmosphere, leads to conclusions opposite to representative measurements. The usual definition basing on energy-flux is proved by different methods and in very different climates. Yet there are still many problems to resolve before the solar constant will be known by an accuracy of ±1%.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 153-161 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette étude concerne la température de la surface des mers de la Grèce. La distribution générale de cet élément pour les mois de Février, Mai, Août et November est donnée et les facteurs qui contrôlent la température de la mer sont examinés. De plus la variabilité mensuelle de la température de la surface de la mer ainsi que la différence qui existe entre la température de la surface de la mer et la température de l'air dans trois différentes régions des mers Grecques.
    Notes: Summary This study deals with the surface temperature of Greek seas. The general distribution of this element for the months February, May, August and November is given and the factors controlling the sea-surface temperature are examined. In addition the annual variation and the monthly variability of the sea surface temperature are studied, as well as the difference between the sea-surface and air temperature in three different regions of Greek waters.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 174-184 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The year 1951 was climatologically an extraordinary year. It had a little higher temperature than normally, especially in January and February. In some months there was abundance of rainfall. The meteorological conditions are shown by the dates of flowering which are in advance or delayed in conformity not only with the variations of the temperature, but also with the variations of rainfall and of the intensity of the sun's radiation.
    Notes: Riassunto L'anno 1951, climatologicamente, fu un anno straordinario. Ebbe temperatura moderatamente più elevata della normale, specialmente in Gennaio e Febbraio. Notevole in alcuni mesi l'abbondanza di pioggia. Le condizioni meteorologiche sono rispecchiate dalle date di fioritura, che anticipano o ritardano in corrispondenza non solo con le variazioni della temperatura, ma anche con le variazioni di piovosità e di intensità della radiazione solare.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 217-222 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 185-211 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the year 1943, numerous series of wind-measurements of height were accomplished wich open precise information over the windconditions within and above the air-valve over the sea, its vertical thickness, upper surfaces, beginning and end, a. s. o. The sea-wind is working according to the principle of circulation ofHann and the theory ofDefant 1950. Italian pilot-Balloon ascents, particularly in Vigna di Valle and Lido di Roma, are statical working up to month-and annual-means of the direction and force. It results on the coast in the course of the day a strong, in the inland only a weak turn of the sea-breeze with the height in consequence of the earth-rotation to the right, as an impression up to over 60 in summer, in winter 20 km coastal distance. On the coast the sea-wind reaches its full strength with 1200 to 1500 m first in the afternoon, in the inland already in the fornoon, however it increases not so strong. The speed somewhat augments from the coast to the inland; the raising of the terrain involves an increase of the speed and a rise of the sea-breeze upperfront. For the wintry air-valve is restored a longitudinal section from Lido di Roma over Rom to Monterotondo (45 km).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zahlreiche Höhenwind-Serienmessungen aus dem Jahre 1943 sowie die italienischen Terminpiloten in der Umgebung von Rom führen zu einem geschlossenen Bild über den räumlichen sowie tages- und jabreszeitlichen Ablauf der Seewindzirkulation. Bei schwachem oberen Sollwind arbeitet das System nach demHann'schen Schema. Dem oft sehr markanten Einbruch des eigentlichen Seewindes, der sich binnenwärts verzögert, geht am Vormittag nach Beendigung des nächtlichen Landwindes eine Uebergangsphase mit wechselnder, zeitweise schon auf Südwest einpendelnder Richtung voraus. Für die mittlere Richtung, die im Binnenland eine gute Konstanz aufweits, ergibt sich eine lagsame Drehung in der Höhe um 12–15° nach rechts. Das Maximum der Geschwindigkeit findet sich zwischen 100 und 200 m über Grund. Im Winter reicht die Brise bis 20, im Sommer bis über 60 km landein. An der Küste von Lido di Roma dreht der Wind infolge der Rechtsablenkung in den meisten Fällen von Südwest auf Nordwest und steigt erst am Nachmittag mit seiner Obergrenze auf 1200 bis 1500 m oder höher hinauf; dagegen gewinnt der Seewind im Binnenland in kurzer Zeit seine volle, aber nicht so große Höhe. Daher steigt der Seewindkörper am Vormittag von der Küste binnenwärts an, am Nachmittag ist er jedoch am Strand mächtiger, im Winter bleibt er hier flach.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 232-235 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 240-245 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 238-239 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 41-42 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Measure of the distance of the frankly visible horizon of the sea is a good method for estimate the visibility at sea.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 21 (1952), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 8 (1952), S. 15-16 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lengths of the chromosomes during mitotic and meiotic cycles of the male germ cells ofAnacridium aegyptium L. (Orthoptera) have been measured: the shortening of the chromosomes was found to be about the same in the spermatogonial mitosis and in the 2nd meiotic division from prophase to metaphase (about 3:1); as well as from the premetaphase to the mid-metaphase of mitosis and from diplotene to the 1st metaphase of meiosis (about 2:1). In mitosis the longer chromosomes become shorter than the shorter ones; the contrary is true for zygotene to pachytene; the same in the other stages of meiosis.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 8 (1952), S. 16-18 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Irradiation of 3-, 4-, and 7 1/2-hour eggs ofDrosophila melanogaster with a 31-MeV Betatron shows a decreased biological effectiveness of ultra-hard rays in comparison with weaker rays (180 keV), and, for the 3- and 71/2-hour eggs, also in comparison with fast electrons (3 MeV).
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 8 (1952), S. 22-23 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The quantitative determination of dehydrogenase activity in mitochondria, using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride as H-acceptor, is described. The results obtained with this technique are compared with those given by the methods of Warburg and Thunberg.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 8 (1952), S. 29-30 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Pigmentkörnchen aus dem Ei vonParacentrotus lividus bestehen aus einem Chromoproteid. Mit Erreichen des Blastulastadiums ist in den Körnchen auch Nukleinsäure enthalten.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 8 (1952), S. 380-382 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Résumé L'auteur s'est proposé de préciser les conditions qui règlent les différences quantitatives de fixation du radiocalcium dans la structure des os à différents stades de formation. De minces lamelles d'os usées et polies ont été soumisesin vitro à des traitements divers (micro-incinération à 500° ou à 700°C, gabriélisation, décalcification partielle, traitement par la hyaluronidase, par l'acide phosphowolframique, etc.) et traitées en suite avec une faible solution de chlorure de Ca45. L'étude des autoradiographies démontre que seule la destruction totale des composants organiques de la matrice osseuse entraîne des modifications appréciables de la distribution du radiocalcium.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 8 (1952), S. 371-375 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The registration of the action potentials of muscle, nerve centres and finally nerve cells has produced many essential results during the last decade. But it can be shown, that quite a number of these results were obtained in experiments on the action currents of human muscles 30 years ago. In some respects the human experiments are of even greater significance than those on animals. The so-called monosynaptic reflexes are essentially identical with a group of reflexes which were described by the author thirty years ago and named “Eigenreflexe”. At that time the monosynaptic quality of those reflexes was derived merely from anatomical data (direct collaterals from the posterior roots to the anterior horn cells, Lenhossék). The synapse-time was estimated only as probably lying near 1 msec. These monosynaptic “Eigenreflexe” are subordinated in characteristic manner to the polysynaptic reflexes and especially to the voluntary movements. The voluntary innervation as a whole is not changed by the monosynaptic reflexes but it is only distributed in a special way, as is clearly demonstrated by the “Vibrations-versuch.” The experiments on the inhibition following the monosynaptic reflexes (silent period) and on the subnormal phase of 30 years ago are compared with the modern results and it is shown, that the experiments on man and on animals supplement one another.
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