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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 23 (1952), S. 6-20 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary All the investigations carried out up to date regarding the magnetic state of the Earth have led unanimously to the conclusion that during the last one hundred years the average mean magnetization of our planet has been diminishing at the rate of 1/1.500 annually. In the above-mentioned study a comparison is made between the present magnetic state of the Earth and that of earlier periods, and it is shown that the absolute value of the mean magnetization of the globe has experienced a notable increase since about the year 1930. Finally, an analysis is made of the geographic distribution shown by the signs and gradients of the secular variation offered by geomagnetic intensity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Utilizando todos los promedios anuales deF registrados por cada uno de los observatorios geomagnéticos instalados en el globo, se analizan, con el mayor detalle posible, las características presentadas, durante el periodo 1885–1951, por la evolución de la intensidad de la fuerza geomagnética. Teniendo en cuenta los errores que podría introducir la heterogeneidad que caracteriza e la distribución geográfica de los observatorios, se divide la superficie terrestre en ocho sectores idénticos. Para cada época han sido calculados los promedios de los gradientes anuales de la variación registrados en la totalidad de los observatorios instalados en cada sector y, promediando los valores obtenidos para los cuatro sectores correpondientes, se calculan las series de gradientes atribuibles a uno y otro hemisferios. Los promedios de los valores correspondientes a los dos hemisferios son considerados como representativos de la evolución atribuible al fenómeno en el conjunto del globo. Este método de análisis conduce a la conclusión de que nuestro planeta estuvo sometido a un proceso de reimanación en las épocas precedentes a 1895 y que, en esta época, se estableció un proceso de desimanación que fué neutralizado en 1915, permitiendo el establecimiento de un nuevo proceso de reimanación que ha persistido hasta la época 1941, desde la qual viene sometido nuestro planeta a otro proceso de desimanación. De estas oscilaciones se dedce la existencia de un periodo medio de 50 años para los ultimos ciclos de reimanación-desimanación. Utilizando las referencias obtenidas por los diversos investigadores que han aplicado el análisis armónico al estudio de la distribución general de la inanación terrestre, se establecen los gradientes de la variación experimentada por el valor medio del momento geomágnético entre las épocas 1885, 1922 y 1945, que son comparados con los revelados, para los mismos periodos, por las variaciones experimentadas por los promedios generales deF calculados en este trabajo. Finalmente se establecen los coeficientes representativos de la intensidad media anual de los procesos de reimanación y desimanación puestos de relieve en esta investigación.
    Notes: Summary Against what has been so far unanimously believed, our former investigations have proved that the neutralization of the process of dismagnetization which our planet has been going through had been fulfilled and that this process has been replaced by a process of re-magnetization; we could deduce also that the inversion of the sign in the medium gradients of the variation must have taken place in an epoch near 1930. But, both on account of the improper material used in that investigation and of the kind of analytic manipulations to which it was submitted it was impossible to achieve a detailed study of the characteristics that can be attributed to the evolution experienced by the intensity of the earth's magnetization. In this research we used all the yearly averages of the whole geomagnetic forceF, recorded by all the geomagnetic observatories that exist in the world; these figures have made it possible to establish the corresponding yearly gradients of the variation referring to the 1st January every year. In order to eliminate as far as possible the errors due to the lack of homogeneity in the geographic distribution of the observatories throughout the earth, we have divided its surface into eight equal sectors; by working out the average of all the gradients recorded in each epoch by all the observatories established in each sector we have obtained the medium gradients which we consider representatives of the evolution experienced byF in its corresponding sector. Working out the average of the gradients corresponding to each of the four sectors in which each hemisphere had been divided, we established the series of gradients of each hemisphere; finally, the averages of the latter can be considered as representative of the evolution experienced by the geomagnetic intensity during the period 1885.0-1950.0. Besides having made it possible for us to establish numerous considerations on the individual characteristics displayed by the secular variation in the eight sectors and in each hemisphere, this analytical method has enabled us to reveal that magnetic intensity of our planet has gone through the following variations: 1) Process of re-magnetization during the period 1885–1895. 2) Process of dismagnetization during the period 1895–1915. 3) Process of re-magnetization during the period 1915–1941. 4) Process of dismagnetization during the period 1941–1950. From these oscillations we infer an average period of 50 years for the last cycles of the remagnetization-dismagnetization wich makes it advisable to change the denomination (quite improper from now on) of secular variation given to this phenomenon when on account of lacking the necessary observations, essential to know its real duration it was that it lasted a long time.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The Alboran Sea occupies the place of an old continent, of the so-called “Land of Alboran”, which has crumbled away since the Miocene Age and sunk in several tectonic stages (visible in stratigraphical unconformities of all sedimentary cycles of the Tertiary). The sea transgressed at first from East to West and from the Pliocene Age, from West to East through the tectonic graben of the Strait of Gibraltar over the submerging land. The large fault lines and geosutures are set with vulcanoes of Tertiary to Pleistocene Age. But not all submarine knolls are of pure magmatic origin; there are also tectonic sedimentary horsts present, which only have volcanic dikes and intrusions. These volcanic mountains were partly surveyed geomagnetically by the survey- and research vessel “Komet” in April 1972, during a cruise over the most significant submarine structures in the Alboran Sea and the southernmost Balearic Sea. Altogether, five profiles in a total length of 660 km were run, three of which were surveyed twice. The geomagnetic observatory of Almeria situated not far away, fully guarantees for the corrections made due to the temporary variations of the geomagnetic field. Furthermore, the values observed were corrected in accordance with the geomagnetic latitude. The corresponding values ofF of the “normal field” allow the magnitudes of the geomagnetic anomalies to be determined, whose absolute values lie between +207 γ and −236 γ. In general, the complete independence of bathymetric profiles from the anomaly curves is noticed. Here, anomalies-typical of the continents — are concerned that are caused by the varying susceptibility of the surface rock. In isolated places, the geomagnetic anomalies can be brought into relation with significant faults, and in other places, with rather recent submarine intrusions.
    Abstract: Résumé La Mer d'Alboran occupe la place d'un ancien continent, le «pays d'Alboran» qui a commencé à se fracturer dès le Miocène et qui s'est effondré au cours de plusieurs phases tectoniques (visibles dans les discordances stratigraphiques de tour les cycles sédimentaires du Tertiaire). La transgression marine s'est effectuée d'abord de l'Est vers l'Ouest et, depuis le Pliocène, de l'Ouest vers l'Est par le graben tectonique du détroit de Gibraltar. Les grandes lignes de fracture et les géosutures sont occupées par des volcans d'âges allant du Tertiaire au Pléistocène. Cependant, toutes les montagnes sous-marines ne sont pas d'origine purement magmatique. Il existe aussi des reliefs d'origine sédimentaire, mises en place par la tectonique et qui ne servent que de guide aux intrusions volcaniques. En Avril 1972, le navire océanographique “Komet» a fait des levés géomagnétiques des formations volcaniques en Mer d'Alboran et au Sud des Baléares. La mission a couvert les structures sous-marines significatives de cette région. Cinq profils, dont trois parcourus deux fois, ont été effectués, soit 660 km au total. L'Observatoire voisin d'Alméria a permis d'apporter les corrections nécessitées par les variations temporaires du champ magnétique terrestre. De plus, les valeurs observées, ont été corrigées selon la latitude magnétique. Les valeurs correspondantes deF du champ normal permettent de déterminer les grandeurs des anomalies magnétiques, grandeurs dont les valeurs absolues sont comprises entre +207 γ et −236 γ. En général, les profils bathymétriques et les courbes d'anomalie sont complètement indépendants. Il s'agit d'anomalies typiquement continentales provoquées par les variations de susceptibilité magnétique des roches de surface. En quelques points particuliers, on peut corréler les anomalies magnétiques avec des failles significatives et en d'autres, avec des intrusions volcaniques sous-marines assez récentes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Alboranmeer nimmt den Platz eines alten Festlandes, des sogenannten “Alboranlandes” ein, welches seit dem Miozän zu Bruche ging und in mehrfachen tektonischen Akten (sichtbar in stratigraphischen Diskordanzen aller sedimentären Zyklen des Tertiärs) einsank. Das Meer transgredierte zuerst von Osten nach Westen und ab dem Pliozän von Westen nach Osten durch den tektonischen Graben der Straße von Gibraltar über das versinkende Land. Die großen Bruchlinien und Geosuturen sind mit Vulkanen tertiären bis pleistozänen Alters besetzt. Doch sind nicht alle submarinen Kuppen rein magmatischen Ursprungs; es sind auch tektonische sedimentäre Hochschollen vorhanden, die nur vulkanische Gänge und Intrusionen führen. Diese Vulkanite hat das Vermessungs- und Forschungsschiff “Komet” im April 1972 während einer Fahrt über die bedeutendsten submarinen Strukturen in der Alboransee und im südlichsten Balearenmeer teilweise geomagnetisch vermessen. Insgesamt wurden fünf Profile von zusammen 660 km Länge gefahren, wovon drei Profile zweimal vermessen wurden. Das in der Nähe gelegene geomagnetische Observatorium von Almeria bietet die volle Gewähr für die aus Gründen der temporären Variationen des geomagnetischen Feldes angebrachten Korrekturen. Ferner wurden die beobachteten Werte entsprechend der geomagnetischen Breite korrigiert. Die entsprechenden Werte vonF des Normalfeldes erlauben die Größen der geomagnetischen Anomalien zu bestimmen, deren absolute Werte zwischen +207 γ und −236 γ liegen. Ganz allgemein fällt die völlige Unabhängigkeit zwischen bathymetrischen Profilen und den Anomalienkurven auf. Es handelt sich um Anomalien, wie sie für die Festländer typisch sind, hervorgerufen durch die variierende Suszeptibilität der Gesteine der Oberfläche. An einzelnen Stellen können die geomagnetischen Anomalien mit bedeutenden Verwerfungen in Beziehung gesetzt werden, an anderen Orten mit ziemlich rezenten submarinen vulkanischen Intrusionen.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1974-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0012-0308
    Electronic ISSN: 1616-7228
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1954-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0033-4553
    Electronic ISSN: 1420-9136
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1952-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0033-4553
    Electronic ISSN: 1420-9136
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Springer
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