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  • Articles  (5,393)
  • Chemistry  (5,393)
  • Chemical Engineering  (1,410)
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  • 1980-1984  (5,393)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (5,393)
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  • Articles  (5,393)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement of impact fatigue strength of adhesive joint by CTBN modification (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 373-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Impact fatigue behaviors of the steel/CTBN-modified adhesive/steel butt joint were investigated. The adhesive butt joint specimens used in the present work were bonded with epoxy-polyamide and CTBN-modified epoxy-polyamide adhesives. Fatigue tests were also conducted under nonimpact stress conditions to compare with the results from the impact fatigue test. The experiments showed that for the joint specimen from the adhesive modified with the CTBN the fatigue strength becomes higher under both of the stress conditions. In particular, the fatigue strength was improved remarkably under impact stress condition, that is, the distinct stress cycles dependence of impact strength was decreased by modifying the adhesive with CTBN. Furthermore, the effect of adhesive thickness on the fatigue strength was also discussed for the adhesive joint modified with CTBN. Under impact stress conditions, the relation between the fatigue strength and the adhesive layer thickness is different from that under the nonimpact one.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290135
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of unperturbed parameter Kθ by gel permeation chromatography and viscometry (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 433-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290141
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) reactors. VIII. A modified continuous transesterification processNCL Communication No. 3165. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 437-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290142
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal oxidation of polypropylene in the temperature range of 120-280°cPresented in part at the Macromolecular Symposium, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, July 12-16, 1982, Amherst, MA. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 465-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal oxidation of isotactic polypropylene films at 120-280°C in air was studied. Separation and identification of the volatiles formed was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixteen products were tentatively identified for the first time. Altogether, 50 compounds representing hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and acids are reported. Oxygen deficiency is manifested in diffusion-limited products of olefines, dienes, and aromatic compounds. The relative amounts of acetaldehyde and acetone are almost temperature independent in the range of 120-280°C. This indicates a similarity of oxidative degradation of the polymer in a broad temperature range. Addition of an antioxidant to the polymer depresses the evolution of the main volatiles by 9-10 times at 280°C. The relative amounts of the volatiles formed are, nevertheless, the same as for the polymer without an antioxidant. The mechanism of formation of the degradation products is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290203
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of degree of mixing on the properties of filled elastomers (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 499-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new technique has been established for improving the degree of mixing of the filler in an elastomer matrix. This technique includes a unique heating and colling mixing procedure in conjunction with surface modification of the carbon black and proper choices of polymers. The heating cycle is for decreasing the microvoid concentration and for enhancing polymer-filler adhesion. The cooling cycle is for improving the degree of mixing of the filler. Experimental data obtained from several polychloroprene systems strongly substantiate the new mixing technique. The results clearly show that a good degree of mixing obtained using the foregoing mixing technique can indeed enhance the mechanical and permeability properties of filled elastomers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290205
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatibility of nylon 6 and PMMA-oligoamide graft copolymer (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 567-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: PMMA-oligoamide graft copolymers, which were prepared by reacting poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacryloyl chloride) with oligoamide, were blended with nylon 6. The compatibility was examined by measuring thermal properties such as melting point and crystallization temperature. It was observed that the melting point was significantly depressed as the grafted PMMA was added to nylon 6, suggesting that the blend is a miscible system. It was concluded that hydrogen bonding between amide groups of the two polymers enhanced the miscibility.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290211
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel method of preparing Ag-Hg alloy on polyacrylamide films and their structure (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 795-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel method is proposed of preparing thin Ag-Hg alloy on PAAm film surface at room temperature: The film of interest is formed by holding PAAm aqueous solution with AgNO3 in Hg-saturated atmosphere. Two kinds of films, one of which is a conductor and the other an insulator, can be selectively formed with pH-controlled PAAm solution by ammonia. The conducting surface is assigned to the α phase of Ag-Hg alloy by means of X-ray analysis. Potentiometric titration and IR spectral studies suggest the existence of PAAm-Ag+ complexes. On the basis of their structure and the oxidation and reduction potential of Ag+ and Hg2+, the mechanism of film formation is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of commercial polyvinylbutyral by gel permeation chromatography (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 803-808 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fractions of commercial polyvinylbutyral “Movital” were investigated by the “off-line” combination of gel permeation chromatography and viscometry. Parameters of the Mark-Houwink equation were determined for polyvinylbutyral in tetrahydrofuran at 25°C. Real values of the molecular parameters were obtained by the evaluation of chromatographic data using the principle of universal calibration.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290308
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of asymmetric polyimide ultrafiltration membranes. I. Pore size and morphology characterizationThis article presents the results of one phase of research carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under Contract No. NAS7-100 sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Corrected proofs received November 3, 1983 (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 743-753 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Properties of asymmetric UF membranes made by solution casting of aromatic polyimides as a function of fabrication conditions are reported. The characteristic properties investigated include: the overall porosity, hydraulic permeability, the equivalent pore size of the skin layer (via a newly developed general diagram), and morphological features shown by the scanning electron microscope. It was found that as casting solution concentration and/or evaporation period was increased, the average pore size decreased while the skin thickness increased. At low casting solution concentrations the membranes were highly porous and the precipitated polymer phase had a granular structure consisting of aggregates of precipitated polymer micelles. While at high concentrations marcrovoid porosity was reduced but the precipitated polymer phase had a spongy structure. The interstitial openings of the granular skin structure of a membrane made from 15% polymer solution with no evaporation as revealed by SEM showed pore size values that were close to those calculated through pore models.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290303
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A stochastic model for predicting the service life of photolytically degraded poly(methyl methacrylate) films (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 777-794 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A stochastic model has been proposed and partially validated for predicting the service life of a nominal population of polymethyl methacrylate films subjected to photolytic degradation. Here, service life is defined as the time after which an unacceptable portion of a nominal population of PMMA films subjected to photodegradation have failed; failure occurs when a performance property of the film falls below a predesignated minimum value. The stochastic model has two parts. The first part uses a Poisson distribution in computing the probability that exactly K photon related chain scissions will occur in the film in the interval [0, t). The parameter of the Poisson distribution is made functionally dependent on temperature and the intensity of radiation absorbed. The second part determines the probability that a performance property will be greater than a minimum value after K chain scissions. This part is called the damage process. Together, the two parts of the model form a compound Poisson process. The main points of the models are validated against 25 published data sets. The plausibility of the Poisson process was substantiated for modeling the number of chain scissions occurring in the interval [0, t). Also, it was demonstrated that the expected change in two performance properties of the films was functionally related to the expected number of chain scissions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290306
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The preparation of multiaxially oriented polyethylene morphologies with high mechanical properties in planar direactions (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 867-875 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of multiaxially oriented films of low molecular weight (Mw ≈ 59,000) high density polyethylene with high mechanical properties in planer directions has been pursued by inducing fibrillar crystallization under curvilinear flow conditions in a contained geometry using an extrudomolding process and by simulating similar crystallization conditions in an optical plate-plate rheometer. The films, like the uniaxially drawn morphologies of the same low molecular weight high density polyethylene by solid-state extrusion, had a high modulus (12-20 GPa) and strength (0.25 GPa) along the residual flow lines but they exhibited also a modulus enhancement (5 GPa) in the transverse direction as a result of the orientation gradient of the molecular chains in the thickness directions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290315
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural heterogeneities of suspension poly(vinyl chloride). I. Compact glassy particles (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 901-910 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By using the modified suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride, samples of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were prepared with a high content of unprocessible particles which were isolated and subjected to a morphological investigation. Their structure was examined viscometrically, by the light-scattering method, GPC, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray analysis; the specific surface area of the particles was measured, and their heat stability was determined. The results lead to a conclusion that the unprocessibility of the particles compared with the usual particles of suspension PVC is not caused by differences on the level of molecular structure, but ensues from the difference in their morphology.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290318
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemorheology of thermosetting resins. IV. The chemorheology and curing kinetics of vinyl ester resin (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1879-1902 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rheological properties and curing kinetics of a vinyl ester resin have been determined during isothermal cure. Both steady and oscillatory shearing flow properties were determined using a cone-and-plate rheometer, and the curing kinetics were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Also determined were the rheological properties and curing kinetics of the resin when it had been thickened using magnesium oxide (MgO), in the presence of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as filler and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) as low-profile additive. The steady shearing flow behavior observed with the vinyl ester resin was found to be very similar to that observed with a general-purpose polyester resin, reported in Paper I of this series [C. D. Han and K. W. Lem, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 28, 3155 (1983)]. However, a significant difference in the oscillatory shearing flow behavior was found between the two resins. We have concluded that dynamic measurement is much more sensitive to variations in resin chemistry than steady shearing flow measurement. DSC measurement has permitted us to determine the degree of cure as a function of cure time. By combining the rheological and DSC measurements, we have constructed plots describing how the viscosity increases with the degree of cure, at various isothermal curing temperatures.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290538
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of catalyst on the electrical properties of silicone rubberThis paper has been published in part in the Proceedings of the 1982 International Microelectronics Conference, Tokyo, Japan, May (1982). (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1951-1958 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electrical properties, such as dissipation factor and electric conductivity, were studied for silicone rubber sheets. The specimens were prepared by the reaction of α,ω-dihydroxypolysiloxane with ethoxysilane, using dibutyltin dilaurate as a catalyst, at a relative humidity of about 100% at various temperatures and for various reaction times. It was found that the electrical properties were a function of the vulcanizing conditions; i.e., the further the vulcanization proceeded, the higher the dissipation factor and the electric conductivity. A reaction describing deterioration in electrical properties was then considered. Infrared spectroscopic studies on dibutyltin dilaurate showed that the dibutyltin dilaurates were partly hydrolyzed to lauric acid and dibutyltin dihydroxide. It was concluded that electrical property deteriorations, which were caused by changes in the vulcanizing conditions, were due to dibutyltin dilaurate hydrolysis. However, since the decomposed products were finally oxidized at elevated temperatures in an oxygen atmosphere, with a subsequent change to electrically inactive compounds, the initial electrical properties were recovered.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290604
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solution NMR study of the post-polymerization crosslinking agent N,N′-(2-propyloximino)-4,4′-methylenebis(phenylcarbamate). I (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2299-2305 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Because of its possible use as a blocked “post-polymerization crosslinking agent” for polymers containing labile hydrogen, the structure of the acetone oxime adduct of 4,4′-methylenebis-(phenylisocyanate) has been determined. 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has identified this product to be N,N′-(2-propyloximino)-4,4′-methylenebis(phenylcarbamate). Chemical shift assignments were based on information obtained by proton decoupled, off-resonance decoupled, and gated decoupled 13C-NMR, proton-NMR, and semiemperical substituent chemical shift (SCS) parameters.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290706
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorption of dicumyl peroxide by extruded polyethylene: Difference between surface and bulk morphology (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2383-2393 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Under some conditions, the absorption of dicumyl peroxide (DICUP) at 70°C by extruded low density polyethylene (LDPE) displayed features which are characteristic of two-stage sorption. For example, the initial slope of the DICUP absorption curve (plot of Mt/M∝ against \documentclass {article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\sqrt t$\end{document} ) reflecting diffusion in the surface region was 2.5 times higher than the slope of the second stage (reflecting diffusion in the bulk) for 4-mm-diameter LDPE rods extruded at 130°C and 180 rpm (die pressure = 6000 psig). Only a single stage curve was evident in the same rod with its surface removed or in smaller diameter extrudate. Increasing the screw speed from 10 to 45 rpm at nearly constant extrusion pressure (1800-2380 psig) resulted in an approximately 50% decrease in the initial (first stage) slope with a negligible effect on the second stage slope. Increasing the die pressure (4900-6000 psig), by decreasing the extrusion temperature, at constant screw speed (125 rpm) resulted in an almost threefold decrease in the second stage slope without apparent effect on the first stage slope. Photomicrographs demonstrated the presence of distinct surface and bulk morphologies with evidence of a transcrystalline surface layer oriented prependicular to the surface at low screw speeds and larger spherulites in the bulk of the high pressure extrudate. Such morphological features and the observed dependence of the two stage sorption curves on extrusion conditions are consistent with the surface and bulk morphology of the extruded LDPE rod being dependent on the screw speed and die pressure, respectively. These uptake curves were determined by modifying the classical sorption technique to separate the measurement of the equilibrium uptake from the continuous recording of the slow changes in mass during absorption. This technique may be useful in the characterization of the migration process in other plastic/penetrant systems where diffusion is too slow to be measured by conventional means.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290712
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  • 17
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    Accelerated degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) monitored by photoacoustic spectroscopyThis research is supported by Kuwait University Research Council Grant No. SP 105. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2431-2442 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl chloride) film shows substantial changes in its photoacoustic absorption spectra (PAS) on either irradiation or heating in the presence of O2 or N2. These spectral changes are due to the conjugation structures and carbonyl (group formation), formed during photo and thermal degradation. In this paper interpretations of the PAS and of the decomposition mechanism of PVC are presented.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290801
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  • 18
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    Polyurethane ionomers. I. Structure-properties relationships of polyurethane ionomers (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2467-2479 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of chemical structure on mechanical properties of polyurethane ionomers (PU ionomers) has been examined. NCO-terminated prepolymers prepared from primarily 4,4-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) and poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol (PTMO) were chain extended with tertiary amine-containing diols and the ionomers obtained by quaternization of the prepolymers. The N-methyldiethanolamine chain extender gave the best physical properties. The mechanical properties of the PU ionomers were improved with decreasing chain length of PTMO and with increasing concentration of quaternary ammonium centers (or NCO/OH ratio of PU prepolymers). A lower degree of quaternization resulted in a decrease in the mechanical properties of the resulting PU ionomers, but their properties could be improved by post-quaternization. The adhesion of the PU ionomers to aluminum and the glass transition temperature increased with increasing concentration of quaternizing centers.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290804
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of phase separation in segmented polyurethanes (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2529-2535 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phase-separation process in segmented copolymers is treated by first-order kinetics which couples with the Fox equation to derive an expression for describing the change of soft segment Tg with the annealing time. Kinetic data of five commercial polyurethanes have been analyzed. The studies conclude that the phase-segregation mechanisms involve two elementary steps which can be characterized by two discrete relaxation times. It has been shown quantitatively that a polyether-based polyurethane (ET) recovers its original domain structure faster than a polyester soft-segment material. The average activation energy of the demixing process of an ET polyurethane is found to be about 23 kJ.mol-1 and is not influenced by hydrogen bonding.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290809
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  • 20
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    Polymer composite of rigid and flexible molecules: Blend systems of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) and ABS resin (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2547-2559 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Homogeneous coagulant of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ABS resin was obtained by pouring the dimethylsulfoxide solution of N-sodium PPTA and ABS into acidic water. Transmission electron microscopic observation proved that PPTA was dispersed in the matrix in a form of microfibril with a diameter of 10-30 nm. The Tg of the resin component in ABS shifted to higher temperatures with increasing fraction of PPTA. Stress-strain behavior of the polymer composite showed increased tensile modulus and strength with addition of PPTA. The transition temperature from brittle to ductile fracture, however, shifted to higher temperature resulting in lower extensibility. Incorporation of the block copolymer of PPTA and polybutadiene into ABS improved the ultimate extensibility, i.e., increased toughness was provided compared with the simple composite systems of ABS and PPTA microfibrils. Scanning electron microscopic observation showed that the polymer composite made with the block copolymer generated many crazes upon deformation, while the composite with PPTA homopolymer fractured without remarkable craze formation. Thus, a new type of thermoplastic with improved mechanical properties was obtained by use of PPTA block copolymer as compatibilizer.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Influence of the structural order on thermodynamic properties for three different polyethylenes (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2671-2675 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290821
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  • 22
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    Carboxylation of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and thermal properties of blends with atactic polystyrene (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2679-2682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290823
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    Polymerization of tung oil by reaction of phenols with tung oil (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2735-2747 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Investigation was made on the mechanism of polymerization in reactions of tung oil and phenols in the presence of an acid catalyst. It was made by means of comparative HLC and NMR analyses of the products of tung oil self-polymerization, other varied vegetable oil-various phenol reactions, and tung oil-various-in-functionality phenol reactions under given conditions. As a result, it was confirmed that polymerization in reactions of tung oil and phenols is attributed not to tung oil self-polymerization but to di- or trialkylation, with tung oil, of phenols, which can serve as crosslinking agents of tung oil.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290905
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    Control of ionic interactions in sulfonated polystyrene ionomers by the use of alkyl-substituted ammonium counterions (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2719-2734 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polystyrenes containing up to about 20 mol % sulfonic acid are reproducibly and readily prepared by the sulfonation of polystyrene at 50°C with acetyl sulfate in 1,2-dichloroethane solution. The metal salts of sulfonated polystyrene possess extremely high melt viscosities and are soluble in single solvents such as toluene and THF only at very low sulfonate levels. Such properties are the result of the very strong ion-dipole interactions among the metal sulfonate groups. Such strong interactions can be substantially reduced through the neutralization of the sulfonic acid with ammonia and, most especially, relatively simple low molecular weight amines. Sulfonated polystyrenes varying in sulfonic acid content from about 1 mol % to about 20 mol % were neutralized with various mono-, di-, and tri-substituted alkyl amines ranging in alkyl chain length from H (ammonia) to C20, and their rheological and thermal properties were measured. As the number of substituents on the nitrogen increased, the glass transition temperature and the melt viscosity decreased. The tributylamine sulfonates possessed viscosities almost as low as unsulfonated polystyrene and the longer chain amines behaved as if internally plasticized. The properties of amine neutralized sulfonated polystyrenes are concluded to be primarily a function of amine size. Increasing the size of the amine reduces the strength of the ion-dipole interaction by preventing close approach of the amine sulfonate groups.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 25
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    Permeability coefficient of proton-irradiated poly(ethylene terephthalate) thin filmsWork supported by FINEP and CNPq. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2785-2795 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The principle of operation of an apparatus developed to study gas permeation through thin films is described, and the measurement method is discussed. Use is made of diffusion theory to obtain an expression for the permeability coefficient as a function of the rate of increase of the pressure in the receiving volume. The activation energy for permeation of helium through PET is determined. The permeability coefficient for helium is found to increase significantly with the range of the implanted protons although the incident charge has been kept constant. The hypothesis of structural modifications of the proton implanted PET seems to be confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering experiments on the irradiated samples.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290909
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    Preparation of spherical polymer beads of maleic anhydride-styrene-divinylbenzene and metal sorption of its derivatives (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2851-2856 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Compounds having acid anhydride moiety have been used for starting materials for many useful derivatives. Spherical crosslinked polymer beads of porous maleic anhydride-styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer are obtained by suspension polymerization. Glycerol is found to be a preferable dispersant to make spherical beads. The beads contained 93% of the anhydride and 7% of the free carboxyls. As one of applications, the beads were hydrolyzed or reacted with anhydrous hydrazine, and the metal sorption behavior of them was examined. The hydrolyzed beads show a similar sorption manner as a conventional cation exchange resin having carboxylic acid groups, but the hydrazide beads sorbed mercury (II) selectively over a wide pH range. This investigation suggests a simple preparative method for the insoluble spherical porous beads of the maleic anhydride copolymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290915
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    Acetals as crosslinking reagents for cotton (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1433-1447 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Acetals that react with cotton to form cellulose crosslinks are derived from dialdehydes that can form five-or-six-membered tetrahydrofuran or tetrahydropyran rings. These aldehydes themselves are reactive to cotton, but the acetals do not form the aldehyde to react. The acetals were less reactive than the aldehydes and formed crosslinks with a different structure. Intrinsic reactivity of acetals increased with increased branching in the alkoxy group. but the increase was often hidden by the effect from changing solvents. In some instances a greater reactivity with methyl acetals was pronounced. Strength loss in cotton fabric from crosslinking was greater with acetals than with conventional crosslinking agents because even the most reactive acetals were less reactive and required more rigorous reaction conditions than conventional agents.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290436
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    Tubeless syphon flow of viscoelastic suspensions (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1467-1470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290439
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    Diffusion of dyes in polyester fibers. IV. Anomalous sorption of disperse dye synthene scarlet P3GLCorrected proofs Received February 17, 1984 (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1483-1490 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The investigations on dyeing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers with disperse dye Synthene Scarlet P3GL have revealed anomalous sorption of the dye in heat-treated samples. In the mathematical solution of the process it has been assumed that anomalous sorption can be treated as superposition in time of two stages of Fickian sorption. The contents of absorbed dye at quasiequilibrium CI, at the final equilibrium CII, and the apparent diffusion coefficients DI, and DII have been calculated using Hill's equation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290502
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    The adsorption of dyes onto chitin in fixed bed columns and batch adsorbersCorrected proofs Received March 5, 1984 (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1499-1514 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chitin has the ability to adsorb substantial quantities of dyestuffs from aqueous solutions. Consequently, it may be a useful adsorbent for effluent treatment from textile mills. The design procedures for batch and continuous fixed bed adsorption columns have been investigated for four dyestuffs, namely, CI Acid Blue 25 (Telon Blue Anl, Bayer), CI Acid Blue 158 (Neolan Blue 29, Ciba Geigy) CI Mordant Yellow 5 (Eriochrome Flavine A, Ciba Geigy), and CI Dirert Red 84 (Solophenyl Brown 3RL, Ciba Geigy). The main fixed bed system variables studied are bed height, dye flow rate, and chitin particle size, and these effects have been incorporated into a simplified design model.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Microscopic approach to energy dissipation during viscoelastic crack propagation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1537-1545 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The microscopic factors relating to the energy dissipation increase in the viscoelastic dynamic crack propagation such as in PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)] were investigated through the observation on the microfracture process ahead of the crack tip up to the microcrack formation. It is found that the energy dissipation remains almost constant in a certain low velocity range but increases sharply in the higher velocity range for the PMMA case. A cleavagelike fracture mode works in the former, and both the cleavagelike and a ductile-fracture mode work in the latter. The increase in energy dissipation is attributed to the secondary cracks which remarkably increase in number depending on the crack velocity. The energy dissipation is proved to be independent of the crack velocity in cases where the crack is propagated by the cleavagelike fracture mode.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    Analysis of wiped film reactors using the orthogonal collocation technique (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3217-3230 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Transport equation for ARB polymerization in wiped film reactors have been written. These have been reduced to the moment generation equations and using a suitable moment closure approximation, the zeroth and the second moments of the polymer have been numerically solved using the finite difference as well as the orthogonal collocation techniques. In the numerical solution by the finite difference technique, it is necessary to divide the dimensionless film thickness into at least 250 grid points to obtain stable results. The use of nine collocation points by the orthogonal collocation technique gives results close to those by the finite difference method and leads to considerable computational saving. The transport equations for the bulk and the film are found to involve four dimensionless parameters, and their effect upon the polymer formed at the end of the reactor has been studied.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070291101
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    Electrokinetic properties of acrylic acid- and methacrylic acid-grafted polypropylene during chemically initiated graft copolymerization (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2989-2996 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Electrokinetic properties such as zeta potential (ζ), surface charge density (σ) and surface conductivity (Ks) of polypropylene fibers and those grafted with acrylic acid and methacrylic acid have been studied using the streaming potential method. At pH 7, the zeta potential of -58.5 mV for control fibers reduced with increase in the amount of acrylic acid (16.2%) and methacrylic acid (28.2%) grafts to -38.15 mV and -38.30 mV, respectively. The drop in the negative zeta potential value is attributed to rendering polypropylene hydrophilic. The acrylic acid graft was found to be more effective than the equivalent amount of methacrylic acid graft in this respect due to the different chemical characters of the two graft copolymers. The negative zeta potential was also reduced to a considerable extent when cationic dye solution was streamed through the grafted polypropylene fibers, which is attributed to the deposition of dye cations on the negatively charged surface of the grafted fibers. The results on surface charge density and surface conductivity also indicated the hydrophilic character of grafted polypropylene.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Chlorine-resistant membrane for reverse osmosis. II. Preparation of chlorine-resistant polyamide composite membranes (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3369-3379 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylenetrimesamide (PET), poly(trimesoyl piperazine) (PTP), and poly(m-phenylenetrimesamide) (PMT) were fabricated into thin film composite to evaluate the membrane performance and resistance to oxidative chlorine. The salt rejection of these membrane increased in the following order: PTP〈PET〈PMT. The degree of performance deterioration of the membrane after the exposure to aq hypochlorous acid was in the following order: PMT〉PET〉PTP. The reaction behavior of these polyamide membranes with hypochlorous acid could be properly predicted by that of corresponding polyamide powder. Thus, polyethylenetrimesamide has proved to be one of the potential chlorine-resistant reverse osmosis membrane possessing excellent rejection to monosaccharides, amino acids, phenolics, and other solutes having a molar volume larger than 80 cm3/mol.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Ductile-brittle transition in polymers (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3409-3420 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tensile experiments on polypropylene and various rubber-modified polypropylenes, conducted over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates, have shown that the ductile-brittle transition in these highly crystalline polymers is strongly affected by both temperature and strain rate. Such polymers can either craze or shear yield, depending on the temperature and rate of test. High temperatures and low strain rates favor shear yielding, while low temperatures and high strain rates promote crazing. The ductile-brittle transition of these polymers may be understood as due to an alteration in deformation mode, as proposed by Matsushige et al. The competition between crazing and shear yielding dictates the subsequent failure mode. The dependence of the ductile-brittle transition on the test and material parameters (such as temperature, strain rate, pressure, orientation, notching, and plasticizer) may be ascribed to the respective influences of these parameters on crazing relative to shear yielding.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070291118
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    Mechanochemical polymerization of acetylene (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3445-3455 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Gamma alumina, γ-Al2O3, was fractured in an atmosphere of acetylene monomer at room temperature to test whether they would be polymerized by mechanochemistry method on the surface of the alumina. The experimental results were obtained by serveral different methods, including CP-MAS 13C-NMR, ESR, pressure drop measurements of the monomer, optical absorption spectroscopy, and solvancy. The results proved the mechanochemical polymerization of acetylene monomer on surfaces of the fractured alumina. Several other combinations of either silica and acetylene monomer or polymers and acetylene monomer were tested for mechanochemical polymerization. This process proceeded with less efficiency in the silica system but no mechanochemical polymerization of acetylene was found in the combinations of the polymers and acetylene monomer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    The effects of thermooxidative aging on the fatigue behavior of a structural adhesiveCorrected proofs received September 19, 1984 (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3499-3511 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of autoxidation of FM-73U, a rubber-modified epoxy adhesive, were investigated by Fourier transform infrared analysis. Absorbance spectra for thin samples aged in hot, moist, oxygen-rich environments were used to assess a plausible reaction mechanism; rate constants, Arrhenius plots, and oxidation rates were determined. Concurrently, crack growth rates were measured on specimens which had been exposed to similar environments for periods of up to 8 months. Paris parameters measured in these tests were correlated with the results of the oxidation studies. These correlations were used to predict the crack growth rate of the adhesive after 10 years of aging in ambient conditions. Although the prediction indicates that the adhesive becomes more brittle with age, the changes are not severe.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070291125
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    Formaldehyde release from a model N-methylol system (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3569-3577 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A model N-methylol reactant system based on pyrrolidone derivatives has been used to study the chemical factors that control formaldehyde release. Fabric samples of known composition were prepared from chemically pure reactants and formaldehyde release was determined by the AATCC Sealed Jar Test. This work provides support for prior suggestions and a more direct approach for understanding unexpected results from tests on post-and precure fabrics. In addition, new findings demonstrate that the N-methylol reactant, its byproducts, and pure zinc nitrate are capable of reducing the level of formaldehyde release.
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    Preparation of siloxane-like films by glow discharge polymerization (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3595-3605 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Glow discharge polymerizations of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), tetramethylsilane/oxygen mixture (½ molar ratio) (TMS/O2), hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO), and tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDSO) were carried out for the preparation of thin, polymeric films with siloxane structures. The chemical composition of the formed polymers was examined by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) in connection with polymerization conditions, especially, a level of the radiofrequency (rf) input power per mass of the monomers (W/FM value). The polymers prepared from HMDSO at fairly low W/FM values resembled in chemical composition the conventionally polymerized polydimethylsiloxane. The surface properties of the formed polymers also were evaluated by the measurement of surface energy.
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    Improvement of hydrophilicity of polypropylene by liquid-phase mutual irradiation of acrylics (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3641-3649 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: N-butanol was found to promote the inclusion of methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate in polypropylene, but did not affect the uptake of acrylic acid in the polymer. Polymerization of the monomers was, however, not significantly affected by the use of this swelling agent. The monomer exchange process followed by a liquid phase mutual irradiation has proved to be very effective in enhancing the polymerization of all three monomers on polypropylene. Optimum radiation doses for effective polymerization of the monomers were found to be around 3.2 Mrad for methyl acrylate and around 4.8 Mrad for methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid. Surface wettability of the film and moisture regain of the fiber were tremendously improved with all monomers regardless of the swelling agent and temperatures. Also, a low radiation dose of 1.6 Mrad was as effective as the higher doses. Methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate modified fibers showed no marked changes in strength and elongation, but did result in a harsher hand. Acrylic acid modified fibers increased greatly in elongation, decreased to a greater extent in strength, and softened in hand.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070291201
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    Emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of burnt mazote boiler deposit (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3687-3695 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using different initiators was carried out in the absence and presence of burnt mazote boiler deposit (BMBD). When sodium persulfate or potassium persulfate was used, the initial rate of polymerization was found to decrease with increase of the burnt mazote boiler deposit concentration but to increase when sodium bisulfite was used as initiator. The initial rate of polymerization was found to be higher in nitrogen atmosphere than in air. The apparent activation energy (Ea) was found to be 12.4 × 104 J/mol and 16.3 × 104J/mol in the absence and presence of burnt mazote boiler deposit when potassium persulfate was used as initiator and 5.9 × 104 J/mol and 5.1 × 104 J/mol when sodium bisulfite was used as initiator, respectively. The mean average molecular weights for PMMA were found to increase with increase of the burnt mazote boiler deposit when sodium bisulfite was used as initiator.
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    Melt viscosity of acrylic copolymers (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3479-3490 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The melt flow behavior of methyl methacrylate (MMA) copolymerized with methyl acrylate (MA) was measured and analyzed in terms of the molecular structure of the copolymers. Measurement was done by using a capillary rheometer in the shear rate range from 6 × 100 to 3 × 103 s-1 and in temperatures from 160°C to 280°C. The Newtonian flow pattern appeared in lower shear rate and higher temperature regions. However, with increasing shear rate at lower temperature, viscosity decreased to a constant slope on a logarithmic scale. The melt fracture arose at the critical shearing stress point Sc of 6 × 106 dyn/cm2. A die swell also appeared in the shear rate range larger than 1 × 106 dyn/cm2, and its maximum value was two times larger than that of the capillary diameter. The decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate is explained in terms of the apparent energy of activation in flow Eα*. Eα* also decreases with increasing shear rate. The exponential relation of Eα* to η is maintained in the higher shear rate. The lowering of viscosity in lower shear rate, however, is attributed to not only the change in Eα* but also the change in the volume of flow unit. The melt viscosity increases in inverse proportion to the MA content in the copolymers which form more flexible chains. Syndiotactic form of MMA has increased viscosity, caused by the rigidifying of segmented chains, rather than the strengthening of intermolecular interaction.
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    The effects of selected organic solvents on the polymerization of acrylic acid to poly(ethylene terephthalate) by glow discharge (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3547-3560 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Six organic solvents with solubility parameters close to those of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), namely, dimethyl sulfoxide, γ-butyrolactone, dimethyl formamide, pyridine, tetrachlorethane, and chlorobezene, were selected as swelling agents to promote the incorporation and the subsequent polymerization of acrylic acid to PET films. Variables studied included time of swelling, temperature of swelling, and length of glow discharge treatment. Elevated temperature had greater effects on the inclusion of the swelling agents and acrylic acid than did the length of swelling. Polymerization was generally increased with longer glow discharge treatment time. Surface wettability as well as the moisture regain values of PET films were greatly improved by both the solvent and the glow discharge treatments. The solvent-assisted glow discharge polymerization process was found to impose modification of PET films not restricted to the surface. Morphological modification of the treated PET was confirmed by DSC data.
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    Kinetic studies on copolycondensation processes. VI. Influence of copolycondensation temperature on tetrad distribution of the PDT/FT aromatic copolyterephthalate by 1H-NMR spectroscopy (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3587-3594 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 1H-NMR and Eu(fod)3 lanthanide shift reagent were used to determine tetrad distribution of comonomer units of the PDT/FT copolyterephthalate obtained from terephthaloyl chloride (intermonomer) and 3,3′-dimethylbisphenol A and phenolphtalein (comonomers). Computer simulations of the terephthalic proton signal split into the lines of compositional tetrads were performed to obtain quantitative data. To characterize the microstructure of the copolymer samples synthesized at different temperatures, the degree of randomness and the degree of alternation were calculated. It was shown that the latter can differentiate the chains which seemed to be identical concerning the diad distribution only.
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    Mechanical properties of paper sheets prepared from carbamoylethylated wood pulp (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3901-3906 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Carbamoylethylation of wood pulp was carried out at different conditions including acrylamide concentration, time of impregnation, and medium of the reaction (aqueous and nonaqueous). Mechanical properties of paper sheets prepared from the carbamoyethylated cellulose were examined. Carbamoyethylated paper sheets showed improved double-fold breaking length and burst factor irrespective of the reaction medium. Tear strength remained practically unaltered with aqueous carbamoylethylation but decreased in the case of non-aqueous carbamoylethylation. Water retention value (WRV) decreased by carbamoylethylation especially when the latter was performed in nonaqueous medium.
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    Dielectric properties of cellulose acylates (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3981-3990 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Thirteen kinds of cellulose acylates from the acetate to stearate were prepared by trifluoro acetic anhydride-fatty acid esterification, and their dielectric constant and loss were measured over wide temperature and frequency ranges. Two types of relaxation process (αd and βd) were recognized for all the acylates and an additional relaxation process (γd) was detected for the acylates with side chain length longer than that of the butyrate. These αd to γd processes were attributed to the micro-Brownian motion of the main chain (αd), the motion of oxycarbonyl group of the side chain (βd) and the motion initiated by minimum three methylene groups in addition to the oxycarbonyl group (γd), respectively. In the transition map for the βd process, inflection points were observed, and the temperature at the inflection point could be regarded as a freezing point of the micro-Brownian motion of the acyl side chain. In the temperature region above the inflection point, plots in transition map for all the acylates were found to be on the same straight line.
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    Synthesis and transport properties of thin film composite membranes. I. Synthesis of poly(phenylene oxide) polymer and its sulfonation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 4017-4027 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The synthesis of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) polymer was investigated. The poly(phenylene oxide) was synthesized through oxidative coupling from 2,6-dimethyl-phenol with copper (I) chloride-pyridine catalyst and sulfonated using chlorosulfonic acid. The effects of catalyst concentration, solvent, and other experimental variables on the kinetics of the polymerization of poly(phenylene oxide) and its subsequent sulfonation are reported in detail.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Miscibility of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) and poly(α-methyl styrene-co-acrylonitrile) with copolymers of methyl methacrylate (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 99-103 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Poly(α-methyl styrene-co-acrylonitrile) was found to be miscible with poly(methyl methacrylate-co-ethyl methacrylate) and with poly(methyl methacrylate-co-n-butyl methacrylate). All these blends exhibited lower critical solution temperatures. Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) was also found to be miscible with poly(methyl methacrylate-co-ethyl methacrylate) and with poly(methyl methacrylate-co-n-butyl methacrylate). However, phase separation of these blends could not be induced by heating up to 300°C.
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    Studies of tetrazoles as rubber chemicals. II. Reactivities and antioxidation activities of reactive antioxidants based on tetrazoles (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 89-98 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The chemical reactivities of novel reactive antioxidants based on tetrazoles for carbon-carbon double bonds of liquid polybutadiene and their antioxidation activities toward isoprene rubber were evaluated. These antioxidants, i.e., 2-substituted phenyl-5-(3′,5′ -di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)tetrazoles (PHPT), were pyrolyzed in liquid polybutadiene at 160-170°C for 30 min to attach to rubber in extents of 61-85% of the nitrileimines formed from PHPT by 1,3-dipolar addition reaction. The reactivities of PHPT followed the order p-Cl 〉 m-Cl 〉 H 〉 p-CH3 〉 m-CH3, p-OC2H5, suggesting that PHPT reacts with diene rubber in electrophilic reaction and p-derivatives exhibit higher contents of binding than m-derivatives due to steric hindrance. From oxygen absorption data, the antioxidation activities of PHPT for isoprene rubber vulcanizates followed the order m-Cl, m-CH3 〉 H, p-Cl, p-Cl, p-CH3 〉 p-OC2H5. Isoprene rubber vulcanizates, obtained after pretreatment with PHPT by heating, were extracted with acetone, followed by aging to show that there was good retention and appreciable antioxidation activities of PHPT, especially, p-CH3 and p-Cl substituted PHPT.
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    Selective ion permeation through fluorocarbon polymer membrane (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 117-123 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Hydrophobic polymers have rarely been used for membrane materials, but ions permeated selectively through a very thin hydrophobic membrane under a pressure gradient. The membrane was prepared by coating fluorocarbon polymer on a Teflon membrane filter. The permeabilities of strongly hydrated hydrophilic ions and hydrophobic ions are high through the membrane, but those of weakly hydrated ions are low. The selectivities were enlarged in the mixed salts solution of a low concentration at a high pressure. For example, the permeability of KCl was 0.077 and that of LiCl was 0.80 at 1 × 10-4 mol/dm3 and 40 kg/cm2. The coupling between volume flux and ion flux was high for strongly hydrated ions, while the diffusion flux derived by a concentration gradient was high for weakly hydrated ions.
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    Polymerizations of ethylene and propylene initiated by milled metallic oxides. II. Characterizations of the mechanochemically produced polymers (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 291-298 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polyethylene was mechanochemically produced by milling of alumina powder at room temperature in the presence of ethylene monomer. Nearly 50% of the produced polyethylene was chemically bonded with the matrix of the alumina. The other 50% of the polymer was extracted by the organic solvents. The polyethylene extracted by the hot n-heptane was characterized as having a structure similar to that of the branched polyethylene of low density, and the toluene extracted polyethylene had a structure similar to that of the high density polyethylene. The molecular weights of the mechanochemically produced polyethylene were found to distribute from 102 to 106 by gel permeation chromatography. The weight average molecular weight was estimated as 260,000 after the 3 days milling. Mechanochemical polymerization of ethylene was also demonstrated by milling of silica in the presence of ethylene monomer. Polymerization of propylene by milling of alumina under propylene atmosphere was performed. The obtained polymer was found to be an atactic by IR measurement and the molecular weight of the extracted product was determined as ≃ 400 by the vapor pressure osmometer.
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    Preparation of phosphorus-containing polymers. XXVIII. Synthesis and flame resistance of phenoxaphosphine-containing copolyesters (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 299-310 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Copolyesters containing phenoxaphosphine rings were prepared from 2,8-dichloroformyl-10-phenylphenoxaphosphine 10-oxide and isophthaloyl chloride and three bisphenols (bisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A, and tetrachlorobisphenol A) by interfacial polycondensation, and the flame resistance of the resulting copolyesters was investigated by measuring limiting oxygen index (LOI) values. Most of the copolyesters had good solubilities in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and chloroform and gave the films from the chloroform solutions. The relationship between the melting temperature of copolyesters and phenoxaphosphine content held for the Flory's equation for random copolymers over 20-30% of phenoxaphosphine content. The halogen-free copolyesters with phenoxaphosphine rings showed not only good thermostability but also good flame resistance. In contrast with these copolymers the halogen-containing copolyesters with phenoxaphosphine rings had very high LOI values and exhibited excellent flame-retardant property, but their thermostability was poor and the copolymers began to decompose at lower temperatures in comparison with the halogen-free copolyesters. The mode of action of the halogen-free copolyesters containing phenoxaphosphine rings was based on the effect of phosphorus in the solid phase, whereas the action of the copolyesters with both halogen and phenoxaphosphine ring was due to the additive effect of the solid-phase and the gas-phase mechanisms.
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    Investigations of water and high energy radiation interactions in an epoxy (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 311-318 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) have been used to study the crosslinked epoxy system tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane cured with diaminodiphenyl sulfone. Samples cured at various temperatures were soaked in distilled water for extended periods or irradiated with 0.5 Me V electrons and 60Co gamma. DSC results show that the standard-cured (137°C for 2 h and 160°C for 5 h) dry samples have a Tg around 190°C and a large exothermic reaction at about 260°C. The latter is attributed to further reaction of curing agent with the epoxide rings. The exothermic energy is about 124 cal/g for an uncured specimen, 42 cal/g for standard cured specimen, and 20 cal/g for soaked samples containing 4% H2O. The exothermic energy is shown to decrease monotonically with the ionizing radiation dosage. IR results show a reduction in the intensity of the epoxide band as the exothermic energy is decreased.
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    Hexavalent-chromium-initiated graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto cellulose (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 319-327 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto cotton-cellulose has been carried out using hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) as initiator. Aqueous-methanolic solution of perchloric acid has been chosen as the reaction medium. The effect of monomer, initiator, acid, reaction medium, and temperature on the graft percentage has been found out. The reactions have also been carried out in the presence of polymerization, inhibitors, and retarders, such as hydroquinone and transition metal salts like CuSO4, FeCl3, etc. The grafted samples, after exhaustive separation of homopolymers and purification, were subjected to various chemical, mechanical, and thermal testings. The results of various analyses have been compared with the reference, and the improvement in the graft has been evaluated. A suitable mechanism for the grafting processes has been suggested, in accordance with the experimental results.
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    Studies on graft copolymerization of acrylate monomers onto casein (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 329-339 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: Poly(butyl acrylate) has been graft copolymerized onto casein using potassium peroxydisulfate-ascorbic acid as the initiating system. The proof of grafting has been obtained by ninhydrin test and IR studies. The effects of synthetic variables in the graft copolymerization have been discussed in the light of percent grafting, grafting efficiency, and the rates of polymerization.
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    Kinetics of alkaline-catalyzed cardanol-formaldehyde reaction. I (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 361-372 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: The kinetics of reaction between cardanol and formaldehyde when catalyzed by an alkali, sodium hydroxide, has been studied and effects of process parameters, e.g., cardanol formaldehyde molal ratio, catalyst concentration, and temperature have been investigated. The addition reaction has been shown to be a second-order reaction when the concentration of active positions of reactants is used instead of their molar concentrations. Specific reaction rate constants have been determined for various cardanol-formaldehyde molal ratios, catalyst concentrations, and reaction temperatures. The energy of activation, E, is found to be 67.541 MJ/kg-mol (16.132 kcal/mol). The correlation between overall reaction rate constant and the process parameters has also been developed.
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    Studies on heat-resistant thermosetting phthalocyanine polymers (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 353-359 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: New thermosetting poly(copper phthalocyanine) imide polymers with good toughness, superior thermal stability, chemical inertness, and fire resistance characteristics have been prepared. The studies of polymerization of two bisphthalonitriles were made using metal powder or metalic salt. Infrared, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric studies were used in determining the optimum conditions for polymerization and in characterizing the polymers produced. These polymers are noteworthy for their high char yield (73-76%) at 800°C in nitrogen atmosphere. These phthalocyanine, imide-thermosetting polymers are expected to be useful in preparing heat-resistant molded articles or laminates.
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    Solid foam-polyurethanes with a lowered combustibility (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1701-1708 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Notes: A composition of solid foam-polyurethane is developed, the polyol component of which is a mixture of oligoesteralcohols obtained as waste products in the production of dimethylterephthalate, and is modified with phosphorus or phosphorus plus chlorine-containing antipyrenes. It is demonstrated that the introduction of antipyrenes into the foam-polyurethanes substantially enhances the combustion resistance of the composition, without impairing its physical and mechanical properties.
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    Influence of tacticity on the thermal degradation of PVC. VI. New advances in the degradation process through the behavior of modified PVC samples (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1735-1741 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Three PVC samples having different tacticities, as well as the products resulting from their reaction with sodium thiophenate, which was previously found to occur selectively by some definite isotactic conformations, were degraded at 180°C in solid state up to 0.3%. In agreement with prior works, the stability of the substituted polymers was shown to be higher as the substitution extent increased up to a definite value, which depends on the overall isotactic content of the starting materials. On the other hand, the found changes in polyene distribution for the degraded samples with the substitution extent, as followed by UV-visible spectroscopy, demonstrate that the specific bands at 393, 416, and 437 nm, which are known to be characteristic for the most unstable PVCs, arise from the lability of some chlorine atoms located at GTTG′ (or TTTG) conformations, as prior results suggested. On the basis of the so-obtained correlation between the content of some isotactic triads (especially the GTTG′) and both the thermal instability and the formation of the above-indicated specific polyenes, new advances in the degradation mechanism are proposed.
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    Compatibility of poly(∊-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) blends. I. Blends containing SAN with 24 wt% acrylonitrile (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1781-1795 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer blends of poly(∊-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN), containing 24 wt % acrylonitrile (AN), were prepared, and their transition behavior was examined by thermal analysis and dynamic mechanical testing. The blends were judged to be compatible on the basis of the presence of a single, compositionally dependent glass transition. The results of thermal treatment upon blends glass transition behavior and the dependence of thermal history upon the crystallization of semicrystalline PCL were also studied. The crystallization of PCL from SAN/PCL blends was found to be retarded by the presence of SAN, and crystalline PCL was found to exist only in blends containing a high PCL concentration. Blends which do not contain crystalline PCL were transparent, and their glass transition behavior can be correlated by the Gordon-Taylor equation. Phase separation, which was characterized by lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior, was found to occur when blends were heated to elevated temperatures.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290531
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    Flocculation of metal-bearing waste waters using cellulose and its graft copolymers (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1903-1910 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several types of cellulose (wood pulp) and their graft copolymers with water-soluble monomers were tested for their activity as flocculation aids. They were employed as additives to lime in flocculation experiments involving a simulated mine water containing iron, zinc, and copper salts. The results show that all the cellulosic products had a beneficial effect on the removal of iron, and to a lesser extent on the removal of zinc. The final concentration of ferric ions after 30 min was comparable with that produced by commercial flocculants (Magnifloc, Aquafloc). No improvement of flocculation activity was obtained upon grafting various polar monomers and their mixtures onto dissolving pulp.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290539
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    Microstructure of biaxially drawn ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2347-2357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The microstructure of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) sheets biaxially drawn in the molten state was investigated by means of wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and electron microscopy. The crystallographic c-axis tended to be oriented in the sheet plane by the biaxial drawing in the molten state. The microstructure of the biaxially drawn UHMW-PE was shown to depend upon molecular weight of UHMW-PE. The biaxially drawn sheet of higher molecular weight (Mv = 2,700,000) showed a fibrous structure, while the lower molecular weight sample (Mv 700,000) had a lamellar structure. The result of DSC measurements suggested that a small number of nucleating extended chain crystals was produced by biaxial melt drawing of the UHMW-PE sheet with higher molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290710
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    Use of a microcomputer with a gas permeation apparatus (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2413-2419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hardware and software for collecting and storing the data of gas permeation in polymer membranes from the vacuum detector and various sensors have been developed for the GP-IB microcomputer online system. The system uses BASIC language programs. In comparison to manual inputs and calculations, the programs allow reductions in the time required for data treatment and in the standard deviation for a determination and, moreover, an improvement in the reproducibility of the results.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290715
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    Studies on the improvement of cured two-stage phenolics performance. III. Relation between conditions of heat treatment and properties of wood-flour-filled phenolics (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2395-2404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of heat treatment on the properties of cured two-stage phenolics was studied. Samples were compression-molded from the compound that was prepared from novolac, wood flour (100 phr), and hexamethylenetetramine (15 phr). Samples were heat-treated in conditions of four levels for temperature (150°C, 170°C, 190°C, and 210°C) and time (4, 8, 16, and 24 h). The properties of samples heat-treated, such as weight loss, dimensional stability, water absorption after boiling, and flexural properties were measured. The relation between the properties and the conditions of heat treatment was examined statistically. From the results, it was decided that the optimum conditions of heat treatment for practical use were: (i) to decrease water absorption and to heighten electrical resistance, 210°C, 24 h; (ii) to improve flexural properties at room temperature and at 160°C; 170°C, 8 h, and 170-190°C, 24 h, respectively. It was concluded that the decrease of water absorption of moldings was due to the increase of hydrophobic nature of wood flour included in moldings by heat treatment and that the improvement of flexural property of moldings at 160°C was due to an increase of crosslinking density by heat treatment. The reasons for the improvement of the electrical properties by heat treatment were also discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070290713
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    Grafting vinyl monomers onto silk fibers: Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto silk using acetylacetonate Mn(III) complex (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3283-3293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto Mulberry silk fibers was studied in aqueous solution using Mn(acac)3 as initiator. Perchloric acid was found to catalyze the reaction. The rate of grafting was investigated by varying the concentration of the monomer and the complex, acidity of the medium, the solvent composition of the reaction medium, the surfactants, and the inhibitors. The graft yield increases with increasing concentration of Mn(acac)3 up to 0.01 mol/L, decreasing thereafter. Increase of MMA concentration up to 0.56 mol/L increases graft yield, and thereafter it decreases. Among the various vinyl monomers studied, MMA was found to be most suitable for grafting. Grafting increases up to 7.5 × 10-3 mol/L of HClO4 concentration, and thereafter it decreases. A suitable reaction scheme has been proposed and a rate equation has been derived. The energy of activation has been calculated from the Arrhenius plot. The chain transfer constants for various chain transfer solvents have been evaluated from the average molecular weight (M̄) of grafted poly(methyl methacrylate).
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070291107
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    Pore structure analysis of purified, sodium hydroxide-treated and liquid ammonia-treated cotton celluloses (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3349-3357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To characterize the pore structures of purified cotton, NaOH-treated cotton, and liquid-NH3-treated cotton, we have (1) investigated the feasibility of preparing useful chromatographic columns from whole cotton fibers and (2) studied the elution behavior (penetration) of three selected classes of water-soluble solutes from columns of the three types of cotton fibers. The solutes were series of common oligomeric sugars, oxyethylene glycols, and oxyethylene glycol dimethyl ethers having molecular weights or dimensions in the range of conventional dyes and finishing agents. Substantial differences in dyeing performance and in resilience have been reported for the cottons under study. Differences in performance qualities of these fibers in fabric form are explained in terms of the substantial differences in sizes and abundance of pores in the fibers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070291112
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    Application of thermal conductivity detection for investigating the diffusion of component X in the system: A mixture of vapors of X and Y substances-polymer membrane-Y substance vapor (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 3663-3675 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal conductivity detection has been applied for determining the mass transport coefficients of vapor through polymer membranes in the presence of another vapor being in equilibrium with polymer. Apparatus and measuring technique have been described. Diffusion, permeability, and solubility coefficients have been determined for systems comprising polyethylene membrane and two-component vapor mixtures of selected substances. It has been found that the presence of nonpolar substances affected diffusion, permeability, and solubility coefficients of polar penetrants in the systems investigated. Analysis of the results obtained in evaluating the possibility and correctness of the determination of diffusion and permeability coefficients derived from mathematical descriptions of the process of permeating a single substance has been carried out.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1984.070291203
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    Einfache Stoffgleichungen für mehrachsiges Kriechen nichtlinearviskoelastischer WerkstoffeMitteilung aus dem Laboratorium für Werkstoff- und Fügetechnik der Universität-Gesamthochschule Paderborn. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 403-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Simple Constitutive Equations for Multiaxial Creep of Non-linear Viscoelastic MaterialsIsochronous creep data in uniaxial tension, compression and shear were used to formulate and test constitutive equations for nonlinear viscoelastic materials with different creep response in simple tension and compression.
    Notes: Isochrone Kriechergebnisse aus einachsigen Zug-, Druck- und Schubversuchen werden zur Formulierung und Untersuchung von Stoffgleichungen für nichtlinearviskoelastische Werkstoffe mit unterschiedlichem Kriechverhalten bei Zug- und Druckbeanspruchung verwendet.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840151202
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    Nachrichten - Hinweise (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840151209
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    Gegen Fluor und Fluorwasserstoff korrosionsbeständige Werkstoffe (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 427-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion Resistant Materials for Fluorine and Hydrogen FluorideAluminum and Duralumin are restistant against fluorine and hydrogen fluoride up to 600 and 700 K, respectively. The resistance of nickel and its alloys, particularly monel, against fluorine and hydrogen fluoride is fairly good up to 900 and 800 K. During the attack of nickel-chromium alloys by fluorine between 1000 and 1300 K, it appears an inner fluorination similarly to the inner oxidation.The resistance of titanium in water-free liquid fluorine at lower temperatures with 〈 0,3 mm · a-1 is comparable to that of nickel and monel. However, the corrosion of titanium in gaseous fluorine amounts at 377 K only 0,0082 mm · a-1. In spite of their limited resistance against fluorine and hydrogen fluoride, very pure molybdenum and tungsten are employed as construction materials in the rocket technology because of their large strength at high temperatures if fluorine-hydrogen and fluorine-hydrazine flames are used.Lanthanum and calcium borides are only little attacked by fluorine hydrazine flames between 1400 and 1800K; they are superior to all special grade alloys. The same is true in a lower temperature region (290-400 K) with fluorcarbon resins. Organic materials substitute in increasing extent metal alloys and non-renetal inorganic materials.
    Notes: Unter den Metallen sind Aluminium und Duralumin gegen Fluor und trockenen Fluorwasserstoff bis 600 bzw. 700 K beständig. Die Beständigkeit von Nickel und seiner Legierungen, insbesondere Monel, gegen Fluor und Fluorwasserstoff reicht sogar bis etwa 900 bzw. 800 K. Beim Angriff von Fluor auf Nickel-Chromlegierungen zwischen 1000 und 1300 K tritt auch eine innere Fluorierung ähnlich der inneren Oxidschichtbildung auf.Die Beständigkeit von Titan in wasserfreiem flüssigem Fluor ist bei niedrigen Temperaturen mit 〈 0,3 mm · a-1 vergleichbar mit der von Nickel und Monel. In gasförmigem Fluor aber beträgt die Korrosion von Titan bei 377 K nur 0,0082 mm · a-1. Trotz ihrer bedingten Beständigkeit gegen Fluor und Fluorwasserstoff werden reinstes Molybdän und Wolfram wegen ihrer Festigkeit bei hohen Temperaturen in der Raketentechnik beim Antrieb mit Fluor-Wasserstoff bzw. Fluor-Hydrazin eingesetzt.Lanthan- und Calciumboride widerstehen Fluor-Hydrazinflammen zwischen 1400 und 1800 K und sind allen Speziallegierungen weit überlegen. Dieses gilt auch im niedrigeren Temperaturbereich (290-400 K) für die Fluorcarbonharze. Organische Werkstoffe verdrängen immer mehr metallische und nichtmetallische anorganische Werkstoffe.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840151206
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    Korrosionskunde im Experiment. Untersuchungsverfahren - Meßtechnik - Aussagen. Heitz/Henkhaus/Rahmel, 1. Auflage, Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim, 1983, 316 Seiten, 102 Bilder, 18 Tabellen (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 190-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150509
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    Masthead (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150601
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    Methoden zur Qualitätskontrolle festgewalzter Pkw-TeileVortrag gehalten anläßlich der DVM-Veranstaltung 8. Sitzung des Ak-Betriebsfestigkeit am 12./13.10.82 in München. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 210-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Methods for Quality Control of Solid Rolled Automotive PartsAn economically satisfactory solution has not yet been found for the quality control of solid rolled automotive components. In order to be able to reduce the time (and therefore costs) between rolling and machining, a method is needed, which controls quality direct on the rolling machine.The following up-to-date methods are presently applied in BMW plants. Control of rolling machine, grading test, internal stress test, inspection card, ground surface finish and hardness tests. Other tests are made on the steering knuckles, such as destructive chemical tests, gloss test, Barkhausen effect, dimension check, fine structure analysis and magnaflux testing.The two methods, which up to no permit a qualitative statement, namely internal stress test and Woehler fatigue test, are very involved. According to our present state of research the dimension check and fine structure analysis are good alternatives, to be able to considerably reduce the testing time between rolling and machining. The Barkhausen effect is a very elegant, non-destructive testing method to determine the grade of solid rolled components by way of comparison with sample parts.
    Notes: Die Qualitätskontrolle von festgewalzten Pkw-Bauteilen ist zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt noch nicht wirtschaftlich zufriedenstellend gelöst. Um die Zeit zwischen dem Walzvorgang und der Montagefertigung, und um die Kosten zu reduzieren, ist eine Methode erwünscht, die eine Überwachung der Qualität unmittelbar an der Walzmaschine erlaubt.Es werden zuerst die folgenden aktuellen bei BMW angewandten Methoden vorgestellt: Kontrolle der Walzmaschine, Einstufenversuch, Eigenspannungsmessung, Kontrollkarte, Schliff und Härteverlauf. Die weiteren Prüfverfahren werden an Achsschenkeln erprobt: zerstörendes chemisches Verfahren, Glanzgradmessung, Barkhausen-Effekt, Maßkontrolle, Feinstrukturanalyse und Magnatest.Die zwei Methoden, die bis jetzt eine qualitative Aussage erlauben, Eigenspannungsmessung und Wöhlerversuch, sind sehr aufwendig. Nach unserem gegenwärtigen Untersuchungsstand sind Maßkontrolle und Feinstrukturanalyse gute Alternativen, um die Prüfzeit zwischen dem Walzvorgang und der Montagefertigung deutlich reduzieren zu können. Der Barkhausen-Effekt stellt eine sehr elegante zerstörungsfreie Prüfmöglichkeit dar, die Güte eines festgewalzten Bauteils nach Vergleich mit Musterteilen ermitteln zu können.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150605
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    Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung und Bewertung von Schädigungsvorgängen in Klebverbindungen mittels SchallemissionsanalyseMitteilung aus dem Fachgebiet Qualitätskontrolle, Universität Dortmund und Laboratorium für Werkstoff- und Fügetechnik, Universität-Gesamthochschule Paderborn. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 288-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations to Determine and Evaluate Damage Processes of Adhesive Bonds by Means of Acoustic EmissionThe damage process in metal adhesive bonds under quasistatic loads was monitored by means of acoustic emission analysis (AEA). Metallographic investigations allow the correlation between acoustic emission data and microscopic failure processes in the bondline of single lap adhesive joints. The influence of specimen geometry on the initiation of damages is discussed for several types of adhesives. Furthermore the relation between the preparation of the adherent surface and the onset of acoustic emission is as well described as the influence of manufacturing defects on the mechanical behaviour and the acoustic emission activity.
    Notes: Der Schädigungsablauf an einschnittig überlappten Klebverbindungen wurde mit Hilfe der Schallemissionsanalyse bei quasistatischer Belastung untersucht. An verschiedenen Klebstoffsystemen wird der Einfluß der Fügeteilgeometrie auf die Festigkeit und die Initiierung von Schäden in der Klebschicht dargestellt. Licht- und rasterelektronen-mikroskopische Gefügeuntersuchungen ermöglichen die Zuordnung der Schallemissionssignale zu den mikroskopischen Schädigungsvorgängen in der Klebschicht. Weiterhin wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der Fügeteilvorbehandlung und dem Beginn der Schädigungsausbildung sowie der Einfluß von Fertigungsfehlern auf die mechanisch-technologischen Eigenschaften von Metallklebungen diskutiert und Belastungsgrenzen aufgezeigt.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150806
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    Zum Quellverhalten duroplastischer FormstoffeMitteilung aus dem Institut für Werkstoffkunde der TH Darmstadt. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 349-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Swelling Behaviour of Thermosetting MaterialsThe moisture absorption of moulded materials can endanger a construction because of the change in volume of various parts. Therefore it is necessary to know the maximum possible swelling of the moulded materials employed at different relative humidities. The swelling of modified phenolic resin systems are described. Wood flour (which absorbs moisture) and powdered minerals (which in this case can be considered as inert) were used as fillers.Different methods have been developed to calculate the maximum possible swelling after a relatively short testing time (ca. 1000 h).
    Notes: Die Feuchteaufnahme eines Formstoffes kann durch die damit verbundene Volumenänderung des Formteils die Funktion einer Baugruppe gefährden. Daher muß die maximal mögliche formstoff- und umgebungsfeuchtespezifische Quelldehnung der eingesetzten Formstoffe bekannt sein. Am Beispiel von Ein-, Zwei- und Dreistoffsystemen mit Phenolharz als Matrixwekstoff wird der Einfluß der Harzträger Holzmehl (im Hinblick auf die Feuchteaufnahme „aktiv“) und Gesteinsmehl („inaktiv“) auf die Quellung untersucht. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Methoden aufgezeigt, die eine Abschätzung der maximal möglichen Quelldehnung nach relativ kurzer Versuchsdauer (etwa 1000 h) ermöglichen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840151005
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    Masthead (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840151101
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    Anwendungscharakteristika verschiedener Ätzverfahren bei Metallen - Vergleichende Untersuchung metallographischer Ätzverfahren - (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 386-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Applicability of Different Etching Methods for Metals - Comparing Investigation of Metallographic Etching ProceduresThe feasibility of different etching techniques in laboratory practice is mainly appointed by the reproducibility of the metallographic micro-structure, which is dependent on the etching method, the etching time and a practical handling of the etching procedure. Comparing investigations concerning the applicability of chemical, electrolytic and ionic etching methods for metals and alloys in electrotechnical industry - with the aim to estimate efficiency and reproducibility of the micro-structure resulting from the different techniques - have been done. Micro-structure estimation will be done by different methods of light-microscopy.In any case physical ion-etching turns out to be the less problematic etching method - in comparison with chemical and electrolytic techniques. Ion etching shows a good reproducibility and allows the simultaneous etching of different materials. The summarizing valuation of the different etching methods includes a list of optimum etching parameters for copper, brass copper-tin and copper-beryllium alloys.
    Notes: Die Einsatzmöglichkeiten unterschiedlicher Ätzverfahren in der Laborpraxis werden im wesentlichen bestimmt durch die Reproduziorbarkeit der ausgebildeten Gefügestrukturen - als Funktion einer bestimmten Ätzmethode, der Ätzzeit und der problemlosen Handhabung der Ätzprozedur. Zur Anwendbarkeit des chemischen und elektrolytischen Ätzens, sowie des Ionenätzens bei Metallen und Legierungen der Elektrotechnik wurden vergleichende Untersuchungen mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, eine Beurteilung von Güte und Reproduzierbarkeit der nach den verschiedenen Ätzprozessen entstandenen Gefügebilder zu ermöglichen.Die Abbildung der Gefügestrukturen geschieht mit Hilfe unterschiedlicher lichtmikroskopischer Beobachtungsverfahren.Das physikalische Ionenätzen erweist sich gegenüber chemischen und elektrolytischen Ätzverfahren in allen Fällen als die problemlosere Ätzmethode, die neben einer guten Reproduzierbarkeit zudem ein gleichzeitiges Ätzen unterschiedlicher Materialien in einem Werkstoff ermöglicht.Eine zusammenfassende Wertung der verschiedenen Ätzverfahren umfaßt die Angabe optimaler Ätzparameter für die Werkstoffe Kupfer, Messing, CuSn 8 und Kupfer-Beryllium.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840151105
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    Nachrichten - Hinweise (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A2 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150107
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    Masthead (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150201
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    Glatt- und Festwalzen an PKW Fahrgestell- und AntriebsbauteilenVortag gehalten anläßlich der DVM-Veranstaltung 8. Sitzung des Ak-Betriebsfestigkeit am 12./13. 10. 82 in München. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 41-45 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Finsh and Solid Rolling of Automotive Running Gear and Drive ComponentsAutomotive parts, in particular running gear and drive components, are subject to high dynamic loads in regards to strength.When designing new parts, this is taken into account through dimensioning, material selection and constructional conception. Normally the mentioned measures will not be applied to old designs if, for example, they are subjected later to higher loads because of an increase in engine power output. Only the selection of different materials as well as strength increasing measures and methods remain for these parts.An important method is solid rolling. The examples of completed designs demonstrate the possible strength improvements, influence of rolling force on component strength as well as desired and undesired accompaniments.A comparison is made between solid rolling and other strength improving measures, such as inductive hardening.The results show the solid rolling method to be cost-favorable, very effective and safe in handling. The method has its limits in geometry (open rotation-symmetrical cross sections are required), size (component too large, cross section too filigreed) and application range (temperature) of components.
    Notes: Kraftfahrzeug-Bauteile, insbesondere Fahrwerkskomponenten und Antriebsbauelemente sind festigkeitsmäßig dynamisch hoch beansprucht.Bei der Neukonstruktion wird dem durch Dimension, Werkstoffauswahl und Konstruktionsprinzip Rechnung getragen. An bestehenden Konstruktionen, wenn diese beispielsweise durch spätere Leistungssteigerung höher belastet werden, scheiden in der Regel die genannten Maßnahmen aus. Hier bleiben dann neben anderer Werkstoffwahl nur festigkeitssteigernde Maßnahmen und Verfahren.Als ein bedeutendes Verfahren steht hier das Festwalzen. Die Beispiele ausgeführter Konstruktionen zeigen die möglichen Festigkeitssteigerungen, den Einfluß der Walzkräfte auf die Bauteilfestigkeit sowie erwünschte und unerwünschte Begleiterscheinungen.Es wird verglichen zwischen Festwalzen und anderen Maßnahmen zur Festigkeitssteigerung wie Induktivhärten.Das Ergebnis zeigt das Festwalzverfahren als kostengünstig, sehr wirksam und sicher in der Handhabung. Grenzen liegen verfahrensbedingt in der Geometrie (offene rotationssymmetrische Querschnitte notwendig), Dimension (Bauteil zu groß, Querschnitt zu filigran) und im Einsatzbereich (Temperatur) der Bauteile.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150202
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    Aktivierungsenthalpien und Mechanismen der unterkritischen Rißausbreitung in Aluminiumoxidkeramiken (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 65-72 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Activation Enthalpies and Mechanisms of Subcritical Crack Propagation in Aluminium Oxide CeramicsProgressive crack propagation has been investigated in the temperature range between 25 and 1000°C for two commercial varieties of Al2O3 ceramic, using double torsion specimens. 3 different temperature regions have been found, each of them with a different dependence of the effective activation enthalpie on the stress intensity factor. While at low temperatures the crack propagation rate is mainly controlled by the reaction of the grain boundary phase with the water vapor partial pressure of the environment, the softening of this phase is the predominent factor at high temperatures.
    Notes: An zwei Qualitäten kommerzieller Al2O3-Keramik unterschiedlichen SiO2-Gehalts wurde an Doppeltorsionsproben die langsame Rißausbreitung im Temperatubereich von 25 bis 1000°C untersucht. Es wurden drei Bereiche gefunden, die eine unterschiedliche Abhängigkeit der effektiven Aktivierungsenthalpien vom Spannungsintensitätsfaktor aufweisen. Bei niedrigen Temperaturen steuert im wesentlichen die Reaktion des Wasserdampfes der umgebenden Luft mit der Korngrenzenphase die Rißausbreitung, bei hohen Temperaturen spielt die Erweichung dieser Korngrenzenphase die entscheidende Rolle.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150206
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    Die Zähigkeit metallischer Diffusionsschutzschichten auf Nickellegierungen und ihre KennzeichnungEin Teil der diesem Bericht zugrunde liegenden Arbeiten wurde mit Mitteln des Bundesministers für Forschung und Technologie unter dem Kennzeichen 01 ZB 157-D 20 gefördert. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ductility of Metallic Diffusion Type Coatings on Nickel-Based Alloys and its DeterminationA test method is being presented by which ductility properties of metallic diffusion coatings, which are used against hot corrosion e.g. on turbine blades, can be measured. The ductility measurements are based upon the acoustic emission during crack initiation within coated specimens under mechanical load. By plotting the acoustic emission and the stress vs. elongation simultaneously, the crack initiation stress vs. elongation simultaneously, the crack initiation stress of the coating and the 0,2%-proof stress of the substrate can be determined by the same experiment. Correlations between these two stress levels led to ductility characteristics and within the scope of these investigations to dependences on temperature, coating thickness, strain rate and thermal history of the coating/substrate system. The investigations were carried out on three different diffusion coatings combined with two nickel-base superalloys. Ductility measurements up to 850°C led to ductile-brittle-transition-temperatures as well as to temperature dependant stress and strain levels, below which the coatings on certain substrate behave in a ductile manner.
    Notes: Diffusionsschutzschichten gegen Heißgaskorrosion sind vielfach bei niedrigen Temperaturen spröde und werden erst bei höheren Temperaturen zäh. Für das Betriebsverhalten beschichteter Turbinenschaufeln z. B. ist die Kenntnis der Übergangstemperatur vom spröden zum zähen Verhalten von Bedeutung, wobei die Eigenschaften der Schutzschicht vom jeweiligen Trägerwerkstoff beeinflußt werden. - Es wird nun ein Prüfverfahren vorgestellt, mit dem an beschichteten Proben unter mechanischer Beanspruchung das Auftreten erster Anrisse in der Schutzschicht durch Schallemissionsmessungen nachgewiesen und gleichzeitig durch die Aufnahme eines Spannung-Dehnung-Schaubildes die relative Lage der Anrißspannung der Schutzschicht und der 0,2 Grenze des Trägerwerkstoffes erfaßt werden. Aus den durchgeführten Versuchen ließen sich Angaben über die Zähigkeit in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und anderen Einflußgrößen wie Schichtdicke, Dehngeschwindigkeit und thermischer Vorgeschichte ableiten. Auf diese Weise konnten für drei verschiedene Schutzschichten, dei mit zwei hochwarmfesten Nickellegierungen kombiniert waren, Spröde Zäh-Übergangstemperaturen bestimmt werden. Weiterhin ergaben sich bis zur höchsten Prüftemperatur von 850°C Spannungs- und Dehnungsgrenzen, unterhalb derer die untersuchten Schutzschichten auf den Trägerwerkstoffen rißfrei bleiben.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150302
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    Jahrbuch Oberflächentechnik 1984, H. W. Lieber, G. Oelsner und W. Riedel. 1. Auflage, Metall-Verlag GmbH, Berlin. 1984, 424 Seiten, zahlreichen Bildern, und Tabellen, DIN A 5, DM 75,80 (Plastikeinband) (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 108-108 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150309
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    Masthead (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150401
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    Results from investigations with an Instrumented Impact Machine on a molybdenum base alloy, nickel base alloys, and incoloy 800 (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 117-123 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen mit einem instrumentierten Kerbschlaghammer an einer Molybdänbasislegierung, Nickelbasislegierungen und Incoloy 800Mit einem instrumentierten Pendelschlagwerk wurden Experimente an der Molybdänbasislegierung TZM, den Nickelbasislegierungen Nimocast 713 LC, Inconel 625, Nimonic 86, Hastelloy S und der Eisenbasislegierung Incoloy 800 durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse werden unter den Gesichtspunkten der verbrauchten Schlagenergien und der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit diskutiert.In allen Fällen war die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Energien, die am Schleppzeiger des Hammers abgelesen wurden und den Energien, die durch die Integration des Kraft-Weg Diagrammes ermittelt wurden, ausgezeichnet.Ein Verfahren für die Bestimmung der dynamischen Bruchzähigkeit für eine Last vs. Lastpunktverschiebungskurve mit hohen Oszillationen unter Verwendung einer gemittelten Kurve wurde vorgeschlagen. Verwendet man dieses Verfahren, findet man keinen deutlichen Einfluß der Experimente mit Hammer und Stössel (5,0 m/s und 0,1 m/s) auf die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit. Halbiert man die Fallhöhe, d.h. halbiert man die totale Schlagenergie, so werden die dynamischen Bruchzähigkeitswerte für die Legierungstypen erniedrigt.Niedrige absorbierte Schlagenergien sind oft verknüpft mit hohen Bruchzähigkeitswerten. Hier fehlt die Reserve in der Verformung und/oder im stabilen Rißwachstum.
    Notes: Experiments were performed on the molybdenum base alloy TZM, the nickel base alloys Nimocast 713 LC, Inconel 625, Nimonic 86, Hastelloy S, and the iron base alloy Incoloy 800 with an instrumented impact machine. The results are discussed in terms of absorbed impact energies and dynamic fracture toughness.In all cases the agreement between the energy determined by the dial reading and the energy determined by the integration of the load vs. load point displacement diagram was excellent.A procedure for the determination of the dynamic fracture toughness for load vs. load point displacement diagrams exhibiting high oscillations using an averaged curve is proposed. Using this procedure a pronounced influence of the experiments with tup and chisel (5.0 m/s and 0.1 m/s respectively) on the dynamic fracture toughness is not detectable. Using half the drop height, i.e. halving the total energy, lowers the dynamic fracture toughness values for these types of alloys. Low absorbed impact energies are often combined with high fracture toughness values. In these cases there is no or only a small reserve in deformation and/or stable crack growth.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150403
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    Schweißen im Behälter- und ApparatebauHerrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans Schlachter zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 149-153 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Welding in Tank and Plant ConstructionSince a relatively limited number of plastics types are used, the welding tasks involved in chemical apparatus engineering can be accomplished with just a few welding techniques are well-known and welding can be carried out efficiently, reliably and economically by this means. In this respect, however, a number of important principles have to be observed. The DVS guidelines provide vital information on questions relating to calculation, design, personnel, equipment, material and testing. Extrusion welding enjoys prime importance as regards quality and economic aspects.
    Notes: Die Schweißaufgaben im chemischen Apparatebau werden an einer relative geringen Anzahl von Kunststofftypen mit wenigen Schweißverfahren bewältigt. Diese Verfahren sind in ihren Grenzen erfaßt und erlauben sichere und wirtschaftliche Schweißungen. Es sind hierbei allerdings eine Reihe wichtiger Grundsätze zu beachten. Die entsprechenden DVS-Richtlinien geben zu Berechnungs-, Gestaltungs, Personal-, Geräte-, Material- und Prüffragen wesentliche Hinweise. Vorrangige Bedeutung im Hinblick auf Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Behälter- und Apparatebau hat das Extrusionsschweißen.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150502
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    Langzeitprüfung von Schweißverbindungen aus Polyethylen bei komplexer Beanspruchung (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 153-157 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Long Term Testing of Welded Joints from HDPE under Complex LoadingTest methods to determine the long term weld-factors for heated tool butt weldings, extrusion weldings and hot gas weldings are presented. Instead of tensile bars welded pipers are tested under internal pressure to abbreviate the test times. The results of long term creep tests with welded and unwelded PE-HD pipes under the influence of several fluids are also discussed.
    Notes: Für die im Apparate- und Behälterbau am meisten angewandten Schweißverfahren: Heizelementstumpf-, Extrusions- und Warmgas-schweißen werden Prüfmethoden zur Bestimmung der Langzeit-schweißfaktoren vorgestellt. Als Prüfkörper werden hierbei geschweißte Rohre verwendet, um einen mehrdimensionalen Span-nungszustand zu realisieren und die Prüfzeiten zu verkürzen. Desweiteren wird der Einfluß einiger Medien auf geschweißte Rohre im Vergleich mit ungeschweißten Rohren untersucht.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150503
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    Erfahrungen beim Schweißen gasempfindlicher hochreiner WerkstoffeHerrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans Schlachter zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 183-185 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiences in Welding Highly Pure, Gas-Sensitive MaterialsHighly pure steels and non-ferrous react during processing, particularly welding, with atmospheric gases and change their service properties. Hence special measures are often necessary in forming and inert gas welding. Taking the specific example of a high pure chromium steel (superferritic), welding properties, processing data and selection of suitable inert gas torches are described. The possibility of applying this information to other materials such as titanium is discussed.
    Notes: Hochreine Stähle und Nichteisenmetalle reagieren bei der Verarbeitung, insbesondere beim Schweißen mit den Gasen der Luft und verändern ihre Gebrauchseigenschaften. Daher sind vielfach Sondermaßnahmen beim Formieren und Schutzgasschweißen notwendig. Speziell am Beispiel eines Chromstahles hoher Reinheit (Superferrit) werden die Schweißeigenschaften, Daten der Verarbeitung sowie die Auswahl geeigneter Schutzgasbrenner beschrieben. Vergleichende Hinweise und Anwendungsbeispiele für andere Werkstoffe wie z. B. Titan sind möglich.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150507
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    Dechema-Werkstofftabelle, 12. Ergänzungslieferung. Von DECHEMA D. Behrens, K. Hauffe, H. Puschmann. Verlag Chemie GmbH, Weinheim, 1984, 106 Seiten, zahlreiche Bilder und Tabellen, DIN A 4, DM 307,40 (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 190-190 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150510
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    Investigations into the influence of the tup velocity and the heat treatment on the Dynamic Fracture Toughness of inconel 625 (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 199-206 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchungen zum Einfluß der Hammergeschwindigkeit und der Auslagerung auf die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit für Inconel 625Mit einem instrumentierten Pendelschlagwerk wurden Experimente an der Nickelbasislegierung Inconel 625 im Anlieferungszustand und nach Auslagerung über 3,6 Ms (1000 h) bei 923 K (650°C) unter Anwendung unterschiedlicher Fallhöhen durchgeführt. Die verbrauchte Schlagenergie kann sowohl über den Schleppzeiger, über die Integration des Kraft-Lastpunktverschiebungs-Diagrammes als auch aus der Integration des Kraft-Zeit-Diagrammes bei gleichzeitiger Kenntnis der Schlaggeschwindigkeit v0 unmittelbar vor Auftreffen des Hammers auf die Probe ermittelt werden. In allen Fällen ist die Übereinstimmung gut.Es wird gezeigt. -daß die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit abhängig ist von der Hammergeschwindigkeit v0 und damit von der totalen Energie des Hammers bei unterschiedlichen Fallhöhen.-daß die Versprödung infolge Wärmebehandlung nicht mit einer Absenkung der Bruchzähigkeit verbunden ist, obwohl eine starke Abnahme der verbrauchten Schlagenergie beobachtet wird. Definiert man eine dynamische Spannung σ aus der Geschwindigkeitsabhängigkeit der Bruchzähigkeit, so ist σ größer für das versprödete Material im Vergleich zum Anlieferungszustand. Diese Tendenz ist von Zugversuchen her bekannt.-daß die dynamische Bruchzähigkeit mit der absorbierten Schlagenergie bis zum Lastmaximum für das wärmebehandelte Material korreliert werden kann, während für den Anlieferungszustand keine Abhängigkeit gefunden wird.Die Änderung der Hammergeschwindigkeit im Verlauf des Stoßprozesses ist nur klein für diesen Werkstofftyp.
    Notes: Experiments were performed with an instrumented impact machine using different drop heights, on the nickel base alloy Inconel 625 in the as-received state and after heat treatment for about 3.6 Ms (1000 h) at 923 K (650°C).The absorbed impact energy can be obtained either by the direct dial reading, by the integration of the load versus load point displacement diagram or by the integration of the load versus time diagram, knowing the initial impact velocity v0 of the tup. In all cases the agreement was excellent.It is shown that. -the dynamic fracture toughness is dependent on the tup velocity v0 and, as a consequence, on the total energy of the hammer at the different drop heights.-defining a dynamic stress σ from the velocity dependence of the fracture toughness, the stress σ is higher for the embrittled material - a tendency verified by tensile tests.-the dynamic fracture toughness can be correlated with the absorbed impact energy up to the load maximum for the heat treated material while the as-received material exhibits no such dependence.The change in the tup velocity during the impact process is only small for this type of material.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150603
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    Verschleiß- und Korrosionsschutz durch ionen- und plasmagestützte Vakuumbeschichtungstechnologien. Vorträge der Internationalen Tagung 15./16. März 1983, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt. THD Schriftreihe Wissenschaft und Technik Band 20, ISBN 3-88607-027-1. Bezugsquelle: Institut für Werkstoffkunde, Grafenstr. 2, 6100 Darmstadt, Preis 48,- DM (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 222-222 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150608
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    Masthead (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150701
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    Inspection of the heat exchangers of the reactor saphir by Acoustic EmissionVorgetragen in Edinburg: “Symposium on Structural Faults: Inspection and Repair” (22-24 March, 1983) (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 246-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Schallemissionsprüfung von Wärmetauschern des Reaktors SaphirDie Schallemissionsanalyse ist eine zerstörungsfreie Prüfmethode, die zur Untersuchung und Überwachung von Strukturen und druckführenden Komponenten verwendet wird. Das Ziel der Messung am 5 MW Forschungsreaktor Saphir war die Untersuchung und Auswertung der hohen Betriebsgeräusche in den Wärmetauschern des Kühl-systems.Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß von den 9 Wärmetauschern, die in 3 Gruppen angeordnet sind, 5 Wärmetauscher ein hohes Betriebsgeräusch aufweisen. Die Ursache ist auf die Schwingung der Rohrbündel in Wärmetauschern beim Durchfluß des Pool-Wassers zurückzuführen. Die axiale Ortung bestätigte, daß die Geräusche von mehreren Quellen verursacht werden.
    Notes: The acoustic emission technique is a non-destructive testing method used for inspection and surveillance of structures and pressurized components. In particular, the purpose of the measurement on the 5 MW research reactor SAPHIR was to investigate and evaluate the abnormally high noise levels during operation of the heat exchangers of the cooling system.The results showed that 5 heat exchangers out of the total of 9 (assembled in 3 groups) were responsible for the higher noise level. This is probably due to some abnormal vibration of the tube bundles therein, caused by the through-flow of the pool water. Indeed, attempts of localizing the source showed that there must be several, distributed sources.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150705
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    Prüfung der Haftfestigkeit metallischer Überzüge mit dem UltraschallkoppelschwingerAuszug aus der Dissertation des erstgenannten Verfassers, Darmstadt D 17, 1983. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 250-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ultrasonic Testing of Metal DepositsThe adhesive strength of Ni-deposits has been determined with the well known ring shear test and by a test procedure which usually is used to analyze the resistance of a material against cavitation. In this case the specimen is fastened at the top of an ultrasonic vibrator and oscillates in an aqueous fluid. The deposit/substrate interface is strengthened by high accelerative forces and by mechanical attack of imploding bubbles in the fluid. It was shown that this method is able to distinguish the effect of different pretreatment of the substrate surface. The test result is given as the duration of attack without any exfoliation of the deposit.
    Notes: Die Prüfung der Haftfestigkeit metallischer Überzüge auf z. B. metallischen Grundwerkstoffen spielt eine wichtige Rolle im Hinblick auf die Funktionalität der beschichteten Bauteile im Betrieb. Ihre Bestimmung ist nicht in einfacher Weise möglich, wenn es gilt, Zahlenwerte zu erhalten. Nachfolgend werden zwei Verfahren vorgestellt, von denen das eine, nämlich der ring-shear-test, schon seit längerer Zeit bekannt ist, das andere jedoch, die Untersuchung mit dem Ultraschallkoppelschwinger, neu entwickelt wurde. Die Heranziehung des ring-shear-testes dient in der vorliegenden Arbeit dem Vergleich, wobei hier bekanntlich Zahlenwerte mit der Dimension einer Spannung erhalten werden, während der Versuch mit dem Ultraschallkoppelschwinger Beständigkeitszeiten als Entscheidungskriterium liefert.Gleichzeitig ließ sich mit beiden Methoden der Einfluß der Vorbehandlung auf die Haftfestigkeit eindeutig nachweisen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150706
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    Statistischer Größeneinfluß bei zufallsartiger Schwingbeanspruchung (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 257-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Statistical Size Effect at Random LoadingResults of random tests are used to show the applicability of the theory of statistical size effect. The specimens of all the tests of this report were made from the aluminium alloy 7075 T 7351. The specimens were machined from plates (2000 × 1000 × 40 mm). The main dimension of the specimens corresponds with the rolling direction. A standard random load sequence of Gaussian type which is recommended for general application in fatigue testing was used as loading program [19].In a first test series notched round bar specimens (Fig. 2) were used to investigate the sequence effect. 30 specimens were tested with the standard load sequence, 30 specimens with the variable load sequence. All the other test conditions were kept constant. Fig. 4 shows that the scatter of lifetime (cycles to fracture) is not influenced by the load sequence.In a second test series flat specimens with central holes were tested (Fig. 5) in order to show the existence of a pure statistical size effect at random loading. If the specimen has 1, 3 or 7 holes and all the other test conditions are kept constant, only the size of the area where cracks can initiate is enlarged. The results which are plotted in Fig. 6 show a very clear size effect. The results of the 1-hole specimen (A = A0) were used to determine the constants of Eq. (5). By inserting A = 3 A0 resp. A = 7 A0 the other test results can be predicted. In a third test series round bar specimens with a circumferential notch with different notch root radius (ρ = 1 mm resp. ρ = 6 mm) were tested (Fig. 2, Table 1). The specimens were loaded in such a way that the maximum stress in the notch root and its time-dependence was equal. In this very common case, the stress integral must be determined by applying Eq. (3). Additional tests to determine k and numerical calculations were necessary to evaluate Eq. (3). The final results are plotted in Fig. 8. By inserting A = A0 resp. A = 5 A0 into Eq. (7) the results can be described.The basis of the applicability of the theory of statistical size effect is the weakest link concept. The examination of the fracture surface and X-ray analyses showed that there was a higher content of iron (Fig. 11) in those regions where the fatigue cracks initiated. It is supposed that inclusions of intermetallic Al-Fe particles are those weakest links in the structure, where fatigue cracks nucleate.
    Notes: Es wurde der Einfluß der Bauteilgröße auf das Anrißlebensdauerverhalten bei zufallsartiger Schwingbeanspruchung an gekerbten Prüfkörpern aus der Al-Legierung AlZnMgCu 1,5 (7075T7351) untersucht. Durch geeignete Prüfkörperwahl gelang eine Trennung des statistischen (Fehlstellenmodell) und des spannungsmechanischen (Stützwirkungsmodell) Effekts und damit der Nachweis des rein statistischen Einflusses der Baugröße. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, daß das auf dem Fehlstellenmodell beruhende Rechenverfahren auch bei Änderung der Stützwirkung im Bauteil seine Gültigkeit bewahrt. Der Begriff der Fehlstelle konnte durch eine konkrete mikrostrukturelle Werkstoffinhomogenität ersetzt werden. Diese zufällig im Material verteilten Fehler werden als Ursache für die Lebensdauerstreuung angesehen. In diesem Zusammenhang konnte für eine auf einem stationären Gaußprozeß beruhende Lastfolge geklärt werden, daß die Lebensdauerstreuung nicht von der Lastspielreihenfolge abhängt, wenn das Beanspruchungskollektiv und der zeitliche Charakter des Lastablaufs erhalten bleiben.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150802
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    Nachrichten - Hinweise (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A65 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150810
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    Corrosion Potential oscillations (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 309-314 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Oszillationen des Korrosionspotentials bei rostfreien StählenDie Korrosionspotentiale von rostfreien Stählen in chloridhaltigen Lösungen sind in Umgebungen, in denen weder Lochfraß noch Spaltkorrosion auftreten, konstant. In diesen Fall sind die Korrosionspotentiale weitgehend unabhängig von der Temperatur und der Chloridionkonzentration. Bei Stählen mit abnehmendem Korrosions widerstand oder mit zunehmender Temperatur und zunehmender Chloridionkonzentration tritt eine Situation ein, bei der das Korrosionspotential zu oszillieren beginnt - und zwar zwischen zwei Werten, die ungefähr dem Lochfraßpotential Ep und dem Repassivierungspotential Epp entsprechen. Diese Potentialoszillationen sind häufig von Lochfraß und Spaltkorrosion begleitet; andererseits gibt es Fälle, bei denen sogar nach langer Zeit kein Korrosionsanriß sichtbar ist. Die Oszillationen werden einem instabilen Passivitätsverhalten zugeschrieben.
    Notes: The corrosion potentials of stainless steels in chloride solutions for conditions significantly removed from those leading to pitting and crevice corrosion are constant and to a first approximation largely independent of temperature and chloride ion concentration. With increasing temperature and/or chloride ion concentration or with decreasing corrosion resistance there comes a situation when the corrosion potential begins to oscillate, between two and values roughly corresponding to Ep and Epp. These potential oscillations are often associated with pitting and crevice corrosion, although there are clear cases when no corrosion attack was visible even after prolonged exposure. The oscillations are attributed to unstable passivity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150903
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    Über die Wechselwirkung von Werkstoff und Umformung und ihre Erfassung in VersuchenMitteilung aus dem Institut für Umformtechnik der Universität Stuttgart, Prof. Dr.-Ing. K. Lange. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 323-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Interaction between Work-Material and Forming-Process and its Investigation by ExperimentsExperiments are described and discussed for determining material properties before metal forming as well as process parameters during the metal forming operation and workpiece properties after metal forming.Before metal forming “pure” properties of matter have to be determined which in many cases is achieved by standardized testing methods. During and after the forming operation, however, the testing methods of interest are not yet standardized to the same extent. In particular it is necessary after metal forming, to take into account the effect of geometry on the workpiece properties which results into modified conditions for testing material and workpiece properties.
    Notes: Es werden Versuche beschrieben und diskutiert, in denen Werkstoffeigenschaften vor dem Umformvorgang, Verfahrensparameter während der Umformung sowie Werkstoff- und Werkstückeigenschaften nach der Umformung erfaßt werden können.Zur Bestimmung von Werkstoffeigenschaften vor der Umformung stehen zahlreiche genormte oder sonstwie vereinheitlichte Prüfverfahren zur Verfügung. Dies ist bei Versuchen während und nach der Umformung nicht in gleichem Maße der Fall. Insbesondere muß nach der Umformung der Einfluß der Geometrie auf die Werkstückeigenschaften berücksichtigt werden, wodurch sich veränderte Bedingun-gen für Versuche zur Erfassung von Werkstoff- und Werkstückeigenschaften ergeben.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840150905
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    Zur Erfassung des Korrosionsschutzwertes von Gefrierschutzmitteln mit dem Ultraschall-Koppelschwinger (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 359-362 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840151006
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    Nachrichten - Hinweise (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A83 
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mawe.19840151008
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