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  • nitrogen  (794)
  • Springer  (794)
  • Oxford University Press
  • American Chemical Society (ACS)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 127 (1988), S. 529-544 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Schlagwort(e): Ionosphere ; nitrogen ; vibrational temperatures ; N2 and CO2 and populations of N2 and CO2 in the D, E and F regions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Theoretical and experimental aspects of the production, transformation, diffusion and loss of N2 in the upper atmosphere are considered. The N2-CO2 near-resonant system in theD andE regions is taken into account. We describe our understanding of the methods necessary to find the vibrational populations of N2 and CO2 (asymmetric mode of CO2). The calculations of the vibrational temperatures in theD, E, andF regions for the mid-latitude ionosphere and an aurora are presented. The connection between the excited species and the 4.26-μm radiation intensities is considered. The models for the rate coefficient of the reaction of O+ with N2 and the electron density decrease resulting from N2 in the F region are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Chemoecology 4 (1993), S. 3-7 
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Schlagwort(e): carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis ; carbon allocation ; fertilization ; phenolics ; nitrogen ; terpene ; Abies grandis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrogen fertilization resulted in a linear increase in the growth ofAbies grandis seedlings, but linear decrease in foliage concentrations of phenolic compounds. These data are consistent with the inverse relationship between growth and production of carbonbased secondary chemicals predicted by the carbon/nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. However, in contrast to predictions of the CNB hypothesis, nitrogen fertilization had no effect on foliage terpene concentrations. The results suggest that not all carbon-based chemicals respond in the same manner to environmental variation, and that the carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis does not adequately explain all patterns of environmentally-induced variation in secondary metabolism.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 53 (1991), S. 263-272 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Schlagwort(e): Lake ecosystem ; chl-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; river flow ; thermocline ; simulation model ; multiple regression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The management variables which primarily affect phytoplankton biomass (as chl-a) in Lake Mjøsa, Norway, are total phosphorus loading (TP) and the timing and volume of water through flow (by active storage reservoirs). The response of the lake to changes in these factors is studied using a simulation model of the lake ecosystem. Chl-a responses from both observed data and the simulated results are extracted by multiple regression. Results show that decreasing TP load decreases chl-a, but less at low TP levels (〈 10 mg TP · m−3). There is also a certain time period for peak river flow which gives the least yield of chl-a per unit TP. This time period occurs in early summer (i.e., around June 10) if the total phosphorus load is low, and later if the load is high. Both observations and simulation results show that a high water flow increases chl-a at low epilimnion depths (〈 15 m), but that the same high water flow decreases chl-a when epilmnion is deep.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 54 (1992), S. 58-76 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Schlagwort(e): Eutrophication ; lake management ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; chlorophyll-a ; slope estimator
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We estimate the response of chl-a (mg · m−3) to changes in concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) by calculating the slopeS = Δchl-a/ΔTP in chl-a =f(TP) graphs. Results show that in years where algae are P-limited oligotrophic lakes respond less (median slope 0.21) to changes in nutrient concentrations than eutrophic lakes, (median slope 0.31) and these again less than hypereutrophic lakes, (median slope 1.02). We find no saturation value for the slope within the TP range considered (6–480 mg · m−3). Chl-a in eutrophic lakes responds more frequently to non-nutrient factors than oligotrophic and hypereutrophic lakes. Results obtained by replacing TP with a new nutrient parameter, TP′ = 0.056 · TP · IN0.226, in which inorganic nitrogen, IN, is factored in, suggest that nitrogen has an influence on chl-a in oligotrophic lakes. Blue-green algae respond less to changes in TP than other algal species, e.g., diatoms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 55 (1993), S. 132-142 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Schlagwort(e): nitrogen ; phosphorus ; uptake ; regeneration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Dissolved inorganic nutrient pools are small relative to particulate pools, and dissolved pools turnover rapidly. It has been observed that pools change little from day to day on the sampling scales usually employed. A simple model is presented where uptake and regeneration rates balance to cause a local steady state concentration for dissolved inorganic nutrients. Enrichment and dilution perturbation experiments with lake water support the idea of steady state nutrient concentrations. Although inorganic nutrient concentrations are often controlled by biota, the absolute concentrations present tell little about the activity of that biota.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 56 (1994), S. 16-28 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorophyll-a ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; lake ecosystem ; nutrient limitation ; regression analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Regression results based on data from 46 northern temperate lakes show that total phosphorus (TP) is the best predictor for phytoplankton (as chl-a) at lower trophic levels, TP 〈 200 mg · m−3. A regression including both TP and TN as regressors is the best predictor for lakes with TP 〉 200 mg · m−3. However, the good correlation is probably due to a high correlation between lake average chl-a (all years observed) and lake average TP and TN. Within single hypereutrophic lakes, TN alone is the best predictor. It was not possible to identify a medium trophic domain where TN and TP in combination was the best predictor for chl-a. The ratio TN:TP in the water decreases from about 40 to about 5 with increasing trophic level. Optimum TN:TP ratio for algal species with high abundance during late summer and autumn reflects this decreasing ratio, but within a lesser range, i.e., 20 to 5. In contrast, TN:TP ratios for species abundant during the early vernal period showed no, or an inverse, relation to the TN:TP ratio of the water.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Alkaloids ; cinnabar moth ; insect genetics ; larval performance ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional ecology ; nitrogen ; sugar ; Tyria jacobaeae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In a laboratory experiment using full-sibs, 60% of the variation in pupal weight of the monophage Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) could be explained by variation in the nitrogen concentration of the food plant, Senecio jacobaea L. and only 4% by variation in sugar concentration. Larval weight and growth rates of young and old larvae were also positively correlated with nitrogen and sugar concentration. Developmental time was negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration. In a second experiment full-sib families differed significantly in larval weight at day 7, mortality, growth rate and developmental time. Pupal weight did not differ significantly among families, but was positively correlated with nitrogen concentration of Senecio. Larval performance was not significantly influenced by concentrations of sugars or alkaloids. We conclude that larval performance of Tyria during most of the larval period is mainly determined by genetic factors, but pupal weights are primarily determined by nitrogen concentration of the food plant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 225-238 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Lymantria dispar (L.) ; diet switching ; nitrogen ; specialization ; plant-animal interactions ; insect behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) larvae were reared from hatch on 1.25% N or 3.5% N artificial diet (previous diet) and switched reciprocally to the other diet (current diet) after molting into the second, third, fourth, or fifth instar. The nitrogen concentration of food consumed during previous instars had a strong residual effect on the growth rate in subsequent instars when a diet switch was made during instars two through four, but did not affect growth rate of fifth-instar larvae despite effects on food consumption and utilization. In early instars, larvae reared on 1.25% N artificial diet and then switched to 3.75% N diet had lower mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae continuously reared on 3.75% N diet. Conversely, larvae reared on 3.75% N diet and switched to 1.25% N had higher mass-adjusted growth rates than larvae reared continuously on 1.25% N diet. Relative to larvae previously reared on 1.25% N diet, fifth-instar male larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet had slightly lower consumption rates, higher net growth efficiency (ECD), and higher gross growth efficiency (ECI). Larvae previously reared on 3.75% N diet tended to have lower food assimilation efficiency (AD) and lower nitrogen assimilation efficiency (AD(N)). Although both previous and current diet nitrogen concentration strongly affected larval growth and food utilization, the interaction term between these was not significant for any response variables except ECD and ECI. Because the interaction term reflects the effect of switching per se, the results indicate that there was a metabolic cost associated with switching, but no inherent net cost or benefit of diet-switching to growth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Bemisia argentifolii ; Encarsia formosa ; poinsettia ; parasitoids ; nitrogen ; tri-trophic level interactions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract More wasps of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were found on fertilized poinsettias, Euphorbia pulcherrima (Willd.) (Euphorbiaceae), than on non-fertilized plants. Parasitization of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by E. formosa was higher on plants treated with calcium nitrate than with ammonium nitrate or on control plants. In a no-choice test, host feeding by E. formosa was higher when hosts were on fertilized plants than when hosts were on control plants. The nitrogen content of whitefly pupae reared on plants treated with ammonium nitrate was higher than those on calcium nitrate-treated plants. Variability in the parasitization of B. argentifolii by E. formosa appears to be due to host plant-mediated differences in the whiteflies. E. formosa may be influenced by the nutritional suitability of the host, which influences whether wasps continue to oviposit, feed, or disperse.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): nitrogen ; maize ; lepidopterous stem and cob borers ; Sesamia calamistis ; Eldana saccharina ; Mussidia nigrivenella ; Cryptophlebia leucotreta ; dead hearts ; stem tunneling ; yields
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of four nitrogen levels (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg N/ha) on growth of maize and development of lepidopterous pests was investigatdd in a field trial. Nitrogen had a positive effect on both plant growth variables (plant height, stem diameter and yield), and development and survival ofSesamia calamistis andEldana saccharina, and thereby increased the incidence of dead hearts and stem tunneling. However, the percent yield loss due to artificial infestation decreased with increasing N application rate from 20% to 11% in the in the 0kg/ha and 120kg/ha treatment, respectively. Using a multiple regression analysis, plant height, plant diameter and stem tunneling were found to be the most important variables explaining the variability in maize yield.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 295-304 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): fecundity ; host plant quality ; Pistia stratiotes ; Spodoptera pectinicornis ; nitrogen ; trichomes ; oviposition ; biological control of weeds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We determined the influence of larval host quality of the floating aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) on the fecundity and egg distribution of the biological control agent Spodoptera pectinicornis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Different nutritional levels were produced by growing plants with relatively low and high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Female and male pupal biomass were significantly greater when the larvae were fed leaves from the high fertilizer plants. Although the fertilizer treatments did not significantly influence total fecundity, there was an indirect effect as adults from larger pupae were more fecund. Regardless of treatment, ovipositing females formed a depression in the leaf surface by removing trichomes into which they deposited the egg masses. Most of the egg masses were laid on the lower leaf surface, on leaf positions 5–8 (counting from the young inner to the outer leaves) and during days 1–2 post-eclosion. Most of the eggs were laid in masses but about 12% were solitary. Females fed the low fertilizer treatment laid a greater proportion (mean ± s.e.) of their eggs as solitary eggs (17.3 ± 3.4% of total eggs) than did females fed the high fertilizer treatment (8.3 ± 2.3% of total eggs). The increased percentage of solitary eggs laid by the females from the low quality larval diet may be an adaptive response to decrease competition among the progeny.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Aleyrodidae ; greenhouse whitefly ; nitrogen ; host selection ; oviposition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Tomato plants, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller cv 'Tres Cantos', were supplied with high (308 ppm), medium (140 ppm) and low (84 ppm) nitrogen doses in order to determine the influence of nitrogen fertilization on feeding and oviposition site selection by greenhouse whitefly adults, T. vaporariorum (Westwood). The nitrogen and water content was higher in plants supplied with 308 N ppm than in plants with medium or low nitrogen doses and no differences were found in soluble sugar content. The leaves of the upper plant stratum (leaves 1–5) had the greatest nitrogen and water content, independent of the nitrogen dose applied. The plants were exposed to T. vaporariorum adults into a greenhouse under two current (late autumn-winter and spring-early summer) situations of the tomato crop in the Mediterranean area. The distribution of whitefly adults on the plants was affected by the nitrogen dose in both experimental conditions, the number of adults was higher on the plants supplied with high nitrogen dose. Within plants, adult distribution was affected by leaf position, the upper plant stratum being preferred for feeding. Whitefly females selected for oviposition and laid more eggs on plants and leaves of plants with higher nitrogen and water contents. We conclude that whitefly host selection for feeding and ovipositing are related to differences in nitrogen and water content of the host plant.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 205-216 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Samea multiplicalis ; Spodoptera pectinicornis ; Pistia stratiotes ; waterlettuce ; nitrogen utilization efficiency ; compensatory feeding ; nitrogen ; biological control of weeds
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Compensatory responses of caterpillars fed low quality food include increased consumption and utilization of essential nutrients. Information about an insect's responses to nutritional challenges from their host plants could benefit weed biological control efforts in the selection and establishment of new agents. The target weed, Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) is a floating aquatic plant that has relatively low nitrogen levels which are further diluted with high water content. Efforts to establish the insect Spodoptera pectinicornis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for biological control of P. stratiotes could benefit by examining the nutritional responses of a similar widely established lepidopteran species, Samea multiplicalis (Guenèe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Larvae of this species were fed leaves of P. stratiotes plants that had been fertilized (NPK) at high and low rates. The leaves of the fertilized plants had a 4.3-fold increase in nitrogen (dry weight) and a 1.6-fold increase in water content. The results suggest that no compensatory increases occurred in larvae fed leaves from the low fertilized plants as no changes were found in fresh mass consumption or nitrogen utilization efficiency. Consequently, development time from second-third instars to pupation was delayed about 3 days compared with larvae fed the high nitrogen leaves. Furthermore, consumption of nitrogen was only 30% and its accumulation into larval tissues was only 60% compared with the larvae fed the high fertilized leaves. The resulting larvae had both a final biomass and a growth rate that were reduced by 40%. Regardless of plant fertilizer level, the larvae fed at a rate 5–10 times greater than that of similar lepidopteran species consuming either low or high quality diets, suggesting that the S. multiplicalis larvae may be functioning at their biological limit for ingesting food.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 165-177 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Chrysomelidae ; herbivory ; Asteraceae ; life history ; nitrogen ; plant quality ; season
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Phytophagous insects which feed on the leaves of herbaceous host plants have to adapt their life histories to the fact that protein nitrogen is usually highest in growing tissues in spring. We monitored field populations of larvae and adults of three chrysomelid species (Galeruca tanaceti (L.) (main host Achillea millefolium (L.) Yarrow), Cassida rubiginosa (Mueller) (main host Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) and Oreina luctuosa (Suffrian) (host Centaurea scabiosa (L.)) together with the amount of protein nitrogen of their food resources and host plant biomass. As expected, the development of host quality, measured as concentration of protein nitrogen, and host plant biomass showed inverse trends during the season. The euryphagous G. tanaceti attacks Achillea early and profits from high nitrogen concentrations in the leaves. Occasional overexploitations of local populations of Achillea are compensated by the capacity to move to other host species. In C. rubiginosa, a species with a host range restricted to the Cardueae, the main larval feeding activity is postponed to a period when the nitrogen content of the host leaves had dropped to 50% of its initial value, but when host plant biomass had increased by 30%. In the monophagous O. luctuosa the larval development is synchronized with a still later phase of host phenology, at which the nitrogen content is below 50% but plant biomass has reached its maximum. There seem to be selection factors, which oppose the use of high quality food in spring and which force the latter two species to postpone their larval development to a later time in the year. This could be caused by numerous factors like, for example, mean daytime temperature. Later in the season the larvae have to cope with the low quality of their host plants. They have, however, the advantage of large quantities of food available. A laboratory study with adults and mature larvae of O. luctuosa shows that this species can overcome low levels of protein nitrogen either by selecting younger leaves with higher nitrogen concentrations or by increasing the daily food consumption rate (RCR) on leaves with a low level of nitrogen and by a prolongation of the feeding period. In this way the larvae compensate the effect of lower daily growth rates (RGR) and a lower food conversion index (ECI) on poor food quality: Regardless of the level of protein nitrogen there was no statistically significant difference in total gain of weight during the third-instar feeding period and in the weight at the end of the third larval stage. The three investigated chrysomelids show that there exists a broad spectrum of adaptations to overcome the dilemma of variable food quality.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 51 (1989), S. 175-187 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Anticarsia ; compensatory feeding behavior ; diet dilution ; food utilization ; lipid ; nitrogen ; nutritional ecology ; water
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Peu de travaux ont examiné l'aptitude des insectes à modifier leur consommation et l'utilisation des aliments en fonction des variations qualitatives et quantitatives connues de l'aliment. On a rarement examiné si ces modifications sont adaptatives, si elles maintiennent le taux de croissance et le niveau des ressources, ou si elles limitent au moins les effets nuisibles du changement d'aliment. En utilisant une technique gravimétrique, nous avons mesuré le gain des poids, l'aliment consommé et les excréments produits par des chenilles de A. gemmatalis Hübn. (Lep, Noctuidea), important ravageur du soja aux USA. La consommation en poids frais (fw) a augmenté presque 2 fois quand le régime artificiel a été dilué progressivement avec de l'eau (65, 79, 86 ou 89% d'eau); le poids sec (dw) et le taux de consommation relative (RCR) ont diminué néanmoins avec la dilution. L'efficacité de digestion et d'assimilation de l'aliment consommé (digestibilité approchée, AD) a augmenté pour les trois dilutions, l'efficacité de conversion en biomasse de l'aliment digéré (ECD) a augmenté dans les dilutions à 79 et 85%, mais a diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Par conséquent, le gain dw et le RGR, — produit de RCR x AD x ECD-, étaient identiques avec le régime à 79% fw à ceux de 65% fw, mais ont diminué pour les régimes plus dilués. Le taux relatif d'efficacité de consommation d'azote a diminué aussi avec la dilution, mais il a été compensé par un accroissement de l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azole tel, que le produit,-taux relatif d'accumulation de l'azote-, était le même pour les quatre régimes. La teneur en lipides des insectes a diminué, de 32% pour le régime sans dilution, à 13% pour le régime le plus dilué; elle a été le principal responsable de la diminution de RGR. L'accroissement de la consommation fw et de AD, tout en n'empêchant pas la diminution de RGR pour les deux régimes les plus dilués, a limité l'effet de la dilution (sans ces accroissements, le RGR du régime le plus dilué n'aurait été que 43% du RGR obtenu). Ces résultats indiquent que la consommation et l'utilisation d'aliments constituent un processus dynamique, et que les chenilles de A. gemmatalis comme beaucoup d'autres insectes, présentent des réactions compensatrices au changement de qualité de l'aliment. De telles variations dans la consommation d'aliments ont des conséquences écologiques (consommation accrue de substances allélochimiques potentiellement toxiques et exposition accrue aux causes biologiques de mortalité pendant l'alimentation), et intéressent l'organisation de la protection contre les insectes:-en permettant la manipulation de l'alimentation des insectes pour augmenter la consommation à court terme d'agents bioactifs, et, par ce moyen, réduire la consommation totale,-en permettant d'améliorer la modélisation des dégâts alimentaires prévisibles, qui, pour être efficace, devrait inclure les variations de l'alimentation en fonction de la qualité alimentaire de la plante cultiveé.
    Notizen: Abstract Fresh weight (fw) food consumption by caterpillars of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) increased almost 2-fold as the nutrients in an artificial diet were increasingly diluted with water (diets contained 65, 79, 86 or 89% fw water). Nonetheless, dry weight (dw) relative consumption rate (RCR) declined with diet dilution. The efficiency at which the consumed food is digested and assimilated (approximate digestibility, AD) increased on the 3 diluted diets, and the efficiency at which digested food is converted to biomass (ECD) increased on the 79 and 86% fw diets. As a consequence, dw gained and relative growth rate (RGR), which is the product of RCR x AD x ECD, on the 79% fw diet were similar to those on the 65% fw diet, but they declined on the more diluted diets. Relative nitrogen consumption rate also declined with dietary dilution, but this was compensated by an increase in nitrogen utilization efficiency such that the product of these, relative nitrogen accumulation rate, was similar on all four diets. Insect lipid content declined from 32% on the undiluted diet to 13% dw on the most diluted diet, and was primarily responsible for the decline in RGR. The increases in fw consumption and AD, while not preventing a decline in RGR on the two most diluted diets, mitigated the impact of dietary dilution (e.g., without these increases, RGR on the most diluted diet would have been only 43% of that attained). These results indicate that the consumption and utilization of food are dynamic processes, and that caterpillars of A. gemmatalis, like many other insects, exhibit compensatory responses to changes in dietary quality.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 7-16 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Plutella xylostella ; Trichoplusia ni ; Hellula phidilealis ; Artogeia rapae ; nitrogen ; population growth ; cabbage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates (0, 45, 90, and 168 kg N/ha), plant nitrogen concentration, and plant biomass on abundance and population growth of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), cabbage budworm, Hellula phidilealis (Walker), imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), and cross-striped cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis (Guenée), were investigated in Homestead and Sanford, Florida in 1987. The effects of these factors on the parasitization of P. xylostella were also examined. In Homestead, abundance of most insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella increased with an increase in the level of N applied and with an increase in plant biomass. Similar results were found in Sanford, although results were not consistently significant. Abundance of most insect pests was significantly positively correlated with plant N concentration. Multiple regression analyses indicated that foliar biomass was significantly more important than N fertilization rate and subsequent plant N concentration at predicting abundance of insect pests and parasitized P. xylostella on cabbage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): EPG ; stylectomy ; phloem amino acids ; nitrogen ; aphid-plant interaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of nitrogen deficiency in hydroponically grown barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.) on the development and reproduction of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were investigated. Plant growth was significantly reduced in seedlings grown without nitrogen. Aphid intrinsic rate of increase (r m) was also significantly lower on these plants compared with that on plants grown with 8 mol m−3 nitrogen. Phloem sap was collected from seedling stems by aphid stylectomy and amino acids quantified by HPLC. There was a significant reduction in the concentration of non-essential amino acids as a group, but not of essential amino acids. Electrical penetration graphs (EPG) indicated that aphids reached the phloem more quickly and fed for longer on plants grown with nitrogen. This is the first reported study in which this combination of techniques has been used to understand the interactions of an aphid and plant under different environmental conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 179-189 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): open-air foraging ; caste ; polyethism ; litter feeder ; nitrogen ; termite
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The Southeast Asian nasute termite Longipeditermes longipes forages on the open ground on leaf litter. Its monomorphic workers carry back food balls in their mandibles while dimorphic soldiers defensively surround the marching columns and the foraging patches. When mechanically disturbed, workers hide under the litter, whereas antennating soldiers face as closely as possible the source of disturbance. Foragers prefer the lower, nitrogen-rich layer of the litter. Soldier behavior and column organization (returning workers in the center lanes, outgoing workers in the two flanking lanes) are similar to those in the related genera Hospitalitermes and Lacessititermes, which, however, tend to forage above ground.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 293-295 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): ryegrass ; Oscinella frit ; Geomyza tripunctata ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 13 (1984), S. 335-348 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Solubility ; Henry's law coefficients ; Ostwald coefficients ; aqueous solutions ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The solubility of nitrogen in pure liquid water was measured in the pressure range 45 to 115 kPa and in the temperature range 5 to 50°C. These data are used to obtain Henry coefficients H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) at the vapor pressure P s,1 of water. The temperature dependence of H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) is accounted for by both a Clarke-Glew (CG) type fitting equation, and a power series in T−1, as suggested by Benson and Krause (BK). The imprecision of our measurements is characterized by an average deviation of ±0.038% from a four-term CG equation, and by an average deviation of ±0.042% from a three-term BK equation. From the temperature variation of H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) partial molar quantities referring to the solution process, such as enthalpies and heat capacities of solution, are obtained. They are given in tabular form, together with H 2,1 (T,P s,1 ) and derived Ostwald coefficients L∞, at rounded temperatures. Finally, experimental results are compared with values calculated via scaled particle theory.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 4 (1975), S. 523-534 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Salting coefficient ; scaled-particle theory ; gas solubilities ; seawater ; helium ; neon ; argon ; oxygen ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Experimental values of the salting coefficients for He, Ne, Ar, O2, and N2 in seawater are compared with values calculated from scaled-particle theory. The agreement is reasonably good; the average difference between calculated and observed values at 25°C is 0.007. Scaled-particle theory predicts correctly thatk s should decrease as the temperature increases and that this effect should be most pronounced at low temperatures. However, the predicted magnitude ofdK s/dt is only about half of that observed.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Schlagwort(e): kinetics ; isotope-exchange ; nitrogen ; adsorption ; methane ; zeolite ; equilibria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract The Isotope Exchange Technique (IET) was used to simultaneously measure pure and binary gas adsorption equilibria and kinetics (self-diffusivities) of CH4 and N2 on pelletized 4A zeolite. The experiment was carried out isothermally without disturbing the adsorbed phase. CH4 was selectively adsorbed over N2 by the zeolite because of its higher polarizability. The multi-site Langmuir model described the pure gas and binary adsorption equilibria fairly well at three different temperatures. The selectivity of adsorption of CH4 over N2 increased with increasing pressure at constant gas phase composition and temperature. This curious behavior was caused by the differences in the sizes of the adsorbates. The diffusion of CH4 and N2 into the zeolite was an activated process and the Fickian diffusion model described the uptake of both pure gases and their mixtures. The self-diffusivity of N2 was an order of magnitude larger than that for CH4. The pure gas self-diffusivities for both components were constants over a large range of surface coverages (0 〈 θ 〈 0.5). The self-diffusivities of CH4 and N2 from their binary mixtures were not affected by the presence of each other, compared to their pure gas self-diffusivities at identical surface coverages.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 16 (1992), S. 159-164 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemisorption ; nitrogen ; carbon dioxide ; platinum ; water gas shift reaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The relationship between sites responsible for nitrogen chemisorption and sites responsible for stronger adsorption of carbon dioxide on platinum black is reported. A 2 to 1 ratio has been found between molecules of more strongly adsorbed carbon dioxide and molecules of nitrogen chemisorbed on individual samples. This relationship has allowed us to deduce the structure of chemisorbed carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is relatively weakly chemisorbed on platinum. Reasons for the weakness of this chemisorption are discussed.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 4 (1990), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): sulfate ; carbon ; nitrogen ; hydrogen ; organic matter ; enrichment factor ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper discusses the use of S as a paleolimnological tracer of limnetic sulfate concentration. A positive relationship (p〈0.05) was found between limnetic sulfate and sediment S concentrations for the Great Lakes, English Lakes, and lakes from the Adirondack and Northern New England regions. There is a positive correlation (p〈0.05) between C and S concentration in sediment across all regions studied. The importance of C in affecting S content in sediment was also examined by a series of cores taken at different water depths in Big Moose Lake (Adirondacks). There was a strong relationship between C and S among cores with sediment from deeper water having higher C and S concentrations (r 2=0.99). Sulfur from the shallower cores had greater concentrations of chromium-reducible S (pyrite), while cores from deeper waters had a greater proportion of organic S fractions including C-bonded S and ester sulfates. For assessing historical changes in S accumulation in sediments, enrichment factors were calculated for the PIRLA lakes. Pre-1900 net sediment accumulation rates of S were very similar across all regions. Sulfur enrichment was greatest in Adirondack sediment which had total post-1900 S accumulation of 1.1 to 7.4 times pre-1900 S accumulation. Sediment from Northern New England (NNE) generally had lower S concentration than Adirondack sediments and S enrichment factors ranged from 1.2 to 2.1. Sediment from the Northern Great Lakes States region had similar S concentration and distribution with depth to NNE sediment. In two Northern Florida lakes, sediment showed little variation in S concentration with depth, but in two other lakes from the same region, there was higher S concentration in deeper layers. Lakes which had the greatest enrichment factors also exhibited the most marked changes in C:S ratios. Ratios of C:N showed little variation (10.6 to 26.1) among the PIRLA lakes. A first order model indicated slow decomposition within these organic rich sediments. Elemental concentrations and ratios of sediment from a variety of lakes and reservoirs were complied. Maximum and minimum elemental ratios for all the data were 28 to 8.1 for C:N, 0.81 to 0.11 for C:H, and 675 to 12.5 for C:S, respectively. For the C:S ratios in all regions except the Great Lakes, the maximum ratio was less than 231. Both the maximum and minimum amount of N and H concentration of organic matter is related to biotic processes. The minimum concentration of S is regulated not only by nutrient demands but also by non-assimilatory processes. Sulfur incorporation into sediments is a function of a complex of factors, but limnetic sulfate concentration and organic matter content play a major role in regulating the S content of sediment. Further quantification of S incorporation pathways will aid in the paleolimnological interpretation of sediment S profiles. Such information is also important in assessing how S sediment pools will respond to decreases in limnetic sulfate concentration which may occur with decreases in inputs from acidic deposition.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    GeoJournal 44 (1998), S. 73-89 
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Schlagwort(e): element fluxes ; forest ecosystem ; acidification ; nitrogen ; base cations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geographie
    Notizen: Abstract Data on element fluxes (Ca, K, N) are presented which were obtained in the course of an extended project on element-cycling in a forested ecosystem near Möhlin, northwestern Switzerland. Current fluxes of Ca, K, and N could be compared with historical fluxes (1969–1993) with the help of soil chemistry inventories since 1969, data on the forest management, and atmospheric deposition. Since 1969, soil chemistry has significantly changed due to a distinct disintegration of humus. The decomposition of organic matter influenced strongly the element cycling. Due to this mineralization high amounts of N were released. It is, however, not fully clear in which chemical form N has been transferred out of the system. Two possible hypotheses on the N losses are defined. According to the calculated proton budget and measured element changes in the soil, it is hypothized that a large part of the mineralized organic N presumably was transformed into N2 or more likely into N2O. A complete nitrification of organically bound N to NO3 − is also discussed but is, however, considered as less probable. In contrast to K, Ca proved to be a very sensitive element: the exchangeable Ca stock has been decreased sharply. The analysis of the current fluxes of Ca, K, and N reveals that nitrogen is abundantly present in the forest system with the consequence that the ecological balance is shifted in favour of N. Accordingly, the supply of base cations is rather scarce for the plants. Furthermore, the influence of forest management on element fluxes seems to be substantial, especially on the fluxes of base cations, but can be reduced with simple measures (e.g. removal of the bark of coniferous trees).
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 167-191 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Schlagwort(e): leaf longevity ; nitrogen ; nutrient use efficiency ; phosphorus ; requirement ; retranslocation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) requirement, retranslocation and use efficiency were determined for 28-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra L.), European larch (Larix decidua Miller), white pine (Pinus strobes L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) plantations on a similar soil in southwestern Wisconsin. Annual aboveground N and P requirements (kg/ha/yr) totaled 126 and 13 for red oak, 86 and 9 for European larch, 80 and 9 for white pine, 38 and 6 for red pine, and 81 and 13 for Norway spruce, respectively. Nitrogen and P retranslocation from current foliage ranged from 81 and 72%, respectively, for European larch, whereas red pine retranslocated the smallest amount of N (13%) and Norway spruce retranslocated the smallest amount of P (18%). In three evergreen species, uptake accounted for 72 to 74% of annual N requirement whereas for two deciduous species retranslocation accounted for 76 to 77% of the annual N requirement. Nitrogen and P use (ANPP/uptake) was more efficient in deciduous species than evergreen species. The results from this common garden experiment demonstrate that differences in N and P cycling among species may result from intrinsic characteristics (e.g. leaf longevity) rather than environmental conditions.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 209-224 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Schlagwort(e): ground water ; hydrology ; nitrogen ; mass balance ; nutrient retention ; swamp
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Ground water inputs and outputs of N were studied for a small ground water discharge swamp situated in a headwater drainage basin in southern Ontario, Canada. Darcy's equation with data for piezometers was used to measure inputs of shallow local ground water at the swamp margin and deep regional ground water beneath the swamp. Ground water flux was also quantified by measuring ground water discharge to the outlet stream draining the swamp in combination with a chemical mixing model to separate shallow and deep ground water components based on chloride differences. Estimates of shallow ground water flux determined by these two approaches agreed closely however, the piezometer data seriously underestimated the deep ground water input to the swamp. An average ground water input-output budget of total N (TN) total organic nitrogen (TON) ammonium (NH4 +-N) and nitrate (NO3 --N) was estimated for stream base flow periods which occurred on an average of 328 days each year during 1986–1990. Approximately 90% of the annual NO3 --N input was contributed by shallow ground water at the swamp margin. Deep ground water represented about 65% of the total ground water input and a similar proportion of TON and NH4 +-N inputs. Annual ground water NO3 --N inputs and outputs were similar whereas NH4 +-N retention was 4 kg ha-1 representing about 68% of annual ground water input. Annual TON inputs in ground water exceeded outputs by 7.7 kg ha (27%). The capacity of the swamp to regulate ground water N fluxes was influenced by the N chemistry of ground water inputs and the hydrologic pathways of transport within the swamp.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 11 (1996), S. 27-38 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Schlagwort(e): abandoned channels ; floodplain ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; phosphorous ; potassium ; sediment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The nature of sediments in abandoned channels is an important component of their development as floodplain wetlands. The texture, organic matter, phosphorous, potassium, and nitrogen content of sediments were determined for abandoned channels along the Iowa and Cedar Rivers near their confluence in Iowa. Differences in the levels of these constituents were examined among categories of three landscape gradients: present connectivity to the river, time since abandonment, and proximity to agricultural land use. Local scale processes of ecological development are seen in the importance of time for increased organic matter and nitrogen. Basin scale processes of sediment transport and deposition are revealed by the importance of connectivity for decreases in these two elements, and by the counter-intuitive findings for nitrogen and especially phosphorous and potassium in relation to agricultural proximity. Location on a floodplain is important for differentiating development, but it cannot be reduced to univariate gradients.
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 11 (1996), S. 237-255 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Schlagwort(e): wetlands ; non-point source pollution ; nitrogen ; watershed ; leaching ; geographic information system ; landscape ; groundwater
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We developed a spatially-explicit, quantitative Nitrogen Leaching Index to assess the potential for non-point source subsurface nitrogen pollution to wetlands. The index was based on the leaching potential of the watershed soils, the amount of nitrogen available for leaching, and the spatial position of nitrogen sources in the watershed. A raster or cell-based geographic information system (GIS) was used to estimate the necessary data inputs for calculating the index, such as soil hydrologic group, land use/soil type combination, groundwater residence time, and location of septic systems. The Total and Average Watershed Nitrogen Leaching Index (TWNLI and AWNLI) were calculated by summing and averaging, respectively, individual cell contributions over a watershed. Analysis of nine wetland watersheds in central New York state, USA, with mixed forest and agricultural land uses illustrated the use of the index for identifying and ranking wetlands with potential nitrogen pollution. Results showed that the spatial characteristics of a watershed potentially can effect subsurface nitrogen delivery to groundwater-dominated wetlands. The use of an index based on watershed soils, topography, and land use may be useful for assessing potential nitrogen pollution to wetlands at a regional scale.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 13 (1998), S. 323-334 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Schlagwort(e): forest productivity ; NPP ; runoff ; climate ; nitrogen ; northeastern U.S. ; modeling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We used the PnET-II model of forest carbon and water balances to estimate regional forest productivity and runoff for the northeastern United States. The model was run at 30 arc sec resolution (approximately 1 km) in conjunction with a Geographic Information System that contained monthly climate data and a satellite-derived land cover map. Predicted net primary production (NPP) ranged from 700 to 1450 g m2 yr1 with a regional mean of 1084 g m2 yr1. Validation at a number of locations within the region showed close agreement between predicted and observed values. Disagreement at two sites was proportional to differences between measured foliar N concentrations and values used in the model. Predicted runoff ranged from 24 to 150 cm yr1with a regional mean of 63 cm yr1. Predictions agreed well with observed values from U.S. Geologic Survey watersheds across the region although there was a slight bias towards overprediction at high elevations and underprediction at lower elevations. Spatial patterns in NPP followed patterns of precipitation and growing degree days, depending on the degree of predicted water versus energy limitation within each forest type. Randomized sensitivity analyses indicated that NPP within hardwood and pine forests was limited by variables controlling water availability (precipitation and soil water holding capacity) to a greater extent than foliar nitrogen, suggesting greater limitations by water than nitrogen for these forest types. In contrast, spruce-fir NPP was not sensitive to water availability and was highly sensitivity to foliar N, indicating greater limitation by available nitrogen. Although more work is needed to fully understand the relative importance of water versus nitrogen limitation in northeastern forests, these results suggests that spatial patterns of NPP for hardwoods and pines can be largely captured using currently available data sets, while substantial uncertainties exist for spruce-fir.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 15 (2000), S. 187-199 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Schlagwort(e): BOD5 ; catchment ; empirical model ; land use change ; land use scenarios ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; runoff ; SO4
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Due largely to unprecedented land-use changes in the Porijõgi River catchment (southern Estonia) losses of nutrients and organic matter have decreased significantly. During the period 1987–1997 abandoned lands increased from 1.7 to 10.5% and arable lands decreased from 41.8 to 23.9%. At the same time, the runoff of total-N, total-P, SO4 and organic matter (after BOD5) decreased from 25.9 to 5.1, 0.32 to 0.13, 78 to 48, and 7.4 to 3.5 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The most significant decreases occurred in agricultural subcatchments while the changes were insignificant in the forested upper course catchment. A simple empirical model which incorporates land-use pattern, fertilization intensity, soil parameters and water discharge accurately described the variations of total-N and total-P runoff in both the whole catchment and its agricultural subcatchments (R 2 varies from 0.95–0.99 for N to 0.49–0.93 for P). In small agricultural subcatchments the rate of fertilization is found the most important factor for nitrogen runoff, whereas in larger mosaic watersheds land use pattern plays the main role. Seven alternative scenarios compiled on the base of the empirical model allow to forecast potential nitrogen and phosphorus losses from the catchment. This information can be used in further landscape and regional planning of the whole region.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 10 (1995), S. 337-348 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Schlagwort(e): fire ; nitrogen ; NDVI ; transect ; watershed
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Transects across watersheds with varying fire histories and remotely-sensed data were used to study vegetation-resource interactions in a tallgrass prairie in Kansas. Paired plots (fertilized, control) were established along these transects and sampled for grass and forb biomass during the 1989 and 1990 growing seasons. Fertilization resulted in significant production responses in grass and total biomass on the west slopes of the annually burned (ID) and infrequently burned (N4) watersheds for both years (p = 0.05). In 1989, fertilization also produced a significant increase in grass biomass on the west slope of the unburned transect (p = 0.05), however, total production was not significantly increased. East slopes were insensitive to nitrogen additions. Differences in production response along these transects were assessed by testing the interaction between fertilization response and slope position. Significant interactions occurred on both 1D and N4, but only in 1990. Production data for both years were also compared to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values derived from thematic mapper (TM) images for 1989 and 1990. When differences among transects or watersheds were statistically different, a positive relationship between NDVI and biomass was observed. NDVI values accurately reflected the spatial patterns of production along these transects for both years although not necessarily the magnitude.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 209-240 
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): catchment-ecosystem ; nutrient-budget ; anthropogenic inputs ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophication ; agricultural policies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract The catchment-ecosystem concept is adapted to investigate the nutrient-budget of the highly-modified Colebrooke drainage basin in Northern Ireland. Anthropogenic inputs, mainly manures and fertilizers, account for 86% of the nitrogen and 96% of the phosphorus added to the catchment. These inputs greatly exceed the streamflow outputs, thereby indicating that the flow of nutrients is dominated by agriculture. This is explained by the transformation of traditional mixed farming into more intensive livestock production and is linked to policies encouraging increased agricultural production, amalgamation of farms, afforestation, rural depopulation, and urbanization. Substantial increases in the Nand Poutput of the catchment and further eutrophication of the recipient lake, Lough Erne, are predicted without the implementation of policies to reduce agricultural nutrient losses.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Schlagwort(e): alley cropping ; maize ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Flemingia congesta
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A detailed study of the soil chemical and physical properties in seven-year-old alley cropping trial containingLeucaena leucocephala andFlemingia congesta in Northern Zambia is described. There was a strong correlation between the maize yield and the total amount of nitrogen applied, both from prunings and fertiliser, suggesting that a major reason for the observed benefit from alley cropping, particularly withLeucaena, was due to an improvement in nitrogen supply.Leucaena produced significantly more biomass, and its leaves had higher concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and lower C/N and C/P ratios than did those ofFlemingia. There was also evidence that the trees had a beneficial effect on other soil chemical properties; under the hedgerows, particularly those ofLeucaena, there were higher levels of organic carbon, Mg, K and ECEC, and pH values were also highest. It is suggested that higher levels of organic carbon in the alley crop treatments were responsible for the improvements observed in soil physical properties. Lower bulk density, lower penetration resistance, and a higher infiltration rate and pore volume fraction were measured in the alley crops, although there was no significant change in the soil water release parameters. A deteriorating effect of constant applications of nitrogen fertiliser on soil fertility was observed; as the level of urea application increased, there were significant decreases in Mg, K and pH, increases in Al and soil acidity, and higher penetrometer resistance. These results highlight the urgent need for further research on biological methods of maintaining soil fertility.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Schlagwort(e): biomass transfer ; decomposition ; mineralization ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Efforts to overcome declining soil fertility on small holder farms in western Kenya must be consistent with the reality of low utilization of inorganic fertilizers. Likewise organic inputs alone cannot supply adequate nutrients. The use of two organic resources, Tithonia diversifolia (tithonia) and Senna spectabilis (senna) leaves, and their combination with inorganic P for improving soil fertility and maize yields was investigated on a P limiting soil in Western Kenya. Treatments included: 1) control, no inputs; 2) 5 t ha−1 (dry matter) tithonia leaves; 3) 5 t ha−1 senna leaves; 4) 5 t ha−1 tithonia leaves + 25 kg P ha−1 as triple superphosphate (TSP); 5) 5 t ha−1 senna leaves + 25 kg P ha−1 (as TSP); and 6) 25 kg P ha−1 of TSP. Maize was used as a test crop. Decomposition and P and N release of tithonia and senna leaves were determined in a litterbag study. Tithonia + TSP applications tripled maize yields compared to the control, senna + TSP and tithonia sole application doubled yields, while senna sole applications did not increase yields substantially. A large residual yield was produced in the tithonia treatments in a subsequent crop. These yield results were consistent with the higher quality and faster release of N and P from the tithonia leaves compared to senna. The tithonia biomass transfer system can improve yields in the short term but has limitations because of the large amount of biomass and the associated labor requirements.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 45 (1999), S. 159-185 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Schlagwort(e): decomposition ; environmental monitoring ; fertiliser ; mineralisation ; nitrogen ; pesticides
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Soil organisms play principal roles in several ecosystem functions, i.e. promoting plant productivity, enhancing water relations, regulating nutrient mineralisation, permitting decomposition, and acting as an environmental buffer. Agricultural soils would more closely resemble soils of natural ecosystems if management practices would reduce or eliminate cultivation, heavy machinery, and general biocides; incorporate perennial crops and organic material; and synchronise nutrient release and water availability with plant demand. In order to achieve these goals, research must be completed to develop methods for successful application of organic materials and associated micro-organisms, synchronisation of management practices with crop and soil biota phenology, and improve our knowledge of the mechanisms linking species to ecosystem processes.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Schlagwort(e): biomass transfer ; integrated nutrient management ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; phosphorus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Tithonia diversifolia, a shrub in the family Asteraceae, is widely distributed along farm boundaries in the humid and subhumid tropics of Africa. Green biomass of tithonia has been recognized as an effective source of nutrients for lowland rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia and more recently for maize (Zea mays) and vegetables in eastern and southern Africa. This paper reviews the potential of tithonia green biomass for soil fertility improvement based on recent research in western Kenya. Green leaf biomass of tithonia is high in nutrients, averaging about 3.5% N, 0.37% P and 4.1% K on a dry matter basis. Boundary hedges of sole tithonia can produce about 1 kg biomass (tender stems + leaves) m−1 yr−1 on a dry weight basis. Tithonia biomass decomposes rapidly after application to soil, and incorporated biomass can be an effective source of N, P and K for crops. In some cases, maize yields were even higher with incorporation of tithonia biomass than with commercial mineral fertilizer at equivalent rates of N, P and K. In addition to providing nutrients, tithonia incorporated at 5 t dry matter ha−1 can reduce P sorption and increase soil microbial biomass. Because of high labor requirements for cutting and carrying the biomass to fields, the use of tithonia biomass as a nutrient source is more profitable with high-value crops such as vegetables than with relatively low-valued maize. The transfer of tithonia biomass to fields constitutes the redistribution of nutrients within the landscape rather than a net input of nutrients. External inputs of nutrients would eventually be required to sustain production of tithonia when biomass is continually cut and transferred to agricultural land.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Schlagwort(e): Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica. For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests) of the system are considered. The implications of the models are discussed in detail. Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered. N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): binary mixtures ; diamond anvil cell ; helium ; high pressure ; nitrogen ; phase equilibria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Recent investigation at our institute revealed that the solid-fluid-fluid three-phase line of the system helium-nitrogen shows two quadruple points in the pressure range up to 10 GPa. Since each quadruple point is connected with four three-phase lines, the phase diagram is very complicated. We have detected the phase transitions representing solid-solid-fluid equilibria. Moreover, two lines of constant composition have been determined as a function of temperature and pressure. These results are discussed together with the implications for the phase diagram of both He-N2 and pure nitrogen.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 805-818 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): carbon dioxide ; carbon monoxide ; nitrogen ; polyatomic gas ; thermal conductivity of gases ; transport properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents two schemes for a theoretically based data assessment of the thermal conductivity of dilute polyatomic gases. The first employs the simplified Thijsse expression, combined with accurate experimental data obtained from a transient hot-wire apparatus, as reference. The second makes use of theoretical results for the temperature dependence of the ratio D int/D. Both methods lead to mutually consistent results for linear molecules and to useful criteria for discriminating between experimental data sets. The paper also demonstrates the influence of data burdened with systematic errors upon the final results of different correlation schemes.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 597-601 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): measurement techniques ; nitrogen ; parallel-plate apparatus ; thermal conductivity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A parallel-plate apparatus is suited for accurate measurements of the thermal conductivity coefficient of fluids over a wide range of densities. This is illustrated by measurements of the thermal conductivity coefficient of nitrogen at a temperature of 308.15 K and at pressures up to 20.1 MPa with an accuracy of 0.5%. The agreement with a recent correlation based on accurate measurements by other authors is satisfactory.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 7 (1986), S. 503-511 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): equation of state ; nitrogen ; saturation properties ; thermodynamic properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A new fundamental equation explicit in Helmholtz energy for thermodynamic properties of nitrogen from the freezing line to 2000 K at pressures to 1000 MPa is presented. A new vapor pressure equation and equations for the saturated liquid and vapor densities as functions of temperature are also included. The techniques used for development of the fundamental equation are those reported in a companion paper for ethylene. The fundamental equation and the derivative functions for calculating internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, isochoric heat capacity (C v), isobaric heat capacity (C p), and velocity of sound are also included in that paper. The property formulation using the fundamental equation reported here may generally be used to calculate pressures and densities with an uncertainty of ±0.1%, heat capacities within ± 2%, and velocity of sound values within ±2%. The fundamental equation is not intended for use near the critical point.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): argon ; data evaluation ; high temperature ; nitrogen ; shock-tube measurement ; thermal conductivity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Reliable and well-established methods to measure the thermal conductivity of gases are available only in the moderate temperature range, namely, up to about 1000 K. In the present study, a set of the most probable thermal conductivity values of components of gaseous combustion products in a wide range of temperatures has been obtained through an optimum combination of three procedures: critical assessment of available data in the moderate temperature range, experimental determination by the shock-tube method at high temperatures, and theoretacal estimation of temperature dependence in the intermediate temperature range. Among the components of combustion products, one monatomic gas and one diatomic gas, namely, argon and nitrogen, were studied in the present paper. The shock-tube measurements have been performed in the temperature ranges 1000–4500 K for argon and 500–2200 K for nitrogen. The results of the critical evaluation and the shock-tube measurements have been combined with the aid of theoretically assumed temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 103-116 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): adiabatic compressibility ; equation of state ; density ; high pressure ; isothermal compressibility ; nitrogen ; pVT ; sound velocity ; ultrasonics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A gas expansion technique has been used to determine the pVT properties of N2 up to 1 GPa at 298.15 K, with an accuracy of 0.08% in density, 1 mK in temperature, and 0.05%+0.2 MPa in pressure. The sound velocity has been measured by a phase-comparison pulse-echo technique between 123 and 298 K at intervals of 25 K and at pressures up to 1 GPa, with an accuracy of better than 0.02% in sound velocity, 10 mK in temperature, and 0.05%+0.2 MPa in pressure. An equation of state is presented that correlates the density data over the wide pressure range of 36–1000 MPa with maximum deviations between the calculated and the experimental densities of less than 0.05%.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 567-575 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): alcohols ; alkanes ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; propylene ; water
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Two new equations are proposed for the enthalpy of vaporization from the triple point to the critical point. One of these equations containing four parameters is exceptionally good for fitting the data. The other equation containing three parameters is quite adequate for fitting the data but it is exceptionally suited for interpolation when the data do not cover the entire range. These equations have been tested using the enthalpy of vaporization of water from the triple point to the critical point and are compared with other equations.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 983-997 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): acoustic resonator ; argon ; Greenspan viscometer ; helium ; helium-xenon mixture ; methane ; nitrogen ; speed of sound ; viscosity of gases ; xenon
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract An improved Greenspan acoustic viscometer (double Helmholtz resonator) was used to measure the viscosity of gases at temperatures from 250 to 400 K and at pressures up to 3.4 MPa. The improvements include a vibration damping suspension and the relocation of the fill duct. The fill duct, which is needed to supply gas to the resonator, was connected to the center of the resonator to eliminate acoustic coupling between the resonator and the manifold. In anticipation of handling corrosive gases, all surfaces of the apparatus that are exposed to the test gas are made of metal. The viscometer was tested with argon, helium, xenon, nitrogen, and methane. Isothermal measurements were carried out at 298.15 and 348.15 K and at pressures up to 3.2 MPa. Without calibration, the results differed from published viscosity data by −0.8% to +0.3% (0.47% r.m.s.). These results are significantly better than previous results from Greenspan viscometers. The measurements also yielded the speed of sound, which differed from literature data by +0.16% to +0.20% (0.18% r.m.s.). Adding empirical effective-area and effective-volume corrections to the data analysis decreased the r.m.s. deviations to 0.12% for the viscosity and to 0.006% for the speed of sound. No unusual phenomena were encountered when the viscometer was tested with a helium-xenon mixture between 250 and 375 K.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): Great Basin ; climatic variations ; productivity ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; hardwater lake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Sediment cores from the shallow and deep basins of Pyramid Lake, Nevada, revealed variations in composition with depth reflecting changes in lake level, river inflow, and lake productivity. Recent sediments from the period of historical record indicate: (1) CaCO3 and organic content of sediment in the shallow basin decrease at lower lake level, (2) CaCO3 content of deep basin sediments increases when lake level decreases rapidly, and (3) the inorganic P content of sediments increases with decreasing lake volume. Variations in sediment composition also indicate several periods for which productivity in Pyramid Lake may have been elevated over the past 1000 years. Our data provide strong evidence for increased productivity during the first half of the 20th Century, although the typical pattern for cultural eutrophication was not observed. The organic content of sediments also suggests periods of increased productivity in the lake prior to the discovery and development of the region by white settlers. Indeed, a broad peak in organic fractions during the 1800's originates as an increase starting around 1600. However, periods of changing organic content of sediments also correspond to periods when inflow to the lake was probably at extremes (e.g. drought or flood) indicating that fluctuations in river inflow may be an important factor affecting sediment composition in Pyramid Lake.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): Burnett apparatus ; compressibility factor ; density ; ethane ; methane ; mixtures ; nitrogen ; refractive index ; Z-meter
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The European Gas Research Group (GERG; Groupe Européen de Recherches Gazières) initiated a round-robin test of six Z-meters manufactured by Desgranges et Huot, a Burnett apparatus, and an interferometric device to back up the pVT data of the Z-meters. Two gas mixtures were measured. One mixture contained 49.7 mol% of methane and 50.3 mol% of nitrogen; the second mixture 81.3 mol% of methane, 16.4 mol% of ethane, and 2.3 mol% of propane. The test temperatures were mainly 280 and 300 K for the first mixture and 290 and 320 K for the second mixture. The maximum pressures were 8 MPa for Z-meters and 12 MPa for the Burnett apparatus and the grating interferometer. The experimental compressibility factors Z of the six Z-meters are generally in agreement within ±0.05%. The agreement with the reference data from the Burnett apparatus and the refractive index measurements is also within ± 0.05%. Only two isotherms of the binary mixtures differ by about 0.1% from the other data. Recent natural gas measurements show substantially the same results.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 201-211 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): enthalpy ; heat capacity ; high temperatures ; nitrogen ; virial coefficients
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Calculations of the second virial coefficients and their derivatives for the Hulburt-Hirschfelder (HH) and other accurate interaction potentials are used to determine the thermodynamic properties of nitrogen at high temperatures. Unlike the usual methods employing partition functions, which are most accurate at low temperatures where the energy levels are precisely known, the virial coefficient method depends on integrating over potential energy functions which provide a useful description of energies even near the top of the potential well, a region where the vibrational-rotational energy levels are not readily accessible. This makes this method particularly useful for predicting high-temperature properties outside the range of laboratory measurements and beyond the useful limits of the partition function approach. In the present work, we use the virial coefficient method to predict the heat capacities and enthalpies of nitrogen up to 25,000 K.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 20 (1999), S. 867-876 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): dilute mixtures ; high pressure ; high-resolution Raman spectroscopy ; line width ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Previous investigations have revealed a considerable difference between the spectral behavior of a molecule in a pure substance and that in a mixture. To gain more insight into the influence of the intermolecular interaction and of the mass of the molecules, we performed high-resolution measurements of the linewidths and peak positions of the vibrational Raman spectrum of pure nitrogen, nitrogen in argon, and nitrogen in helium. The research was carried out at room temperature and at pressures up to the melting line. It turns out that, in contrast with expectation, the linewidth as well as the frequency shift is essentially the same for pure nitrogen as for nitrogen diluted in argon, although both the mass and the potential well depth are quite different. The experimental results show the same tendency as recent computer simulations.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 3 (1982), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): composition dependence ; compressed gas ; compressed liquid ; density dependence ; methane ; mixtures ; nitrogen ; piezoelectric crystal viscometer ; shear viscosity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The shear viscosity coefficients of three compressed gaseous and liquid nitrogen + methane mixtures have been measured at temperatures between 100 and 300 K and at pressures to about 30 MPa (4350 psia) with a piezoelectric quartz crystal viscometer. The precision of the measurements ranges from about 0.5% at high densities to about 1% at low densities. The estimated experimental error ranges from about 2% at high densities to about 4% at densities near the critical density and at supercritical temperatures near the critical temperature. The measurements have been compared with an extended corresponding states model, previously proposed for calculating the viscosities of fluid mixtures. Differences between the measured and calculated viscosities are discussed.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 7 (1986), S. 901-910 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): equation of state ; ethane ; extended corresponding states ; methane ; mixtures ; nitrogen ; P-V-T-x
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The principle of corresponding states, with one of its many extensions, is used to predict the thermodynamic properties of the binary mixtures N2-CH4 and CH4-C2H6. Comparisons of the predicted properties with experimental data are given to illustrate some of the powers and problems associated with the method. Problems encountered in modeling mixtures, which are not necessarily associated with the mathematical model of the equation of state, are also discussed. Wide-range equations of state for the two binary systems mentioned above are presented.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 1 (1980), S. 375-381 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): thermal conductivity ; high pressure ; nitrogen ; computer simulation ; modified Enskog theory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The results of the measurements of the thermal conductivity coefficients of nitrogen at 298.15 K from atmospheric pressure up to 1 GPa are reported. The experimental values are used to test the Modified Enskog Theory and the corresponding state principle. The experimental values are also compared with the results of computer simulation of the thermal conductivity of a Lennard Jones fluid.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 673-686 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): chlorofluorocarbons ; fluorocarbons ; nitrogen ; thermal conductivity ; toluene ; transient hot-wire method
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper we describe a version of a transient hot-wire apparatus which employs an integrating digital voltmeter to measure the bridge out-of-balance signal. The integrating period of the voltmeter is variable and is routinely set equal to one 60-Hz power-line cycle, 16.67 ms. Use of measurement or integration periods less than an integral multiple of the power-line period results in substantially more electronic noise and a significant degradation in experimental precision. A correction to the working equation which accounts for the integration of the out-of-balance signal is also presented. The precision of the digital voltmeter used with the apparatus is ±0.1 μV, which translates into an ultimate precision of ±0.03 mK in the measured temperature rise. In practice the precision in the temperature rise is typically ±0.3 mK, which represents a moderate improvement over the precision generally obtained with transient techniques employing automatic bridge balancing schemes. Although the current apparatus is designed principally for measurements of the thermal conductivity of liquids, it can been used for gas-phase measurements, with some decrease in accuracy due to the somewhat larger heat capacity correction which must be applied to the temperature rise measurements. The operation of the instrument was verified by measuring the thermal conductivities of toluene and nitrogen. Preliminary data are presented for the new environmentally acceptable fluorocarbons such as R-134a (CF3CH2F), R-123 (CHCl2CF3), and R-141b (CCl2FCH3).
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 897-910 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): binary mixtures ; carbon dioxide ; cylindrical resonator ; electrostatic transducers ; ethane ; gas ; isotherm ; methane ; mixtures ; multicomponent ; mixtures ; natural gas ; nitrogen ; propane ; sound speed
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A description of a fixed-path length acoustic resonator which uses electrostatic transducers for sound generation and detection is given. Also, a summary of the measurements on 13 binary and 4 multicomponent gas mixtures of natural gas components is given. Data were obtained at pressures to 10 MPa for five isotherms at 25 K increments from 250 to 350 K. The binary mixtures are primarily methane-rich, with either ethane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or propane as the second constituent. The multicomponent mixture compositions represent four naturally occurring natural gas mixtures.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 699-725 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): argon ; caloric properties ; density ; equation of state ; Helmholtz function ; methane ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract In order to describe the thermodynamic behavior of methane, argon, and nitrogen in the so-called “natural-gas region,” namely, from 270 to 350 K at pressures up to 30 MPa as accurate as possible with equations of a very simple form, new equations of state for these three substances have been developed. These equations are in the form of a fundamental equation in the dimensionless Helmholtz energy; for calculating the pressure or the density, the corresponding equations explicit in pressure are also given. The residual parts of the Helmholtz function representing the behavior of the real gas contain 12 fitted coefficients for methane, 8 for argon, and 7 for nitrogen. The thermodynamic relations between the Helmholtz energy and the most important thermodynamic properties and the needed derivatives of the equations are explicitly given; to assist the user there is also a table with values for computer-program verification. The uncertainties when calculating the density ρ, the speed of sound w, the isobaric specific heat capacity c p, and the isochoric specific heat capacity c v are estimated as follows. For all three substances it is Δρ/ρ≤±0.02 % for p≤ 12 MPa and Δρ/ρ ≤ ±0.05% for higher pressures. For methane it is Δw/w≤±0.02% for p≤10 MPa and Δw/w≤+-0.1% for higher pressures; for argon it is Δw/w≲-0.1 % for p≤ 7 MPa, Δw/w≤±0.3 % for 7 〈p≤30 MPa; and for nitrogen it is Δw/w≤±0.1% for p≤1.5 MPa and Δw/w±0.5% for higher pressures. For all three substances it is Δc p/c p≤±1 % and ΔC v/C v≤±1 % in the entire range.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 19 (1998), S. 215-225 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): density ; dielectric constant ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A new equation for determining the density of nonpolar substances based on measurements of dielectric constants is presented. Applying the new equation to nitrogen at a density from 1 to 30 mol·L−1, the mean deviation of the results calculated from the equation is of the order of 10−4, which is the same as the uncertainty of the experimental data. Owing to its analytical form, the derived equation can be applied to indicate the density of nonpolar substances with a densitometer, without adding error to the experimental uncertainty. This equation is also capable of determining the mean polarizabilities and molecular diameters, which agree well with results from other investigators. We suggest that the equation derived here can be applied to some other nonpolar substances as well.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 8 (1987), S. 317-333 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): air ; argon ; helium ; hot-plate apparatus ; hydrogen ; impurities ; krypton ; measurement error ; methane ; neon ; nitrogen ; steady-state method ; thermal conductivity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Air desorbed from the measuring instrument can falsify the thermal conductivity of a gas measured by steady-state methods. For a guarded hot-plate apparatus the contamination effect was determined to depend on both the residence time in the system and the temperature. The investigation covered the gases H2, He, Ne, CH4, N2, air, Ar, and Kr. For gases whose conductivity is better than that of air (H2, He) the measured values are too small, and for gases of poorer conductivity they are too high. Corrections for the effect of impurity have been applied to the measurements presented. These impurity corrections are considerably larger than the precision of the measurements, but they are of the order of the estimated overall uncertainty of the measurements. The departures between the corrected thermal conductivities reported here and values taken from the correlations in the literature run up to 5 % at the highest temperatures.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): carbon dioxide ; high pressures ; mixtures ; nitrogen ; thermal conductivity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The thermal conductivities of nitrogen at 470 K and six mixtures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide at various temperatures have been measured as a function of pressure up to 25 MPa. The mixtures were measured at the following temperatures: one at 302 K, three at 380 K, one at 430 K, and one at 470 K. The data were used to test three prediction methods for the thermal conductivity of gas mixtures under pressure. Surprisingly good agreement was found with predictions using the corresponding-states method of Ely and Hanley. The predictions of the more theoretically based method of Mason et al. were low throughout, due partly to its use of the Hirschfelder-Eucken equation as the low-density limit, but also because the predicted density dependence rises too slowly. The simplified version of this method proposed by Svojskij gave slightly worse predictions, particularly at higher densities. The zero- density results for nitrogen are examined by comparing the zero-and first-density coefficients with the trends shown at lower temperatures.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 10 (1989), S. 983-993 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): carbon dioxide ; carbon monoxide ; effective collision cross sections ; methane ; nitrogen ; polyatomic gas ; thermal conductivity of gases ; tetrafluoromethane ; transport properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents a comparative study of the correlation of thermal conductivities in the limit of zero density for dilute gases including nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and tetrafluoromethane. A theoretically based correlation scheme employing independent experimental information has been examined and found to be useful for the correlation of thermal conductivity data as well as for the evaluation of related quantities, e.g., effective collision cross sections. The latter provide the basis for further studies concerning the anisotropy of the intermolecular pair potential. The paper includes results regarding the simplified expression for the thermal conductivity proposed by Thijsse et al., which has been found to be especially useful for practical purposes.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 15 (1994), S. 1211-1219 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): binary system ; butane ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; ternary system ; vapor-liquid equilibria
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The system studied was nitrogen + carbon dioxide +n-butane at 250 and 270 K and at pressures from 1.5 to 14 MPa. The Peng-Robinson equation was used to model the results, since it is the most widely accepted equation of state in the gas processing industry. In general, the predictions are most accurate at low and moderate pressures and poorest at high pressures, especially near the critical region.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 957-963 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): Gibbs free energy ; high pressure ; Monte Carlo ; nitrogen ; phase transition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Monte Carlo simulations that utilize an (N, P, T) ensemble with periodic deformable boundary conditions cannot describe phase transitions properly when a large potential barrier is involved. An alternative method is to calculate the Gibbs free energy difference between phases; the transition occurs when the difference is equal to zero. The Gibbs free-energy difference can be calculated using a generalized free-energy method. This method is used to determine theβ-δ phase transition of solid nitrogen at room temperature. The Gibbs freeenergy difference between theβ and theδ phase was obtained at 4.0 GPa. The difference at other pressures could be determined with the equation of state. The transition pressure was found at about 6.2 GPa, 1.3 GPa above the experimental pressure.
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 1033-1044 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): intermolecular potential ; nitrogen ; speed of sound ; virial coefficients
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Speeds of sound in nitrogen were measured at temperatures between 170 and 400 K at amount-of-substance densities between 40 and 400 mol·m−3. From these measurements, second and third acoustic virial coefficients were obtained. The parameters of two- and three-body isotropic intermolecular potential-energy models were optimized in a simultaneous fit to the second and third acoustic virial coefficients and the ordinary second and third virial coefficients of nitrogen reported by Nowak et al. The results, which shows that the acoustic and ordinary virial coefficients are mutually consistent, may be used to predict second and third virial coefficients, and their acoustic counterparts, over a wide range of temperatures. The parameters of an anisotropic site-site potential-energy model were also obtained from a fit to the acoustic and ordinary second virial coefficients alone.
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 1349-1363 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): Lennard Jones two-center potential model ; molecular dynamics simulations ; nitrogen ; thermodynamic properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Molecular dynamics simulation results in the isochoric isothermal ensemble are reported for a two-center Lennard Jones model of fluid nitrogen characterized by the fixed molecular elongationL = 1σ = 0.3292, New values ofε andσ were determined by fitting the vapor pressure and the saturated liquid density of the model to experimental data at 94,67 K. The required vapor liquid equilibrium data of the model were taken from a study using the NpT + test particle method. The resulting values areε k = 36.32013 K (36.673 K) andσ = 0.32973 nm (0.33073 nm), with values in parentheses being those obtained previously from a Weeks Chandler Andersen-type perturbation theory. Then pressures and internal energies were calculated by molecular simulations for 110 state points in the temperature range from 72 to 330 K and for densities up to 35 mol · L1. Comparison of the predictions based on the new parameters with the empirical equation of state of Jacobsen et al. shows good to excellent agreement except in the near-critical region. Moreover. for almost all state points the new parameters yield an improvement over old ones from perturbation theory.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 19 (1998), S. 1121-1132 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Schlagwort(e): caloric properties ; density ; equation of state ; nitrogen ; thermodynamic properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Abstract A new formulation describing the thermodynamic properties of nitrogen has been developed. New data sets which have been used to improve the representation of the p–ρ–T surface of gaseous, liquid and supercritical nitrogen, including the saturated states are now available. New measurements on the speed of sound from spherical resonators have been used to improve the accuracy of caloric properties in gaseous and supercritical nitrogen. State-of-the-art algorithms for the optimization of the mathematical structure of the equation and special functional forms for an improved description of the critical region were used to represent even the most accurate data within their experimental uncertainty. The uncertainty in density of the new reference equation of state ranges from ±0.01% between 270 and 350 K at pressures less than 12MPa, within ±0.02% over all other temperatures less than 550 K and pressures less than 12 MPa, and up to a maximum of ±0.6% at the highest pressures. The equation is valid from the triple point to temperatures of 1000 K and pressures up to 2200 MPa. The new formulation yields a reasonable extrapolation up to the limits of chemical stability of nitrogen as indicated by comparison to experimental shock tube data. Constraints regarding the structure of the equation ensure reasonable extrapolated properties up to temperatures and pressures of 5000 K and 25 GPa. For typical calibration applications, the new reference equation is supplemented by a simple but also highly accurate formulation, valid only for supercritical nitrogen between 270 and 350 K at pressures up to 30 MPa.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Alsophila pometaria ; Geometridae ; Anisota senatoria ; Citheroniidae ; Quercus ; nutritional ecology ; herbivory ; nutritional indices ; consumption ; growth ; utilization efficiency ; nitrogen ; water ; tannins ; phenols ; gut pH ; digestive enzymes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Alimentées sur feuillage jeune de chêne, les chenilles d'Alsophila pometaria avaient un taux relatif de croissance (RGR) et un taux relatif d'accumulation d'azote (RNAR) plus élevés que les chenilles d'Anisota senatoria alimentées sur feuillage mûr de chêne. Bien que le jeune feuillage soit plus efficacement digéré par A. pometaria (AD plus élevé), il n'est pas assimilé et utilisé pour la croissance avec de meilleurs rendements (les ECI ne sont pas différents). Ainsi le taux de croissance plus élevé d'A. pometaria est dû entièrement à un taux de consommation plus important (RCR et RNCR). Le feuillage jeune est significativement plus riche en azote et en eau que le feuillage mûr, mais les niveaux de phénol et de tanins sont les mêmes. A pometaria consomme les feuilles de différentes espèces de chênes au même taux, indépendamment de la teneur en azote, tandis que A. senatoria accroît sa consommation en réponse à une diminution de la teneur en azote. Il en résulte que le taux de croissance d'A. pometaria dépend directement de la teneur en azote des feuilles, tandis que celui d'A. senatoria en est indépendant. Les systèmes digestifs des deux insectes sont biochimiquement semblables et sont efficaces pour la digestion des protéines. Les tanins et les phénols n'influent pas sur les indices nutritionnels de ces deux espèces. Nous estimons que le principal intérêt de l'alimentation printanière est la disponibilité en feuillage succulent, riche en azote, et non l'absence de feuilles à haute teneur en tanin. L'alimentation printanière semble correspondre à une strategie alimentaire qui favorise la croissance aux dépens de l'efficacité tandis que l'alimentation en fin d'été est une stratégie qui favorise l'efficacité sur la rapidité.
    Notizen: Abstract The larvae of Alsophila pometaria (Harr.), feeding on the young foliage of oak, has a higher relative growth rate (RGR) and relative nitrogen accumulation rate (RNAR) than the larvae of Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), feeding on the mature foliage of oak. Although the young oak foliage is more efficiently digested by A. pometaria (higher AD's), it is not more efficiently assimilated and used for growth (no difference in ECI's). Thus, the higher growth rate of A. pometaria is due entirely to a higher consumption rate (RCR and RNCR). Young foliage is significantly higher in nitrogen and water than mature foliage, but phenol and tannin levels are comparable in young and old foliage. A. pometaria consumes the foliage of different oak species at the same rate, independent of nitrogen content, while A. senatoria increases its consumption rate in response to decreased nitrogen levels. As a result, the growth rate of A. pometaria is directly related to leaf nitrogen content, while the growth rate of A. senatoria is independent of leaf nitrogen. The two species of insects have digestive systems that are very similar biochemically, and that are well-designed for effective protein digestion. Tannins and phenols do not influence the nutrional indices of either species. We suggest that the major benefit of spring feeding is the availability of succulent, high-nitrogen foliage, and not the avoidance of high-tannin foliage. The spring feeder appears to have a feeding strategy that favors rapid growth at the expense of efficiency, while the late summer feeder has a strategy that favors efficiency over rate.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): nitrogen ; Rh(111) ; thermal desorption ; Arrhenius parameters ; lateral interactions ; NO decomposition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Associative desorption of N atoms from the Rh(111) surface is simulated in the framework of the lattice-gas model. The Arrhenius parameters and nearest-neighbour lateral interaction employed to describe the measured thermal desorption spectra are as follows:v=1013 s−1,E d=40 kcal/mol, and ε1=1.7 kcal/mol. The results obtained are used to clarify the role of nitrogen desorption in the NO + CO reaction on Rh(111) atT=400–700 K andP NO≈P CO≈0.01 atm.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 13 (1992), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): Ammonia ; synthesis ; nitrogen ; rate-determining step ; potassium promotion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The simple concept of a single rate-determining step, the dissociation of N2(a), in ammonia synthesis is inconsistent with experimental results. It is proposed that three reaction steps, N2(a) → 2N(a) (1) N(a) + H(a)→NH(a) (2) NH3(a)→NH3(g) (3) are dominant in determining the rate of synthesis. Under industrial conditions reactions (2) and (3) are more important than (1). The role of K+ as promoter in these reactions is discussed, especially as an “anchor” for adsorbed oxygen.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): adsorption ; adsorption isotherms ; dinitrogen ; FTIR spectroscopy ; geminal species ; NaY ; nitrogen ; zeolites
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Adsorption of N2 on NaY zeolites at 85 K and equilibrium pressures higher than 1 kPa results in the formation of geminal dinitrogen complexes characterized by an IR band at 2333.5 cm−1 (2255.4 cm−1 after adsorption of 15N2). With decreasing equilibrium pressure the complexes tend to loose one N2 ligand, thus forming linear species characterized by an IR band at 2336.8 cm−1 (2258.7 cm−1 after adsorption of 15N2). All species disappear completely after evacuation. Co-adsorption of N2 and CO revealed that the dinitrogen complexes are formed on Na+ cations. The changes in the concentrations of the linear and geminal N2 species with the changes in the equilibrium pressure are excellently described by equations of adsorption isotherms proposed earlier for mono- and di-carbonyls.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): platinum ; rhodium ; alloy ; surface composition ; nitrogen ; oxygen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Two kinds of adsorbed N atoms exist on a Pt0.25Rh0.75(100) surface. One desorbs at 490 K and the other desorbs at 650 K. The former reacts with H2 at 400 K, but the latter does not. It is supposed that the adsorption of these two N atoms is responsible of the surface composition, ratio of Pt and Rh.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 34 (1984), S. 221-228 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Schlagwort(e): Lupinus albus ; L. angustifolius ; lupine ; nitrogen ; lipids ; fatty acids ; seed development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Developing seeds of lupine cultivars Kali, Neuland, Reuscher and Unicrop, grown under field conditions, were sampled at different stages of maturity and analysed for total nitrogen, crude fat and fatty acid composition. Nitrogen and lipid deposition occurred between 30 and 60 days after anthesis coinciding with the stage of maximal dry weight increase of the developing seed. The rate and duration of dry matter, nitrogen and crude fat accumulation was cultivar dependent. Percent of total saturated fatty acid decreased with increasing seed development.
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 38 (1988), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Schlagwort(e): carrots ; carotene ; T.S.S. ; herbicides ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The nutritive quality of carrots, obtained from different herbicide-treated plots and under different levels of nitrogen application ranging from zero to 80kg nitrogen/ha, was compared. There were significant differences in carotene content, T.S.S. (total soluble solids) and organolptic characteristics under the influence of different treatments. The maximum carotene content, T.S.S. and organoleptic characteristics were observed with the application of 80 kg. nitrogen/ha and fluchloralin herbicide at 0.90 and 1.20 kg/ha.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Schlagwort(e): barley ; Triticeae ; grain ; amino acid composition ; nitrogen ; chemical score
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Barley grains (9 samples from 7 cultivars) with nitrogen contents (N) ranging from 1.45 to 4.01% of dry matter were analysed for their amino acid (AA) composition with high accuracy from six different hydrolysates per sample. AA levels in grain increased as linear functions ofN with correlation coefficients close to unity. A comparison with literature data confirmed that the AA composition of any grain sample of normal barley can be predicted from itsN for all phenotypes and genotypes. AAs in grain protein changed as hyperbolic functions ofN which increased for Phe, Pro and Glx but more or less strongly decreased for the other AAs. By plotting AA scores againstN, barley proteins were shown to be always richer than wheat and rye in Val and Phe + Tyr; sometimes richer than both other species forN〈2 (Lys); 2.2 (Leu and Ile); 3.4 (Thr); sometimes intermediate to wheat and rye above the latterN values. They were also intermediate in sulphur AAs forN〈1.9 and drastically poorer forN〉1.9. However, they were richer than both other species in Trp forN〉1.6. The hyperbolic variations of non-protein nitrogen and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were determined as a function ofN and also compared with those of wheat and rye.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Schlagwort(e): Osaka Bay ; sediment ; carbon ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; stable isotope ratio ; terrestrial organic matter ; TOC ; POC
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) of surface sediments were measured within Osaka Bay, in the Seto Inland Sea in Japan, in order to better understand the sedimentation processes operating on both terrestrial and marine organic matter in the Bay. The δ13C and δ15N of surface sediments in the estuary of the Yodo River were less than −23‰ and 5‰ respectively, but increased in the area up to about 10 km from the river mouth. At greater distances they became constant (giving δ13C of about −20‰ and δ15N about 6‰). It can be concluded that large amounts of terrestrial organic matter exist near the mouth of the Yodo River. Stable isotope ratios in the estuary of the Yodo River within 10 km of the river mouth were useful indicators allowing study of the movement of terrestrial organic matter. Deposition rates for total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) over the whole of the Bay were estimated to be 63,100 ton C/year and 7,590 ton N/year, respectively. The deposition rate of terrestrial organic carbon was estimated to be 13,200 (range 2,000–21,500) ton C/year for the whole of Osaka Bay, and terrestrial organic carbon was estimated to be about 21% (range 3–34) of the TOC deposition rate. The ratio of the deposition rate of terrestrial organic carbon to the rate inflow of riverine TOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) were estimated to be 19% (range 3–31) and 76% (range 12–100), respectively.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 419-427 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Schlagwort(e): cultivar ; dry matter production ; irradiance ; leaf development ; nitrogen ; nonstructural saccharides ; starch ; stolons
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In a growth chamber experiment, we determined net photosynthetic rate (PN) and leaf developmental characteristics of cultivars of a relatively small-, intermediate-, and a large-leaf genotype grown under irradiance of 450-500 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1 (HI), shade [140-160 µmol(photon) m-2 s-1] (LI), and after a shade-to-irradiation (LI »HI) transfer. Differences in physiological responses of the genotypes were more pronounced in HI and LI»HI plants than in LI plants. The small- and intermediate-leaf sizes had greater PN in the first measured leaf than the large-leaf type by 70 and 63 % in HI plants, and by 23 and 18 % in LI»HI plants, respectively. Similar relationships were observed in the next developed leaf. The LI plants did not differ significantly in PN. Greater PN in the small- and intermediate-leaf size genotypes were not associated with greater total dry matter of the plant. Under irradiation, the large-leaf genotype accumulated more total nonstructural saccharides (TNS) and starch than the small- or intermediate-leaf size plants. TNS and starch concentrations in LI plants were about one-half those of HI and LI»HI plants. These results should help to develop management practices that capitalize upon the competitive features of white clover in mixed-species swards.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 38 (2000), S. 57-67 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Schlagwort(e): carbon ; C/N ; direct and indirect effects ; nitrogen ; soluble sugars ; starch ; specific leaf area
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Dark respiration rate in the night (R D) was measured in five-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees grown for two years under ambient (AC) and elevated (AC + 400 µmol mol−1 = EC) CO2 concentrations in open top chambers. Two needle age classes (i.e., current-year and one-year-old) were measured at AC and EC in both AC- and EC-grown pines. Additionally different chemical characteristics were determined on the needles, such as nitrogen (N), carbon (C), starch, and soluble sugar concentrations as well as specific leaf area. The direct, short-term and indirect, long-term effects of EC on R D for the two needle age classes were examined. R D was expressed on a per needle area, needle mass, N, C, and C/N bases. Direct effects were only pronounced in the AC treatment where inhibition of R D was found at EC in both current- and one-year-old needles. Indirect effects were only significant in one-year-old needles where a decrease was found in the EC grown trees as compared with AC ones when R D was expressed per unit needle mass, C, or C/N. R D per unit needle area and needle N were not sensitive to long-term EC, in any needle age class. Long-term EC treatment also influenced the response of the two needle age classes. One-year-old needles from the EC treatment had significantly lower R D than current-year needles, but no such response was observed in the AC treatment. Our experiment re-emphasised the importance of expressing R D on different bases for a correct interpretation of the responses to EC. Moreover, we showed that different needle age classes can respond differently to a CO2 enrichment.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Schlagwort(e): alfalfa ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; nitrogen ; nitrogen-fixing bacteria ; phosphorus ; plant growth
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The aim of this research was to carry out a critical study of the method of obtaining size equivalence between non-symbiotic alfalfa and alfalfa associated with Glomus and/or Rhizobium by applying fixed addition rates of nutrients to the non-symbiotic controls. The experimental design included three nutrient response curves in which the levels of added phosphorus and/or nitrogen were constant during the whole plant growth process: 1) a phosphorus response curve, in order to compare the growth of double symbiotic plants with that of only-Rhizobium inoculated ones; 2) a nitrogen response curve, that consisted of a comparison between the growth of double symbiotic alfalfa and four treatments associated only with Glomus; 3) a phosphorus and nitrogen response curve, to compare the growth of non-inoculated alfalfa with that of double symbiotic plants. Although similar size was achieved among some treatments at harvest, shoot growth over time and nutrient concentrations in tissues differed, indicating that growth equivalence did not mean functional equivalence. A second experimental design was performed taking into account the establishment of microsymbionts for determining the adequate moment to add supplemental phosphorus and/or nitrogen. It included four treatments: a) double symbiotic plants (MR); b) plants inoculated with Rhizobium only (R); c) plants inoculated with Glomus only (M), and d) non-inoculated plants (N). Great similarity in terms of plant growth and nutrient contents in tissues were obtained. Moreover, symbiotic plants were able to produce similar dry matter than non-symbiotic ones under P and N limitations.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Schlagwort(e): bacterial isolates ; grasses ; mycorrhizal colonization ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The inoculation of mycorrhizal maize plants with three isolates of microaerophilic diazotrophic bacteria obtained from the mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with three grasses (Arrhenatherum elatius - bacterial isolate ARR, Agropyrum repens - isolate AGR and Poa annua - isolate POA) caused no increase in nitrogen content in plant biomass. The inoculation with bacterial isolate ARR resulted in the decreased plant growth. Bacterial isolate AGR decreased the percentage of the root length colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fistulosum. The inoculation with both mycorrhizal fungus and isolate POA increased significantly the concentration of phosphorus in plant shoots compared to uninoculated control.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biologia plantarum 43 (2000), S. 611-613 
    ISSN: 1573-8264
    Schlagwort(e): carbon ; hydrogen ; nitrogen ; reducing sugars ; starch ; summer and winter temperature regime
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Two-year-old plants of Karwinskia humboldtiana Zucc. and Karwinskia parvifolia Rose grown from the seeds in greenhouse were transferred to the growth cabinet and cultivated for two months under different temperature regimes (35/20 °C - the summer temperature regime, SR, and 20/5 °C - the winter temperature regime, WR). These temperatures were similar to the temperature conditions in the natural areas of the species studied (Nuevo León, Mexico). The root respiration rate was higher in the plants cultivated under SR than in those under WR. Roots of K. parvifolia res faster in both temperature regimes than roots of K. humboldtiana. Starch content in roots was higher in the plan cultivated under SR, however, concentrations of the other investigated organic and inorganic compounds were higher in the plants cultivated under WR. In K. humboldtiana roots, higher concentration of reducing sugars, carbon and hydrogen were found than in K. parvifolia.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 61-76 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Schlagwort(e): core sampling ; foliar nutrient concentrations ; minirhizotrons ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; Rhizolab
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Potato-cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida) cause severe yield losses in potato. Plants infected with potato-cyst nematodes generally have reduced concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the foliage. This study investigated whether reduced growth of nematode-infected potato is caused by nutrient limitation. Experiments in the field and in containers showed that phosphorus concentration correlated best with total crop biomass at early stages of growth. The role of phosphorus in nematode damage was further investigated in the field and in the Wageningen Rhizolab. The experimental field was infested with potato-cyst nematodes and two levels of nematode density were established by fumigation with a nematicide. Prior applications of calcium carbonate resulted in pHKCl levels of 4.8 and 6.1. Two levels of phosphorus fertiliser were applied: either 0 or 225 kg P ha−1. In the Wageningen Rhizolab, soil of both pH levels from the field was used after treatment with 1 MRad gamma irradiation to kill the nematodes. Subsequently, half of the soil was inoculated with cysts to give a nematode density of 30 viable juveniles per gram of soil. In the field, nine weeks after planting, the total crop biomass ranged from 107 g m−2 for the treatment with nematodes at pHKCl 6.1 without phosphorus fertiliser to 289 g m−2 for the fumigated treatment at pHKCl 4.8 with phosphorus fertiliser. The differences in total biomass for the various treatments were explained by differences in foliar phosphorus concentration. Nematodes induced or aggravated P deficiency and reduced total biomass. This was not the only damage mechanism as at high, non-limiting levels of foliar phosphorus concentration, nematodes still reduced total biomass. In the Wageningen Rhizolab, directly after planting, the number of roots visible against minirhizotrons was reduced by nematodes. However, the increase of root number in the nematode treatment continued longer than in the control, until root number was higher than that of the control. The compensary root growth of the nematode treatment was restricted to the top 30 cm and nematodes reduced rooting depth. High soil pH reduced growth, mainly by reducing the availability of phosphate. Both nematodes and high soil pH reduced nutrient uptake per unit root length. Our results lead us to suggest an interaction between nematodes and soil pH, with nematode damage being higher at pHKCl 6.1 than at pHKCl 4.8.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Schlagwort(e): adenosine triphosphate ; fertility ; nitrogen ; salmonid ; semen ; spermatocrit ; viability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in sperm from chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were found to be 12.1±1.9 pmol ATP per 106 sperm cells (mean±SEM, n=18). Sperm were stored at 0–2 °C for up to 72 h under 100, 21, and 0% O2. Changes in sperm ATP content of samples maintained under 100 and 21% O2 were indistinguishable, decreasing to 50% of initial values after 72 h. ATP levels of sperm stored under 0% O2 decreased to 10% of initial values within 8 h and remained unchanged throughout the following 64 h. The initial percent of living sperm (sperm viability) was 94.7±1.7% (mean±SEM, n=12) and was unaltered at 24 h under all O2 tensions. At 72 h, sperm viability remained unchanged under 21% O2 and had decreased by 20% under 100% O2 and by 30% under 0% O2. Therefore, reductions in sperm ATP levels could not be attributed to cell lysis, as viability decreased only modestly over these durations. Fertilizing ability correlated positively with sperm ATP levels. Spermatocrit values increased by 20% for the samples maintained under 100 and 21% O2 after 72 h. However, a 20% increase in spermatocrit occurred within 24 h in samples maintained under 0% O2, rising 70% after 72 h under 0% O2. These data indicate that chinook sperm ATP (1) can be altered and manipulated without significant loss of viability, (2) is positively associated with fertilization, and (3) probably plays a role in sperm packing and cell flexibility.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 9 (1990), S. 117-134 
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): nitrogen ; Mediterranean ; natural versus anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen ; atmospheric input ; riverine input ; marine ecosystems ; primary production
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Bulk inorganic nitrogen deposition was monitored over a period of 3 years at the Bavella Pass (Corsica, France). Annual fluxes range between 126 and 150μmol.m−2.d-−1, increasing slightly with annual rainfall. Natural background average concentrations of rain water and associated fluxes were estimated from a classification of rain events into ‘natural’ (Oceanic and Saharan), polluted and composite. Long range transport of incoming polluted air masses increases the atmospheric wet nitrogen input by at least a factor of 1.6 in this Mediterranean area. Extrapolation of atmospheric dissolved inorganic nitrogen input to the Western Mediterranean leads to fluxes of 80 to l00μmol.m−2.d-−1. This atmospheric input is in the same order of magnitude as the inorganic nitrogen riverine input. As a consequence, the nitrogen budget for the Mediterranean has had to be reassessed. Atmospheric wet inorganic nitrogen input is of noticeable importance to marine Mediterranean ecosystems, representing on average 10 to 25% of new production in the Western Basin, with values of up to 60% in oligotrophic zones.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): nitrogen ; snow ; flux
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Increased emissions of nitrogen compounds to the atmosphere by human activities have been well documented. However, in order to better quantify these anthropogenic emissions, better knowledge of natural emissions rates must be known. In addition, variation in natural emissions through time should be documented. In this note we present data collected and/or analyzed by us for NO3 − in recent snow from remote regions of the world. We also summarize existing data sets from other remote regions. This is done to establish a better understanding of NO3 − deposition rates in these regions as well as to add more information to our global understanding of NO3 − deposition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): N15 ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; plants ; stable isotopes ; soil ; temperate forest ; tropical forest
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Several lines of evidence suggest that nitrogen in most tropical forests is relatively more available than N in most temperate forests, and even that it may function as an excess nutrient in many tropical forests. If this is correct, tropical forests should have more open N cycles than temperate forests, with both inputs and outputs of N large relative to N cycling within systems. Consequent differences in both the magnitude and the pathways of N loss imply that tropical forests should in general be more15N enriched than are most temperate forests. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared the nitrogen stable isotopic composition of tree leaves and soils from a variety of tropical and temperate forests. Foliar δ15N values from tropical forests averaged 6.5‰ higher than from temperate forests. Within the tropics, ecosystems with relatively low N availability (montane forests, forests on sandy soils) were significantly more depleted in15N than other tropical forests. The average δ15N values for tropical forest soils, either for surface or for depth samples, were almost 8‰ higher than temperate forest soils. These results provide another line of evidence that N is relatively abundant in many tropical forest ecosystems.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): estuaries ; lakes ; marine ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rivers ; streams ; temperate ; tropics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Published data and analyses from temperate and tropical aquatic systems are used to summarize knowledge about the potential impact of land-use alteration on the nitrogen biogeochemistry of tropical aquatic ecosystems, identify important patterns and recommend key needs for research. The tropical N-cycle is traced from pre-disturbance conditions through the phases of disturbance, highlighting major differences between tropical and temperate systems that might influence development strategies in the tropics. Analyses suggest that tropical freshwaters are more frequently N-limited than temperate zones, while tropical marine systems may show more frequent P limitation. These analyses indicate that disturbances to pristine tropical lands will lead to greatly increased primary production in freshwaters and large changes in tropical freshwater communities. Increased freshwater nutrient flux will also lead to an expansion of the high production, N- and light-limited zones around river deltas, a switch from P- to N-limitation in calcareous marine systems, with large changes in the community composition of fragile mangrove and reef systems. Key information gaps are highlighted, including data on mechanisms of nutrient transport and atmospheric deposition in the tropics, nutrient and material retention capacities of tropical impoundments, and N/P coupling and stoichiometric impacts of nutrient supplies on tropical aquatic communities. The current base of biogeochemical data suggests that alterations in the N-cycle will have greater impacts on tropical aquatic ecosystems than those already observed in the temperate zone.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): acetate ; carbon dioxide ; hydrogen ; methanogenesis ; iron ; organic carbon ; nitrogen ; redox balance ; rice paddy soil ; sulfate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The potentials for sequential reduction of inorganic electron acceptors and production of methane have been examined in sixteen rice soils obtained from China, the Philippines, and Italy. Methane, CO2, Fe(II), NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , pH, Eh, H2 and acetate were monitored during anaerobic incubation at 30 °C for 120 days. Based on the accumulation patterns of CO2 and CH4, the reduction process was divided into three distinct phases: (1) an initial reduction phase during which most of the inorganic electron acceptors were depleted and CO2 production was at its maximum, (2) a methanogenic phase during which CH4 production was initiated and reached its highest rate, and (3) a steady state phase with constant production rates of CH4. and CO2. The reduction phases lasted for 19 to 75 days with maximum CO2 production of 2.3 to 10.9μmol d−1 g−1 dry soil. Methane production started after 2 to 87 days and became constant after about 38–68 days (one soil 〉120 days). The maximum CH4 production rates ranged between 0.01 and 3.08μmol d−1 g−1. During steady state the constant CH4 and CO2 production rates varied from 0.07 to 0.30μmol d−1 g−1 and 0.02 and 0.28μmol d−1 g−1, respectively. Within the 120 d of anaerobic incubation only 6–17% of the total soil organic carbon was released into the gas phase. The gaseous carbon released consisted of 61–100% CO2, 〈0.1–35% CH4, and 〈5% nonmethane hydrocarbons. Associated with the reduction of available Fe(III) most of the CO2 was produced during the reduction phase. The electron transfer was balanced between total CO2 produced and both CH4 formed and Fe(III), sulfate and nitrate reduced. Maximum CH4 production rate (r=0.891) and total CH4 produced (r =0.775) correlated best with the ratio of soil nitrogen to electron acceptors. Total nitrogen content was a better indicator for “available” organic substrates than the total organic carbon content. The redox potential was not a good predictor of potential CH4 production. These observations indicate that the availability of degradable organic substrates mainly controls the CH4 production in the absence of inorganic electron acceptors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): Baltic Sea ; cyanobacteria ; estuaries ; grazing ; iron ; lakes ; molybdenum ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen limitation ; zooplankton
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Explaining the nearly ubiquitous absence of nitrogen fixation by planktonic organisms in strongly nitrogen-limited estuaries presents a major challenge to aquatic ecologists. In freshwater lakes of moderate productivity, nitrogen limitation is seldom maintained for long since heterocystic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria bloom, fix nitrogen, and alleviate the nitrogen limitation. In marked contrast to lakes, this behavior occurs in only a few estuaries worldwide. Primary production is limited by nitrogen in most temperate estuaries, yet no measurable planktonic nitrogen fixation occurs. In this paper, we present the hypothesis that the absence of planktonic nitrogen fixers from most estuaries is due to an interaction of bottom-up and top-down controls. The availability of Mo, a trace metal required for nitrogen fixation, is lower in estuaries than in freshwater lakes. This is not an absolute physiological constraint against the occurrence of nitrogen-fixing organisms, but the lower Mo availability may slow the growth rate of these organisms. The slower growth rate makes nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in estuaries more sensitive to mortality from grazing by zooplankton and benthic organisms. We use a simple, mechanistically based simulation model to explore this hypothesis. The model correctly predicts the timing of the formation of heterocystic, cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater lakes and the magnitude of the rate of nitrogen fixation. The model also correctly predicts that high zooplankton biomasses in freshwaters can partially suppress blooms of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, even in strongly nitrogen-limited lakes. Further, the model indicates that a relatively small and environmentally realistic decrease in Mo availability, such as that which may occur in seawater compared to freshwaters due to sulfate inhibition of Mo assimilation, can suppress blooms of heterocystic cyanobacteria and prevent planktonic nitrogen fixation. For example, the model predicts that at a zooplankton biomass of 0.2 mg l−1, cyanobacteria will bloom and fix nitrogen in lakes but not in estuaries of full-strength seawater salinity because of the lower Mo availability. Thus, the model provides strong support for our hypothesis that bottom-up and top-down controls may interact to cause the absence of planktonic nitrogen fixation in most estuaries. The model also provides a basis for further exploration of this hypothesis in individual estuarine systems and correctly predicts that planktonic nitrogen fixation can occur in low salinity estuaries, such as the Baltic Sea, where Mo availability is greater than in higher salinity estuaries.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): acetate ; carbon dioxide ; hydrogen ; methanogenesis ; iron ; organic carbon ; nitrogen ; redox balance ; rice paddy soil ; sulfate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The potentials for sequential reduction of inorganic electron acceptors and production of methane have been examined in sixteen rice soils obtained from China, the Philippines, and Italy. Methane, CO2, Fe(II), NO 3 - , SO 4 2 , pH, Eh, H2 and acetate were monitored during anaerobic incubation at 30 °C for 120 days. Based on the accumulation patterns of CO2 and CH4, the reduction process was divided into three distinct phases: (1) an initial reduction phase during which most of the inorganic electron acceptors were depleted and CO2 production was at its maximum, (2) a methanogenic phase during which CH4 production was initiated and reached its highest rate, and (3) a steady state phase with constant production rates of CH4 and CO2. The reduction phases lasted for 19 to 75 days with maximum CO2 production of 2.3 to 10.9 μmol d-1 g-1 dry soil. Methane production started after 2 to 87 days and became constant after about 38--68 days (one soil 〉120 days). The maximum CH4 production rates ranged between 0.01 and 3.08 μmol d-1 g-1. During steady state the constant CH4 and CO2 production rates varied from 0.07 to 0.30 μmol d-1 g-1 and 0.02 and 0.28 μmol d-1 g-1, respectively. Within the 120 d of anaerobic incubation only 6--17% of the total soil organic carbon was released into the gas phase. The gaseous carbon released consisted of 61--100% CO2, 〈0.1--35% CH4, and 〈5% nonmethane hydrocarbons. Associated with the reduction of available Fe(III) most of the CO2 was produced during the reduction phase. The electron transfer was balanced between total CO2 produced and both CH4 formed and Fe(III), sulfate and nitrate reduced. Maximum CH4 production rate (r = 0.891) and total CH4 produced (r = 0.775) correlated best with the ratio of soil nitrogen to electron acceptors. Total nitrogen content was a better indicator for “available” organic substrates than the total organic carbon content. The redox potential was not a good predictor of potential CH4 production. These observations indicate that the availability of degradable organic substrates mainly controls the CH4 production in the absence of inorganic electron acceptors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Microbial biomass C ; Water-soluble organic carbon ; Light fraction organic carbon ; Fertilizer ; nitrogen ; 13C nuclear magnetic resonance ; Infrared spectrophotometry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Soil samples taken from four experimental sites that had been cropped to continuous corn for 3–11 years in Ontario and Quebec were analyzed to evaluate changes in quantity and quality of labile soil organic carbon under different nitrogen (N) fertility and tillage treatments. Addition of fertilizer N above soil test recommendations tended to decrease amounts of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The quality of the WSOC was characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectrophotometry and the results indicated that carbohydrates, long-chain aliphatics and proteins were the major components of all extracts. Similar types of C were present in all of the soils, but an influence of management was evident. The quantity of soil MBC was positively related to the quantities of WSOC, carbohydrate C, and organic C, and negatively related to quantities of long-chain aliphatic C in the soil. The quantity of WSOC was positively related to the quantities of protein C, carbohydrate C, and negatively related to the quantity of carboxylic C. The quantity of soil MBC was not only related to quantities of soil WSOC but also to the quality of soil WSOC.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Urea ; Coated fertilizers ; Ammonium ; nitrogen ; Nitrate nitrogen ; Nitrogen uptake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Understanding the fate of different forms of nitrogen (N) fertilizers applied to soils is an important step in enhancing N use efficiency and minimizing N losses. The growth and N uptake of two citrus rootstocks, Swingle citrumelo (SC), and Cleopatra mandarin (CM), seedlings were evaluated in a pot experiment using a Candler fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated, Typic Quartzipsamments) without N application or with 400 mg N kg–1 applied as urea or controlled-release fertilizers (CRF; either as Meister, Osmocote, or Poly-S). Meister and Osmocote are polyolefin resin-coated urea with longevity of N release for 270 days (at 25°C). Poly-S is a polymer and sulfur-coated urea with release duration considerably shorter than that of either Meister or Osmocote. The concentrations of 2 M KCl extractable nitrate nitrogen (NO3 –-N) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N) in the soil sampled 180 days and 300 days after planting were greater in the soil with SC than with CM rootstock seedlings. In most cases, the extractable NH4 + and NO3 – concentrations were greater for the Osmocote treatment compared to the other N sources. For the SC rootstock seedlings, dry weight was greater with Meister or Poly-S compared with either Osmocote or urea. At the end of the experiment, ranking of the various N sources, with respect to total N uptake by the seedlings, was: Meister = Osmocote 〉 Poly-S 〉 Urea 〉 no N for CM rootstock, and Meister = Poly-S = Osmocote 〉 Urea 〉 no N for SC rootstock. The study demonstrated that for a given rate of N application the total N uptake by seedlings was greater for the CRF compared to urea treatment. This suggests that various N losses were lower from the CRF source as compared to those from soluble fertilizers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Microbial biomass ; Air-drying ; Extractable ; nitrogen ; Extractable phosphorus ; Tropical soil
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The microbial contribution to extractable N and P after the air-drying of eight Indian dry tropical Ultisols was quantified. Air-drying of the soils decreased microbial biomass C by 25–53% but increased extractable N and P by 14–34% and 24–121%, respectively. This increase in the extractable N and P was accounted for, to some extent, by microbial biomass killed due to air-drying. Microbial biomass contributes 17–36% and 19–82% to the extractable N and P, respectively, possibly due to air-drying of the soils. I conclude that due to contamination of microbial biomass with the available nutrients in air-dried soils, measurements of extractable nutrients should be made on field-moist soils.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Curculionidae ; Cyrtobagous singularis ; Cyrtobagous salviniae ; Salvinia molesta ; population increase ; survivorship ; fecundity ; fertility ; biological control ; temperature ; nutrition ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les taux intrinsèques d'accroissement (rm) deC. salviniae du Bresil et deC. singularis de Trinidad, ont été établis au laboratoire à 23°C; 27°C; 31°C, sur des plants deS. molesta riches en azote. Les différences entre les rm des deux espèces provenaient pour l'essentiel de la ponte et de la mortalité préimaginale. Aux 3 températures, les valeurs de rm deC. salviniae (0.210; 0.366; 0.404) étaient supérieures à celles deC. singularis (0.148; 0.140; 0.064). A toutes les températuresC. salviniae a pondu 7 fois plus d'oeufs queC. salviniae; à 31°C, la ponte a été réduite de 45% pour les 2 espèces et été accompagnée d'une diminution des taux d'éclosion. La ponte deC. salvinae était presque continue (92% des semaines avec des oeufs), tandis que celle deC. singularis était intermittent (50% des semaines avec pontes), les interruptions étant en moyenne de 2 semaines. La teneur deS. molesta en azote a affecté la reproduction deC. singularis plus que celle deC. salviniae; un accroissement de 0.1% en poids sec, augmentant les pontes hebdomadaires respectivement de 7% et de 3.6%. Les différences de valeur de rm des 2 espèces sont examinées pour évaluer leurs potentialités comme éléments de la lutte biologique.
    Notizen: Abstract The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) ofCyrtobagous salviniae Calder & Sands from Brazil andC. singularis Hustache from Trinidad W.I., were determined in the laboratory at 23°C, 27°C and 31°C on nitrogen-rich plants of the aquatic weed,Salvinia molesta Mitchell. Variation in oviposition and immature survivorship accounted for most of the differences between species in rm values (exponential growth of a stable-age population in a non-limiting environment). Values for rm were higher forC. salviniae (0.210, 0.366, 0.404) than forC. singularis (0.148, 0.140, 0.064) at the three temperatures respectively. At all temperatures,C. salviniae laid seven times more eggs thanC. singularis while at 31°C oviposition was reduced for both species by 45%, and was accompanied by a reduction in egg hatch. Oviposition byC. salviniae was almost continuous (92% of weeks with some eggs laid) whereas oviposition byC. singularis was intermittent (50% of weeks) with intervals averaging 3 weeks without oviposition. Nitrogen concentration inS. molesta affected reproduction byC. singularis more thanC. salviniae, an increase of 0.1% (dry wt) increasing weekly oviposition by 7.0% and 3.6% respectively. The differences in rm for the two weevil species are discussed in relationship to their potential as biological control agents.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 41 (1986), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): dry matter budget ; nitrogen ; protein ; nutritional ecology ; growth efficiencies ; Datana ministra ; Tilia americana
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'hypothèse suivant laquelle la croissance des larves d'insectes est limitée par l'insuffisance des protéines disponibles dans les feuilles d'arbres a été examinée par l'alimentation des chenilles de Datana ministra Drury sur feuilles développées de Tilia americana L. enduites d'une mixture de protéines d'oeuf et de lait. Des chenilles de second stade, prélevées dans des colonies naturelles, ont été séparées en un lot témoin élevé en masse sur feuilles coupées et un lot expérimental élevé sur feuiles coupées mais enduites de protéines. Le bilan en matière sèche, le taux de croissance, la relation entre ce taux de croissance et la quantité de matière ingérée, le poids des prénymphes ont été déterminés sur 10 chenilles de dernier stade dans chaque lot. Les chenilles ayant consommé un supplément de protéine ont présenté un plus faible taux d'ingestion et un plus faible rendement de croissance, mais une meilleure efficacité apparente d'ingestion et un meilleur taux apparent d'assimilation que les témoins. Le complément protéique n'a pas eu d'effet sur le taux de croissance des chenilles de 5ème stade bien que l'alimentation avec addition de protéines ait provoqué la nymphose à un poids larvaire plus faible. L'addition de protéines avait provoqué une chargé métabolique pour les chenilles, peut-être en provoquant une demande d'excrétion d'azote excessive ou en créant un déséquilibre osmotique, ce qui aurait provoqué une réduction du taux de croissance et du poids des chenilles malgré un taux d'assimilation supérieur. Ces résultats ne confirment pas l'hypothèse que les insectes des arbres sont carencés en protéines.
    Notizen: Abstract The hypothesis that arbivorous insects are protein limited was tested by feeding larvae of Datana ministra mature leaves of Tilia americana that were coated with a mixture of protein. Larvae fed the protein supplement had a lower ingestion rate and net growth efficienty but higher apparent digestion efficiency and apparent assimilation rate than control larvae. Protein supplement had no effect on the rate of growth of 5th instar larvae although larvae fed added protein pupated at a lower weight than control larvae. The added protein placed a metabolic load on the larvae, perhaps by excessive nitrogen excretion demands and osmotic imbalance. The results do not support the hypothesis that arbivorous insects are protein limited.
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): green peach aphid ; Myzus persicae ; potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; maturity ; nitrogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): host quality ; nitrogen ; survival ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; plant virus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Pour vérifier l'hypothèse selon laquelle une contamination par un virs végétal peut accroître la consommation de plantes délaissées ou partiellement résistantes, nous avons examiné les interactions entre Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., et le virus de la mosaïque du tabac (TMV). La survie des larves de L. decemlineata a augmenté avec la contamination par TMV; les teneurs en azote et en tomatine étaient toutes deux plus élevées dans les plantes contaminées par le virus. La survie a augmenté linéairement avec la teneur en azote, mais sans dépendre de la teneur en tomatine. L'influence positive pour L. decemlineata de la contamination par le virus peut être attribuée au moins en partie à la teneur en azote plus élevée. Nos résultats correspondent à l'hypothèse selon laquelle la consommation de plantes délaissées ou partiellement résistantes peut être augmentée par la contamination virale, et que cette contamination peut faciliter l'adaptation d'insectes phytophages sur des plantes marginalement consommables.
    Notizen: Abstract Infection by tobacco mosaic virus improved the suitability of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. for survival of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), larvae. This improvement was due, at least in part, to the increase in total nitrogen content of virus-infected plants. The simultaneous increase in tomatine content had no discernable effect on L. decemlineata survival. Our results are consistent with the suggestions that virus infection may improve the suitability of partially resistant or non-preferred hosts, and that virus infection may facilitate the adaption of phytophagous insects to such ‘marginal’ host plant species.
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Ecological research 5 (1990), S. 111-130 
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Schlagwort(e): Big woody materials ; Decomposition rate ; Foothill diperocarp forest ; nitrogen ; turnover time
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The dynamics of aboveground big woody organs over 10 cm diameter was studied at a mature foothill dipterocarp forest in West Sumatra. The biomass of big woody organs was estimated to be 519 m3 ha−1 or 408 metric ton ha−1 by means of a pipe model theory. The diameter distribution showed a convex curve and the mode was found at a diameter of about 20 cm. The standing mass of big dead woody litter on the forest floor was 116 m3 ha−1, which accounted for 22% by voume or 9.5% by weight of the biomass of living organs respectively. Thedbh observation with two 1-ha plots for 4 yr and 5 yr respectively revealed that the average net production rate was 9.5 ton ha−1 yr−1. The death rate (7.9 ton ha−1 yr−1) accounted for 83% of the net production rate and was nearly equivalent to the decay rate (7.5 ha−1 yr−1) of dead wood on the forest floor. The balance between the death and decay rates was confirmed for each diameter class. Average turnover periods for big woody organs and dead woody litter were estimated to be 43 and 8.1 yr, respectively. Standing masses of live anddead woody materials accumulated in the study forest were approximately equal to those obtained in a mature tropical lowland rainforest, whereas the flow rates were lower, being only 70% of the corresponding values.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Ecological research 11 (1996), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Schlagwort(e): herbivory ; leaf life span ; leaf toughness ; nitrogen ; Quercus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Seasonal changes in leaf traits and the herbivory pattern ofQuercus mongolica var.grosseserrata were studied, and simulated herbivory experiments were carried out in order to evaluate leaf trait responses. Leaves ofQ. mongolica emerged simultaneously in spring and most were retained until autumn. Nitrogen concentration was highest when leaves first emerged and decreased rapidly with leaf age. Leaf mass per area (LMA) increased with leaf age. Herbivore attack was concentrated in the first 20 days after bud-break, which corresponded to the high nutritional value of the leaves for herbivores at this time. Simulated herbivory experiments indicated that LMA increased with artificial leaf damage, suggesting an increase in leaf toughness, and that nitrogen concentration decreased later in the season in comparison with intact leaves. As a result, herbivore attack following artificial leaf damage decreased with increasing initial leaf damage. However, leaf longevity was not affected by initial leaf damage. These responses were considered to be a strategy to disperse herbivory damage among leaves.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 18 (1989), S. 167-179 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Schlagwort(e): Vicia faba L. ; in vitro propagation ; temperature ; nitrogen ; activated charcoal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The influences of nitrogen sources, culture temperature and activated charcoal supplements were studied in relation to the rooting ability of V. faba cuttings. The interaction of these factors led to quantitative and qualitative modifications of the culture responses. Low temperatures (14–18°C) were suitable for in vitro culture, limiting the formation of phenolics in plant material and making activated charcoal supplement unnecessary. Nitrogen supplements contributed in modifying the different plant responses, in accordance with temperature. Multiple shoot formation was obtained from the cotyledonary node and from the stem nodes cultivated in the presence of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). BAP at 4 mg l-1 was the most effective concentration in promoting high rates of shoot development. The original position of stem nodes was found to determine the explant response to plant growth regulator treatments, possibly due to the effect of residual apical dominance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 17 (1989), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Schlagwort(e): M26 ; in vitro ; regeneration ; light ; nitrogen ; irradiation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Regeneration of shoots was achieved from in vitro leaves of M26 at frequencies close to 100% on a medium based on MS salts and LS vitamins, containing 4.4 μM BA and 0.5 μM NAA. Dark and red light gave the best results in inducing shoot regeneration. White light at high intensity helped development of regenerated shoots. Inorganic nitrogen could be reduced by 75% without negative effect, and the presence of NH4 + was necessary for regeneration. Leaves were able to regenerate after a 3 kR irradiation (gamma rays), not after 4 kR. Optimal dose should be between 1 and 2 kR.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 21 (1990), S. 185-189 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium nitrate ; Malus ; nitrogen ; potassium nitrate ; tissue culture
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of some macronutrients, especially NH4NO3 and KNO3, on root development of microcuttings from 3 apple scion cultivars is discussed. A reduction of the level of NH4NO3 in the medium from full strength to 1/4 strength significantly increased the percentage rooting of ‘Gala’ and ‘Royal Gala’, but not ‘Jonagold’. Further reduction of NH4NO3 level from 1/4 strength to zero significantly reduced the percentage of rooting in ‘Gala’ but not ‘Royal Gala’. ‘Jonagold’ rooted best at zero concentration NH4NO3. Without NH4NO3, rooting percentages were as high as 100% for all 3 cultivars when KNO3 was provided at full strength. The results show that adventitious roots can be induced on apple scion cultivars by media manipulation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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