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  • evolution  (202)
  • Seismology
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Springer  (209)
  • 1990-1994  (207)
  • 1950-1954  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 204 (1994), S. 62-69 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell determination ; direct development dorsoventral axis ; echinoids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the direct-developing sea urchinHeliocidaris erythrogramma the first cleavage division bisects the dorsoventral axis of the developing embryo along a frontal plane. In the two-celled embryo one of the blastomeres, the ventral cell (V), gives rise to all pigmented mesenchyme, as well as to the vestibule of the echinus rudiment. Upon isolation, however, the dorsal blastomere (D) displays some regulation, and is able to form a small number of pigmented mesenchyme cells and even a vestibule. We have examined the spatial and temporal determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis during subsequent development. We demonstrate that the dorsoventral axis is resident within both cells of the two-celled embryo, but only the ventral pole of this axis has a rigidly fixed identity this early in development. The polarity of this axis remains the same in half-embryos developing from isolated ventral (V) blastomeres, but it can flip 180° in half-embryos developing from isolated dorsal (D) blastomeres. We find that cell fates are progressively determined along the dorsoventral axis up to the time of gastrulation. The ability of dorsal half-embryos to differentiate ventral cell fates diminishes as they are isolated at progressively later stages of development. These results suggest that the determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis inH. erythrogramma is regulated via inductive interactions organized by cells within the ventral half of the embryo.
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  • 2
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 521-523 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; evolution ; conservation ; biology ; anthropology ; plant biology ; PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 3
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: parental investment ; juvenile survival ; evolution ; gastropods ; molluscs ; ovoviviparity ; viviparity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Parental care in terrestrial gastropods includes the of oviposition sites, production of large, heavily-yolked eggs supplied with calcium carbonate, provisioning of hatchings with eggs in specis with facultative sibling cannibalism, egg retention, and ovoviviparity. Evidence for true viviparity is scarce in terrestrial gastropods, as it is for postlaying care of eggs, though external egg carrying on the shell occurs in a few species. Care of young has not been observed in any terrestrial gastropod species. Provisioning of eggs with nutrients and calcium carbonate might be the most common form of parental investment. Ovoviviparity allows terrestrial gastropods to persist in habitats otherwise unsuitable for oviparous species (e.g. exposed rock walls). An interspecific comparison demonstrates that egg-retaining and ovoviviparous species produce smaller clutches than oviparous species and suggests a cost of parental care.
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  • 4
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    Development genes and evolution 204 (1994), S. 62-69 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Cell determination ; direct development dorsoventral axis ; echinoids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the direct-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma the first cleavage division bisects the dorsoventral axis of the developing embryo along a frontal plane. In the two-celled embryo one of the blastomeres, the ventral cell (V), gives rise to all pigmented mesenchyme, as well as to the vestibule of the echinus rudiment. Upon isolation, however, the dorsal blastomere (D) displays some regulation, and is able to form a small number of pigmented mesenchyme cells and even a vestibule. We have examined the spatial and temporal determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis during subsequent development. We demonstrate that the dorsoventral axis is resident within both cells of the two-celled embryo, but only the ventral pole of this axis has a rigidly fixed identity this early in development. The polarity of this axis remains the same in half-embryos developing from isolated ventral (V) blastomeres, but it can flip 180° in half-embryos developing from isolated dorsal (D) blastomeres. We find that cell fates are progressively determined along the dorsoventral axis up to the time of gastrulation. The ability of dorsal half-embryos to differentiate ventral cell fates diminishes as they are isolated at progressively later stages of development. These results suggest that the determination of cell fates along the dorsoventral axis in H. erythrogramma is regulated via inductive interactions organized by cells within the ventral half of the embryo.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: evolution ; transposable element ; hobo ; Drosophila melanogaster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hobo elements are a family of transposable elements found inDrosophila melanogaster and its three sibling species:D. simulans, D. mauritiana andD. sechellia. Studies inD. melanogaster have shown thathobo may be mobilized, and that the genetic effects of such mobilizations included the general features of hybrid dysgenesis: mutations, chromosomal rearrangements and gonadal dysgenis in F1 individuals. At the evolutionary level somehobo-hybridizing sequences have also been found in the other members of themelanogaster subgroup and in many members of the relatedmontium subgroup. Surveys of older collected strains ofD. melanogaster suggest that completehobo elements were absent prior to 50 years ago and that they have recently been introduced into this species by horizontal transfer. In this paper we review our findings and those of others, in order to precisely describe the geographical distribution and the evolutionary history ofhobo in theD. melanogaster complex. Studies of the DNA sequences reveal a different level of divergence between the groupD. melanogaster, D. simulans andD. mauritiana and the fourth speciesD. sechellia. The hypothesis of multiple transfers in the recent past into theD. melanogaster complex from a common outside source is discussed.
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  • 6
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    Genetica 93 (1994), S. 5-12 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; transposable elements ; adaptation ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A transposable element (TE) is a mobile sequence present in the genome of an organism. TEs can cause lethal mutations by inserting into essential, genes, promoting deletions or leaving short sequences upon excision. They therefore may be gradually eliminated from mixed populations of haploid micro-organisms such asEscherichia coli if they cannot balance this mutation load. Horizontal transmission between cells is known to occur and promote the transfer of TEs, but at rates often too low to compensate for the burden to their hosts. Therefore, alternative mechanisms should be found by these elements to earn their keep in the cells. Several theories have been suggested to explain their long-term maintenance in prokaryotic genomes, but little molecular evidence has been experimentally obtained. In this paper, the permanence of transposable elements in bacterial populations is discussed in terms of costs or benefits for the element and for the host. It is observed that, in all studies yet reported, the elements do not behave in their host as selfish DNA but as a co-operative component for the evolution of the couple.
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  • 7
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    Automated software engineering 1 (1994), S. 177-203 
    ISSN: 1573-7535
    Keywords: automatic programming ; cooperative problem solving ; co-evolution of specification and construction ; critiquing ; design ; domain-oriented design environments ; design rationale ; end-user modifiability ; evolution ; FRAMER ; formal specifications ; JANUS ; knowledge-based software assistant ; languages of doing ; software reuse and redesign ; stakeholders ; upstream and downstream activities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The field of knowledge-based software engineering has been undergoing a shift in emphasis from automatic programming to human augmentation and empowerment. In our research work, we support this shift with an approach that embedshuman-computer cooperative problem-solving tools intodomain-oriented, knowledge-based design environments. Domain orientation reduces the large conceptual distance between problem-domain semantics and software artifacts. Integrated environments support the coevolution of specification and construction while allowing designers to access relevant knowledge at each stage within the software development process. This paper argues thatdomain-oriented design environments (DODEs) are complementary to the approaches pursued withknowledge-based software assistant systems (KBSAs). The DODE extends the KBSA framework by emphasizing a human-centered and domain-oriented approach facilitating communication about evolving systems among all stakeholders. The paper discusses the major challenges for software systems, develops a conceptual framework to address these problems, illustrates DODE with two examples, and assesses the contributions of the KBSA and DODE approaches toward solving these problems.
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  • 8
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 26 (1994), S. 213-219 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Glycosome ; microbody ; glycolysis ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The available data on carbohydrate metabolism in Kinetoplastida have been reviewed. Based on the metabolic pattern of different kinetoplastid organisms, on the subcellular distribution of their glycolytic enzymes, and on the structural and regulatory properties of these proteins, we propose that the glycosome developed from an endosymbiont, as a specific manner to control carbohydrate and energy metabolism. It is discussed how the enzymes were subcellularly recompartmentalized during evolution as adaptation to the environment encountered by the organisms.
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  • 9
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    Journal of mammalian evolution 2 (1994), S. 117-131 
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: enamel microstructure ; evolution ; Chaetomys ; incisors ; Caviomorpha
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the incisor enamel microstructure ofChaetomys subspinosus and other possibly closely related caviomorph rodents.Chaetomys subspinosus lacks the important synapomorphy of the Octodontoidea, reactangular plate-like interprismatic matrix (IPM) in the portio interna (PI) of the incisor Schmelzmuster. Therefore its transfer from the Erethizontidae to the Echimyidae, as proposed by Patterson and Wood (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 149, 371–543, 1982) based on retention of dP4, is contested. The parallel to acute angular IPM in the PI ofChaetomys and the Erethizontidae is a symplesiomorphy and does not indicate close relationship. Contrary to previous claims, a posterior carotid foramen is also retained inChaetomys. Chaetomys is characterized by an unusual thin enamel which is considered primitive after outgroup comparison. Therefore, it is proposed to leaveChaetomys in the monospecific erethizontid subfamily Chaetomyinae, until additional information on the species is available.
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  • 10
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 429-437 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; ecology ; DNA-transfer ; conjugation ; transformation ; transduction ; transposons ; dormant cells ; epilithon ; microbial colonisation ; symbiosis ; virus resistance ; biosafety ; release of genes ; insults to humanity ; evolution ; biodiversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic ecology is the extension of our modern knowledge in molecular genetics to studies of viability, gene expression and gene movements in natural environments like soils, aquifers and digestive tracts. In such milieux, the horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne genes between phylogenetically distant species has already been found to be much more frequent than had been expected from laboratory experience. For the study of exchanges involving chromosomally-located genes, more has to be learned about the behaviour of transposons in such environments. The results expected from studies in genetic ecology are relevant for considerations of evolution, biodiversity and biosafety. The role of this new field of research in restoring popular confidence in science and in its biotechnological applications is stressed.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insect ; behaviour ; high-speed cinematography ; jumping ; electrophysiology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Indian antHarpegnathos saltator may be unique among insects in using its jumping capacity not only as an escape mechanism but also as a normal means of locomotion, and for catching its prey in flight. High-speed cinematography used to analyse the various phases of the jump suggests thatHarpegnathos employs a novel jumping mechanism to mediate these behaviours: namely the synchronous activation of its middle and hindlegs. Electrophysiological recordings from muscles or nerves in pairs of middle and hindlegs show remarkably synchronous activity during fictive jumping, supporting the synchronous activation hypothesis.Harpegnathos is not the only ant to jump, and a cladistic analysis suggests that jumping behaviour evolved independently three times during ant evolutionary history.
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  • 12
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 987-1001 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hsp70 ; evolution ; gene duplication ; gene homology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The family of genes encoding heat shock proteins of about 70 kDa (hsp70) in vertebrates is reviewed under genetic aspects. After a detailed description of the various hsp70 genes more general characteristics of the organization and evolution of the multigene family are discussed.
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  • 13
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    Journal of paleolimnology 10 (1994), S. 43-52 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Charophyta ; evolution ; gyrogonite morphology ; ecology-paleoecology ; Argentina ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Charophyta are common algae in limnic waters from many regions and are an interesting group from an evolutionary point-of-view, as they are believed to be related to the Chlorophyceae and land plants. Paleontological-botanical systematics are discussed, taking into consideration some new advances. Charophytes live in all types of inland waters and are sensitive to ecological change, and so they are very useful paleolimnological markers. Gaps concerning gyrogonite morphology in extant taxa and their responses to different environmental conditions must be described. This paper discusses data concerning ecological factors affecting the distribution of Argentinian Charophyta (principally distributed between 30°S and 40°S), gyrogonite morphology related to different ecological conditions, and the way that Charophyta can modify the environment.
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  • 14
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    Journal of paleolimnology 10 (1994), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Charophyta ; evolution ; gyrogonite morphology ; ecology-paleoecology ; Argentina ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Pleistocene charophytes from Arroyo Perucho Verna, Province of Entre Ríos, were analyzed.Chara contraria Br. ex Kütz.,C. contraria var.longilinea Cáceres,C. globularis Thuill. andTolypella intricata (Trent. ex Roth.) Leonh. var.apiculata (A. Br.) Wood were described and illustrated with scanning electron microscope. The assemblage indicates fresh alkaline to slightly saline waters, not very deep, in a lentic or sometimes lotic environment. Extant assemblages provide data for this paleoecological reconstruction.
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  • 15
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    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 87-99 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: electrophoresis ; evolution ; genetic differentiation ; genetic variation ; pineapple ; Ananas comosus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Isozyme variation was studied in 161 accessions of pineapple including four species of Ananas and one of Pseudananas. Six enzyme systems (ADH, GPI, PGM, SKDH, TPI, UGPP) involving seven putative loci revealed 35 electromorphs. Considerable variation exists within and between species of Ananas. Sixty-six distinct zymotypes were identified. Multivariate analyses of isozyme variation indicated that A. comosus contains five genetically diverse groups that do not match perfectly with the traditional varietal groups. Isozyme evidence also suggests that A. erectifolius is a conspecific variant of A. comosus, and that among other wild species, A. ananassoides is more closely related to A. comosus than A. bracteatus. Pseudananas is genetically distinct from all species of Ananas. It is evident from our study that differentiation among the species of Ananas may be due to ecological isolation rather than genetic divergence with breeding barriers and therefore may represent a species complex.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wild wheats ; Aegilops ventricosa ; chromosomal polymorphism ; cytogenetics ; seed proteins ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Five samples of Aegilops ventricosa (2n=4x=28, genome formula DDNN) from different geographical origins, were crossed in a diallelic scheme. Metaphase I chromosome pairing of the hybrids, accounting for all the possible genetic combinations, was analysed. Only bivalents were formed in some hybrids, while multivalents were scored in other ones. Seed storage proteins, gliadins and albumins, were also analysed by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Based on the presence of multivalents in hybrids, and on the differences in seed protein profiles, the samples could be grouped into two clusters. Meiosis was regular in hybrids obtained within samples of the same group, while multivalents were present in hybrids involving a sample of one group and one of the other. The evolutionary trends in Ae. ventricosa are discussed.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea ; evolution ; landrace group ; numerical taxonomy ; Portuguese coles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Morphological characters, nuclear RFLPs, and isozyme analysis were used to study the similarity between 32 Portuguese Tronchuda cabbage and Galega kale landraces, and some cabbage cultivars traditionally grown in Portugal. Forty-six morphological characters observed in two consecutive years, RFLP data from 55 nuclear probes, detecting 291 polymorphic nuclear DNA restriction fragments, and allelic frequencies in 21 putative loci, generated by nine isozymes, were analyzed by the unweighted pair group method, using arithmetic averages (UPGMA), in order to present the results in the form of a phenogram. The three methods resulted in different clustering patterns of the 32 cole accessions. Morphological characters gave consistent clustering according to the traditional landrace definition and denomination, producing clear separation between Tronchuda cabbages and Galega kales. RFLPs were unable to separate Tronchuda cabbages from Galega kales and defined five landrace groups corresponding to their geographic origins rather than to their morphological similarities. Isozymes showed poor accession discrimination and an intermediate clustering pattern with some accessions being clustered according to their geographic origins and others according to their morphological similarities. Portuguese Tronchuda cabbages and Galega kales constitute a distinct and relatively homogenous group within Brassica oleracea, sharing the same genetic background. It is concluded that Portuguese coles have evolved independently from a common ancestor to the present cultivated forms. Portugal should be considered as an important region of domestication of specialized leafy coles.
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  • 18
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    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: vertical gene transfer ; sequence homology ; gene swapping ; risk analysis ; evolution ; HGT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Presented here is an assessment on the putative biohazard of spontaneous horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in plants. Suggestions for spontaneous HGT between sexually incompatible plant species and between plants and microorganisms are numerous. The novel argument is sequence homology, but this argument is known to be invalid or at least inadequate. Only one case was found for HGT from a bacterium to a plant. This most probably took place in the evolutionary past. None of the supposed HGT cases brought forward up to the end of 1992 include the description of a mechanism by which a DNA fragment is detached from one genome, passed at least one membrane, and is inserted into another plant genome. Spontaneous HGT to plants with subsequent vertical (trans) gene transfer through normal seed set cannot be totally excluded, however, the literature up to 1993 does not provide any scientifically valid indication that such an HGT should be considered as a realistic biohazard.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: evolution ; fluorescentin situ hybridization ; microdissection ; phylogeny ; primates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescencein situ hybridization (FISH) of microlibraries established from distinct chromosome subregions can test the evolutionary conservation of chromosome bands as well as chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during primate evolution and will help to clarify phylogenetic relationships. We used a DNA library established by microdissection and microcloning from the entire long arm of human chromosome 2 for fluorescencein situ hybridization and comparative mapping of the chromosomes of human, great apes (Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus) and Old World monkeys (Macaca fuscata andCercopithecus aethiops). Inversions were found in the pericentric region of the primate chromosome 2p homologs in great apes, and the hybridization pattern demonstrates the known phylogenetically derived telomere fusion in the line that leads to human chromosome 2. The hybridization of the 2q microlibrary to chromosomes of Old World monkeys gave a different pattern from that in the gorilla and the orang-utan, but a pattern similar to that of chimpanzees. This suggests convergence of chromosomal rearrangements in different phylogenetic lines.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: evolution ; polyploid wheat ; species-specific translocation ; Triticum timopheevii ; Triticum turgidum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Triticum timopheevii ssp.timopheevii andT. timopheevii ssp.araraticum were analysed by sequential N-banding and genomicin situ hybridization. Three chromosomes, 6At, 1G and 4G, were involved in At-G intergenomic translocations in all six lines analysed. These chromosomes may be derived from a cyclic translocation that is species-specific toT. timopheevii. In contrast,Triticum turgidum has a species-specific cyclic translocation involving chromosomes 4A, 5A and 7B. The discovery of different species-specific chromosome translocations supports the diphyletic hypothesis of the evolution of tetraploid wheats. The results from genomic blocking analysis also revealed that the chromosomes ofAegilops speltoides are closer to the G genome than the B genome chromosomes. The possible role of speciesspecific translocations in the evolution of wheat is discussed.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: evolution ; reptiles ; satellite DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the isolation and characterization of twoHindIII repetitive DNA families from the genome of two lacertid lizards,Podarcis sicula andLacerta saxicola. These satellites did not appear to be related to each other. The consensus sequences of their monomeric units did not show any similarity, though both DNAs were A-T rich. Moreover, each of them was found only in closely related species. The monomeric unit of theHindIII DNA family isolated fromP. sicula (pLHS) showed a close resemblance to pLCS, a centromeric satellite DNA previously isolated from the same species; it was, however, mainly localized at pericentromeric, interstitial and telomeric levels. The results also provide interesting information on the systematics of the lacertids studied.
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  • 22
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 285-287 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: cytochromec oxidase ; quinol oxidase ; metal centres ; respiration ; denitrification ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structural features of cytochrome oxidases are reviewed in light of their evolution. The substrate specificity (quinol vs. cytochromec) is reflected in the presence of a unique copper centre (Cu A ) in cytochromec oxidases. In several lines of evolution, quinol oxidases have independently lost this copper. Also, the most primitive cytochromec oxidases do not contain this copper, and electron entry takes place viac-type haems. These enzymes, exemplified by the rhizobial FixN complex, probably remind the first oxidases. They are related to the denitrification enzyme nitric oxide reductase.
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  • 23
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 271-284 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: bioenergetics ; evolution ; history of science ; H+ cycle ; Na+ cycle ; flagellar motor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Possible routes for the evolution of cell energetics are considered. It is assumed that u.v. light was the primary energy source for the precursors of the primordial living cell and that primitive energetics might have been based on the use of the adenine moiety of ADP as the u.v. chromophore. It is proposed that the excitation of the adenine residue facilitated phosphorylation of its amino group with subsequent transfer of a phosphoryl group to the terminal phosphate of ADP to form ATP. ATP-driven carbohydrate synthesis is considered as a mechanism for storing u.v.-derived energy, which was then used in the dark. Glycolysis presumably produced compounds like ethanol and CO2 which easily penetrate the membrane and therefore were lost by the cell. Later lactate-producing glycolysis appeared, the end product being non-penetrant and, hence, retained inside the cell to be utilized to regenerate carboxydrates when light energy became available. Production of lactate was accompanied by accumulation of equimolar H+. To avoid acidification of the cell interior, an F0-type H+ channel was employed. Later it was supplemented with F1. This allowed the ATP energy to be used for ‘uphill’ H+ pumping to the medium, which was acidified due to glycolytic activity of the cells. In the subsequent course of evolution, u.v. light was replaced by visible light, which has lower energy but is less dangerous for the cell. It is assumed that bacteriorhodopsin, a simple and very stable light-driven H+ pump which still exists in halophilic and thermophilic Archaea, was the primary system utilizing visible light. The $$\Delta \bar \mu _{{\rm H}^ + } $$ formed was used to reverse the H+-ATPase, which began to function as H+-ATP-synthase. Later, bacteriorhodopsin photosynthesis was substituted by a more efficient chlorophyll photosynthesis, producing not only ATP, but also carbohydrates. O2, a side product of this process, was consumed by the H+-motive respiratory chain to form $$\Delta \bar \mu _{{\rm H}^ + } $$ in the dark. At the next stage of evolution, a parallel energy-transducing mechanism appeared which employed Na+ instead of H+ as the coupling ion (the Na+ cycle). As a result, the bioenergetic system became more stable under unfavorable conditions. Apparently, the latest inventions of evolution of biological energy transducers are those which can utilize $$\Delta \bar \mu _{{\rm H}^ + } $$ and $$\Delta \bar \mu _{Na^ + } $$ outside the coupling membrane, like the bacterial flagellar motor and the TonB-mediated uphill transport of solutes across the outer membrane of bacteria.
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  • 24
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    Biodegradation 5 (1994), S. 301-321 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: catabolic pathways ; chlorocatechol ; degradation ; dienelactone hydrolase ; 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aerobic bacterial degradation of chloroaromatic compounds often involves chlorosubstituted catechols as central intermediates. They are converted to 3-oxoadipate in a series of reactions similar to that for catechol catabolism and therefore designated as modifiedortho-cleavage pathway. Among the enzymes of this catabolic route, the chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenases are known to have a relaxed substrate specificity. In contrast, several chloromuconate cycloisomerases are more specific, and the dienelactone hydrolases of chlorocatechol catabolic pathways do not even convert the corresponding intermediate of catechol degradation, 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone. While the sequences of chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenases and chloromuconate cycloisomerases are very similar to those of catechol 1,2-dioxygenases and muconate cycloisomerases, respectively, the relationship between dienelactone hydrolases and 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone hydrolases is more distant. They seem to share an α/β hydrolase fold, but the sequences comprising the fold are quite dissimilar. Therefore, for chlorocatechol catabolism, dienelactone hydrolases might have been recruited from some other, preexisting pathway. Their relationship to dienelactone (hydrolases identified in 4-fluorobenzoate utilizing strains ofAlcaligenes andBurkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia is investigated). Sequence evidence suggests that the chlorocatechol catabolic operons of the plasmids pJP4, pAC27, and pP51 have been derived from a common precursor. The latter seems to have evolved for the purpose of halocatechol catabolism, and may be considerably older than the chemical industry.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 65 (1994), S. 311-329 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; chlorophyll ; bacteriochlorophyll ; reaction center ; electron transfer ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic reaction centers from a variety of organisms have been isolated and characterized. The groups of prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms include the purple bacteria, the filamentous green bacteria, the green sulfur bacteria and the heliobacteria as anoxygenic representatives as well as the cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes as oxygenic representatives. This review focuses on structural and functional comparisons of the various groups of photosynthetic reaction centers and considers possible evolutionary scenarios to explain the diversity of existing photosynthetic organisms.
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    Biodegradation 5 (1994), S. 195-217 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Aromatic catabolism ; by bacteria (Pseudomonas) ; evolution ; of catabolic pathways ; hydrocarbons ; catabolism of aromatic ; Pseudomonas ; evolution of catabolism in ; oxygenases ; evolution of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The organisation and nucleotide sequences coding for the catabolism of benzene, toluene (and xylenes), naphthalene and biphenylvia catechol and the extradiol (meta) cleavage pathway inPseudomonas are reviewed and the various factors which may have played a part in their evolution are considered. The data suggests that the complete pathways have evolved in a modular way probably from at least three elements. The commonmeta pathway operons, downstream from the ferredoxin-like protein adjacent to the gene for catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, are highly homologous and clearly share a common ancestry. This common module may have become fused to a gene or genes the product(s) of which could convert a stable chemical (benzoate, salicylate, toluene, benzene, phenol) to catechol, thus forming the lower pathway operons found in modern strains. The upper pathway operons might then have been acquired as a third module at a later stage thus increasing the catabolic versatility of the host strains.
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    Journal of statistical physics 76 (1994), S. 703-723 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Seismology ; migration ; scalar wave equation ; parallel computing
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Prospecting for oil and gas resources poses the problem of determining the geological structure of the earth's crust from indirect measurements. Seismic migration is an acoustic image reconstruction technique based on the inversion of the scalar wave equation. Extensive computation is necessary before reliable information can be extracted from large sets of recorded data. In this paper a collection of “industrial” migration techniques, each giving rise to a data parallel algorithm, is outlined. Computer simulations on synthetic seismic data illustrate the problem and the approach.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chloroplast DNA ; eggplant ; evolution ; Solanum incanum ; Solanum melongena ; Solanum marginatum ; taxonomy ; variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Total chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from Solanum incanum, a wild relative of eggplant, was used to probe total DNAs from 27 accessions of S. melongena (eggplant), S. incanum sensu lato and S. marginatum, all of which are quite similar in their morphology. There is a wide diversity in plastotypes within S. incanum sensu lato. On the other hand, only one restriction fragment pattern difference was detected between S. melongena and S. incanum sensu lato. The restriction fragment patterns generated by eight enzymes were recorded as present or absent, and a matrix for all fragment positions, enzymes and accessions was used for cluster analysis. In the dendrogram, it is suggested that S. marginatum is not nearly as closely related to S. melongena and S. incanum sensu lato as previously supposed, and some of accessions treated as S. incanum sensu lato, originated from Southern Africa, should be called S. lichtensteinii.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; evolution ; red algae ; thioredoxin
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A gene encoding a thioredoxin protein was identified in the chloroplast genome of the rhodophyte Porphyra yezoensis. The P. yezoensis trxA gene contains 324 bp and is transcribed into a 0.7 kb messenger RNA. Analysis of the transcription start site demonstrates that canonical chloroplast −10 and −35 sequences are not present. The deduced amino acid sequence of the thioredoxin gene from the red algae has the greatest similarity to type m thioredoxins, providing strong support for the hypothesis that type m thioredoxins in photosynthetic eukaryotes originated from an engulfed bacterial endosymbiont. Hybridization analysis of nuclear and chloroplast DNAs from several members of the phyla Chromophyta and Rhodophyta using P. yezoensis DNA as a probe demonstrated strong hybridization to the chloroplast and nuclear genomes of Griffithsia pacifica and a weak cross-hybridization to the chromophyte P. foliaceum. The G. pacifica chloroplast gene has a 66% identity with the P. yezoensis DNA, contains conserved active site amino acid residues, but lacks a methionine start codon.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: aspartate aminotransferase ; gene structure ; nodule ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genomic clones encoding two isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) were isolated from an alfalfa genomic library and their DNA sequences were determined. The AAT1 gene contains 12 exons that encode a cytosolic protein expressed at similar levels in roots, stems and nodules. In nodules, the amount of AAT1 mRNA was similar at all stages of development, and was slightly reduced in nodules incapable of fixing nitrogen. The AAT1 mRNA is polyadenylated at multiple sites differing by more than 250 bp. The AAT2 gene contains 11 exons, with 5 introns located in positions identical to those found in animal AAT genes, and encodes a plastid-localized isozyme. The AAT2 mRNA is polyadenylated at a very limited range of sites. The transit peptide of AAT2 is encoded by the first two and part of the third exon. AAT2 mRNA is much more abundant in nodules than in other organs, and increases dramatically during the course of nodule development. Unlike AAT1, expression of AAT2 is significantly reduced in nodules incapable of fixing nitrogen. Phylogenetic analysis of deduced AAT proteins revealed 4 separate but related groups of AAT proteins; the animal cytosolic AATs, the plant cytosolic AATs, the plant plastid AATs, and the mitochondrial AATs.
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    Molecular biology reports 20 (1994), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: review ; zinc finger protein ; DNA recognition ; evolution ; development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Complexity is one of the hallmarks that applies to C2H2 type zinc finger proteins (ZFPs). Structurally distinct clusters of zinc finger modules define an extremely large superfamily of nucleic acid binding proteins with several hundred, perhaps thousands of different members in vertebrates. Recent discoveries have provided new insights into the biochemistry of RNA and DNA recognition, into ZFP evolution and genomic organization, and also into basic aspects of their biological function. However, as much as we have learned, other fundamental questions about ZFP function remain highly enigmatic. This essay is meant to define what we personally feel are important questions, rather than trying to provide a comprehensive, encyclopaedic review.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: developmental biology ; ecology ; evolution ; molecular biology ; morphology ; ontogeny ; phylogeny ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Diversity in glomalean fungi is manifested at the molecular, morphological, and ecological levels. Characters at any of these levels can be ordered into hierarchical patterns defining taxonomic groups if they are conserved enough to be heritable through geologic time in all descendants of a common ancestor. At present, only morphological characters associated with mode of spore formation and in subcellular structure of spores are sufficiently stable and diverse to recognize at least 150 species. Ontogenetic comparisons indicate that species integrity, despite asexual reproduction, is the result of rigid internal constraints imposed on variation during the process of spore subcellular differentiation. Epigenetic factors dominate because the differentiation sequence is linear and each new stage is causally linked to preceding stages. Some morphological characters of the fungal mycelium also exist, but they define more inclusive groups at the family level and above. Most diversity in the mycorrhizae consists of life-history traits associated with abundance and architecture of fungal components, their rate of formation and longevity, and their cost in the symbiosis. These characters participate in processes at the molecular and ecological levels, so they are autonomous from morphological determinants. They often are labile or affected by external environmental conditions, so fewer stable taxonomic characters are likely to be discovered. Instead, molecular and ecological diversity has greater potential to define; (a) niche specificity of organisms/populations and (b) causal processes linked to host-fungus compatibility and mycorrhizal efficiency. Any taxonomic characters that relate to mycorrhizal functions will come only from comparative studies involving organisms from shared habitats rather than those having shared spore morphologies.
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    Plant and soil 161 (1994), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; diversity ; evolution ; legumes ; N2 fixation ; Rhizobium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Diversity in both legumes and rhizobia is discussed, in the light of evolution of nodulation. An hypothesis is developed that two separate nodulation events occurred in the humid tropics during the evolution of legumes in the late Cretaceous. One of these involved an ancestor ofRhizobium and a root infection. This was initially parasitic and provided little benefit until bacteria were released from infection threads as in modern crop species. The other involved a photosynthetic ancestor ofBradyrhizobium with a wound infection on stems, and has never involved infection threads. As continents moved and climates changed to a seasonal type, involving either rainfall or temperature extremes, further constraints were imposed. The argument is pursued for the case of acacias and their rhizobia in arid regions. Here selection pressures on rhizobia led to the evolution of stress tolerant forms, not all of which are capable of symbiosis, and where symbiotic genes may be an expensive encumbrance. Lateral transfer of material on megaplasmids led to a wide range of symbiotic and non-symbiotic forms in response to local pressures. When environmental constraints are superimposed on initial evolutionary developments, the result is an apparently chaotic situation where there is no obvious pattern of co-evolution between hosts and rhizobia. Evidence of such coevolution may still be buried in this chaos and may be amenable to molecular analysis.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Calcium-binding lysozyme ; α-lactalbumin ; three-dimensional structure ; evolution
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Similarities in amino acid sequences, three-dimensional structures, and the exon-intron patterns of their genes have indicated thatc-type lysozymes andα-lactalbumins are homologous proteins, i.e., descended by divergent evolution from a common ancestor. Like theα-lactalbumins, echidna milk, horse milk, and pigeon eggwhite lysozymes all bind Ca(II). Models of their three-dimensional structures, based on their amino acid sequences and the known crystal structures of domestic hen eggwhite and human lysozymes and baboon and humanα-lactalbumins, have been built. The several structures have been compared and their relationships discussed.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 785-802 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Agaonidae ; evolution ; fig wasps ; host finding ; volatile attractants ; Ficus ; Moraceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fig wasps (Chalcidoidea; Agaonidae) are intimately associated with the 750 or so species of fig trees (Ficus, Moraceae). Each tree species is usually pollinated by a single species of wasp belonging to the subfamily Agaoninae, while other wasps of the family are parasitoids or seed predators. Previous experiments have shown that the wasps are attracted to the trees by volatiles emanating from the figs. Using fig-bearing trees and arrays of sticky traps baited with figs, we investigated the specificity of wasp attraction and its timing. The pollinators of two closely relatedFicus species were specifically attracted to figs of their host species and only at the time when figs were ready to be pollinated. Some nonpollinating fig wasps appear to respond to the same volatile cues.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 231-238 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; behavior ; evolution ; sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, from two colonies in which all females express an abnormal sex pheromone production phenotype were evaluated in a laboratory wind tunnel for upwind flight responses to the normal and abnormal sex pheromones. The abnormal sex pheromone blend consisted of 20 times as much (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and 30-fold less (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate compared to the normal pheromone blend. Initially, these males exhibited poor behavioral responses to the abnormal sex pheromone and maximum responses to the normal pheromone blend, indicating that there was no linkage between signal production and response. After 49 generations of laboratory rearing, males from the mutant colonies maintained good responses to the normal pheromone and increased their behavioral response to the abnormal sex pheromone to the same levels as for the normal pheromone. Over the same period, normal males maintained their preference for the normal pheromone. These results indicated that evolution had occurred in mutant colonies in favor of greater male responsiveness to the abnormal sex pheromone, resulting in the broadening of the response spectrum to pheromone blend ratios. This evolution presumably resulted from a mating advantage to those males that did not discriminate against mutant-type females in the mutant colonies.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 138 (1994), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: NAD ; evolution ; polymerase chain reaction ; zinc finger ; leucine zipper
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cDNAs have been isolated from different classes of animals. Cloning of genes from lower eukaryotes has allowed us to investigate directly the biological functions of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ationin vivo. The conservation of specific regions among mammals, chicken,Xenopus laevis, andDrosophila melanogaster reveals the essential structural elements required for recognition of breaks in DNA and for catalytic activity. Cys, His and basic residues in the zinc-finger consensus region are conserved. The carboxyl terminal region corresponding to an NAD-binding domain is strongly conserved. The dinucleotide-binding consensus sequence and β1-αA-β2, Rossmann fold structure, and β-sheet structures are completely conserved from mammals to insect. InDrosophila, a putative leucine-zipper motif has been identified, and other poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases also contain an α-helical, amphipathic structure in the auto-modification domain. In this article, we review the recent structural analyses of the functional domains of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in phylogenetically divergent species, and discuss the implications of structural conservation for its biological functions.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 133-134 (1994), S. 245-262 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: creatine kinase ; arginine kinase ; protein sequence comparison ; evolution ; CK framework ; ‘diagnostic boxes’ ; secondary structure prediction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Comparisons of the protein sequences and gene structures of the known creatine kinase isoenzymes and other guanidino kinases revealed high homology and were used to determine the evolutionary relationships of the various guamidino kinases. A ‘CK framework’ is defined, consisting of the most conserved sequence blocks, and ‘diagnostic boxes’ are identified which are characteristic for anyone creatine kinase isoenzyme (e.g. for vertebrate B-CK) and which may serve to distinguish this isoenzyme from all others (e.g. from M-CKs and Mi-CKs). Comparison of the guanidino kinases by near-UV and far-UV circular dichroism further indicates pronounced conservation of secondary structure as well as of aromatic amino acids that are involved in catalysis.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Doc ; evolution ; transcription ; transposable element
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mobile elementDoc is similar in structure and coding potential to the LINE families found in various organisms. In this paper, we analyze the insertional and structural polymorphism of this element and show that it appears to have a long evolutionary history in the genome ofD. melanogaster. Like the family ofI elements, theDoc family seems to display three types of elements: full length elements, defective members that have recently transposed and long since immobilized members common to eachD. melanogaster strain. These three classes ofDoc elements seem to be present inD. simulans, a closely related species toD. melanogaster. Furthermore, we show thatDoc is transcribed as a polyadenylated RNA of about 5 kb in length, presumed to be a full length RNA. This transcript is present in different tissues and at different stages ofDrosophila development. These results are compared with previous records on the chromosomal distribution of LINEs or other transposable element families.Doc transcription is analyzed in an attempt to understand the link betweenDoc transcription and transposition.
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    Genetica 93 (1994), S. 203-215 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: evolution ; alu ; b1 ; 4.5s RNA ; bc200 RNA
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The past few years have brought new insight into the evolution of families of retroposons. These are composed of a very small number of master sequences able to duplicate, and a large majority of copies that are inactive for retroposition. During the course of time, successive replacements of master sequences have produced waves of amplification that are recognizable as subfamilies. In the Alu and the B1 families, one can distinguish two evolutionary periods. The first involves only monomeric elements that are now extinguished (fossil elements) and is characterized by deep remodeling of the sequences. This period ends, in primates, with the fusion of a free left and a free right Alu monomer, producing the first modern Alu dimeric element; in rodents it ends with a tandem duplication of 29 bp to create the first modern B1 element. The second period is characterized by a great stability of the master sequences. The observed turn-over of master sequences is still an enigma. However, analysis of the contemporary master sequences and of the oldest master sequences provide some clues. Here, we review the very first stages of the appearance of the Alu and the B1 families in mammalian genomes.
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    Biology and philosophy 9 (1994), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Ethology ; cognitive ethology ; play ; intentionality ; evolution ; definition
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Social play is naturally characterized in intentional terms. An evolutionary account of social play could help scientists to understand the evolution of cognition and intentionality. Alexander Rosenberg (1990) has argued that if play is characterized intentionally or functionally, it is not a behavioral phenotype suitable for evolutionary explanation. If he is right, his arguments would threaten many projects in cognitive ethology. We argue that Rosenberg's arguments are unsound and that intentionally and functionally characterized phenotypes are a proper domain for ethological investigation.
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    Biology and philosophy 9 (1994), S. 75-84 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Altruism ; ethics ; ethology ; evolution ; sociobiology
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Altruistic behavior is often regarded as sociobiology's most central theoretical problem, but is it? Altruism in biology, bioaltruism, has many meanings, which can be grouped into two categories. The first I will callcommon bioaltruism. It is primarily of ethological relevance. The second,evolutionary bioaltruism, is a special category in evolutionary respects in that it may indeed pose a problem for evolutionary theory. These categories are logically independent. Moreover, both of them are logically different from altruism in its everyday psychological or moral sense. Sociobiological examples of bioaltruistic behavior concern bioaltruism in the first sense only, so the theoretical problem ‘altruism’ is supposed to pose, is indeed nothing but a theoretical problem and the bioaltruism that actually occurs has no evolutionary relevance. Nevertheless, evolutionary theory is relevant to our understanding of the possibility of common bioaltruism, and that possibility — even though bioaltruism is conceptually different from ethical altruism — is relevant for ethicists: it sheds light on what we can ask people to do or not to do.
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    Biology and philosophy 9 (1994), S. 267-327 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: biogeography ; Ernst Mayr ; evolution ; naturalist ; nomenclature ; systematics
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Ernst Mayr's scientific career continues strongly 70 years after he published his first scientific paper in 1923. He is primarily a naturalist and ornithologist which has influenced his basic approach in science and later in philosophy and history of science. Mayr studied at the Natural History Museum in Berlin with Professor E. Stresemann, a leader in the most progressive school of avian systematics of the time. The contracts gained through Stresemann were central to Mayr's participation in a three year expedition to New Guinea and The Solomons, and the offer of a position in the Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, beginning in 1931. At the AMNH, Mayr was able to blend the best of the academic traditions of Europe with those of North America in developing a unified research program in biodiversity embracing systematics, biogeography and nomenclature. His tasks at the AMNH were to curate and study the huge collections amassed by the Whitney South Sea Expedition plus the just purchased Rothschild collection of birds. These studies provided Mayr with the empirical foundation essential for his 1942Systematics and the Origin of Species and his subsequent theoretical work in evolutionary biology as well as all his later work in the philosophy and history of science. Without a detailed understanding of Mayr's empirical systematic and biogeographic work, one cannot possibly comprehend fully his immense contributions to evolutionary biology and his later analyses in the philosophy and history of science.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 111-126 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Colchicaceae ; Androcymbium ; Allozymes ; evolution ; taxonomy ; genetic conservation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Levels of allozymic and morphological diversity amongAndrocymbium gramineum, A. europaeum, andA. psammophilum have been assessed using data on 17 allozyme loci and 18 morphological characters. No apparent pattern of geographic or ecological variation was found. Our results also suggest thatA. gramineum andA. europaeum should be considered members of a single species and that the insular speciesA. psammophilum can no longer be thought of as the result of a founder effect fromA. gramineum. Intrapopulational variability was greater than inter-populational variability at both levels studied, which is of strategic interest for the “ex-situ” conservation of these threatened endemic species.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 189 (1994), S. 247-257 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Echinochloa ; sawa and barnyard millets ; RAPD analysis ; evolution ; genetic resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Echinochloa (Poaceae) includes two domesticated species,Echinochloa utilis (Japanese barnyard millet) andE. frumentacea (Indian sawa millet) and 20–30 wild species. The two millets are morphologically very variable and overlap in spikelet and inflorescence characteristics. Both species are hexaploids based on x = 9. Cytogenetic studies point to the hexaploid wild speciesE. crusgalli andE. colona as possible progenitors ofE. utilis andE. frumentacea, respectively. The tetraploidE. oryzoides is considered as a possible genome donor to wild and domesticated barnyard millet. Markers from Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA method were used to assess the proposed phylogeny and examine the genetic diversity in both domesticated and wild species. The data were analyzed numerically.Echinochloa utilis andE. frumentacea appear very distinct, but grouped withE. crusgalli andE. colona, respectively. The tetraploidE. oryzoides show strong genetic affinity to theE. utilis—E. crusgalli group. The data are in general agreement with the cytogenetic information; however, some disagreements on the interpretation of some of the cytogenetic information is raised. The variability in DNA markers observed in the domesticated species, particularlyE. frumentacea, points to the feasibility of using RAPD markers in cultivar fingerprinting and breeding programs of these millets.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 1-26 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Mimoseae ; Leucaena ; Phylogeny ; chloroplast DNA ; polyploidy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloroplast DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms have been used to reconstruct the maternal phylogeny of all the known taxa in the small neotropical legume genusLeucaena. Three major plastome clades were recognized, but these did not conform with relationships between the taxa proposed on other characters from morphology, cytology or hybridization. The maternal parentage of tetraploids within the genus has been proposed. Evidence for introgression was found between “diploid”L. diversifolia and “tetraploid”L. diversifolia. The implications of these results for the origin of the cultivated taxa are discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 193 (1994), S. 187-212 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Rafflesiaceae ; Ovule ; seed structure ; seed dispersal ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genera of theRafflesiaceae show a marked diversity in the structure of their ovules and seeds. Evolutionary trends are recognizable in ovule orientation and number of integuments. A change from anatropous ovules inApodantheae andMitrastemoideae towards incomplete anatropy inRafflesieae and orthotropy inCytineae occurs, next to a change from bitegmic ovules inApodantheae towards unitegmy with rudimentary outer integuments inRafflesieae andCytineae and full unitegmy inMitrastemoideae.—The differences in ovule structure are clearly reflected in the seeds. The seeds are essentially exotegmic, have very small embryos and an oily endosperm.—Seed structure strongly confirms the existing subfamilial classification and supports additional arguments for the generic status ofApodanthes. It does not support a separate status of the genusBerlinianche. InRafflesiaceae, seed micromorphology is only of limited use at the species level. As far as known seed dispersal is endo- or exozoochorous in all genera.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 190 (1994), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Brassicaceae ; Brassica ; Sinapis ; Raphanus ; Eruca ; Repetitive DNA ; fingerprinting ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract SixBrassica species, known as the “triangle of U”, and four species from related genera were characterized by DNA fingerprinting with simple repetitive oligonucleotide probes. Our results show that CT-, TCC-, and GTG-repeat motifs are equally abundant in the genomes of the sixBrassica species. In contrast, GATA-, GGAT-, and GACA-multimers are unevenly distributed among different species. As judged from the number and strength of hybridization signals, the highest copy number of all three motifs occurs inBrassica nigra, while the lowest is observed inB. oleracea. The abundance of GATA-and GACA-repeats varies in a coordinate way. The amphidiploid genomes ofB. juncea, B. carinata, andB. napus each harbour intermediate amounts of (GATA)4 and (GACA)4-detected repeats as compared to their diploid progenitors, thus supporting the concept of the “U triangle”. GATA-, GACA-, and GGAT-repeats were also abundant inEruca sativa andSinapis arvensis, but not inRaphanus sativus andSinapis alba. These results support the idea thatBrassica nigra is more closely related toSinapis arvensis than to otherBrassica species such asB. rapa andB. oleracea.
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    Evolutionary ecology 8 (1994), S. 639-657 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: flightlessness ; wing dimorphism ; phylogeny ; evolution ; birds ; insects ; constraints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Though most birds and insects are capable of flight (‘volant’) some species are flightless. In this paper I test the hypothesis that phylogenetic constraints have played a role in the evolution of flightlessness. If speciation occurred after the evolutionary transition to flightlessness, inferences concerning the importance of particular aspects of the environment on the probability of the evolution of flightlessness may be statistically spurious because of the inflation of the sample size. Among birds, ratites and penguins illustrate the phenomenon of considerable speciation subsequent to the transition to the evolution of flightlessness. In contrast, the rails represent a group in which each flightless species probably represents a separate evolutionary transition. There are many more flightless insect species than bird species and several orders are monomorphically flightless, the sometimes enormous speciation within the order following and possibly being a consequence of the evolution of flightlessness. While it can be shown in insects that flightlessness has evolved independently many times, there are at least as many cases in which the question cannot be resolved. Therefore, in both birds and insects phylogenetic effects should not be ignored, for the number of evolutionary transitions may be much less than the number of species. The effect of incorporating phylogenetic (or at least taxonomic) constraints into the analysis of habitat factors associated with flightlessness is considered.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Leymus ; Hordeum ; Psathyrostachys ; Taxonomy ; evolution ; molecular evolution ; repetitive DNA ; rDNA polymorphisms ; RFLP analysis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used total genomic DNA as a probe to size-fractionated restriction enzyme digests of genomic DNA from a range ofTriticeae species from the generaLeymus Hochst.,Psathyrostachys Nevski, andHordeum L., and hybrids betweenHordeum andLeymus to investigate their taxonomic relationships. Genomic Southern hybridization was found to be an effective and simple way to assess the distribution and diversity of essentially species-specific and common, repetitive DNA sequences, and is hence especially useful in evolutionary studies. The DNA sequences ofH. vulgare seem to diverge substantially from those ofH. brachyantherum, H. lechleri, H. procerum, andH. depressum. The genome ofThinopyron bessarabicum shows little homology to those of theLeymus species investigated, confirming thatT. bessarabicum is not an ancestral genome inLeymus. Although the genomes ofLeymus andPsathyrostachys share substantial proportions of DNA sequences, they include divergent repeated sequences as well. Hybridization with a ribosomal DNA probe (pTa 71) showed that the coding regions containing structural genes encoding the 18 S, 5.8 S, and 26 S ribosomal RNA were conserved among the species investigated, whereas the intergenic spacer region was more variable, presenting different sizes of restriction fragments and enabling a classification of the species. The rye heterochromatin probe pSc 119.2 hybridized to DNA fromH. lechleri andT. bessarabicum, but not to DNA from the other species investigated.
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    Human evolution 9 (1994), S. 25-33 
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Colobinae ; cranial morphology ; evolution ; phylogeny ; systematic classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the differentiation of Asian colobines, fourteen variables were analysed in one way, on 123 skulls, includingRhinopithecus, Presbytis, Presbytiscus, Pygathrix, andNasalis with both cluster and differentiated functions tests. Information on paleoenvironment changes in China and South-East Asia since late Tertiary have been used to examine the influences of migratory habits and the distribution range in Asian colobines. The cladogram among different Asian colobines genera was made from the results of various analysis. Some new points or revisions were suggested: 1. Following the second migratory way, ancient species of Asian colobines perhaps passed through Xizang along the northern bank of Tethis sea and Heng-Duan Shan regions, across Yunnan into Vietnam, since the ancient continent between Yunnan and Xizang was already located in on eastern bank of Tethis sea. Thus, during the evolution, Asian colobines must have had two original centres, i.e. “Sundaland” and Heng-Duan Shan Chinese regions; 2. Pygatrix possesses a lot of cranial features more similar toPresbytiscus than toRhinopithecus. The small difference from the modification combinesPygatrix with other two genera as shown by Groves (1970), but it is better to putPygatrix andPresbytiscus together as one genus; 3.Nasalis (2n=48) may be the most primitive genus within Asian colobines. Some features shared withRhinopithecus, for example body size, terrestrial activities, limb proportion etc. ...seem to be considered as a common inheritance of symlesiomorphus characters; 4.Rhinopithecus, with reference to cranioface and cranium or to its origin, is a special genus of Asian colobine. It may represent the highest level of evolutionary position within various genera (Peng et al., 1985).
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    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Myotonic dystrophy ; trinucleotide repeats ; sequence analysis ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Myotonic dystrophy is due to instability of a [CTG] repeat in the myotonin-protein kinase gene. We have sequenced the complete 3′ untranslated region of this gene which contains the repeat, in seven nonhuman primates. We found that the genomic organisation was conserved, suggesting that this region has important regulatory functions. These data also argue that the human state is derived from a primate ancestor in which the mutational event did not involve the loss of cryptic sequences interrupting or surrounding the repeat, but likely affected only the original length of the repeat.
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    Human evolution 9 (1994), S. 323-329 
    ISSN: 1824-310X
    Keywords: Capuchin ; evolution ; hominid ; throwing ; tool-use
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this research was to examine aimed throwing of stones by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Three capuchins (two adults and one juvenile) threw stones at a stationary target located outside their home cages. The monkeys subsequently discriminated between stationary targets and threw stones at a moving target. Each subject exhibited a distinct manual and postural throwing preference. These results demonstrate that capuchins have throwing capabilities which are thought to have been associated with early hominid evolution.
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    Insectes sociaux 40 (1993), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Formicidae ; social parasitism ; PCR ; 18 S ribosomal RNA ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The evolutionary relationship between socially parasitic ants and their hosts is still an unsolved problem. We have compared a 1.2 kb sequence of the 18 S ribosomal RNA genes of the parasitic antsDoronomyrmex kutteri, Harpagoxenus sublaevis andChalepoxenus muellerianus to the sequence of the host speciesLeptothorax acervorum andL. recedens (all subfamily Myrmicinae, tribe Leptothoracini) and to an out-group antCamponotus ligniperda (Formicinae). We found that parasitic species and the host species and alsoCamponotus ligniperda differ at less than 1% of the base positions of the 1.2 kb segment of the 18S rRNA gene. The sequences showed 80.3% identity to the 18 S ribosomal RNA genes of the beetleTenebrio molitor and only 66.5% to that of the dipteranDrosophila melanogaster.
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 403-413 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: DNA transcription ; evolution ; phage ; prokaryotes ; RNA polymerase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The essential role of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in gene expression and the fact that the multimeric species are highly conserved throughout nature makes these enzymes a particular fascinating area of study. Here we shall review the conservation of structures and their relationship to function, especially in the multimeric eubacterial RNA polymerases, paying particular attention to the β core subunit and to recent studies of σ-factors of both the σ 70 and σ 54 families. We shall conclude with a brief consideration of phage-encoded RNA polymerases and phage-mediated modification of the host enzyme, and of the evolution of RNA-synthesising enzymes.
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    Empirica 20 (1993), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1573-6911
    Keywords: L20 ; O31 ; Economic theory ; dynamic game ; innovations ; R&D investment ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the recent literature about the explanation of the behaviour of innovating firms there coexist two basically different approaches. To so calledneoclassical approach assumes maximising behaviour relating to an exogenously given innovation technology and theevolutionary approach postulates time constant routine decisions. Both explanations are supported by well known arguments. Nevertheless they seem to be completely separated in the literature. The evolutionary approach even defines itself by the separation of the neo-classical approach. In this paper the two methods or philosophies are linked in a simple duopolistic model. It will be shown, that the strategic maximising behaviour of innovating firms leads in a dynamic model to routine decisions as equilibrium strategies.
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    Journal of mammalian evolution 1 (1993), S. 227-254 
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: enamel microstructure ; evolution ; incisors ; Mixodontia ; Rodentia
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Incisor enamel microstructure proved to be a very effective tool for assessment of phylogenetic relationships among the Rodentia. Pauciserial and multiserial Schmelzmuster are clearly distinct by structural characters such as orientation of interprismatic matrix, presence or absence of transition zones between Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB), inclination of HSB, enamel thickness, and others. Pauciserial HSB are structurally very close to the earliest known mammalian HSB found in Paleocene arctocyonids. Biomechanical arguments and outgroup comparison with mixodontians indicate that the pauciserial Schmelzmuster is a symplesiomorphy of the Rodentia. Transitional stages from pauciserial to multiserial Schmelzmuster were observed in middle Eocene ctenodactyloids and from pauciserial to uniserial in middle to late Eocene anomalurids. The multiserial Schmelzmuster is considered a synapomorphy of the Hystricognathi, ctenodactylids, and pedetids. Schmelzmuster evolution reflects the early dichotomy of the Rodentia: In the Asian ctenodactyloid lineage a multiserial Schmelzmuster evolved once and in the North American/European ischyromyoid lineage a uniserial Schmelzmuster developed several times convergently. The pauci- to uniserial Schmelzmuster of the anomalurids excludes a close relationship to the phiomyids, because the ctenodactyloid-phiomyid lineage is characterized by the development of a multiserial Schmelzmuster.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 1027-1036 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Archaea (archaebacteria) ; extreme halophiles ; archaeol phospholipids ; archaeol glycolipids ; membrane function ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Archaebacteria (archaea) are comprised of three groups of prokaryotes: extreme halophiles, methanogens and thermoacidophiles (extreme thermophiles). Their membrane phospholipids and glycolipids are derived entirely from a saturated, isopranoid glycerol diether,sn-2,3-diphytanylglycerol (‘archaeol’) and/or its dimer, dibiphytanyldiglyceroltetraether (‘caldarchaeol’). In extreme halophiles, the major phospholipid is the archaeol analogue of phosphatidylglycerolmethylphosphate (PGP-Me); the glycolipids are sulfated and/or unsulfated glycosyl archaeols with diverse carbohydrate structure characteristic of taxons on the generic level. Biosynthesis of these archaeol-derived polar lipids occurs in a multienzyme, membrane-bound system that is absolutely dependent on high salt concentration (4 M). The highly complex biosynthetic pathways involve intermediates containing glycerol ether-linked C20-isoprenyl groups which are reduced to phytanyl groups to give the final saturated polar lipids. In methanogens, polar lipids are derived both from archaeol and caldarchaeol, and thermoacidophiles contain essentially only caldarchaeol-derived polar lipids. The function of these membrane polar lipids in maintaining the stability, fluidity and ionic properties of the cell membrane of extreme halophiles, as well as the evolutionary implications of the archaeol and caldarchaeol-derived structures will be discussed.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 317-319 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chitin ; cuticle ; evolution ; vertebrates ; bony fish ; Blenniidae ; Paralipophrys trigoides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lectin binding, endo-chitinase binding and enzymatic degradation studies show that the epidermal cuticle of the bony fishParalipophrys trigloides (Blenniidae) is chitinous. This is the first evidence that a vertebrate species possesses a chitinous tissue. Recently aXenopus gene has been identified which has significant sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of yeast chitin synthase III, a chitin producing enzyme1,2. Taken together these two findings imply that chitin synthesis capability may be a basic vertebrate feature.
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 3-12 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: evolution ; coevolution ; selection ; insect attack ; plant defense ; competition ; enemy free space ; chemoreception ; specialization ; plant recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Most hypotheses concerning the evolution of insect-plant relationships are based on the assumptions that, (1) phytophagous insects reduce plant fitness, and that (2) insect-plant relationships are the result of unconstrained selection. It can be shown, however, that there is little evidence to support these assumptions. As an alternative, it is proposed that the evolution of insect-plant relationships results primarily from autonomous evolutionary events; namely from heritable functional changes within the insects' nervous system that determine plant recognition and ultimately host plant specificity. These changes cannot be evoked by selective ecological agents. They originate from intrinsic changes (mutationssensu lato) within the insect genome. Ecological factors play a secondary role: by either supporting or preventing the establishment of the new genotype with the novel food preference.
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    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Belostomatidae ; giant water bugs ; paternal care ; eggs ; reproduction ; behavior ; brooding ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the giant water bug Lethocerus medius(Guerin) typify their monobasic subfamily, the Lethocerinae, in that they do not brood eggs attached to their backs as do males of all members of the subfamily Belostomatinae. Exclusive male parental investment as expressed in the Belostomatinae is extremely rare behavior among animals, and evolution of the trait is obscure. Lethocerus mediusmales apparently remain with their mates through oviposition and are consistently found in attendance of eggs after the female has departed. This behavior may enhance paternity assurance at no cost in opportunity for polygyny. Two double clutches of eggs were found, from which we infer the potential for polygynous matings and shared parental investment. Male L. mediusbrood attended egg clutches above the surface of the water, where they may moisten them, shade them, and defend them against predation. Egg attendance/brooding by L. mediusand other Lethocerusspecies may represent a plesiomorphic state from which paternal back- brooding evolved in the Belostomatinae.
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    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 715-735 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Aphrodisiac ; cockroach ; evolution ; mating behavior ; sex pheromone ; sternal glands ; tergal glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two chemical signals are essential in all cockroach sexual behavioral sequences: the sex pheromone released by one partner, generally the female (for long distance attraction), and an aphrodisiac sex pheromone produced exclusively by male tergal glands (for female mounting and tergal contact or “feeding” behavior). Unlike the other cockroach groups, the males of the Oxyhaloinae species produce both chemical signals: the pheromone and the aphrodisiac. The occurrence of three patterns of mating behavior (A, B, and C), the production of male sex pheromones, and the existence in the male of developed sternal and tergal glands in seven related Oxyhaloinae species, make these cockroaches a useful model for studying the evolution of mating behavior patterns. The various types of mating behavior were not classified in the previous studies by Roth and Barth. In this report, they have been named type A (female in upper position), B (male in upper position), and C (male and female end to end). In type A mating, the male tergal glands, which are licked by the females, are well developed, whereas in types B and C, there is no licking of the male's tergal secretion by the females and the tergal glands are much less developed; the aphrodisiacs secreted by the tergal glands may no longer act in this case through contact chemoreception, but through an olfactory process involving volatile components. One common sex pheromone component seems to be acetoin. I suggest that the mating behavior tends from A toward B and C during the evolutionary process with a concomitant regression of the tergal glands and changes in the aphrodisiac emission levels. The mating behavioral sequences of cockroaches (Dictyoptera) and crickets (Orthoptera) show a striking degree of similarity and are probably examples of convergent evolution.
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 11 (1993), S. 429-438 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: amphibians ; cAMP ; evolution ; GLP ; glucagon ; mammals ; message transduction ; pancreas ; receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In amphibians and mammals, the preproglucagon gene encodes two related GLPs - GLP-1(37 residues) and GLP-2 (34 residues). The physiologically functional GLPs, however, are GLP-17−36amide, or similar, truncated forms of GLP-1. While the liver is devoid of GLP receptors and fails to respond metabolically, brain, gastric cells and pancreatic cells have been identified as potential target sites. These tissues possess specific binding sites for truncated GLP-1, and generally, cells respond to truncated GLPs with increases in CAMP. In mammalian pancreas, truncated GLPs function as powerful insulinotropins, while also increasing insulin gene transcription and inhibiting glucagon release. Full length GLP-1 is a weak insulinotropin only. To date, neither metabolic nor endocrine actions have been assigned to GLP-2. Following processing of preproglucagon gene products, fish pancreas and intestine contain only one GLP (31 residues) displaying considerable sequence homology with GLP-17−36. Applied in low nanomolar concentrations, fish GLPs, together with GLP-17−36, activate hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis in fishes. Thousand-fold higher levels of GLP-17−37 are required to elicit comparable metabolic effects. Generally, the metabolic actions of GLPs are similar to those for glucagon, but GLPs tend to be more potent in their specific actions. Fish livers possibly contain GLP receptors distinct from glucagon receptors. Message transduction in some, but not all fish species, may involve adenylyl cyclase and CAMP, but correlation between metabolic activation and cAMP levels is generally poor. Fish GLP seems to be a very weak insulinotropin in Brockmann bodies.
    Notes: Résumé Chez les amphibians et les mammifères, le gène du préproglucagon code pour deux GLP voisins — GLP-1 (37 résidues) et GLP-2 (34 résidues). Cependant, les GLP physiologiquement fonctionnels sont l'amide de GLP-17−36 ou des formes similaires trongées de GLP-1. Alors que le foie est dépourvu de récepteurs à GLP et ne répond pas sur le plan métabolique, le cerveau, les cellules gastriques et les cellules pancréatiques ont été identifiés comme étant des cibles potentielles. Ces tissues possèdent des sites de liaison spécifiques pour le GLP tronqué et, en général, les cellules répondent aux GLP tronqués en augmentant leur AMPc. Dans le pancréas de mammifères, les GLP tronqués agissent comme des insulinotropines puissantes, en augmentant la transcription du gène insuline et en inhibitant la libération de glucagon. Le GLP-1 entier est une insulinotropine faible. Actuellement, aucune action métabolique ou endocrine n'a été trouvée pour le GLP-2. Si l'on suit la mise en place des produits du gène préproglucagon, le pancréas et l'intestin de poisson ne contiennent qu'un seul GLP (31 résidues) qui présente des homologies de séquence considérables avec le GLP-17−36. Appliqués à des concentrations de l'ordre du nanomolaire, les GLPs de poisson, de même que le GLP-17−36, activent la glyconéogénèse et la lipolyse chez les poissons. Des doses mille fois plus élevés de GLP-11−37 sont nécessaires pour obtenir des effets métaboliques comparables. En général, les effets métaboliques des GLP sont identiques à ceux du glucagon, mais les GLP à être plus actifs dans leurs effets spécifiques. Les foies de poissons pourraient contenir des récepteurs au GLP différents des récepteurs au glucagon. La transduction du message chez certaines espèces de poission mais pas toutes, pourraient faire intervenir l'adénylyl cyclase et l'AMPc, mais la corrélation entre l'activité métabolique et les niveaux d'AMPc reste en général faible. Dans les corps de Brockmann, le GLP de poisson semble agir comme une insulinotropine très peu active.
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    Photosynthesis research 36 (1993), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chloroplast genome ; electron transport ; evolution ; gene expression ; redox response regulators ; redox sensors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two-component regulatory systems that respond to changes in redox potential have recently been discovered in bacteria. ‘Redox sensors’ are defined as electron carriers which initiate control of gene expression upon oxidation or reduction. ‘Redox response regulators’ are defined as DNA-binding proteins which modify gene expression as a result of the action of redox sensors. Redox sensors and redox response regulators may comprise a mechanism for feedback control of redox potential in photosynthetic electron transport chains, thereby protecting plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria from damage caused by electrochemistry operating on inappropriate electron donors and acceptors. Chloroplast redox sensors and redox response regulators, themselves encoded in the nucleus, may place chloroplast gene expression under redox regulatory control. This may account for the persistence, in evolution, of chloroplast genomes, and for the constancy of the sub-set of chloroplast proteins encoded and synthesised in situ. These and other predictions are discussed.
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chloroplast ; phylogeny ; prochlorophyte ; evolution ; Prochloron ; psbA
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examine the issue of prochlorophyte origins and provide analyses which highlight the limitations of inferring evolutionary trees from anciently diverged sequences that have markedly different GC contents. Under these conditions we have found that current tree reconstruction methods strongly group together sequences with similar GC contents, whether or not the sequences share a common ancestor. We provide 3′psbA termini sequence forProchloron didemni and find it does not have the 7 amino acid deletion that occurs in Chla/b chloroplasts andProchlorothrix hollandica. This is consistent with the recent findings of a Chlc like pigment in the light harvesting system in other prochlorophytes but apparently absent inP. hollandica. From these observations we suggest thatP. hollandica is the prochlorophyte most closely related to Chla/b containing chloroplasts and hence the most appropriate prokaryotic model for higher plant Chla/b photosynthesis.
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    Journal of mammalian evolution 1 (1993), S. 269-282 
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: ontogeny ; dentition ; heterochrony ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A closely graded system of ontogenetic staging is presented for changes that occur during early development of the dentition in therian mammals, up to and including early phases of the calcification process. Such a precise staging system is essential to detect differences in the time of onset and subsequent differentiation of individual tooth loci within the jaws of a single species, and within supraspecific taxa. Analysis of the evolutionary significance of these developmentalheterochronies can play a valuable role in the assessment of serial homology in the therian dentition, and it provides additional insight into the nature and pattern of tooth loss during evolution. Following the description and illustration of bud, cap, and bell substages, examples are presented from the ontogeny of the primary dentition in macroscelidids and hyracoids. These demonstrate the use of this staging system for assessing the serial homology of modified teeth such as “premolariform” canines and the role of developmental retardation in the evolutionary loss of primary and secondary teeth.
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    Genetica 89 (1993), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: evolution ; fluctuating asymmetry ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite major advances in the study of molecular and morphological evolution a substantial rift still exists between these two fields of endeavour. Phenotypic alteration through evolution results from a reallocation of resources which has as its origin the interplay between the production capability of the genes on the one side and the acquisitional need of the phenotype on the other. This process of allocation is coordinated through the environmental arena and is subject to mechanical, biological and economical constraints. Differences in the rates of morphological change at any level (molecular, cellular, organismal or population) depend on the level of environmental challenge, on the availability of variability and on the economics of supply and demand. Short run changes in response to severe environmental stress will be sudden and energetically expensive and will rely on stress-induced unmasking of genetic variability and loss of canalization. Long run changes will be gradual, energetically less costly and less dependent on genetic correlations.
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    Genetica 91 (1993), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: aging ; senescence ; lifespan ; survival ; Drosophila ; evolution ; fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary explanations of aging (or senescence) fall into two classes. First, organisms might have evolved the optimal life history, in which survival and fertility late in life are sacrificed for the sake of early reproduction or high pre-adult survival. Second, the life history might be depressed below this optimal compromise by the influx of deleterious mutations; since selection against late-acting mutations is weaker, deleterious mutations will impose a greater load on late life. We discuss ways in which these theories might be investigated and distinguished, with reference to experimental work withDrosophila. While genetic correlations between life history traits determine the immediate response to selection, they are hard to measure, and may not reflect the fundamental constraints on life history. Long term selection experiments are more likely to be informative. The third approach of using experimental manipulations suffers from some of the same problems as measures of genetic correlations; however, these two approaches may be fruitful when used together. The experimental results so far suggest that aging inDrosophila has evolved in part as a consequence of selection for an optimal life history, and in part as a result of accumulation of predominantly late-acting deleterious mutations. Quantification of these effects presents a major challenge for the future.
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    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: aging ; Drosophila ; electrophoresis ; evolution ; longevity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five populations ofDrosophila melanogaster that had been selected for postponed aging were compared with five control populations using two-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis. The goals of the study were to identify specific proteins associated with postponed aging and to survey the population genetics of the response to selection. A total of 321 proteins were resolvable per population; these proteins were scored according to their intensity. The resulting data were analyzed using resampling, combinatoric, and maximum parsimony methods. The analysis indicated that the populations with postponed aging were different from their controls with respect to specific proteins and with respect to the variation between populations. The populations selected for postponed aging were more heterogeneous between populations than were the control populations. Maximum parsimony trees separate the selected populations, as a group, from their controls, thereby exhibiting a homoplastic pattern.
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    Genetica 91 (1993), S. 111-125 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; evolution ; reproduction ; senescence ; sperm competition
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations ofDrosophila melanogaster that had been subjected to long-term selection favoring either delayed or rapid senescence were compared with respect to age-specific components of male reproductive success involving sperm competition. These components of reproductive success were divided into those related to sperm ‘defense’ (protection of sperm from other males), and into those related to sperm ‘offense’ (ability to mate with previously mated females and to displace the sperm of other males). Males were tested at four ages ranging from 1–2d to 5–6 wk after eclosion. Several aspects of sperm defense capability showed clear evidence of senescent decline. Furthermore, males from populations selected for delayed senescence were superior to males from control (rapid senescence) populations with regard to components of sperm defense. The superiority of males from populations with delayed senescence either increased as a function of male age, or was present at all ages tested. These results indicate that the rate of reproductive senescence in maleD. melanogaster can be altered in predictable directions by artificial selection. There were no differences between selection regimes with regard to sperm offense, and most components of sperm offense did not show clear evidence of senescence. The improved late-age reproductive success of males from populations selected for delayed senescence did not appear to entail any cost or trade-off at early ages with respect to the reproductive traits examined in these experiments.
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    Genetica 92 (1993), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; evolution ; gene ; protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary genetics embodies a broad research area that ranges from the DNA level to studies of genetic aspects in populations. In all cases the purpose is to determine the impact of genetic variation on evolutionary change. The broad range of evolutionary genetics requires the involvement of a diverse group of researchers: molecular biologists, (population) geneticists, biochemists, physiologists, ecologists, ethologists and theorists, each of which has its own insights and interests. For example, biochemists are often not concerned with the physiological function of a protein (with respect to pH, substrates, temperature, etc.), while ecologists, in turn, are often not interested in the biochemical-physiological aspects underlying the traits they study. This review deals with several evolutionary aspects of the Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase gene-enzyme system, and includes my own personal viewpoints. I have tried to condense and integrate the current knowledge in this field as it has developed since the comprehensive review by van Delden (1982). Details on specific issues may be gained from Sofer and Martin (1987), Sullivan, Atkinson and Starmer (1990); Chambers (1988, 1991); Geer, Miller and Heinstra (1991); and Winberg and McKinley-McKee (1992).
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    Genetica 90 (1993), S. 165-180 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: cytogenetics ; evolution ; gene mapping ; linkage ; marsupial ; Macropus eugenii ; Mododelphis domestica ; Sminthopsis crassicaudata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract As a consequence of the ancient separation of the marsupial and eutherian lineages, comparative genetical studies of these two mammalian taxa can be particularly informative. The potential for marsupial genetical research has been enhanced by the development of laboratory colonies of three ‘model’ species-Macropus eugenii, Monodelphis domestica andSminthopsis crassicaudata. In this paper two selected aspects of marsupial genetics are reviewed, one involving cytogenetics and the other linkage. Marsupials provide a spectacular example of karyotypic conservation. The so-called ‘basic karyotype’ (2n=14) is probably ancestral in all extant marsupials. Karyotypes that do not conform to this basic arrangement are thought to have been derived from it. A notable feature of the basic karyotype is that it has been retained, possibly for as long as 150 million years, in morphologically, behaviourally and ecologically diverse species from at least five Australian and two American families; this suggests that selective forces, presently unknown, have acted to conserve the basic chromosome form and number in these species. With respect to genetic linkage, family studies inS. crassicaudata and more recentlyM. domestica have indicated extreme differences between the sexes with the recombination frequencies for linked loci being very much greater in males than in females, a situation that is strikingly different from that in eutherian mammals. These differences in linkage values are paralleled by differences in the number and distribution of chiasmata during male and female meiosis. Prospects for further research in marsupials, particularly research that builds upon the observations of karyotypic conservation and genetic linkage, are noted.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 63 (1993), S. 105-109 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: black yeasts ; dimorphism ; ecology ; ecophysiology ; evolution ; halotolerance ; medical mycology ; melanin ; meristematic growth ; opportunistic fungi ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Ascomycetous black yeasts show adaptations to a wide array of environmental conditions. Dothideaceous black yeasts are mostly found on plant leaves, while among herpotrichiellaceous species there are numerous opportunists on humans. Factors which are of ecological significance include the presence of melanin and carotene, formation of thick cell walls and meristematic growth, presence of yeast-like phases, presence of additional forms of conidiogenesis, thermo- and osmotolerance, adhesion, hydrophobicity, production of extracellular polysaccharides, siderophores and acidic or alkaline secondary metabolites. The potential pathogenicity of a species is partly determined by its natural ecological niche. Dothideaceous black yeasts are osmotolerant rather than pathogenic. Herpotrichiellaceous black yeasts probably have low competitive ability and are found in rather special niches as secondary saprophytes, e.g., on bacterial mats, on other fungi or in poor environments. Some species possibly utilize animal vectors for dispersal.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 63 (1993), S. 95-104 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces ; taxonomy ; species concept ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract The taxonomy ofKluyveromyces has been the object of intense study since van der Walt's (1970) monograph. This is an account of the major developments and the classification to be adopted in the 4th edition ofThe Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study. The guiding principles that will be followed in eventual revisions of the genus are presented.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 63 (1993), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: surface area ; nutrient uptake ; genome size ; evolution ; chromosome ; megaplasmid
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    Notes: Abstract Genetic information for disused metabolic systems is easily lost. This can be understood on the basis of a mathematic model for the description of the growth of individual microbial cells. The essential features of the model are that the uptake of nutrients is proportional to the surface area of the cell and maintenance costs are proportional to the volume. This explains why disused genes are easily lost. Growth of the individual cell continues until DNA replication of the genome is completed. The consequence is that cells with a large genome size are bigger at the moment of cell division. This results in a less favourable surface to volume ratio, which has a negative influence on the population growth rate. This means that cells with a smaller genome size will have a selective advantage. In cells in which the total DNA is divided over several units which replicate simultaneously (e.g. a cell with more chromosomes or a cell with one chromosome and one or more megplasmids) a high surface to volume ratio can be maintained. The great metabolic differences between phylogenetically strongly related bacteria are due to loss of genetic information for complex metabolic characters in order to maintain a small genome size and a favourable surface to volume ratio.
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    Space science reviews 66 (1993), S. 127-135 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: B-supergiants ; abundances ; evolution
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present new estimates of He/H and CNO abundance ratios in the atmospheres of a selection of B2 supergiants which imply that the C/N ratio in the most luminous Ia stars is close to its equilibrium value. The is also some evidence for more moderate CN abundance anomalies in the B2Ib and B2II supergiants. These results, together with other recent work, imply that the effects of the CNO bi-cycle on the composition of B-supergiant atmospheres are most severe for the more luminous and massive stars. Furthermore, studies of LMC B-supergiants indicate that a small fraction of these very luminous stars are nitrogen weak. This picture is qualitatively consistent with theoretical predictions whenever massive stars perform blue loops in the HR diagram, returning from a red supergiant phase to become core helium burning blue supergiants with atmospheres contaminated by nuclear processed material.
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    Space science reviews 66 (1993), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: NGC330 ; B-stars ; abundances ; evolution
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Medium resolution (2A/px) but high s/n spectra of approximately twenty of the brightest blue stars in the young open cluster NGC 330 in the SMC have been analyzed in order to determine their atmospheric parameters and the evolutionary status. Stellar parameters are determined by comparison with LTE and NLTE model atmosphere calculations and an HR diagram constructed. Luminosities of the sample stars lie in the range 4.0〈log(L */L ⊙)〈5.0 and spectral types between O9 and late-B. The stars in our sample appear to define 4 groups: main-sequence B-stars (B2-B4), B-supergiants (B4) in a blue-loop phase of evolution, a small number of blue stragglers (O9-B0 near main-sequence stars) and a group of luminous giants (B1-B2) which reside in the so-called ‘post main-sequence gap’ of the HR diagram. Furthermore, we have confirmed spectroscopically the very high incidence of Be stars in this cluster. Finally the almost complete absence of metal lines (at this resolution) is in keeping with the expected very low metallicity of the SMC.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA sequences ; evolution ; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase ; Spinacia oleracea ; transit peptide
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    Notes: Abstract We report the sequences of full-length cDNAs for the nuclear genes encoding the chloroplastic and cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) from spinach. A comparison of the deduced amino-acid sequences with one another and with published cytosolic aldolase sequences of other plants revealed that the two enzymes from spinach share only 54% homology on their amino acid level whereas the homology of the cytosolic enzyme of spinach with the known sequences of cytosolic aldolases of maize, rice and Arabidopsis range from 67 to 92%. The sequence of the chloroplastic enzyme includes a stroma-targeting N-terminal transit peptide of 46 amino acid residues for import into the chloroplast. The transit peptide exhibits essential features similar to other chloroplast transit peptides. Southern blot analysis implies that both spinach enzymes are encoded by single genes.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: C4 metabolism ; evolution ; GC content ; gene family ; PEPC ; Sorghum
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    Notes: Abstract Although housekeeping functions have been shown for the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31, PEPC) in plants and in prokaryotes, PEPC is mainly known for its specific role in the primary photosynthetic CO2 fixation in C4 and CAM plants. We have shown that in Sorghum, a monocotyledonous C4 plant, the enzyme is encoded in the nucleus by a small multigene family. Here we report the entire nucleotide sequence (7.5 kb) of the third member (CP21) that completes the structure of the Sorghum PEPC gene family. Nucleotide composition, CpG islands and GC content of the three Sorghum PEPC genes are analysed with respect to their possible implications in the regulation of expression. A study of structure/function and phylogenetic relationships based on the compilation of all PEPC sequences known so far is presented. Data demonstrate that (1) the different forms of plant PEPC have very similar primary structures, functional and regulatory properties, (2) neither apparent amino acid sequences nor phylogenetic relationships are specific for the C4 and CAM PEPCs and (3) expression of the different genes coding for the Sorghum PEPC isoenzymes is differently regulated (i.e. by light, nitrogen source) in a spatial and temporal manner. These results suggest that the main distinguishing feature between plant PEPCs is to be found at the level of genes expression rather than in their primary structure.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Rubisco activase ; rca ; rbcLrbcS ; cyanobacteria ; expression ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract A gene encoding ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase (rca) was found downstream from the rbcLrbcS operon in the heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain CA. Two unknown open reading frames were shown to be located between rbcS and rca in strain CA and all the genes, rbcLrbcS, ORF1, ORF2, and rca were in the same transcriptional orientation. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Anabaena Rubisco activase showed both similarities and differences to the plant enzyme with considerable differences at the carboxy and amino termini. Proposed ATP-binding sites were conserved in the cyanobacterial protein. Recombinant cyanobacterial Rubisco activase, however, reacted with antisera to spinach Rubisco activase. Hybridization studies, using the Anabaena sp. strain CA rca gene as a heterologous probe, detected homologous sequences in heterocystous Anabaena/Nostoc strains but not in unicellular or nonheterocystous filamentous cyanobacteria, suggestive of a close evolutionary relationship of chloroplasts and heterocystous cyanobacteria.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: calcium-binding protein ; centrin ; EF hand ; evolution ; green algae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Centrin (= caltractin) is a ubiquitous, cytoskeletal protein which is a member of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. A centrin-coding cDNA was isolated and characterized from the prasinophyte green alga Scherffelia dubia. Centrin PCR amplification primers were used to isolate partial, homologous cDNA sequences from the green algae Tetraselmis striata and Spermatozopsis similis. Annealing analyses suggested that centrin is a single-copy-coding region in T. striata and S. similis and other green algae studied. Centrin-coding regions from S. dubia, S. similis and T. striata encode four colinear EF-hand domains which putatively bind calcium. Phylogenetic analyses, including homologous sequences from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the land plant Atriplex nummularia, demonstrate that the domains of centrins are congruent and arose from the two-fold duplication of an ancestral EF hand with Domains 1+3 and Domains 2+4 clustering. The domains of centrins are also congruent with those of calmodulins demonstrating that, like calmodulin, centrin is an ancient protein which arose within the ancestor of all eukaryotes via gene duplication. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from centrin-coding region comparisons mirror results of small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence analyses suggesting that centrin-coding regions are useful evolutionary markers within the green algae.
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    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 409-413 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; cloning ; rice ; L5 ; ribosomal 5 S RNA-binding protein ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A rice (Oryza sativa L.) cDNA clone coding for the cytoplasmic ribosomal protein L5, which associates with 5 S rRNA for ribosome assembly, was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The primary structure of rice L5, deduced from the nucleotide sequence, contains 294 amino acids and has intriguing features some of which are also conserved in other eucaryotic homologues. These include: four clusters of basic amino acids, one of which may serve as a nucleolar localization signal; three repeated amino acid sequences; the conservation of glycine residues. This protein was identified as the nuclear-encoded cytoplasmic ribosomal protein L5 of rice by sequence similarity to other eucaryotic ribosomal 5 S RNA-binding proteins of rat, chicken, Xenopus laevis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rice L5 shares 51 to 62% amino acid sequence identity with the homologues. A group of ribosomal proteins from archaebacteria including Methanococcus vanniellii L18 and Halobacterium cutirubrum L13, which are known to be associated with 5 S rRNA, also related to rice L5 and the other eucaryotic counterparts, suggesting an evolutionary relationship in these ribosomal 5 S RNA-binding proteins.
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    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 329-341 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: actin superfamily ; Drosophila genetics ; ATPase domain ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diverse proteins that are 35% to 55% identical to actins have been discovered recently in yeasts, nematodes, and vertebrates. In order to study these proteins systematically and relate their functions to those of conventional actins, we are isolating the corresponding genes from the genetically tractable eukaryote,Drosophila melanogaster. Here we report the isolation and partial characterization of aDrosophila homologue of theSchizosaccharomyces pombe act2 gene. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers specifying peptides that are highly conserved within the actin protein superfamily were used in conjunction with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a portion of theDrosophila gene that we have namedactr66B. The corresponding full-length cDNA sequence encodes a protein of 418 residues that is 65% identical to the product of theS. pombe act2 gene, 80% identical to the bovineact2 homologue, but only 48% identical to the principalDrosophila cytoplasmic actin encoded by theAct5C actin gene. Alignment of the yeast, bovine, andDrosophila actin-related proteins shows that they have four peptide insertions, relative to conventional actins, three of which are well placed to modify actin polymerization and one that is likely to perturb the binding of myosin. Locations of two of the fiveactr66B introns are conserved betweenDrosophila and yeast genes, further attesting that they evolved from a common ancestor and are likely to encode proteins having similar functions. We demonstrate that theDrosophila gene is located on the left arm of chromosome 3, within subdivision 66B. Finally, we show by RNA blot-hybridization that the gene is expressed at low levels, relative to conventional nonmuscle actin, in all developmental stages. From these and other observations we infer that the actr66B protein is a minor component of all cells, perhaps serving to modify the polymerization, structure, and dynamic behavior of actin filaments.
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    Hydrobiologia 255-256 (1993), S. 491-493 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Acanthocephala ; evolution ; phylogeny ; Rotifera ; systematics ; taxonomy ; workshop
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    Hydrobiologia 269-270 (1993), S. 11-20 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: auxosporulation ; evolution ; sexual reproduction ; taxonomic character
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sexual reproduction takes many forms within the diatoms. The variation has been classified by several authors, but in most cases the distinctions between their main categories have depended on the number of gametes produced per gametangium (and thus on how many zygotes per pair of copulating cells), and upon whether fusion is oogamous, anisogamous or isogamous. These classifications are not themselves an adequate basis for taxonomic comparison, which should be based on individual characteristics of the sexual process. Diatoms seem to be primitively oogamous. In araphid pennate diatoms and some raphid diatoms the gametes and gametangia are morphologically alike but physiologically distinct; one gametangium produces active gametes and the other passive ones. This may be the primitive condition in pennate diatoms, providing a link to the oogamy of centrics via the morphological anisogamy of Rhabdonema Kütz.
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    Hydrobiologia 255-256 (1993), S. 521-526 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Acanthocephala ; comparative anatomy ; embryology ; evolution ; Neodermata ; phylogeny ; Platyhelminthes ; Rotifera ; Squamodermata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Arguments concerning similarities in general structure and embryogenesis in Bdelloida (Rotifera), Platyhelminthes, and Acanthocephala are considered. Evolution of egg hatching in rotifers (i.e., loss of the embryonic egg shell) is evaluated in relation to the phylogenetic similarity of rotifers to the Neodermata. Based on this analysis, I proposed uniting Rotifera and Neodermata into superphylum Squamodermata.
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    Hydrobiologia 255-256 (1993), S. 527-544 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: behaviour ; collagen ; evolution ; integument ; phylogeny ; ultrastructure ; Annelida ; Nemathelminthes ; Platyhelminthes ; Rotifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This work discusses the nature and significance of molecular, ultrastructural, and behavioural characters that can be used in phylogenetic analyses of rotifers. Recent molecular research has demonstrated the presence of very small amounts of 4-hydroxyproline in rotifers, probably arising from acetyl-cholinesterase or glycoproteins. Thus, rotifers appear to be the first known Metazoa without collagen. Ultrastructural work also has made some interesting discoveries. (1) The myelinic cuticle of the integument and pharynx of gastrotrichs is present in the pharynx of at least two rotifers (Philodina and Brachionus) and some Annelida. (2) The intracytoplasmic lamina (IL) of the syncytial ingestive integument of Acanthocephala is similar to the IL of the syncytial stomach of Bdelloidea. (3) The fibrous terminal web of primitive epidermal ciliated cells may have evolved in the skeletal IL of the syncytial, aciliated integument of rotifers. (4) Using the ultrastructural features of the skeletal, IL of the integument, I derived two possible dendograms of rotifer evolution. (5) These models and other ultrastructural data predict that Bdelloidea should be separated from Monogononta, while Seison has several characters which suggest that it should be more closely aligned to the Monogononta than previously proposed. Molecular and ultrastructural data suggest that rotifers are primitive Metazoa, probably derived by neoteny from ancestral, ciliated larvae. Finally, I argue that information on sensory organs and the behaviour of rotifers may offer unique insights into the evolution of the phylum.
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    Hydrobiologia 255-256 (1993), S. 545-549 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: evolution ; morphology ; phylogeny ; Monimotrochida ; principal components ; Ritifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic relations among the main groups of Monimotrochida are considered. The principal directions of monimotrochid evolution were defined by comparative investigations of mastax morphology (SEM), basic body structures, and general biology. On the basis of these results we propose a revision of previous rotifer taxonomy. We suggest to place the Monimotrochida in the order Protoramida divided into two suborders Flosculariina and Conochilina.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; PCR ; Molecular Phylogeny ; systematics ; evolution ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The study of rotifer phylogenies and the analysis of population-level processes historically have been disjunct. This is despite a growing recognition that there are many ways in which rotifer population biologists and ecologists might profit from the availability of a comprehensive phylogeny of the group. New molecular methods which can be applied to a wide range of genetic systems and systematic grades will shortly eliminate the methodological (and perhaps conceptual) distinction between these fields. Of particular importance is the development of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), a technique of synthetic DNA amplification which produces concentrated preparations of selected genes from complex mixtures of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Analysis of PCR products can provide hierarchal genetic comparisons from the level of local rotifer populations through broad evolutionary (at least molecular) phylogenies.
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    Hydrobiologia 255-256 (1993), S. 513-520 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: evolution ; mastax ; morphology ; phylogeny ; Rotifera ; Seison ; Seisonidea ; SEM ; trophi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The trophi and external features of the marine rotifer, Seison, are described using SEM. Organization of the trophi of the Seisonidea is discussed and possible evolutionary origins of the sclerite system of the fulcrate mastax are presented. Additional information on the taxonomy and general ecology of Seison are offered.
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    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 329-341 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: actin superfamily ; Drosophila genetics ; ATPase domain ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diverse proteins that are 35% to 55% identical to actins have been discovered recently in yeasts, nematodes, and vertebrates. In order to study these proteins systematically and relate their functions to those of conventional actins, we are isolating the corresponding genes from the genetically tractable eukaryote,Drosophila melanogaster. Here we report the isolation and partial characterization of aDrosophila homologue of theSchizosaccharomyces pombe act2 gene. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers specifying peptides that are highly conserved within the actin protein superfamily were used in conjunction with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a portion of theDrosophila gene that we have namedactr66B. The corresponding full-length cDNA sequence encodes a protein of 418 residues that is 65% identical to the product of theS. pombe act2 gene, 80% identical to the bovineact2 homologue, but only 48% identical to the principalDrosophila cytoplasmic actin encoded by theAct5C actin gene. Alignment of the yeast, bovine, andDrosophila actin-related proteins shows that they have four peptide insertions, relative to conventional actins, three of which are well placed to modify actin polymerization and one that is likely to perturb the binding of myosin. Locations of two of the fiveactr66B introns are conserved betweenDrosophila and yeast genes, further attesting that they evolved from a common ancestor and are likely to encode proteins having similar functions. We demonstrate that theDrosophila gene is located on the left arm of chromosome 3, within subdivision 66B. Finally, we show by RNA blot-hybridization that the gene is expressed at low levels, relative to conventional nonmuscle actin, in all developmental stages. From these and other observations we infer that the actr66B protein is a minor component of all cells, perhaps serving to modify the polymerization, structure, and dynamic behavior of actin filaments.
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    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 473-484 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: hydroxyacyl glutathione hydrolase (glyoxalase II) ; chromosome mapping ; evolution ; Mus musculus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In man, the gene for hydroxyacyl glutathione hydrolase (HAGH; glyoxalase II) is closely linked to the α-globin locus (HBα) on Chromosome 16. HAGH polymorphism in the mouse has now enabled the mapping of the murine homologue. Deletion mapping, congenic strain studies, and characterization of 41 recombinant inbred strains establish that the mouseHagh locus lies very close to the α-globin pseudogene (Hba-ps4) in the vicinity of the major histocompatibility locus (H-2) on chromosome 17. Several other loci have been identified previously that are also closely linked to the human α-globin locus but near the α-globin pseudogeneHba-ps4 in the mouse. These linkage relationships suggest that during the evolution of mice a translocation occurred that subdivided the α-globin locus, leaving one inactive α-globin gene still associated with theHagh locus and linked sequences, while moving and inserting the active α-globin locus and all distal sequences into an internal location on another autosome, the predecessor to mouse chromosome 11.
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    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 473-484 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: hydroxyacyl glutathione hydrolase (glyoxalase II) ; chromosome mapping ; evolution ; Mus musculus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In man, the gene for hydroxyacyl glutathione hydrolase (HAGH; glyoxalase II) is closely linked to the α-globin locus (HBα) on Chromosome 16. HAGH polymorphism in the mouse has now enabled the mapping of the murine homologue. Deletion mapping, congenic strain studies, and characterization of 41 recombinant inbred strains establish that the mouseHagh locus lies very close to the α-globin pseudogene (Hba-ps4) in the vicinity of the major histocompatibility locus (H-2) on chromosome 17. Several other loci have been identified previously that are also closely linked to the human α-globin locus but near the α-globin pseudogeneHba-ps4 in the mouse. These linkage relationships suggest that during the evolution of mice a translocation occurred that subdivided the α-globin locus, leaving one inactive α-globin gene still associated with theHagh locus and linked sequences, while moving and inserting the active α-globin locus and all distal sequences into an internal location on another autosome, the predecessor to mouse chromosome 11.
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  • 94
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    Biology and philosophy 8 (1993), S. 359-384 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Ecology ; evolution ; competition ; theory testing ; modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract There is a long history of controversy in ecology over the role of competition in determining patterns of distribution and abundance, and over the significance of the mathematical modeling of competitive interactions. This paper examines the controversy. Three kinds of considerations have been involved at one time or another during the history of this debate. There has been dispute about the kinds of regularities ecologists can expect to find, about the significance of evolutionary considerations for ecological inquiry, and about the empirical credentials of theoretical studies of competition. Each of these elements is examined with an eye toward gaining philosophical clarification of the issues involved. In the process, certain shortcomings of contemporary philosophical theories are revealed. In particular, I argue that plausibility arguments based on background considerations are an important part of the model building tradition, but that current accounts of the structure and evaluation of scientific theories do little to illuminate this side of theoretical ecology.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 187 (1993), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Triticum ; Aegilops ; Hybrids ; amphidiploids ; meiotic non-reduction ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Meiosis was studied in aT. turgidum ×Ae. longissima hybrid (ABS1, 2n = 21) and in backcrosses of its amphidiploid toT. turgidum. Analysis of PMCs of the hybrid showed that non-reductional meiosis led to the production of a large number of non-reduced male gametes. The hybrid showed high seed set. All progeny had 2n = 42. The BC1 plants (2n = 35, AABBS1) showed the expected meiotic pairing of 14II + 7I. At anaphase I, univalents behaved in a non-reductional way. The possible role of meiotic non-reduction is discussed in terms of the evolution of theTriticum-Aegilops complex.
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  • 96
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    Plant systematics and evolution 187 (1993), S. 213-241 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Ascomycetes ; Bunodophoron ; Caliciales ; Calycidium ; Leifidium ; Sphaerophoraceae ; Sphaerophorus ; Cladistics ; classification ; evolution ; systematics ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A phylogenetic analysis of the familySphaerophoraceae (Caliciales, lichenized ascomycetes) has resulted in a new generic classification. Notes on character evolution are given. The generaSphaerophorus s. str.,Bunodophoron andLeifidium, gen. nov., are accepted.Pleurocybe andPseudosphaerophorus are considered synonyms ofBunodophoron andThysanophoron is considered synonym toSphaerophorus. The following new combinations are proposed:Bunodophoron coomerense (Ohlsson)Wedin,B. diplotypum (Vain.)Wedin,B. dodgei (Ohlsson)Wedin,B. flaccidum (Kantvilas & Wedin)Wedin,B. formosanum (Zahlbr.)Wedin,B. imshaugii (Ohlsson)Wedin,B. insigne (Laurer)Wedin,B. kinabaluense (M. Satô)Wedin,B. macrocarpum (Ohlsson)Wedin,B. madagascareum (Nyl.)Wedin,B. microsporum (Ohlsson)Wedin,B. murrayi (Ohlsson)Wedin,B. notatum (Tibell)Wedin,B. ohlssonii (Wedin)Wedin,B. patagonicum (C. W. Dodge)Wedin,B. ramuliferum (I. M. Lamb)Wedin,B. scrobiculatum (C. Bab.)Wedin,B. tibellii (Wedin)Wedin,B. whakapapaense (Wedin)Wedin, andLeifidium tenerum (Laurer)Wedin.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 195-206 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Crassulaceae ; Sedum rupestre ; Chromosome numbers ; hybridization ; allopolyploidy ; chloroplast DNA RFLP ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InSedum rupestre L. a polyploid series (x = 16) occurs in which aneuploid chromosome numbers and odd levels of ploidy prevail. The most common and widely distributed cytotype,S. rupestre subsp.rupestre, is 2n = 112. Plants resemblingS. rupestre subsp.rupestre can be obtained by hybridizing the tetraploid cytotypes ofS. forsterianum Sm. (2n = 48) andS. rupestre subsp.erectum 't Hart (2n = 64). Comparison of these artificial hybrids with their parents and a large number of plants ofS. rupestre subsp.rupestre (2n = 112) from nature showed thatS. rupestre subsp.rupestre and the artificial hybrids are morphologically indistinguishable, and intermediate betweenS. forsterianum andS. rupestre subsp.erectum. MorphologicallyS. rupestre subsp.rupestre is closer to subsp.erectum than toS. forsterianum. Chloroplast DNA restriction patterns ofS. rupestre subsp.rupestre, however, resembleS. forsterianum more closely. The combined results of the hybridization experiments, the analysis of the cpDNA restriction patterns, and the morphological variation indicate the allopolyploid origin ofS. rupestre subsp.rupestre.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 241-257 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Romulea ; Iridaceae ; Herkogamy ; gynodioecy ; reproductive systems ; biogeography ; evolution ; phenetics ; Flora of the Mediterranean ; Morocco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Herkogamy and gynodioecy were studied in the Moroccan species ofRomulea. Several types of herkogamy are shown to occur in the different species, with each type corresponding to a characteristic perianth size. The degree of differentiation between female and hermaphrodite morphs varies among the different gynodioecious species. Herkogamy is considered to have evolved prior to the development of the gynodioecious condition. An evolutionary interpretation is proposed based on the degree of herkogamy and of gynodioecy in the different species.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Primulaceae ; Coris ; Palynology ; pollen morphology ; pollen ultrastructure ; pollenkitt ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen grain morphology, sculpturing, and wall ultrastructure are investigated in two species ofCoris (Primulaceae),C. monspeliensis L. andC. hispanica Lange. The study includes both acetolysed and unacetolysed pollen. No evidence of any major palynological difference is recorded between these two species, apart from a somewhat larger pollen inC. monspeliensis. However,Coris can be distinguished from the remaining members of thePrimulaceae by the conjunction of relatively large pollen grains, prominent margo, and particular tectal pattern causing a reticulate surface with minute luminal perforations decreasing towards the colpi. From both these distinctive features, and others typically primulaceous, some evolutionary considerations are inferred. Finally, the higher proportion of irregular grains inC. hispanica is interpreted in light of environmental stress.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 188 (1993), S. 197-211 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Pinaceae ; Pinus ; cpDNA variation ; molecular systematics ; evolution ; Flora of Eurasia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genusPinus includes over 90 species with approximately 24 species native to Asia. We have analyzed the chloroplast (cp) DNA variation of 18Pinus species, including 15 Asian, two Eurasian, and one European species using seven restriction enzymes and ten non-overlapping probes and inferred their phylogenetic relationships. Results of phenetic and cladistic approaches to phylogeny reconstruction were largely in agreement, suggesting two major lineages within the genus and confirmed the ancient character of haploxylon and diploxylon subgenera. Species from sectionParrya appear to have diverged earliest from the hypothesized phylogenetic centre for the haploxylon pines, withP. bungeana andP. gerardiana forming two basal, monotypic lineages. The range of estimated pairwise nucleotide substitutions per site ( $$\mathop d\limits^ \sim $$ ) was higher among haploxylon pines than among diploxylon species. CpDNA divergence was found to be low within the sectionSylvestres, relative to the divergence among haploxylon species, suggesting that the radiation of this group of taxa from its common ancestor occurred after the diversification of other groups. The low cpDNA divergence in this subsection corroborated earlier evidence for its phylogenetic cohesiveness and existence as a monophyletic group.
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