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  • Triticum aestivum  (371)
  • Springer  (371)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1990-1994  (266)
  • 1980-1984  (105)
  • 1925-1929
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  • Springer  (371)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on soil nitrogen during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 232-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 15N-labelled fertilizer ; Added N interaction ; Fertilizer N uptake ; Soil N uptake ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on the yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mexi-Pak-65) in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 33.6–51.5 and 30.5–40.9% of the N from ammonium nitrate and urea, respectively. Splitting the fertilizer N application had a significant effect on the uptake of fertilizer N by the wheat. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the two N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied according to the fertilizer N split; six split applications gave the highest added N interaction compared to a single application or two split applications for both fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate gave 90.5, 33.5, and 48.5% more added N interaction than urea with one, two, and six split N applications. A values were not significantly correlated with the added N interaction (r=0.557). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N replaced unlabelled soil N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336328
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A reliable method for the selection of axenic seedlings (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 9 (1990), S. 281-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Surface sterilization ; Contaminants ; Sterile plant selection ; Axenic seedlings ; Triticum aestivum ; Trifolium pratense ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sterile seedlings are required for the investigation of interactions between microorganisms and plants. The present study was designed to develop a simple and reliable method for the selection of sterile seedlings by the use of liquid nutrient media, avoiding some of the disadvantages of solid media. The method of germinating surface-sterilized seedlings on solid water agar or nutrient media was compared with our method for sterility control in nutrient broth. Sterile plant selection in liquid media was the most sensitive method for detecting bacterial and fungal contaminants. Sterile plants grow with the same vigour as unsterilized plants and can be used for sterile plant experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336240
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of water supply on the response of wheat and triticale to applications of rock phosphate and superphosphate (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Bicarbonate soil test phosphorus ; relative effectiveness ; rock phosphate ; superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; ×Triticosecale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water supply on the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) to levels of freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate, and the residues of these fertilizers applied 9 years previously in the field, was studied in three glasshouse experiments. The 〈 2 mm fraction of the top 10 cm of soil was used (1.8 kg soil per pot), and in one experiment, freshly-applied fertilizer was also added to the more acidic subsoil (10 to 20 cm). There were two water treatments: the soil was returned to field capacity by watering to weight, either daily (W1, adequate water) or weekly (W2, water stress). Yield of dried tops was used to calculate fertilizer effectiveness. The phosphorus (P) concentration in dried tops was used to determine critical P, which is the P concentration related to 90% of the maximum yield. Just before sowing, soil samples were collected to measure bicarbonate-extractable (soil test) P which was related to plant yield. Water stress reduced yields and maximum yield plateaus by 20 to 40%. Water stress reduced the effectiveness of all P fertilizers by between 20 to 60%, largely because of a reduction in the maximum yield potentials. In the field, water supply is seasonally dependent and it can affect the yield response of plants to freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate and the residues of these fertilizers applied to the field in previous years. Relative to placing fertilizer in the topsoil, placing fertilizer in the subsoil improved effectiveness by about 26% for rock phosphate and 12% for superphosphate. The relationship between yield and P concentration in dried tops, and critical P, differed for W1 and W2. The soil test P calibration, which relates yield to soil test P, and the soil test P required to produce the same yield also differed for W1 and W2. Consequently critical P and soil test P calibrations depend on water supply, which in the field varies within and between growing seasons. This is so for freshly- and previously-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750156
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of powdery mildew and weather on winter wheat yield. 1. Variation of weather between years (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; simulation ; SUCROS87 ; NWHEAT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Om systemen voor geleide bestrijding van ziekten te verbeteren, werd de vraag gesteld of schaderelaties, vastgesteld in jaren met specifieke weersomstandigheden, ook gebruikt kunnen worden in andere jaren. Twee bestaande modellen van tarwe en een combinatie van beide, werden gebruikt om het effect van weer op opbrengst te berekenen, eerst bij afwezigheid van meeldauw. De berekende opbrengsten in verschillende jaren toonden geen samenhang met de behaalde opbrengsten, gecorrigeerd voor een jaarlijkse toename, in Nederland. Verschillen tussen de modellen konden worden toegeschreven aan de wijze waarop de groei en ontwikkeling van tarwe vroeg in het seizoen wordt berekend.
    Notes: Abstract A vital question to upgrade disease management systems is whether damage functions, established in years with specific weather conditions, can be applied also in other years. A simulation approach was used to explore effects of weather on yield and damage. Two existing models of wheat and a third, a combination of both, were used to compute yield, first in absence of mildew. In a second paper, effects of mildew will be reported. Yields simulated for different years were not significantly correlated with yields harvested, adjusted for their increase over years, in the Netherlands. Differences in performance between the models could be attributed to the method of simulating development and growth early in the cropping season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976604
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of yield reduction by leaf rust in winter wheat, applied to the analysis of genetic variation in partial resistance (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 17-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Puccinia rcondita ; Triticum aestivum ; model ; photosynthesis ; competition for light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Verschillen tussen zeven wintertarwegenotypen in opbrengstderving door bruine roest, zoals waargenomen in een veldexperiment, werden geanalyseerd met een simulatiemodel. In dit model werd het effect van de ziekte op gewasgroei en opbrengst beschreven op basis van lichtinterceptie, fotosynthese, ademhaling en assimilatenverdeling. Het model gaf een goede beschrijving van de waargenomen opbrengstverschillen tussen de genotypen, zowel bij aanwezigheid als bij afwezigheid van bruine roest. Van de totale opbrengstreductie werd, volgens modelberekeningen, 66% veroorzaakt door versnelde afname van groen bladoppervlak en 18% door het wegvangen van licht door dood bladweefsel boven in het gewas. De genetische variatie in opbrengstreductie werd zodoende vooral verklaard uit de waargenomen verschillen in bladveroudering tussen de genotypen. De fotosynthese per eenheid resterend groen bladoppervlak werd niet beïnvloed door bruine roest. Respectieven voor selectie op afzonderlijke schadecomponenten werden geëvalueerd op basis van hun gesimuleerde effect op korrelopbrengst, in combinatie met hun genetische en toevalsvariatie.
    Notes: Abstract Differences in yield reduction among seven winter wheat genotypes due to leaf rust, as observed in a field experiment, were analysed using a simulation model. In this model, the effects of the disease on crop growth and yield were described on the basis of light interception, photosynthesis, respiration and assimilate partitioning. The model properly described the observed yield difference between the genotypes, both in the absence and in the presence of leaf rust. According to the model, 66% of total yield reduction was due to an accelerated decrease in green leaf area and 18% was due to light capture by dead leaf tissue at the top of the canopy. Genetic variation in yield reduction was, therefore, mainly explained by variation in leaf senescence. Leaf rust did not affect the photosynthetic rate of the remaining green leaf area. Opportunities of selection for individual damage components were assessed from their simulated effect on grain yield, together with their estimated genetic and environmental variance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976603
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of powdery mildew and weather on winter wheat yield. 2. Effects of mildew epidemics (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Erysiphe graminis DC. ex Merat ; Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer ; simulation ; SUCROS87 ; sensitivity analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Opbrengstderving van wintertarwe werd berekend aan de hand van het effect dat meeldauw heeft op de blad-fotosynthese. Een rekenmodel voor de gewasgroei van tarwe werd uitgebreid met meeldauw. Met inachtneming van de vertikale en horizontale verdeling van meeldauw in het gewas, werd meeldauw in het model gekwantificeerd door vijf parameters. De belangrijkste parameters waren die van de meeldauwintensiteit, de verdeling van meeldauw in het gewas en het effect van meeldauw op de assimilatie bij een overvloed aan licht. Epidemieën van meeldauw, gemeten in veldproeven in drie verschillende jaren, werden gebruikt om opbrengstdervingen te berekenen. Gemiddeld kwam deze redelijk overeen met de in de veldproeven gemeten opbrengstderving. De gemeten opbrengstderving werd echter onderschat, vooral bij vroege epidemieën van meeldauw door de wijze waarop de (her)verdeling van assimilaten wordt berekend. Andere mechanismen, die een onderschatting van opbrengstderving kunnen veroorzaken worden besproken. Of deze modellen als methode gebruikt kunnen worden om systemen voor de geleide bestrijding van ziekten te verbeteren wordt bediscussieerd.
    Notes: Abstract Wheat yield losses caused by powdery mildew were computed based on effects of the disease on leaf photosynthesis. Powdery mildew was introduced in a crop model of wheat by quantification of five parameters, taking the vertical and horizontal distribution of mildew in the crop into account. The most important parameters were those of the mildew intensity, the distribution of mildew in the crop, and the effect of mildew on assimilation at light saturation. Measured mildew epidemics in field experiments in three different years, were used to compute yield losses. Computed losses were compared to measured losses. On average, computed yield loss approached measured, but measured yield loss was underestimated, especially in early mildew epidemics due to the computation of partitioning and reallocation of assimilates. Other processes which may cause an underestimation are described. The use of crop models as a method to upgrade disease management systems is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976605
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 2. Stem-base diseases of winter wheat (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides ; Rhizoctonia cerealis ; Gaeumannomyces graminis ; epidemiology ; weather ; forecasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Een honderdtal percelen wintertarwe werd in 1974–86 jaarlijks op voetziekten geïnventariseerd. In het voorjaar, tijdens het, eerste en tweede knoopstadium van het gewas, was gemiddeld 6% van de spruiten aangetast door oogvlekkenziekte. De intensiteit van de ziekte was hoog in jaren met een hoge gemiddelde wintertemperatuur. Tijdens het melkrijpe stadium, in juli was gemiddeld 13% van de halmen aangetast door oogvlekkenziekte. De aantasting in juli was hoog in jaren met een hoge temperatuur in april en veel neerslag in de maanden maart, april en mei. Met deze gegevens kunnen adviessystemen worden verbeterd. Scherpe oogvlekkenziekte was op gemiddeld 2% van de halmen in juli aanwezig. De ziekte nam geleidelijk met de jaren toe. De jaarlijkse intensiteit was niet gecorreleerd met droge perioden in de herfst, voorjaar of zomer. Symptomen van halmdoder waren op gemiddeld 0.2% van de halmen aanwezig. De intensiteit van de ziekte was hoog in jaren met weinig neerslag in maart, april, mei en juni en met een lage temperatuur in mei en juni.
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1974–1986, ca. 100 commercial winter wheat fields were surveyed annually for stembase diseases. In these years, on average 6% of the tillers was infected with eyespot in spring at the first-second, node stage. Eyespot intensity in spring was high in years with high temperature during winter. Eyespot, intensity in the milky-ripe stage in July, averaged 13% of the culms and was high in years with high temperature in April and high precipitation in March, April and May. These data may improve forecasts. In the milky-ripe stage, 2% of the culms were infected with sharp eyespot, but its intensity has gradually increased during the survey years. No significant correlation of sharp eyespot intensity with dry periods in autumn, spring or summer was found. Symptoms of take-all were found on 0.2% of the stem-bases during ripening. Its intensity was low in years with high precipitation in March, April, May and June and high temperature in May and June.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02000167
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of resistance genes to Puccinia striiformis in seedlings of Ethiopian and CIMMYT bread wheat varieties and lines (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 199-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: yellow (stripe) rust races ; Triticum aestivum ; Yr genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Onder geconditioneerde klimaatsomstandigheden zijn 42 Ethiopische en CIMMYT rassen en lijnen van broodtarwe (Triticum aestivum) in het kiemplantstadium geïnoculeerd met 19 isolaten van gele roest die onderling verschilden in hun pathogeniteit voor 20 differentiërende tarwerassen waarvan de resistantie-achtergrond bekend is. De genom-gen relatie is toegepast om resistentiegenen te identificeren. Vier rassen en lijnen bleken resistent te zijn tegen alle isolaten. Verondersteld wordt dat hun resistentie berust op genen die niet eerder herkend waren of op een combinatie van bekende genen die niet compatibel was met de gebruikte isolaten. In het overige tarwemateriaal kon de aanwezigheid worden aangegeven van de resistentiegenenYr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9 enYrA. Het van rogge afkomstige en door het CIMMYT veel gebruikte resistentiegenYr9 was in 28 rassen en lijnen (67%) aanwezig. In het onderzochte tarwemateriaal isYr4 het enige voor Oost en Centraal Afrika effectieve resistentiegen omdat de daar voorkomende gele roest pathogeniteit bezit voor de overige genen. Het herkennen van pathogeniteit van gele roest voor bepaalde resistentiegenen is verbeterd door het toevoegen van tarwerassen met monogene resistentie aan het internatinale gebruikte tarwesortiment voor de determinatie van gele-roestfysio's.
    Notes: Abstract In a controlled environment, the reaction was observed of 42 bread wheat varieties and lines inoculated with 19 isolates of yellow rust differing in their virulence to 20 differential varieties. Five varieties and lines showed resistance to all isolates. The remaining ones appeared to have the genesYr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9 andYrA, either singly or in combination.Yr9 derived from rye was present in 67% of the varieties and lines.Yr4 is the only effective gene in that material as, in Eastern and Central Africa, yellow rust has virulence to the otherYr genes. Recognition of virulence toYr genes is enhanced by the use of a supplemental set of differential varieties supposedly carrying a single gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974257
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic variation in partial resistance to leaf rust in winter wheat: disease progress, foliage senescence and yield reduction (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 96 (1990), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Puccinia recondita ; Triticum aestivum ; Photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting De relatie stussen de epidemiologie van bruine roest, bladveroudering en oprengstderving werden bestudeerd bij zeven wintertarwegenotypen die verschilden in partiële resistentie tegen bruine roest. Bruine roest versnelde de veroudering van blad en aar. Fotosynthesemetingen wezen echter uit dat de fotosynthesecapaciteit van het resterende groene oppervlak niet werd beïnvloed. Verschillen tussen de genotypen in opbrengstderving werden voornamelijk veroorzaakt door verschillen in bladveroudering en daarmee in cumulatieve lichtinterceptie (r=0.83) en gewasfotosynthese. De reductie in cumulatieve lichtinterceptie was nauw gerelateerd aan de cumulatieve ziektedruk (in puistdagen) (r=0.85), welke ook nauw was geassocieerd met de opbrengstderving (r=0.88). De opbrengstreductie werd echter even goed voorspeld door de tijdsduur tot 50% reductie van het groene bladoppervlak en de puistdichtheid halverwege de epidemie als door cumulatieve lichtinterceptie en cumulatieve ziektedruk, waardoor beide eerste criteria gebruikt kunnen worden in de selectie voor partiële resistentie tegen bruine roest.
    Notes: Abstract Relations between leaf rust progress, foliage senescence and yield reduction were studied for seven winter wheat genotypes, differing in their partial resistance to leaf rust. Leaf rust accelerated leaf and ear senescence. Photosynthesis measurements showed, however, that the photosynthetic capacity of the remaining green surface was not affected. Differences between genotypes in yield reduction were largely explained by differences in leaf senescence and, therefore, in cumulative light interception (r=0.83) and crop photosynthesis. Reduction in cumulative light interception was closely related to the area under the disease-progress-curve (r=0.85), which was also closely associated with yield reduction (r=0.88). However, the time taken to reach a 50% reduction of green leaf area and the pustule density on 1 July (i.e. halfway through the epidemic) were just as good predictors of yield reduction as cumulative light interception and area under disease-progress-curve, suggesting that the former are useful criteria in the selection for partial resistance to leaf rust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01976602
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative analysis of a recombining-repeat-sequence family in the mitochondrial genomes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 23 (1993), S. 255-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cerele ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Recombining-repeats ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial genomes of wheat and rye each contain a three-member family of recombining repeat peat sequences (the “18S/5S repeat”) that encode genes for 18S and 5S rRNAs (rrn18 and rrn5) and tRNAfMet (trnfM). Here we present, for wheat and rye, the sequence and boundaries of the “common sequence unit” (CSU) that is shared between all three repeat copies in each species. The wheat CSU is 4,429 base-pairs long and contains (in addition to trnfM, rrn18 and rrn5) a putative promoter, three tRNA-like elements (“t-elements”), and part of a pseudogene (“ψatpA c”) that is homologous to chloroplast atpA, which encodes the α subunit of chloroplast F1 ATPase. The rye CSU is somewhat smaller (2,855 base pairs) but contains much the same genic and other sequence elements as its wheat counterpart, except that two of the three t-elements as well as ψatpA c are found in only one of the three downstream flanks of the 18S/5S repeat, outside the CSU boundaries. In interpreting the seuuence data in terms of the evolutionary history of the 18S/5S-repeat family of wheat and rye, we conclude that (1) the wheat-rye form of the 18S/5S repeat most likely originated between 3 and 14 million years ago, in a lineage that gave rise to wheat and rye but not to barley, oasts, rice or maize; (2) the close linkage (1-bp apart) between trnfM and rrn18 is similarly limited in its taxonomic distribution to the wheat/rye lineage; (3) the trnfM-rrn18 pair arose via a single mutation that inserted a sequence block containing trnfM immediately upstream of rrn18; and (4) the presence of a putative promoter upstream of rrn18 in all wheat and rye repeats is consistent with all three repeat copies being transcriptionally active. We discuss these conclusions in the light of the possible functional significance of recombining-repeats in plant mitochondrial genomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351504
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential expression of the psbB and psbH genes encoding the 47 kDa chlorophyll a-protein and the 10 kDa phosphoprotein of photosystem II during chloroplast development in wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Light regulation ; psbN ; Triticum aestivum ; Etioplast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of a region of wheat chloroplast DNA containing the psbB gene for the 47 kDa chlorophyll a-binding protein of photosystem II has been determined. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 508 amino acid residues which is predicted to contain six hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions. The psbB gene is located 562 bp upstream of the psbH gene for the 10 kDa phosphoprotein of photosystem II. A small open reading frame of 38 codons is located between psbB and psbH, and on the opposite strand the psbN gene, encoding a photosystem II polypeptide of 43 amino acid residues, is located between orf38 and psbH. S1 nuclease mapping indicated that the 5′ ends of transcripts were located 371 and 183 bp upstream of the psbB translation initiation codon. Predominant transcripts of 2.1 kb and 1.8 kb for psbB and 0.4 kb for psbH were present in RNA isolated from etiolated and greening wheat seedlings. Immunodecoration of Western blots indicated that the 47 kDa polypeptide was absent, or present in very low amounts, in dark-grown tissue and accumulated on greening, whereas the 10 kDa polypeptide was present in similar amounts in both dark-grown and greening seedlings. The 10 kDa polypeptide was phosphorylated in vitro by incubating wheat etioplast membranes with [γ3 2P] ATP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336487
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cytological evidence for gradual telomere synthesis at the broken chromosome ends in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 106 (1993), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Chromosome breakage ; Gametocidal gene ; Healing ; Telomere repetitive sequence ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Telomere formation of the normal and broken chromosomes of common wheat,Triticum aestivum, was investigated byin situ hybridization using the biotin-labeled probe of telomere repetitive sequences (pAtT4) ofArabidopsis thaliana with subsequent amplification by an antibody. After double and triple amplification, prominent signals appeared at all the telomeric regions of the normal chromosomes. Prominent signals also emerged at the broken ends of the telocentric and deletion chromosomes that had passed through more than one generation since the appearance. However, broken ends that had passed through only the stages of gametogenesis, fertilization, embryogenesis and root development did not show complete signals such as found in normal telomeres. These findings indicate that a certain time or stage is required for synthesis of the telomeric repetitive sequences with a complete length. Nevertheless, because the broken ends without complete telomere sequences were also healed, restoration of the normal complement of telomere sequences is not necessary for healing of broken ends.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344591
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An internal part of the chloroplast atpA gene sequence is present in the mitochondrial genome of Triticum aestivum: molecular organisation and evolutionary aspects (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 523-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Chloroplast DNA ; ATPase alpha subunit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An internal part of the chloroplast atpA gene has been identified in the mitochondrial DNA of Triticum aestivum. It is located near the 18S-5S ribosomal genes and partially contained within a repeated sequence. Comparison of the transferred sequence with the original ct sequence reveals several nucleotide changes and shows that neither 5′ nor 3′ ends are present in the mt genome. No transcript of this region could be detected by Northern analysis. This sequence is present in mitochondrial genomes of other tetraploid and diploid species of Triticum, also in the vicinity of the 18S-5S ribosomal genes, suggesting a unique transfer event. The date of this event is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313082
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  • 14
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    Sequence analysis of wheat mitochondrial transcripts capped in vitro: definitive identification of transcription initiation sites (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mitochondrion ; Transcription ; Guanylyltransferase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To identify transcription initiation sites in wheat mitochondria, the nascent 5′-ends of transcripts were specifically labeled by incubation of wheat mitochondrial RNA with [α-32P]GTP in the presence of the enzyme guanylyltransferase. After separation of the resulting capped transcripts by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, individual RNAs were recovered and directly sequenced. Four RNA sequences obtained in this way were localized upstream of the protein-coding genes atpA, coxII, coxIII and orf25. Comparison of mRNA and gene sequences allowed precise positioning of transcription initiation sites for these four genes. Sequence similarities immediately upstream of these sites define a conserved motif that we suggest as a candidate regulatory element in wheat mtDNA. The relationship between this motif and putative mitochondrial promoters in other plant species is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326239
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  • 15
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    Nuclear genes control changes in the organization of the mitochondrial genome in tissue cultures derived from immature embryos of wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 515-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chondriome variability ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Although the mitochondrial genomes of the Chinese Spring and Aquila varieties of wheat are normaly similar in organization, this is not so in tissue cultures initiated from their immature embryos where the mitochondrial genomes of both are rearranged and in different, characteristic, ways. However, the mitochondrial genomes of tissue cultures of reciprocal F1 crosses between these varieties were almost identical to one another, showing that nuclear genes control the rearrangement processes. These rearrangements are either due to the appearance of new structures or else result from changes in the relative amounts of subgenomic components. The severe reduction in the amount of certain molecular configurations in tissue cultures from reciprocal crosses is probably due to the presence of dominant information in the Aquila nuclear genome. Data obtained from tissue cultures initiated from F2 embryos of the cross Aquila x Chinese Spring suggest that at least two complementary genes are involved in this control. In contrast, the presence of new molecular arrangements appears to be under the control of a dominant allelic form of a Chinese Spring gene or genes. Thus, this study demonstrates that at least two sets of nuclear genes control the reorganization of the mitochondrial genome which occurs when tissue cultures are initiated from the immature embryos of wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351662
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  • 16
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    Physical organization of the 18S and 5S ribosomal RNA genes in the mitochondrial genome of rye (Secale cereale L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 339-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; Mitochondrial DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The mitochondrial 18S and 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes of rye, plus a total of about 90 kilobase pairs of flanking DNA, have been cloned and maps of restriction enzyme cleavage sites have been constructed. Like their homologs from hexaploid wheat, the rye genes are closely linked and are part of a three-copy family of recombining repeats (the “18S/5S repeat”). The rye repeat probably also contains a mitochondrial tRNAfMet gene, which the wheat repeat is known to carry. However, despite the overall organizational similarity between the wheat and rye 18S/5S repeats in the immediate vicinity of their coding regions, extensive rearrangement of flanking sequences has taken place during evolutionary divergence of the two species. Our data provide additional support for an emerging picture of plant mitochondrial genomes as evolving much more rapidly in structure than in sequence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314882
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  • 17
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    Mitochondrial DNA variability detected in a single wheat regenerant involves a rare recombination event across a short repeat (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 456-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Reciprocal recombination ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chondriome variability ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial genome of the selfed progeny of a plant regenerated from long-term somatic tissue culture displays specific structural rearrangements characterized by the appearance of novel restriction fragments. A mitochondrial DNA library was constructed from this selfed progeny in the SalI site of cosmid pHC79 and the novel fragments were subsequently studied. They were shown to arise from reciprocal recombination events involving DNA sequences present in the parental plant. The regions of recombination were sequenced and the nucleotide sequences were aligned with those of the presumptive parental fragments. We characterized an imperfect short repeated DNA sequence, 242 bp long, within which a 7-bb DNA repeat could act as a region of recombination. The use of PCR technology allowed us to show that these fragments were present in both parental plants and tissue cultures as low-abundance sequence arrangements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351786
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  • 18
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    Plant regeneration from isolated microspores of Triticum aestivum (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; microspore culture ; ovary co-culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Wheat microspores were isolated, without prior anther culture, from a range of genotypes and cultured to regenerate self-fertile plants. Microspores were isolated using a microblender and competent microspores were enriched by gradient centrifugation. The use of maltose as the sole carbohydrate in the culture medium and co-culture of microspores with wheat or barley ovaries were critical for development of microspore-derived embryos. Results were also improved when spikes were pretreated by emersion of the basal ends of detached heads in water at 25°C for 2d. This procedure leads to highly reproducible production of plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239096
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  • 19
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    Monosomic analysis of genes for resistance against stem rust races in bread wheat (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 313-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Monosomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using monosomic analysis genes governing resistance in one wheat variety, ‘E5883’, against stem rust races 15C and 122, were located on specific chromosomes. Against race 15C, a major dominant gene, Sr6, was located on chromosome 2D of ‘E5883’ with minor modifiers found on chromosomes 4A and 6D. Against race 122, the presence of a recessive hemizygous ineffective gene, Sr8, was identified, located on chromosome 6A of variety ‘E5883’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264984
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  • 20
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    Analysis of nucleolar activity in Agropyron elongatum, its amphiploid with Triticum aestivum and the chromosome addition lines (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Amphiplasty ; Ag-NOR ; Addition lines ; Nucleolar organizer ; Agropyron elongatum ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleolar organizer activity of the Agropyron elongatum, its amphiploid with hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) and the chromosome addition lines is analyzed by the silver-staining procedure. Four Ag-NORs are observed in A. elongatum corresponding to the chromosomes 6E and 7E. In the amphiploid T. aestivum — A. elongatum, eight Ag-NORs are observed which corresponds the wheat chromosomes 1B and 6B and to the elongatum chromosomes 6E and 7E. Thus, there is codominance in the nucleolar organizer activity of the chromosomes of the two species. However, a partial amphiplasty is detected since less than 8 Ag-NORs (7 up to 4) are observed in some metaphase cells; the chromosomes 6E and 7E are occasionally suppressed by wheat chromosomes. This conclusion is confirmed by the behaviour of the addition lines since only in those corresponding to the chromosomes 6E and 7E are the elongatum chromosomes nucleolar active although occasionally they can be suppressed by wheat chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00252316
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  • 21
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    Embryogenic cell suspensions of Triticum aestivum x Leymus angustus F1 hybrids: characterization and plant regeneration (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Cell suspension ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum ; Leymus angustus ; Plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Embryogenic cell suspension cultures were established from Triticum aestivum X Leymus angustus F1 hybrids, using compact nodular calli derived from inflorescence segments. Calli originating from leaf segments did not give rise to stable cell suspensions. Growth measurements of the cell suspensions revealed that they continued rapid growth up to 10 days after subculturing. Flow cytometric studies of the cell cycle over a 7 day culture period showed that the majority of cells were in G1 phase while the rest were either in S or G2. During the 7 days of culture, no significant differences in DNA distribution patterns were observed. The cells from suspension cultures produced somatic embryos when they were transferred to different solid media. The embryos germinated and gave rise to plantlets which were successfully rooted and transferred to soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235258
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  • 22
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    Plant regeneration from long term suspension culture-derived protoplasts of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 11 (1992), S. 262-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; embryogenic suspension cultures ; protoplasts ; regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Highly regenerable callus cultures have been obtained from immature embryos of hexaploid wheat cv. Oderzo. Friable fast growing calli were induced at high frequency. Suspensions were initiated from the most friable callus lines: they became established in about two months. Suspensions consisted of cell aggregates of 30 to 1000 um in diameter. Upon plating on MS hormone-free medium, suspensions regenerated green plantlets, and their regenerative capability was maintained for at least 10 months. Protoplasts were isolated from 7–8 day old suspension cultures with a yield of 4–6×106 protoplasts/g fresh weight cells. Protoplast culture was either in liquid medium or in a bead-type system with agarose beads. First divisions were detected at day 5. At day 14 visible colonies were detected and the plating efficiency was evaluated between 2 and 8% over the initial number of protoplasts plated. Protoplast-derived calli were cultured in the presence of 1 mg/l IAA and 0.5 mg/l zeatin and were used for reinitiating new suspension cultures. Upon plating onto MS hormone-free medium, with or without the addition of 0.1 mg/l GA3, calliclones were induced to differentiate. Regeneration of complete plantlets, with shoot and roots took about two months. Plantlets were grown in sterile conditions until 12–15 cm height, and were subsequently transplanted in soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235078
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  • 23
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    Cryopreservation of immature spring wheat zygotic embryos using an abscisic acid pretreatment (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: cryopreservation ; Triticum aestivum ; abscisic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) zygotic embryos were successfully cryopreserved, without the addition of exogenous cryoprotectants, using only an abscisic acid (ABA) pretreatment. Optimum survival was obtained when embryos were cultured in vitro for 10 days on semisolid Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L (±) ABA prior to cryopreservation. The embryos resumed growth within three days when returned to MS medium devoid of ABA but containing 2mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The embryogenic calli produced from these embryos exhibited normal plant regeneration on auxin-free media. Changes in dw/fw ratio, as well as the esterified fatty acid and sucrose concentrations correlated positively with the development of tolerance to cryopreservation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241941
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    Genotypic effects of the maternal tissues of wheat on its grain weight (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 58 (1980), S. 247-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maternal tissues ; Grain weight ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Caryopsis ; Pericarp ; Endosperm ; Embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Reciprocal crosses were made between semi dwarf spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) differing in grain weight. The weights of the F1 grains (on maternal spikes), from intact as well as from defoliated plants, and those of the F2 grains (on f1 spikes), were examined. Grain weight was controlled primarily by the genotype of the maternal tissues (pericarp, testa or other floret or spikelet organs, including the vascular system), with complete dominance of heaviness. No indications suggesting maternal inheritance were obtained. The frequency distribution of the weights of the F2 grains indicated the presence of genotypic effects exerted by the endosperm or embryo. The embryo or endosperm factors for heaviness also seemed to be dominant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265174
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    Fractionation of wheat gliadin and glutenin subunits by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the role of group 6 and group 2 chromosomes in gliadin synthesis (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 349-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Glutenin ; Gliadin ; Electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Subunits of wheat endosperm proteins have been fractionated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. To determine which subunits in the two-dimensional electrophoretic pattern belong to gliadin or glutenin the endosperm proteins have also been fractionated by a modified Osborne procedure and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and Sepharose CL-4B prior to separation by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The control of production of five major grain protein subunits is shown to be determined by chromosomes 6A, 6B and 6D by comparing two-dimensional electrophoretic protein subunit patterns of aneuploid lines of the variety ‘Chinese Spring’. From these and previous studies it is concluded that some α, β and γ gliadins (molecular weights by SDS-PAGE 30,000 to 40,000) are specified by genes on the short arms of homoeologous Group 6 chromosomes, the ω gliadins (molecular weights by SDS-PAGE 50,000 to 70,000) are specified by genes on the short arms of homoeologous Group 1 chromosomes and the glutenin subunits (molecular weights by SDS-PAGE 〉 85,000) are specified by genes on the long arms of homoeologous Group 1 chromosomes. No major gliadins or glutenin subunits were absent when any of the chromosomes in homoeologous Groups 2, 3, 4, 5 or 7 were deleted. However two gliadins whose presumed structural genes are on chromosome 6D were absent in aneuploid stocks of ‘Chinese Spring’ carrying two additional doses of chromosome 2A. Two out of thirty-three intervarietal or interspecific chromosome substitution lines examined, involving homoeologous Group 2 chromosomes, lacked the same two gliadins. All the subunits in the other thirty-one chromosome substitution lines were indistinguishable from those in ‘Chinese Spring’. It is therefore concluded that the major variation affecting gliadin and glutenins in wheat is concentrated on the chromosomes of homoeologous Groups 1 and 6 but Group 2 chromosomes are candidates for further study. An endosperm protein controlled by chromosome 4D in ‘Chinese Spring’ is shown to be a high molecular weight globulin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276448
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    An analysis of genes for resistance against two Indian cultures of stem rust races of two bread wheats (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 60 (1981), S. 157-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Puccinia graminis ; Stem rust resistance ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two bread wheat accessions, E5008 and E6160, have been genetically analysed for resistance genes effective against Indian cultures of stem rust races, 15C and 122. The inheritance of resistance to each race has been determined from the F1 and F2 of the crosses (resistant parents with the susceptible variety, ‘Agra Local’) and F2 progenies from the backcross to ‘Agra Local’. Tests have been performed to see if the two varieties carry common genes/s for resistance. The identity of the genes for resistance has been established from relevant crosses with single gene lines carrying known genes for resistance. A single dominant gene effective to race 15C in E5008 has been demonstrated to be Sr9b. Of the two recessive genes, each producing distinct infection types (0; and 1–3) against race 122, one gene has been inferred to be Sr12 and the second to be a hitherto undesignated gene. The resistance of E6160 against race 15C is controlled by two genes, one dominant and one recessive. The dominant gene has been identified as Sr9b. The recessive gene has been inferred to be a new gene. Similarly, a dominant gene effective against race 122 in E6160 has been observed to be different from those so far designated. In addition, the presence of modifier gene/s in the variety, E6160 has been suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264521
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    The chromosomal location of factors determining the presence of phenolic compounds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 125-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat-phenolics-location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using thin-layer chromatography and nulli-tetrasomic and ditellosomic series of Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Chinese Spring’, it has been possible to relate the phenolic compounds found in adult plant leaves and 12 day-old seedling leaves with the chromosomes or chromosome arms 1 B, 2 BL, 3 BL, 5 A, 6 AL, 7 B and 7 DS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273879
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    Cytogenetic structure of common wheat cultivars from or introduced into Spain (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 129-133 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Interchange ; Chromosome arrangements ; Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chromosome arrangements of twenty-eight cultivars of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L., from or introduced into Spain are compared with that of ‘Chinese Spring’ taken as a pattern. All the cultivars analyzed differ from ‘Chinese Spring’ by one or two reciprocal translocations. When 12 out of 28 cultivars were compared it was concluded that a minimum number of thirteen interchanges are present, involving at least ten different chromosomes of the complement. The interest of a reappraisal of the rôle of interchanges in the evolution of Gramineae is pointed out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00273880
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    N-banding in Triticum aestivum following feulgen hydrolysis (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 337-339 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; ‘Chinese Spring’ ; Chromosome banding ; Hydrolysis ; Feulgen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Terminal and/or interstitial N-bands were produced on the seven B-genome chromosomes and chromosomes 4 and 7 of the A-genome of Triticum aestivum cv. ‘Chinese Spring’ by a modified BSG technique following a standard Feulgen preparation. The banding was accomplished by modifying the barium hydroxide treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272852
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    Pollen callus culture in Triticum aestivum (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 71-73 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Pollen ; Anther culture ; Callus ; Regeneration ; Plantlets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Pollen shed between 4–8 d from anthers of Triticum aestivum cultured in liquid medium gave rise to calluses. Tillers were harvested at the mid-to late-unicellular pollen stages and chilled for 8 d at 4–5 °C before the anthers were dissected out. Pollen cultures gave about 6 times as many calluses on a per anther basis as anthers cultured on solid medium. With the most productive of 5 cultivars tested, pollen culture results in roughly one callus for each anther used, though the calluses formed by pollen culture were less productive for the regeneration of shoots than calluses derived from anthers cultured on solid medium. The ratio of green to albino shoots is roughly 1∶ 1 for anther cultures but considerably less for pollen cultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303494
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    Inheritance of grain proteins in wheat (1982)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 121-124 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Grainprotein ; Gene action ; Regression ; Diallel cross
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Diallel crosses between five divergent vulgare wheat cultivars were made in order to evaluate the mode of inheritance and combining ability of grain proteins. Significant differences in grain protein content were found between cultivars and their hybrids. It was established that the inheritance of seed protein in the F1 generation included both additive and non-additive gene action.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303692
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    Study on nuclear and cytoplasmic genome expression in wheat by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 335-345 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; 2D electrophoresis ; Developmental genetics ; Cytoplasmic inheritance ; Genetic regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of denaturated proteins were performed at five developmental stages or organs (hereafter referred to as stage-organs) on two wheat lines with four different cytoplasms. Five hundred and fifty to 712 reproducible spots were scored depending on the stage-organ. Each stage-organ is unambiguously characterized and several types of control of protein quantity are recorded. Post-translational modifications are hypothetized and may sometimes be stagespecific. Two cytoplasmic patterns are found: one for the euplasmic lines with Triticum aestivum cytoplasm and one for the alloplasmic lines with Aegilops juvenalis, Ae. ventricosa and Ae. kotschyi cytoplasms. Cytoplasmic variation is observed for 28 spots showing position difference, all of which are probably products of the LS gene, and for four spots showing differences for regulation of protein quantity. Nuclear variation between ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Selkirk’ is found for 20 allelic differences and for 20 regulatory systems, the latter number being probably underestimated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00267887
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    The chromosomal location of malate dehydrogenase isozymes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 255-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Malate dehydrogenase ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The malate dehydrogenase (E.C. no 1.1.1. 37) of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring, shows two activity zones. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the malate dehydrogenase isozymes of zone II are dimers composed of the six possible combinations of subunits coded by triplicate genes located in the long arms of chromosomes of the homoeologous group 1.
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    Study on nuclear and cytoplasmic genome expression in wheat by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops species ; Alloplasmic lines ; 2D gel electrophoresis ; Cytoplasmic inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this first analysis the protein patterns obtained by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of 8 day-old leaves from 18 alloplasmic wheat lines are compared. From 440 spots retained on the basis of their reproducibility, 36 proteins were observed to vary in different cytoplasms, allowing us to distinguish the T. aestivum cytoplasm from 5 Aegilops cytoplasms. Twenty-four of the 36 variable proteins could be structurally related to the large subunit of RuBPCase. Nuclear variation between 3 wheat varieties was observed for 14 proteins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281838
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    Genetic analysis of gliadin components in winter wheat using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1984), S. 31-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Gliadins ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Hybridological analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Blocks of gliadin components found both in a number of varieties and in single F2 grains of winter wheat intervarietal hybrids have been studied by two-dimensional electrophoresis combining electrophoresis in acidic aluminium-lactate buffer (pH3.1) and SDS-electrophoresis. Gliadin components (spots) have been shown to be inherited as linked groups (blocks), codominantly and in accordance with a gene dosage in triploid endosperm. Blocks include components differing in their electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight. Some allelic variants of blocks differ only in presence of few additional components or in the electrophoretic mobility of components with similar molecular weights; other variants may contain no similar components. Apparently, in the course of evolution, mutations in individual genes of gliadin-coding loci and processes changing the number of expressing genes and the sizes of their structural part occurred.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262533
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    An evaluation of mitochondrial heterosis and in vitro mitochondrial complementation in wheat, barley and maize (1981)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondrial heterosis ; Mitochondrial complementation ; Triticum aestivum ; Hordeum vulgare ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two families each of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) were studied for mitochondrial heterosis and in vitro mitochondrial complementation. Inbred parents and their hybrids were compared for seedling heights and rate of oxygen uptake by the whole tissue to find out if the hybrids showed greater growth and respiratory activity at the seedling stage. Further comparisons were made by isolating mitochondria from the seedling tissues and measuring their ADP∶0 ratio, respiratory control ratio and cytochrome c oxidase activity for mitochondrial heterosis. Mixtures of parental mitochondria were similarly compared with parental and hybrid mitochondria for in vitro mitochondrial complementation. No evidence for mitochondrial heterosis or in vitro mitochondrial complementation was found, nor any correlation between the different mitochondrial parameters, seedling heights or rates of oxygen uptake by seedling tissue. The suggested use of mitochondrial heterosis and in vitro mitochondrial complementation for plant breeding is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264969
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    Measuring the effect of an abiotic stress on competition (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 100 (1994), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Competition ; Abiotic stress ; Multiplicative interactions ; Nickel toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using recently developed solution culture techniques, the effect of a non-resource abiotic stress, nickel toxicity, was tested on intraspecific nutrient competition among wheat. The choice of an appropriate statistical model was of paramount importance in interpreting these effects. We argue that a multiplicative model is more appropriate for experiments on interactions of competition and abiotic stress. By such an analysis, nickel had no relative effect on the ability of competition to reduce plant size in two experiments, and caused a small reduction in competition in another. These results are contrary to other reports of the effect of a non-resource abiotic stress on competition and appear to be due to an increased demand for nutrients in the presence of toxic levels of nickel. The effects of an abiotic stress on competition may thus be specitic to the stress and not generalized across all abiotic stresses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316948
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    Plant competition and disease in genetically diverse wheat populations (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 91 (1992), S. 82-92 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Plant disease ; Genetic diversity ; Frequency-dependence ; Triticum aestivum ; Puccinia striiformis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The direct and indirect effects of plant genetic diversity on epidemics and the influence of disease on plant competition were investigated using the wheat (Triticum aestivum)/stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) system. Replacement series consisting of a susceptible and a resistant wheat genotype or two wheat genotypes susceptible to different races of stripe rust were grown in the presence and absence of the pathogen. Stripe rust severity, number of seed heads, seed yield, and seed weight were determined separately for each wheat genotype in the mixtures and the pure stands. The frequency of susceptible genotypes in a mixture explained up to 67% of the variation in disease severity. However, competitive interactions among plant genotypes sometimes appeared to alter susceptibility and obscured the relationship. In pure stands of single genotypes, disease severity explained between 52 and 58% of the variation in seed yield. In mixtures, coefficients of determination were only 10 and 31%, suggesting a strong influence of plant-plant interactions on seed yield. These results suggest that host-parasite coevolutionary models need to account for the strong effect that specific plant genotype combinations may have on disease severity and plant reproduction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317245
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    Plant competition for light analyzed with a multispecies canopy model (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 82 (1990), S. 304-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Multispecies canopy model ; Canopy photosynthesis model ; Triticum aestivum ; Avena fatua ; Ultraviolet-B radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Competition for light among species in a mixed canopy can be assessed quantitatively by a simulation model which evaluates the importance of different morphological and photosynthetic characteristics of each species. A model was developed that simulates how the foliage of all species attenuate radiation in the canopy and how much radiation is received by foliage of each species. The model can account for different kinds of foliage (leaf blades, stems, etc.) for each species. The photosynthesis and transpiration for sunlit and shaded foliage of each species is also computed for different layers in the canopy. The model is an extension of previously described single-species canopy photosynthesis simulation models. Model predictions of the fraction of foliage sunlit and interception of light by sunlit and shaded foliage for monoculture and mixed canopies of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and wild oat (Avena fatua) in the field compared very well with measured values. The model was used to calculate light interception and canopy photosynthesis for both species of wheat/wild oat mixtures grown under normal solar and enhanced ultraviolet-B (290–320 nm) radiation (UV-B) in a glasshouse experiment with no root competition. In these experiments, measurements showed that the mixtures receiving enhanced UV-B radiation had a greater proportion of the total foliage area composed of wheat compared to mixtures in the control treatments. The difference in species foliage area and its position in the canopy resulted in a calculated increase in the portion of total canopy radiation interception and photosynthesis by wheat. This, in turn, is consistent with greater canopy biomass of wheat reported in canopies irradiated with supplemental UV-B.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317475
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    Embryo yield in wheat anther culture is influenced by the choice of sugar in the culture medium (1990)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 9 (1990), S. 14-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Anther culture ; Sugars ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of employing different sugars in wheat anther culture has been investigated using four Spring wheat cultivars. The most responsive cultivar, Orofen, gave a three to four-fold increase in embryo yield when maltose was used in place of sucrose, with 50 embryos being produced for every 100 anthers cultured. Measurement of sugar concentrations in the culture media indicated that sucrose was more rapidly hydrolysed than maltose. However, neither the osmotic potential of the medium nor the concentration of glucose appeared to be critical factors in determining embryo yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232126
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    Seed set after pollination with in-vitro-matured, isolated pollen of Triticum aestivum (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 576-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pollen culture ; Pollen maturation ; Pollination ; Triticum aestivum ; Gliadins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immature pollen of two varieties of Triticum aestivum, at the stage right after the first pollen mitosis, was isolated from individual anthers and cultured in microcultures of microliter droplets. In a specifically designed medium, some of the pollen grains developed to maturity. These were applied to excised stigmas on agar, where they produced pollen tubes. Application to flowers in vivo led to seed set. Pollen was matured in vitro from a variety that produced a different protein banding pattern on SDS-PAGE as compared to the variety that was pollinated. The protein banding in the produced seeds showed the hybrid pattern, demonstrating that the seeds were not produced by self-pollination in this in-breeding species but by pollination with the in-vitro-matured pollen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226721
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    The modification of a common wheat-Thinopyrum distichum translocated chromosome with a locus homoeoallelic to Lr19 (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1992), S. 73-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Intergeneric gene transfer ; Allosyndetic recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ‘Chinese Spring’ ph1b and ph2b mutants, as well as the nulli 5B tetra 5D stock were utilized in an attempt to effect homoeologous chromatin exchange between the ‘Indis’ chromosome translocation [derived from Thinopyrum distichum (Thunb.) Löve] and chromosome arm 7DL of common wheat. A homoeoallele of Lr19 and linked genes for yellow flour-pigmentation were utilized as markers. Seven selections with recombinations involving the foreign, translocated segment were recovered. Four of these had white endosperms and were leaf-rust resistant. The remaining lines were leaf-rust resistant and had levels of endosperm pigmentation intermediate to those of ‘Indis’ and ‘Chinese Spring’. The recombined translocation segments coding for white endosperm are no longer associated with chromosome 7D. The original translocated segment may, therefore, not be fully homoeologous to 7DL. The recombinants with white endosperm also lack the stem-rust resitance gene Sr25, but retained the segregation distorter locus, Sd-1. However, it seems as though an enhancer locus (or loci) of Sd-1 had been lost.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223847
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    Use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect spacer size heterogeneity in plant 5S-rRNA gene clusters and to locate such clusters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 684-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: PCR ; 5S-ribosomal RNA ; Non-transcribed spacer ; Triticum aestivum ; Chromosome location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have used the polymerase chain reaction to analyse variation in the size of individual 5S-ribosomal gene spacer sequences. This reaction can be used to demonstrate inter- and intraspecific variation in spacer size, and combined with DNA sequencing it may thus be a valuable taxonomic tool. Two sets of nested polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to amplify the nontranscribed spacer DNA between repeated 5S-rRNA genes. These “universal” primers were used to generate fragments from the genomic DNA from several unrelated monocotyledonous plants. Ribosomal RNA spacer sequences generated in these experiments could also be used to locate 5S-rRNA gene clusters on specific chromosomes in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum). Three distinct spacer sizes were observed after amplification. These were assigned locations on chromosomes by analysing amplification products of genomic DNA from nullisomic/tetrasomic and ditelosomic wheat stocks. “Large” 508-bp 5S repeats are located on the short arm of chromosome 5B and “short” 416-bp and 425-bp repeat unit variants are located on the short arms of chromosomes 1B and 1D, respectively. No other loci were detected. The spacer fragments were cloned, sequenced, and shown to be homologous to wheat 5S-rRNA spacers previously identified. Spacers of uniform size but with some sequence heterogeneity were shown to be located at each locus.
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    Use of RFLP markers for the identification of alleles of the Pm3 locus conferring powdery mildew resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 959-963 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Mildew resistance ; Pm3 locus ; Near-isogenic lines ; RFLP marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers linked to genes for resistance to powdery mildew (Pm) in wheat using a series of ‘Chancellor’ near-isogenic-lines (NILs), each having one powdery mildew resistance gene. A total of 210 probes were screened for their ability to detect polymorphism between the NILs and the recurrent parent. One of these restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers (Xwhs179) revealed polymorphism not only between the NILs for the Pm3 locus, but also among NILs possessing different alleles of the Pm3 locus. The location of the marker Xwhs179 was confirmed to be on homoeologous chromosome group 1 with the help of nullitetrasomic wheat lines. The linkage relationship between this probe and the Pm3 locus was estimated with double haploid lines derived from a cross between wheat cvs ‘Club’ and ‘Chul’ (Pm3b). The genetic distance was determined to be 3.3±1.9 cM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00211048
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    Production of multiple wheat-rye 1RS translocation stocks and genetic analysis of LMW subunits of glutenin and gliadins in wheats using these stocks (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 85 (1993), S. 719-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rye translocations ; Triticum aestivum ; Glutenin ; Gliadin ; Glu-3 loci ; Gli-1 loci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A triple (1AL.1RS/1BL.1RS/1DL.1RS) and three double (1AL.1RS/1BL.1RS, 1AL.1RS/1DL.1RS, 1BL.1RS/1DL.1RS) wheat-rye 1RS translocation stocks were isolated from a segregating population using the Gli-1, Tri-1 and Sec-1 seed proteins as genetic markers. These stocks carried 42 chromosomes and formed the expected multivalents (frequency of 14–25%) at metaphase 1. They gave floret fertility ranging from 40–60%. These stocks were subsequently used to determine the genetic control of low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits in ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Gabo’ by means of two-step one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. All of the B subunits and most of the C subunits of glutenin were shown to be controlled by genes on the short arms of group-1 chromosomes in these wheats. The other C subunits were not controlled by group-1 chromosomes. The triple translocation line served as a suitable third parent in producing test-cross seeds for studying the inheritance of the LMW glutenin subunits and gliadins in wheat cultivars, e.g. ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Orca’. The segregation patterns of the LMW glutenin subunits in these cultivars revealed that the subunits were inherited in clusters and that their controlling genes (Glu-3) were tightly linked with those controlling gliadins (Gli-1). The LMW glutenin patterns d, d and e in ‘Orca’ segregated as alternatives to the patterns a, a and a in ‘Chinese Spring’ controlled by Glu-A3, Glu-B3 and Glu-D3 loci on chromosome arms 1AS, 1BS and 1DS, respectively, thus indicating that these patterns were controlled by allelic genes at these loci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225011
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    Differences in the heat-shock response between thermotolerant and thermosusceptible cultivars of hexaploid wheat (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 941-946 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Genetic differences ; Heat-shock proteins ; Heat-shock response ; DNA polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heat-shock protein (HSP) gene expression in two wheat lines cv ‘Mustang’ (heat-tolerant) and cv ‘Sturdy’ (heat-susceptible) were analyzed to determine if wheat genotypes differing in heat tolerance also differ in in-vitro HSP synthesis (translatable HSP mRNAs) and steady-state levels of HSP mRNA. Several sets of mRNA were isolated from seedling leaf tissues which had been heat-stressed at 37 °C for various time intervals. These mRNAs were hybridized with HSP cDNA or genomic DNA probes (HSP17, 26, 70, 98, and ubiquitin). Protein profiles were compared using in-vitro translation and 2-D gels. The Northern slot-blot data from the heat-stress treatment provide evidence that the heat-tolerant cv ‘Mustang’ synthesized low molecular weight (LMW) HSP mRNA earlier during exposure to heat shock and at a higher level than did the heat-susceptible cv ‘Sturdy’. This was especially true for the chloroplast-localized HSP. The protein profiles shown by 2-D gel analysis revealed that there were not only quantitative differences of individual HSPs between the two wheat lines, but also some unique HSPs which were only found in the ‘Mustang’ HSP profiles. The high level of RFLP between the two wheat lines was revealed by Southern blot hybridization utilizing a HSP17 probe. These data provide a molecular basis for further genetic analysis of the role of HSP genes in thermal tolerance in wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227407
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    Transfer of Ph I genes promoting homoeologous pairing from Triticum speltoides to common wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 97-101 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. speltoides ; Meiotic chromosome pairing ; Alien transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diploid-like chromosome pairing in polyploid wheat is controlled by several Ph (pairing homoeologous) genes with major and minor effects. Homoeologous pairing occurs in either the absence of these genes or their inhibition by genes from other species (Ph I genes). We transferred Ph I genes from Triticum speltoides (syn Aegilops speltoides) to T. aestivum, and on the basis of further analysis it appears that two duplicate and independent Ph I genes were transferred. Since Ph I genes are epistatic to the Ph genes of wheat, homoeologous pairing between the wheat and alien chromosomes occurs in the F1 hybrids. Using the Ph I gene stock, we could demonstrate homoeologous pairing between the wheat and Haynaldia villosa chromosomes. Since homoeologous pairing occurs in F1 hybrids and no cytogenetic manipulation is needed, the Ph I gene stock may be a versatile tool for effecting rapid and efficient alien genetic transfers to wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222400
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    Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to the Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene of wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 110-115 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leaf rust ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic lines (NILs) for the leaf rust resistance gene Lr9 were screened for polymorphisms at the molecular level. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers as well as RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers were used. Out of 395 RAPD primers tested, three showed polymorphisms between NILs, i.e., an additional band was found in resistant lines. One of these polymorphic bands was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were synthesized, and after amplification only resistant lines showed an amplified product. Thus, these primers define a sequence-tagged site that is specific for the translocated fragment carrying the Lr9 gene. A cross between a resistant NIL and the spelt (Triticum spelta) variety ‘Oberkulmer’ was made, and F2 plants were analyzed for genetic linkage. All three polymorphisms detected by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and one RFLP marker (cMWG684) showed complete linkage to the Lr9 gene in 156 and 133 plants analyzed, respectively. A second RFLP marker (PSR546) was closely linked (8±2.4 cM) to the Lr9 gene and the other four DNA markers. As this marker maps to the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 6B of wheat, Lr9 and the other DNA markers also map to the distal region of 6BL. All three PCR markers detected the Lr9 gene in independently derived breeding lines and varieties, thus proving their general applicability in wheat breeding programs.
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    Identification of wheat-Agropyron cristatum monosomic addition lines by RFLP analysis using a set of assigned wheat DNA probes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 70-75 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron cristatum ; Alien addition ; RFLP ; Non-radioactive labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled DNA method was used successfully to identify RFLP markers in 54 Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ — Agropyron cristatum (2n=28, genome PPPP) P-genome monosomic addition lines. Southern analysis using a set of 14 DNA probes identifying each homoeologous chromosome arm, combined with two restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI, indicated that six A. cristatum chromosomes (1P, 2P, 3P, 4P, 5P and 6P) and five A. cristatum chromosome arms (2PS, 2PL, 5PL, 6PS and 6PL) have been individually added to the wheat genome. The added chromosomes of three lines were Agropyron translocated chromosomes. It was also found that two addition plants possessed an Agropyron-wheat translocation. These results showed that RFLP analysis using the set of assigned wheat probes was a powerful tool in detecting and establishing homoeology of alien A. cristatum chromosomes, or arms, added to wheat, as well as in screening the alien addition material. The creation of the monosomic addition lines should be useful for the transfer of disease-resistance genes from A. cristatum to wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226985
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    Genetic control of amylose content in wheat endosperm starch and differential effects of three Wx genes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 276-280 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Amylose content ; Monosomic ; Substitution line ; Triticum aestivum ; Wx protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The endosperm starch of the wheat grain is composed of amylose and amylopectin. Genetic manipulation of the ratio of amylose to amylopectin or the amylose content could bring about improved texture and quality of wheat flour. The chromosomal locations of genes affecting amylose content were investigated using a monosomic series of Chinese Spring (CS) and a set of Cheyenne (CNN) chromosome substitution lines in the CS genetic background. Trials over three seasons revealed that a decrease in amylose content occurred in monosomic 4A and an increase in monosomic 7B. Allelic variation between CS and CNN was suggested for the genes on chromosomes 4A and 7B. To examine the effects of three Waxy (Wx) genes which encode a granule-bound starch synthase (Wx protein), the Wx proteins from CS monosomics of interest were analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The amount of the Wx protein coded by the Wx-B1 gene on chromosome arm 4AL was reduced in monosomic 4A, and thus accounted for its decreased amylose content. The amounts of two other Wx proteins coded by the Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 genes on chromosome arms 7AS and 7DS, respectively, showed low levels of protein in the monosomics but no effect on amylose content. The effect of chromosome 7B on the level of amylose suggested the presence of a regulator gene which suppresses the activities of the Wx genes.
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    A monoclonal antibody chromosome marker analysis used to locate a loose smut resistance gene in wheat chromosome 6A (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 787-793 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Ustilago tritici ; Alien substitution ; Molecular marker ; Gene location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many genes have been located in wheat chromosomes, yet little is known about the location of genes for resistance to Ustilago tritici, which causes loose smut. Crosses were made between the loose smut susceptible alien substitution lines Cadet 6Ag(6A) and Rescue 6Ag(6A) (lines in which Agropyron chromosome 6 is substituted by wheat chromosome 6A) and four cultivars resistant to U. tritici race T19: ‘Cadet’, ‘Kota’, ‘Thatcher’ and ‘TD18’. The segregating progeny were tested for reaction to race T19 and for the level of binding with a monoclonal antibody specific to a chromosome 6A-coded seed protein. The antibody, which does not bind to seed protein extracts in the absence of the 6A chromosome, was used as a chromosome marker. An association was established between resistance to race T19 and the presence of chromosome 6A for each of the cultivars tested, indicating that resistance to race T19 resides in chromosome 6A. Ustilago tritici race T19 resistance in ‘Cadet’ appears to be located in the short arm of chromosome 6A, based on the evaluation of the Cadet 6A long ditelosomic stock, which was susceptible, and the Cadet 6A-short: 6-Agropyron- short alien translocation stock, which was resistant.
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    Identification of RFLP markers linked to the cereal cyst nematode resistance gene (Cre) in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 927-930 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; CCN ; Genetic mapping ; Triticum aestivum ; Heterodera avenae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cereal cyst nematode (CCN) (Heterodera avenae Woll.) is an economically damaging pest of wheat in many of the worlds cereal growing areas. The development of CCN-resistant cultivars may be accelerated by the use of molecular markers. The Cre gene of the wheat line “AUS 10894” confers resistance to CCN. Using a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs) that should differ only in a small chromosome segment containing the Cre locus, we screened 58 group-2 probes and found two (Tag605 and CDO588) that detect polymorphism between the NILs. Nulli-tetrasomic and ditelosomic lines confirmed that the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers identified were derived from the long arm of wheat chromosome 2. Crosses between “AUS 10894” and “Spear” and the NIL “AP” and its recurrent parent “Prins” were used to produce F2 populations that gave the expected 3∶1 segregation ratio for the resistance gene. Linkage analysis identified two RFLP markers flanking the resistance gene. Xglk605 and Xcdo588 mapped 7.3 cM (LOD=6.0) and 8.4 cM (LOD=6.7), respectively, from the Cre locus.
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    Dosage effects of chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6 upon bread-making quality in hexaploid wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 281-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Glutenin ; Gliadin ; Aneuploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The endosperm storage proteins, glutenin and gliadin, are major determinants of bread-making quality in hexaploid wheat. Genes encoding them are located on chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 6. Aneuploid lines of these groups in spring wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ have been used to investigate the effect of varying the dosage of chromosomes and chromosome arms upon bread-making quality, where quality has been assessed using the SDS-sedimentation test. Differences between the group 1 chromosomes for quality were greater than those between the group 6 chromosomes. The chromosomes were ranked within homoeologous groups for their effect on quality as follows (〉=better quality): 1D〉1B〉1A and 6A〉6B=6D. The relationship of chromosome dosage with quality was principally linear for four of the chromosomes, but not for 6B and 6D. Increases in the dosage of 1B, 6A and, especially, 1D, were associated with significant improvements in quality, whereas increases in the dosage of 1A were associated with reductions in quality. The effects of 1A and 1D were such that the best genotype for quality was nullisomic 1A-tetrasomic 1D. For group 1, effects of the long arm appeared in general to be more important than effects of the short arm. For group 6, effects were found associated with the long arms as well as with the short arms, a surprising result in view of the absence of genes encoding storage proteins on the long arms. Significant interactions were found between chromosomes and genetic backgrounds, and between individual chromosomes. Analysis of trials grown over two years demonstrated that, although additive environmental differences over years and genotype x years interaction were present, they were relatively small in magnitude compared with purely genetic differences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224399
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    Genetics of resistance toPuccinia graminis tritici andPuccinia recondite tritici in four South African wheats (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 401-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Puccinia graminis tritici ; Puccinia recondita Tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; Rust resistance ; Gene identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genes for resistance toPuccinia graminis tritici andPuccinia recondita tritici identified in four South African wheats were:Sr6,Sr8a,Sr9e, andLr13 in ‘W3762’;Sr5,Sr8a,Sr9b,Sr12,Sr24,Lr13, andLr24 in ‘W3760’;Sr2,Sr24,SrC,Lr13, andLr24 in ‘W3751’; andSr7a,Sr23,Sr36, andLr16 in ‘W3755’. GenesSr2,Sr9e, andSr24 also conferred adult plant resistance to the predominant pathotypes ofP. graminis tritici. GenesSr7a,Sr23, andSrC, when present alone, did not confer acceptable adult plant resistance, even though low seedling reactions were associated with them when tested with the same pathotypes. Genetic recombination betweenLr13 andSr9e was estimated at 12.5%±2.3%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186086
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    Restriction fragment patterns of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA of Dasypyvum villosum (L.) candargy and wheats (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1993), S. 44-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. durum ; Aegilops longissimum ; Dasypyrum villosum ; Endonuclease ; Cytoplasm donor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships and cytoplasmic types, restriction endonuclease fragment patterns of chloroplast (cp) and mitochondrial (mt) DNAs isolated from two different accessions of Dasypyrum villosum (L.) candargy were compared with those of tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum Desf., PI265007), hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv Chinese Spring), Aegilops longissimum (S. and M., in Muschli) Bowden and Hordeum vulgare L. T. aestivum and T. durum had identical restriction patterns for their cp and mtDNAs in digestions with four different enzymes. Likewise, no differences were found between the restriction fragment patterns of two accessions of D. villosum. But, there were distinct differences in chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment patterns between D. villosum and tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. A. longissimum (G609) showed a similar pattern to those wheats for PstI digestion of cpDNA. Organellar DNA from Hordeum vulgare (cv Himalaya) showed a distinctly different restriction pattern from those of wheat and D. villosum. These results suggest that D. villosum is unlikely to be the donor of cytoplasm to wheats, and its cytoplasmic organelles were also different from those of A. longissimum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223742
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    Isozyme and cytological markers of some Psathyrostachys juncea accessions (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 528-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Psathyrostachys juncea ; Triticum aestivum ; Isozyme markers ; Chromosome banding ; Intergeneric hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Psathyrostachys juncea (synonymous to Elymus junceus; 2n=2x=14, NN) has unique biotic and abiotic attributes that could contribute towards wheat improvement. The effectiveness of such an intergeneric hybridization program depends greatly on being able to establish diagnostic markers of the alien chromosomes. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) analyses of six enzyme systems have identified five biochemical markers — malate dehydrogenase (MDH), esterase (EST), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), and β-amylase (β-AMY) — to be of positive diagnostic value; glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) banding profiles were of no definite value in the background of Triticum aestivum cvs ‘Chinese Spring’ and ‘Seri-82’, the potential recipients of Ps. juncea chromosomes. The Giemsa C-banding karyotype distinctively separates the Ps. Juncea chromosomes from each other and from those of T. aestivum with little banding site polymorphisms prevalent among its accessions analyzed, indicating the usefulness of C-bands as cytological markers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224148
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    Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 821-828 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Total DNAs of plants regenerated from immature embryo-derived 2-month-old embryogenic calli of wheat (cultivars Florida 302, Chris, Pavon, RH770019) were probed with six maize mitochondrial genes (atpA, atp6, apt9, coxI, coxII, rrn18-rrn5), three hypervariable wheat mitochondrial clones (K′, K3, X2), five random pearl millet mitochondrial clones (4A9, 4D1, 4D12, 4E1, 4E11) and the often-used wheat Nor locus probe (pTA71), in order to assess the molecular changes induced in vitro. In addition, protoplast-derived plants, and 24-month-old embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli and cell suspension cultures of Florida 302 were also analyzed. No variation was revealed by the wheat or millet mitochondrial clones. Qualitative variation was detected in the nonembryogenic suspension culture by three maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, rrn18-rrn5, atp6). A callus-specific 3.8-kb Hind III fragment was detected in all four cultivars after hybridization with the coxI gene. The organization of the Nor locus of the plants regenerated from Florida 302 and Chris was stable when compared to their respective control plants and calli. The Nor locus in regenerants of Pavon and RH, on the other hand, was found to be variable. However, Nor locus variability was not observed in 14 individual seed-derived control plants from either Pavon or RH sources. In Pavon, a 3.6-kb Taq I or a 5.6-kb Bam HI+ Eco RI fragment was lost after regeneration. In one of the RH regenerants, which lost a fragment, an additional fragment was observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221134
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    Characterisation of the wheat Mr 15000 “grain-softness protein” and analysis of the relationship between its accumulation in the whole seed and grain softness (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 589-597 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Grain softness ; Friabilin ; Milling quality ; Triticum aestivum ; Seed storage-proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Mr 15000 protein associated with water-washed wheat starch granules from soft wheats was shown to be heterogeneous: it could be divided into a fraction containing one or moreα-amylase inhibitor subunits and a fraction largely composed of a previously uncharacterised polypeptide(s) referred to as the “grainsoftness protein” (GSP). The major N-terminal sequence and sequences of peptides derived from protease digests of GSP are reported. An antiserum specific for GSP was used to show that GSP accumulated in both hard and soft wheat grains, but the GSP in soft grains associated more strongly with starch granules than the GSP in hard grains. A positive correlation between grain softness and accumulation of GSP in the seed was demonstrated for a range of cultivars. This differs from the qualitative relationship, based on the isolated starch fraction, between GSP and grain softness that has already been reported. Analysis of wholemeal extracts with the antiserum demonstrated that the accumulation of GSP in the seed was dependent on the short arm of chromosome 5D, which also encodes theHa locus. In addition, examination of near-isogenic lines differing in hardness indicated that the gene(s) controlling GSP was (were) linked with theHa locus. The findings indicate that GSP may be the product of theHa locus and thus be the major factor that determines the milling characteristics of bread wheats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00838714
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    Waxy protein deficiency and chromosomal location of coding genes in common wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 179-184 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Waxy (Wx) protein ; Triticum aestivum ; Null allele ; Geographical distribution ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Deficiency of the wheat waxy (Wx) proteins (Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1) was studied in 1,960 cultivars derived from several countries. Gel electrophoretic analyses revealed that the null allele for the Wx-A1 protein occurred frequently in Korean, Japanese and Turkish wheats but was relatively rare in cultivars from other countries and regions. About 48% of the wheats deficient for the Wx-B1 protein were from Australia and India. One Chinese cultivar lacked the WxD1 protein. While 9 Japanese cultivars were deficient in both the Wx-A1 and Wx-B1 proteins, no cultivars lacked both the Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 proteins, both the Wx-B1 and Wx-D1 proteins or all three Wx proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed polymorphisms of the three Wx proteins that varied according to isoelectric points or molecular weight. The Wx-A1 gene coding the Wx-A1 protein and the Wx-B1 gene coding the Wx-B1 protein were localized in the distal regions of chromosome arms 7AS and 4AL, respectively, by deletion mapping using the deletion lines developed in the common wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225138
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    RFLP markers associated with Sr22 and recombination between chromosome 7A of bread wheat and the diploid species Triticum boeoticum (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 1039-1045 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Sr22 ; Triticum aestivum ; T. boeoticum ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the bread wheat variety Schomburgk, and related lines in its pedigree, identified RFLP markers associated with the segment of chromosome 7A carrying the Sr22 gene derived from the diploid species T. boeoticum. The distribution of the RFLP markers indicated that at least 50% of 7AS and 80% of 7AL in Schomburgk is of T. boeoticum origin. Evaluation of five sets of nearisogenic lines, backcross lines in 20 different genetic backgrounds and an F2 population segregating for Sr22 demonstrated a very low level of recombination between the 7A chromosomes of T. boeoticum and T. aestivum. Several recombinants carrying Sr22 but with a much reduced segment of T. boeoticum were identified and these may prove useful in the breeding of further varieties with Sr22.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224536
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    In vitro microspore reaction of different German wheat cultivars (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 77-80 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Anther culture ; 1B/1R translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The in vitro microspore androgenesis reaction of 25 commercial German spring (including 4 Triticum durum) and 50 winter wheat cultivars was investigated. Tremendous genotypical differences were found in microspore response. The best-responding winter wheat cultivai, “Florida”, is characterized by the presence of a 1B/1R wheat-rye translocation chromosome. The significance of this finding and other genetic systems for future use of haploids in plant breeding is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223790
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    Progeny tests of barley, wheat, and potato regenerated from cell cultures after in vitro selection for disease resistance (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 80 (1990), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Helminthosporium ; Fusarium ; Phytophthora ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; Solanum tuberosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Because plant cells cultured in vitro express genetic variability and since they can be regenerated into functional plants, procedures have been designed to use this system for the production of plants with new important agronomic characteristics, particularly for disease resistance. For barley, wheat, and potato somaclones have been found that were less susceptible to a toxin of Helminthosporium, fusaric acid, Fusarium coeruleum, F. sulphureum, or Phytophthora infestans, when screened in the first in-vitro-derived generation. Here the progeny of such somaclones is evaluated after natural and artificial infection, using greenhouse-grown or field material. The progenies of the same somaclones did not express detectable differences, which indicated that no heterozygous mutations occurred. Most lines and clones differed in their level of susceptibility to the pathogen compared to the level of the starting material, but these data were in no instance significant. It is discussed here whether this lack of significance is due to a lack of genetic differences or whether the test procedures are in adequate for detecting and securing the slight, probably quantitative, alterations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210073
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    Identification of callus types for long-term maintenance and regeneration from commercial cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 79 (1990), S. 609-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cereals ; Gramineae ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immature embryos, inflorescences, and anthers of eight commercial cultivars of Triticum aestivum (wheat) formed embryogenic callus on a variety of media. Immature embryos (1.0–1.5 mm long) were found to be most suitable for embryogenic callus formation while anthers responded poorly; inflorescences gave intermediate values. Immature embryos of various cultivars showed significant differences in callus formation in response to 11 of the 12 media tested. No significant differences were observed when the embryos were cultred under similar conditions on MS medium with twice the concentration of inorganic salts, supplemented with 2,4-D, casein hydrolysate and glutamine. Furthermore, with inflorescences also no significant differences were observed. Explants on callus formation media formed two types of embryogenic calli: an off-white, compact, and nodular callus and a white compact callus. Upon successive subcultures (approximately 5 months), the nodular embryogenic callus became more prominent and was identified as ‘aged callus’. The aged callus upon further subculture, formed an off-white, soft, and friable embryogenic callus. Both the aged and friable calli maintained their embryogenic capacity over many subculture passages (to date up to 19 months). All embryogenic calli (1 month old) from the different callus-forming media, irrespective of expiant source, formed only green shoots on regeneration media that developed to maturity in the greenhouse. There were no significant differences in the response of calli derived from embryos and inflorescences cultured on the different initiation media. Also, the shoot-forming capacity of the cultivars was not significantly different. Anther-derived calli formed the least shoots. Aged and friable calli on regeneration media also formed green shoots but at lower frequencies. Plants from long-term culture have also been grown to maturity in soil.
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    Determination of the transmission frequency of chromosome 4S l of Aegilops sharonensis in a range of wheat genetic backgrounds (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 519-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Preferential transmission ; Triticum aestivum ; Aegilops sharonensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The transmission of chromosome 4S l from Aegilops sharonensis was observed in a range of wheat genetic backgrounds. Chromosome 4S l was transmitted at a very high frequency (at least 97.8%) in all crosses. The genetic background appears to only have a small effect on transmission. The frequency of transmission of chromosome 4S l was the same in each genetic background through both the male and female gametes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219443
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    Cytological analysis on the distribution and origin of the alien chromosome pair conferring blue aleurone color in several European common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) strains (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 551-558 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Triticum monococcum ; blue aleurone color ; Chromosome substitution/translocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Meiotic chromosome pairing and Giemsa C-banding analyses in crosses of several European blue-grained wheat strains with Chinese Spring double ditelosomic and other aneuploid lines showed that Triticum aestivum Blaukorn strains “Berlin,” “Probstdorf,” “Tschermak,” and “Weihenstephan” are chromosome substitutions, in which the complete wheat chromosome 4A pair is replaced, whereas the strains “Brünn” and “Moskau” are 4B substitutions. The alien chromosome pair in all of these strains is an A genome chromosome (4A) from diploid Triticum monococcum or T. boeoticum not present in common tetraploid and hexaploid cultivated wheats. The Blaukorn strain Weihenstephan “W 70a86” possesses, in addition to a rye chromosome pair 5R compensating for the loss of part of chromosome 5D, a 4A/5DL translocation replacing chromosome pair 4B of wheat.
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    Characterization of variability and relationships among components of partial resistance to leaf rust in CIMMYT bread wheats (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 674-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Puccinia recondita tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; Rust resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A study of spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) germ plasm developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) showed highly significant phenotypic variability for each component of partial resistance (namely, uredial appearance period, latency period, uredial number and uredial size) to Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. All of the wheat genotypes displayed longer uredial appearance and latency periods and decreased uredial number and uredial size when compared to the susceptible check cultivar ‘Morocco’. Positive correlations between uredial appearance period and latency period, and uredial number and uredial size, and negative correlations between uredial appearance and latency periods and uredial number and uredial size, inclusive, suggested that the components of partial resistance were either tightly linked or under pleiotropic genetic control. Compared to ‘Morocco’, all entries had slow disease progress in the field and variation occurred in the germ plasm for the area under the leaf rust progress curve. Disease progress was negatively correlated with uredial appearance and latency periods, whereas a positive correlation was observed with uredial number and uredial size. Certain genotypes displayed high levels of partial resistance resulting in low disease incidence in the field.
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    Geographical variation in heading characters among wheat landraces, Triticum aestivum L., and its implication for their adaptability (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 259-265 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Heading characters ; Geographical variation ; Adaptation strategy ; Genetic resource ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Heading time and its constituent traits, photoperiodic response, narrow-sense earliness and vernalization requirement, were surveyed for 158 wheat landraces. Wide varietal variation was observed in each character. Nearly half of the variation for each character was explained by a geographical difference in origin. Based on these data and the growing environments in each locality, we analyzed “adaptation strategy”, seen as the adjustment of heading time in terms of differences in the constituent traits, both individually and combined. The difference among localities indicated that wheat landraces had been selected for early heading as an adaptation strategy to water stress and/or high temperature in early summer. This change was caused by a reduction in photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness. The vernalization requirement was also reduced for adaptation to relatively mild winters. Adaptation strategy deduced from the variation within each locality was also different amongst localities. In the central region of wheat evolution, where wide variations existed in both photoperiodic response and narrow-sense earliness, the late-heading trait was achieved by either one of these traits individually or both of them combined. On the contrary, in the eastern and the western regions, wide variation in heading time was achieved by the unique combination of photoperiodic response and narrowsense earliness. A sampling strategy for wheat germ plasm is also discussed.
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    Production and cytogenetic analysis of BC1, BC2, and BC3 progenies of an intergeneric hybrid between Triticum aestivum (L.) Thell. and tetraploid Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 698-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Backcross derivatives ; Chromosome pairing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ and Agropyron cristatum 4x (2n= 5x=35, ABDPP genomes) with a high level of homoeologous meiotic pairing between the wheat chromosomes were backcrossed 3 times to wheat. Pollination of the F1 hybrid with ‘Chinese Spring’ resulted in 22 BC1 seeds with an average seed set of 1.52%. Five BC1 plants with 39–41 chromosomes were raised using embryo rescue techniques. Chromosome pairing in the BC1 was characterized by a high frequency of multivalent associations, but in spite of this there was no evidence of homoeologous pairing between chromosomes of wheat and those of Agropyron. All of the plants were self sterile. The embryo rescue technique was again essential to produce 39 BC2 plants with chromosome numbers ranging from 37 to 67. The phenomenon of meiotic non-reduction was also observed in the BC3 progenies. In this generation male and female fertility greatly increased, and meiotic pairing was fairly regular. Some monosomic (2n=43) and double monosomic (2n=44) lines were produced. Analysis of these progenies should permit the extraction of the seven possible wheat-Agropyron disomic addition lines including those with the added chromosomes carrying the genes involved in meiotic non-reduction and in suppression of Ph activity.
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    Characterization of wheat/Aegilops ventricosa introgression and addition lines with respect to the Mv genome (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 197-204 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Aegilops ventricosa ; DNA probes ; Introgression lines ; Addition lines ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Stable wheat-Aegilops introgression lines with 42 chromosomes (H-93), derived by repeated selfing from a cross (Triticum turgidum x Aegilops ventricosa) x T. aestivum, have been characterized using the following DNA probes and isozyme markers: (1) single or low-copy DNA fragments from Ae. ventricosa; (2) known cDNA probes corresponding to α1-thionin, monomeric α-amylase inhibitor, the CM3 subunit of tetrameric α-amylase inhibitor, and sucrose synthase from wheat; (3) anonymous cDNA probes from wheat that have been mapped by Sharp et al. (1989); (4) isozyme markers corresponding to aconitase, shikimate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, and endopeptidase. Meiotic metaphases of appropriate hybrids involving selected H-93 lines have been investigated by the Giemsa C-banding technique. The substitution of whole chromosomes [(5A) 5Mv; (4D) 4Mv; (5D) 5Mv; (7D) 7Mv] and chromosomal segments (1Mv; 3Mv; 5Mv; 7Mv) from the Mv genome of Aegilops ventricosa has been demonstrated. The distribution of selected markers among putative wheat-Ae. ventricosa addition lines has also been investigated. The 7Mv addition has been characterized for the first time, while the identity of the previously reported 5Mv and 6Mv additions has been confirmed.
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    Thinopyrum bessarabicum: biochemical and cytological markers for the detection of genetic introgression in its hybrid derivatives with Triticum aestivum L. (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 365-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Thinopyrum bessarabicum ; Protein-isozyme markers ; Chromosome banding ; Intergeneric hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n = 2x = 14, JJ) with its unique property of salt tolerance provides a potential means for the transfer of this important and complex trait into cultivated wheat through intergeneric hybridization. To accomplish this, diagnostic markers for detecting the presence of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in a wheat background have to be established. The C-banded karyotype of Th. bessarabicum distinctly identifies individual Th. bessarabicum chromosomes and separates them from those of Triticum aestivum. Also, seven protein/isozymes, i.e., malate dehydrogenase, high-molecular-weight glutenin, Superoxide dismutase, grain esterase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, β-amylase and α-amylase, were identified as being positive markers specific to Th. bessarabicum; these were also expressed in the T. aestivum/Th. bessarabicum amphiploid. These diagnostic biochemical markers could be useful in detecting and establishing homoeology of Th. bessarabicum chromosomes in T. aestivum/Th. bessarabicum intergeneric hybrid derivatives.
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    Genetics of gliadins coded by the group 1 chromosomes in the high-quality bread wheat cultivar Neepawa (1993)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 389-399 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gliadin loci ; Group 1 chromosomes ; Recombination ; Electrophoresis ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The inheritance and biochemical properties of gliadins controlled by the group 1 chromosomes of the high-quality bread wheat cultivar Neepawa were studied in the progeny of the cross Neepawa x Costantino by six different electrophoretic procedures. Chromosome 1B of Neepawa contains two gliadin loci, one (Gli-B1) coding for at least six ω- or γ-gliadins, the other (Gli-B3) controlling the synthesis of gliadin N6 only. The map distance between these loci was calculated as 22.1 cM. Amongst the chromosome 1A gliadins, three proteins are encoded at the Gli-A1 locus whereas polypeptides N14-N15-N16 are controlled by a remote locus which recombines with Gli-A1. Six other gliadins are controlled by a gene cluster at Gli-D1 on chromosome 1D. Canadian wheat cultivars sharing the Gli-B1 allele of Neepawa were found to differ in the presence or absence of gliadin N6. The electrophoretic mobilities of proteins N6 and N14-N15-N16 were unaffected by the addition of a reducing agent during two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamid-gel electrophoresis, suggesting the absence of intra-chain disulphide bonds in their structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222107
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    Wheat chromosome 2D carries genes controlling the activity of two DNA-degrading enzymes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 30-32 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; DNase ; Nuclease ; Cytogenetics ; Gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA-degrading enzymes of 24.0 kDa and 27.0 kDa were observed to have different activities in two common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, ‘Wichita’ and ‘Cheyenne’. A substrate-based SDS-PAGE assay revealed that these two enzymes were much more active in ‘Wichita’ than in ‘Cheyenne’. Genes controlling the activities of these two enzymes were localized on chromosome 2D by testing DNA-degrading activities in reciprocal chromosome substitution lines between ‘Wichita’ and ‘Cheyenne’. While the allele on ‘Wichita’ chromosome 2D stimulated the activities of the 24.0- and 27.0-kDa enzymes in Cheyenne, the allele on ‘Cheyenne’ chromosome 2D did not reduce the activities of the 24-kDa and 27-kDa enzymes in ‘Wichita’. Whether these genes code for the DNA-degrading enzymes themselves or for factors that regulate the enzyme activities remains unknown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222390
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    Hybridization between Triticum aestivum L. and Agropyron michnoi Roshev. (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 312-316 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron michnoi ; Intergeneric hybrid ; Chromosome pairing ; Self-fertile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids between Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ (2n=6x=42, AABBDD) and Agropyron michnoi Roshev. (2n=4x=28, PPPP) were obtained by embryo culture. Their spike characteristics were similar to those of common wheat but, unlike their parents, they were long-awned. The average meiotic chromosome pairing at MI of F1 hybrids was: 6.39 I +3.75 rodII+8.64 ringII+0.81 III+0.30 IV+0.04 V, the bivalent and multivalent formation of which was much higher than expected from the genomic formulae. It is especially worthwhile to note that the F1 hybrids were self-fertile, self set being 0.15%, and seeds were easily obtained from the backcross of f1 plants with hexaploid and tetraploid wheats; here the seed set was more than 20.0%. The polyploid taxa and the position of A. Michnoi in Agropyron are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228669
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    Characterization of HSP-70 cognate proteins from wheat (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 615-620 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: HSP-70 ; BiP/GRP-78 ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Chaperone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Animal and plant cells contain a family of constitutively expressed HSP-70 cognate proteins that are localized in different subcellular locations and are presumed to play a role in protein folding and transport. Utilizing antibodies raised against the yeast endoplasmicreticulum-localized HSP-70 cognate termed BiP/GRP-78, as well as antibodies raised against the Escherichia coli HSP-70 protein DnaK, we have identified and characterized a large family of closely related proteins in wheat. One protein band of 78 kDa that is apparently closely related to yeast BiP was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. This band cross-reacted with the yeast BiP but not with the DnaK-specific antibodies. The yeast BiP antibodies also recognized a cytoplasmic protein of 70 kDa that is probably related to the HSC-70 cognate proteins. These two proteins were further confirmed as HSP-70 cognates by their ability to bind to an ATP-agarose column. Probing of proteins from purified wheat mitochondrial preparations with the yeast BiP and DnaK-specific antibodies showed that this organelle contained a family of HSP-70-related proteins. The yeast BiP antibodies recognized two mitochondrial proteins of 60 and 58 kDa, but failed to detect any protein in the size rang of 70 to 80 kDa. However, the presence of immunologically distinct proteins of 90 and 78 kDa, as well as of lower molecular weight from this family in the mitochondria, was shown by probing with the DnaK-specific antibodies. A new protein of 30 kDa, cross-reacting with anti-yeast BiP antibodies, was detected only in developing seeds, close to their maturity. The evolution of HSP-70 cognate proteins in wheat as shown in this study is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226799
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    A comparative evaluation of two methods of selecting locations used for testing spring wheat cultivars (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 301-304 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Genotype ; Environment interactions ; Cluster analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary One of the considerations of regional cultivar evaluation programs is to optimize the number of locations used for testing. Although optimization of numbers of locations using cluster analysis has been previously attempted, no objective comparison of methods has yet been made. A new clustering method that uses the pairwise contribution of locations to the cultivar x location mean square as the distance measure (LB) was compared to another method that employs diallel correlations as the distance measure (CL). Data from six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) cultivars grown at 13 locations for five years were used in the initial cluster analysis. Another set of data, from a separate year, consisting of yields of the original 6 cultivars and a set of 12 independent cultivars was then used to check the validity of the original groupings and to compare the two methods. When the 6 original cultivars were considered, the LB technique was found to be superior to the CL. When the 12 independent cultivars were used, neither method was considered to be superior. Because of the lack of flexibility on the part of the LB method, neither technique could be deemed as fully adequate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224275
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    Dosage response of rye genes in a wheat background (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Secale cerale ; Alien gene expression ; Endosperm protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A series of hexaploid wheat lines containing zero, two or four doses of rye chromosome arm 1RS was used to investigate the response to changes in dosage by the rye genes when in a wheat background. The quantity of protein produced by the secalin protein genes contained on 1RS was directly related to the number of copies of 1RS present in the line. No response could be detected by representative wheat proteins suggesting that the increase in secalin protein observed was due to an increase in mRNA produced when four copies of the secalin gene was present. These results suggest that increasing the dosage of alien genes introgressed into wheat may be a useful tool for enhancing their expression. Mention of a trade name or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee, warranty or recommendation of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the University of Missouri and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may be suitable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223973
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    Genetic control of endosperm proteins in wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 97-101 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Electrophoresis ; Endosperm proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Total endosperm protein subunits, extracted from the common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring and from some of its aneuploid lines, were fractionated according to their molecular weight (MW) in an improved high resolution one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The resolution obtained by this method and, in particular, that of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin and gliadin subunits approached that of a previous report in which two-dimensional fractionation system based on charge and MW was used. In the cultivar Chinese Spring, 21 discrete protein bands were resolved and the chromosomes controlling many of them were either reconfirmed, or, in some cases, established. The advantages of this high resolution SDS PAGE technique are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272711
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    Responses of alloplasmic (cytoplasm=Triticum timopheevii) and euplasmic wheats (Triticum aestivum) to photoperiod and vernalization (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 61-66 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. timopheevii ; Wheat ; Photoperiod ; Vernalization ; Male sterility ; Alloplasmic hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted to determine the influence of the male sterility-inducing cytoplasm of Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. on response of several common winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) nuclear genotypes to photoperiod and vernalization. Comparative studies of cytoplasmic substitution lines provide information on the role of the cytoplasmic genetic mechanism in growth and development. In the case of cytoplasmic male sterility-based hybrid production systems, ubiquity of sterility-inducing cytoplasm in derived hybrids warrants thorough characterization of its influence on plant phenotype. Factorial combinations of cytoplasm (T. timopheevii and T. aestivum), nuclear genotype, and photoperiod or vernalization treatments were evaluated under hydroponic conditions in controlled environment chambers. Interaction of cytoplasm, photoperiod, and nuclear genotype was significant in one or more experiments for days to anthesis and potential spikelet number, and interaction of cytoplasm, vernalization, and nuclear genotype was significant for days to spike emergence. Long day length was associated with increased percentage seed set in one study, but interactions of photoperiod and cytoplasm were not detected for percentage seed set. Interactions involving cytoplasm and photoperiod or vernalization were interpreted as evidence of the existence of genetic factors in cytoplsam of T. timopheevii which alter photoperiod or vernalization responses of alloplasmic plants relative to responses exhibited by euplasmic plants. Since photoperiod and vernalization responses are critical to adaptation, T. timopheevii cytoplasm can alter adaptability of T. aestivum. The specific effect would be nuclear genotype dependent, and does not appear to be of a magnitude greater than that induced by nuclear genetic variability at loci conditioning photoperiod or vernalization responses or other adaptation-determining characteristics. Normal multilocation/year testing of alloplasmic hybrids should therefore adequately identify zones of adaptation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281850
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    Genetic control of endosperm proteins in wheat (1983)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 77-86 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Electrophoresis ; Endosperm proteins ; Glutenins ; Gliadins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Endosperm protein subunits of 109 primitive and modern lines of hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell., were fractionated by one-dimensional, high resolution, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A wide range of both qualitative and quantitative variation was observed in the fractions of the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin and gliadin subunits of the different lines. The qualitative variation was expressed in the number of subunits per fraction and in their molecular weight, as determined by the differential rate of migration. The quantitative variation was expressed in the differential staining intensity of several subunits. The widest variation was detected in the HMW glutenin and gliadin subunits controlled by chromosome 1B while a much smaller variation was observed in those subunits controlled by chromosome 1A and further smaller variation in the subunits controlled by 1D. Only a small number of subunits in both fractions was found to be controlled by chromosome 1A indicating that diploidization of endosperm protein genes in common wheat has been non-random. The genetic and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281853
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    The response of anther culture to culture temperature in Triticum aestivum (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 101-109 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Anther culture ; Culture temperature ; Induction frequency ; Pollen callus (plantlet) ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The response of anther culture to culture temperature was studied in detail using many varieties, F1 hybrids and pollen-derived lines of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as materials. The suitable culture temperature for inducing pollen callus (or embryoids) in wheat anther culture ranged from 26 °C to 30 °C, varying with genotypes. But for the great majority of wheat genotypes the suitable culture temperatures lay between 28 °C and 30°C. The most significant genotypic variation in the response to culture temperature was observed in the comparison between the culture at 33 °C for eight days followed by culture at 25 °C (or 26 °C) and the continuous culture at 25 °C (or 26 °C). This genotypic variation in the response to culture temperature is a heritable character which may be controlled by multiple genes. The effect of culture at 30 °C for eight days followed by culture at 26 °C was similar to, or in some cases, better than that of continuous culture at 28 °C, and the effect of culture at 32 °C for eight days followed by culture at 28 °C was similar to that of continuous culture at 30 °C. In the range from 26 °C to 32 °C, the overwhelming majority of pollen calli emerged before the 40th day after anther inoculation, and the higher the culture temperature, the earlier and more concentrated the emerging period of the pollen callus. The pollen callus obtained at high temperatures above 28 °C should be transferred in time onto the regeneration medium at 25°–27°C to induce shoots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265182
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    New hybrids between Agropyron and wheat (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 111-121 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron ; Intergeneric hybrids ; Embryo culture ; Chromosome pairing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids of Triticum aestivum (2n=42,AABBDD) with Agropyron ciliare (2n= 28,SSYY), A. trachycaulum (2n=28,SSHH), A. yezoense (2n=28,SSYY) and A. scirpeum (2n=28) are reported for the first time. F1 hybrids of T. aestivum were also produced with A. intermedium (2n=42,E1E1E2E2Z1Z1) and A. junceum (2n=14,JuJu). All wheat-Agropyron hybrids were obtained by embryo rescue technique. Cultivars and reciprocal crosses differed for seed set, seed development and F1 plant production. The F1 hybrids were sterile. Attempts to obtain amphiploids were unsuccessful. However, backcross derivatives were obtained with wheat as the recurrent parent. The level of chromosome pairing in A. trachycaulum x wheat, A. yezoense x wheat and wheat x A. junceum hybrids provided no evidence of homologous or homoeologous pairing. Mean pairing frequencies in A. ciliare x wheat, wheat x A. scirpeum and wheat x A. intermedium hybrids indicated homoeologous or autosyndetic pairing. Ph gene was more effective in regulating homoeologous pairing in A. yezoense x wheat hybrids than in A. ciliare x wheat hybrid. Chromosome pairing data of BC1 derivatives indicated that either some of the wheat chromosomes were eliminated or Agropyron chromosomes caused reduced pairing of wheat homologues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00265184
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    The meiotic pairing of nine wheat chromosomes (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 69 (1984), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: C-banding ; Heterochromatin ; Meiosis ; Common wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The meiotic identification of nine pairs of chromosomes at metaphase I of meiosis of Triticum aestivum (B genome, 4A and 7A) has been achieved using a Giemsa C-banding technique. As a result, the analysis of the pairing of each chromosome arm in disomic and monosomic intervarietal hybrids between ‘Chinese Spring’ and the Spanish cultivar ‘Pané 247’ could be carried out. Differences in the chiasmata frequencies per chromosome arm cannot be explained on the basis of relative arm lengths only. Possible effects of arm-to-arm heterochromatic differences on meiotic pairing are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00272894
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    Control of lectins in Triticum aestivum and Aegilops umbellulata by homoeologous group 1 chromosomes (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1983), S. 53-58 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Aegilops umbellulata ; Genetics ; Lectin ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Each of the three genomes in hexaploid wheat controls the expression of a specific lectin in the embryo. The chromosomes which control their synthesis were determined using nullisomic-tetrasomic and inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines of ‘Chinese Spring’. All three wheat lectins were shown to be controlled by the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes. Using ditelosomic lines of ‘Chinese Spring’ the lectin genes could be localized on the long arms of chromosomes 1A and 1D. Inter-specific addition and substitution lines of Aegilops umbellulata chromosomes to ‘Chinese Spring’ indicated that chromosome 1U, which is homoeologous to the group 1 chromosomes of wheat, controls lectin synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303922
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    Characterization of the multigene family coding for HMW glutenin subunits in wheat using cDNA clones (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1983), S. 87-96 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: HMW glutenin subunit genes ; cDNA clones ; Tandem DNA repeats ; Chromosomal location ; Gene copy number ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary cDNA clones encoding wheat HMW glutenin subunits have been isolated from a cDNA bank made to poly A+ RNA from developing wheat endosperm var. Chinese Spring. One such clone, pTag 1290, has enabled us to identify the HMW glutenin mRNA species. The DNA sequence of this clone has been partially determined and it contains several tandem DNA repeats. The sequence is discussed in relation to the generation of the HMW glutenin subunit gene family. Analysis of the organization of the HMW glutenin sequences in the wheat genome revealed that the genes encoding HMW glutenin subunits exist in low copy number and are located on the long arm of each of the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00303930
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    Blocks of gliadin components in winter wheat detected by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1984)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 559-568 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Gliadins ; Electrophoresis ; Hybridological analysis ; Genetic nomenclature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of gliadin components in winter wheat has been studied by one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Single F2 grains from 36 intervarietal hybrid combinations have been analysed. The genetic analysis has revealed blocks, including 1–6 gliadin components, which are inherited as individual mendelian traits. About 80 variants of blocks have been detected. On the basis of the allelism test they are grouped into 6 series in accordance with the number of known gliadin-coding loci located on chromosomes of the homoeologous groups 1 and 6. Each series includes 8–18 blocks controlled by different alleles of one gliadin-coding locus. Blocks of components have been confirmed to be inherited codominantly in accordance to the gene dose in the triploid endosperm. The highest similarity between members of one series is observed in groups of blocks controlled by chromosomes ID and 6D. On the contrary, many blocks controlled by chromosomes 1A and 1B have no bands in common. The presented catalogue of blocks of components may be used to make up gliadin genetic formulae and to compare electrophoregrams obtained by different authors. Blocks of gliadin components are suitable genetic markers for use in revealing and studying heterogeneity of wheat varieties, in tracing their origin, in identifying recombinations, translocations and substitutions of the genetic material and in solving many other problems of the origin, evolution and selection of hexaploid wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00264904
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    Increasing grain protein content of hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by mutation breeding (1983)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 41-46 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Protein ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Poor adaptability or functional quality of much germplasm used for breeding high-protein hard red winter wheats prompted mutagenesis as an alternative means of increasing grain protein content. Four hard red winter wheat genotypes — KS644 (‘Triumph// Concho/Triumph’), ‘Kaw’, ‘Parker’, and ‘Shawnee’ — were treated with 0.40 M ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Advanced lines (M8-M10) were selected that had a 3-year mean grain protein advantage of 0.7% to 2.0% over controls. Increased grain protein content was generally associated with decreased grain yield and kernel weight, but some high-protein mutant lines had yields or kernel weights similar to those of original genotypes. Changes in height and lodging induced by EMS were generally favorable, most mutants being shorter and lodging less than controls, but blooming date was generally delayed, a deleterious change. One line also changed from resistant to segregating for wheat soil-borne mosaic virus. Mutant lines might be utilized in cross-breeding programs, particularly if negative pleiotropic effects and linkages are absent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276260
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    The effect of B-chromosomes of rye on the chromosome association in F1 hybrids Triticum aestivum x Secale cereale in the absence of chromosomes 5B or 5D (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 56 (1980), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: B-Chromosomes ; Chromosome associations ; Triticum aestivum ; Secale cereale hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary T. aestivum var. ‘Chinese Spring’ (monosomic 5B and 5D, respectively) was crossed with S. cereale (with and without B-chromosomes). The resulting nullisomic 5B hybrids exhibited a high degree of chromosome association both at 20°C and 10°C. The presence of B-chromosomes reduced association slightly whether 5B was present or not. In nullisomic 5D hybrids B-chromosomes of rye raise chromosome association at 20°C when compared to hybrids with 5D, with as well as without, B's. At 10°C, due to the absence of the Ltp gene on 5D, chromosome association in nullisomic 5D hybrids is low, and no effects of rye B-chromosomes is detectable. The hypothesis that B-chromosomes of rye carry (an) asynaptic gene(s) decreasing effective pairing, and (an) independent post-synaptic gene(s) increasing chiasma frequency on effective pairing sites, is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00295448
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    Induction of haploid and diploid plants though in vitro anther culture of haploid wheat (n=3x=21) (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 57-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Anther culture ; Haploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five haploid plants of wheat were used for anther culture. Embryos were formed and six plants were regenerated. Of these, two were haploid (n=3x=21) and two diploid (2n=6x=42). The two diploids derived from the anthers of the same haploid wheat plant gave seeds, but the fertility was reduced in one of them showing, abnormalities at meiosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276401
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    Induction of haploid and diploid plants though in vitro anther culture of haploid wheat (n=3x=21) (1980)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 57 (1980), S. 57-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Anther culture ; Haploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Five haploid plants of wheat were used for anther culture. Embryos were formed and six plants were regenerated. Of these, two were haploid (n=3x=21) and two diploid (2n=6x=42). The two diploids derived from the anthers of the same haploid wheat plant gave seeds, but the fertility was reduced in one of them showing, abnormalities at meiosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00745029
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    In vitro pollen maturation and successful seed production in detached spikelet cultures in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 286-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Spikelet culture ; In vitro pollen maturation ; Gametophytic selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two spring wheat genotypes (cv Orofen and Chinese Spring) were compared for their in vitro pollen maturation capacity in detached spikelet cultures in a defined solid medium. Under these in vitro conditions Chinese Spring produced normal trinucleate pollen in 66.8% and Orofen in only 37.5%. In both cultivars the pollen maturation process from the middle uninucleate stage took approximately 3 days longer in vitro than in vivo. The pollen maturation time depended on the microspore developmental stage at the time that the culturing started. The viability, germination capacity, and fertilizing ability of the in vitro matured pollen also differed between the two genotypes. The seed set achieved in vitro (averagely 12.8%) offers promise for the practical application of this method for producing controlled or selected offspring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197380
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  • 91
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    Intracellular motility, the actin cytoskeleton and germinability in the pollen of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 247-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Pollen germinability ; Intracellular movement ; Actin cytoskeleton ; Effects of dehydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The tricellular pollen of wheat germinates rapidly on a receptive stigma without the often protracted activation period characteristic of bicellular pollens. This is associated with a high level of hydration in the mature pollen and the absence of a dormancy period. Intracellular movement of organelles continues throughout development; in the mature pollen along pathways related both to the aperture site and the distribution of the amyloplasts in the vegetative cell. The movement pathways reflect the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton, elements of which are already focused upon the germination site at the time of dispersal, a disposition only achieved during rehydration and activation in bicellular pollens. Dehydration after dispersal rapidly arrests movement, disrupts the actin cytoskeleton and leads to loss of germinability. These effects are irreversible, again in contrast to the situation found in bicellular pollens such as those of the Liliaceae, species of which have been shown to be capable of withstanding several cycles of hydration and dehydration while still retaining some capacity for germination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197374
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  • 92
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    Gene transfer to inflorescence and flower meristems using ballistic micro-targeting (1994)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 135-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Flower ; Meristem ; Gene transfer Particle bombardment ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Direct gene transfer to floral meristems could contribute to cell-fate mapping, to the study of flower-specific genes and promoters, and to the production of transgenic gametes via the transformation of sporogenic tissues. Despite the wide potential of its applications, direct gene transfer to floral meristems has not been achieved so far because of the lack of suitable technology. We show in this paper that ballistic micro-targeting is the technique of choice for this purpose, and in this way, we were able to transfer genes efficiently into excised wheat immature spikes. Particle size was adjusted for optimal penetration into the L1 and L2 cell layers of the spikes with limited cell damage. Spikes at different developmental stages were shot either with a plasmid containing two genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis or with a plasmid bearing the uidA (β-glucuronidase) gene. The transient expression of these marker genes was observed in the different developmental stages tested and in cells of both the L1 and the L2 layers. The transient expression of the uidA gene was significantly increased when the sucrose concentration in the culture medium was increased from 0.06 to 0.52 M. At the highest concentration, 100% of the targeted spikes expressed the uidA gene, with an average of 69 blue cells per spike. Twelve days after microtargeting, multicellular sectors showing transgene expression and containing up to 17 cells were found in 85% of the shot immature inflorescences. This indicated that targeted cells survived particle bombardment. Sectors were found in primordia of both vegetative and reproductive organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00230582
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  • 93
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    Effect of soil pH on the requirement for water-soluble phosphorus in triple superphosphate fertilizers (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: available P ; citrate insoluble P ; phosphorus sources ; triple superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; water soluble P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if soil pH affects the requirement for water-soluble P and the tolerance of water-insoluble impurities in TSP fertilizers. Two commercial TSP fertilizers were selected to represent a range in phosphate rock sources and impurities. Phosphate fertilizer impurities were isolated as the water-washed fraction by washing whole fertilizers with deionized water. TSP fertilizers with various quantities of water-soluble P (1.2 to 99% water-soluble P) were simulated by mixing the water-washed fertilizer fractions or dicalcium phosphate (DCP) with reagent-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The fertilizers were applied to supply 40 mg AOAC available P kg−1 to a Mountview silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults). Wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.)) was harvested at 49 and 84 days after planting. Soil pH values at the final forage harvest were 5.4±0.16 and 6.4±0.15. At a soil pH of 5.4, the TSP fertilizers required only 37% water-soluble P to reach maximum yields while at pH 6.4 the fertilizers required 63% water-soluble P. Results of this study show that higher levels of water -insoluble P can be tolerated in TSP fertilizers when applied to acid soils. Phosphorus uptake was not affected by soil pH, but for the mixtures containing the fertilizer residues the source having the lowest level of Fe and Al had a higher relative agronomic effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750467
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  • 94
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    Effectiveness of two partially acidulated rock phosphates, coastal superphosphate and Ecophos, compared with North Carolina reactive rock phosphate and superphosphate (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 29-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: coastal superphosphate ; Ecophos ; North Carolina rock phosphate ; ordinary (single) superphosphate ; partially acidulated rock phosphate (PARP) ; reactive rock phosphate ; relative effectiveness ; residual value ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of coastal superphosphate, a partially acidulated rock phosphate (PARP) made from apatite, and Ecophos, a PARP made from calcium iron aluminium (crandallite millisite) rock phosphate, was compared in pot experiments with the effectiveness of ordinary superphosphate (OSP) and North Carolina reactive apatite rock phosphate (NCRP). There were three experiments using different lateritic soils collected in Western Australia. Fertilizer effectiveness was measured using yield of dried wheat (Triticum aestivum) tops grown for 28 days. Three successive crops were grown. The phosphorous (P) fertilizers were applied and mixed with the soils before sowing the first crop. In addition, OSP was added to extra pots before sowing crops 2 and 3 in order to measure the effectiveness of the original P fertilizers relative to freshly-applied OSP for these crops. As measured using plant yield, coastal superphosphate was the most effective P fertilizer for three crops on an acidic peaty sand (pH water 5.0). Relative to freshly-applied OSP, it was 154% as effective for crop 1, 75% as effective for crop 2, and 36% as effective for crop 3. Corresponding values for Ecophos were 44, 29 and 19%, and for NCRP, 77, 67 and 29%, with the original OSP treatment being 61 and 56% as effective for crops 2 and 3. For three crops on a lateritic gravel loam (pH 6.5), both coastal superphosphate and OSP were the most effective fertilizers, and were equally effective for crop 1, and relative to freshly-applied OSP, were about 31% as effective for crop 2, and 16 and 21 % as effective for crop 3. Corresponding values for Ecophos were 47,15 and 11%, and NCRP, 33,15 and 5%. For two crops in a loamy sand (pH 5.4), OSP was the most effective fertilizer, and, relative to fresh OSP, it was 36% as effective for crop 2. Relative to fresh OSP, the effectiveness for crops 1 and 2 of coastal superphosphate was 57 and 18%, for Ecophos 71 and 27%, and for NCRP 50 and 36%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750060
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  • 95
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    Should selection for yield in saline regions be made on saline or non-saline soils? (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 431-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; T. turgidum ; durum wheat ; X Triticosecale ; triticale ; salt tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Saline soils are typically very patchy in their salinity. The yield of crops growing on them is similarly patchy. This paper argues that because most of the yield from such soils comes from the least saline areas, the best breeding strategy for improving the overall yield of crops growing on them is to select for high yield on non-saline soils. This conclusion derives from comparing the effects that four different breeding goals, namely: (1) a 10% increase in yield on non-saline soils, (ii) a 20% increase in the threshold salinity that first reduces yield, (iii) a doubling of yield at an electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of 20 dS/m and (iv) a combination of (i) and (iii), would have on total yield. The effects of achieving these goals in barley, common wheat, durum wheat and triticale in fields exhibiting different salinities are predicted from actual yields of these species grown on different salinities in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021452
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  • 96
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    Components of partial resistance of wheat seedlings to Septoria nodorum (1983)
    Springer
    Euphytica 32 (1983), S. 575-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat seedlings ; Triticum sp. ; Septoria nodorum ; glume blotch disease ; components of partial resistance ; multivariate analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Components of partial resistance of wheat seedlings to Septoria nodorum were measured in a glasshouse. Incubation period, infection frequency, latent period, lesion size, lesion cover, necrosis and unit spore production were recorded on 41 Triticum genotypes. There was no clear evidence of associated variation in components and multivariate analyses were used to elucidate such relationships. Factor analysis indicated that pathogen-induced necrosis, related possiby to toxin susceptibility, and unit spore production were major components of partial resistance to S. nodorum. Principal component analysis was used to characterise genotypes: associated with a continuous general resistance could be a high level of pathogen-induced necrosis or a high unit spore production, but rarely both in the same genotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021470
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  • 97
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    Use of the gene pools of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides and Aegilops squarrosa for the breeding of common wheat (T. aestivum), through chromosome-doubled hybrids (1992)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1992), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides ; wild emmer wheat ; Aegilops squarrosa ; synthethic hexaploid wheat ; breeding common wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; meiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Novel amphiploids or synthetic hexaploid wheats, derived from eleven accessions of Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (wild emmer wheat, AABB, 2n=28) and eight accessions of Aegilops squarrosa (goat grass, DD, 2n=14) were studied. Most amphiploids were normal, vigorous and fertile. Among amphiploids a wide variation for morphological characteristics was observed. The glumes were found very tenacious and the rachis tough, or nearly so. First metaphase of meiosis proved to be quite regular; however, some aneuploid offspring occurred in successive generations. In F1 hybrids between T. aestivum (common wheat, AABBDD, 2n=42) ‘Chinese Spring’ and the synthetic hexaploids the rate of chromosome association was lower than in both parents, and significant differences were observed between amphiploids. Multivalents occurred in very low frequencies in these F1 hybrids. The rate of chromosome association in a hybrid between two synthetic hexaploids was found to be very low. The results are discussed in terms of genetic interactions and structural differences between the genomes of the respective species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041274
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  • 98
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    C-band polymorphism and structural rearrangements detected in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; C-band polymorphism ; structural rearrangements ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Giemsa C-banding allows for the identification of all 21 chromosome pairs of hexaploid wheat. However, variation in banding patterns of individual chromosomes and structural rearrangements exist between different cultivars making chromosome identification more difficult. The paper summarizes the available data on C-band polymorphism and structural rearrangement present in wheat cultivars and germplasms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021392
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  • 99
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    The effect of temperature on seed set and embryo development in reciprocal crosses of wheat and barley (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; intergeneric hybridization ; influence of temperature ; embryo development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature on seed set and embryo development in reciprocal crosses of barley and wheat was assessed in crosses involving two spring barley varieties (Betzes, Martonvásári 50) and one wheat variety (Chinese Spring). Detached tillers placed in nutrient solution were pollinated in controlled environments at constant day-night temperature regimes (12, 15, 18 and 21° C) with a light intensity of 30,000 lux and a relative humidity of 80%. When barley was used as the female, lower temperatures (12 and 15° C) produced the maximum seed set, whereas for the reciprocal cross, the highest temperature (21° C) produced the best seed set in the Chinese Spring × Betzes combination. Low temperature retarded the embryo development. The highest numbers of hybrid plants were produced at 18° C and 21° C in the barley × wheat cross and in the wheat × barley cross, respectively. Embryos of about 1.5 mm length in the barley × wheat cross, and of about 1.0 mm length in the wheat × barley cross germinated successfully. The smallest embryo giving rise to hybrid plants was 0.57 mm in the barley × wheat cross and 0.51 mm in the wheat × barley cross.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021397
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  • 100
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    Crossability of some bread wheat landraces and improved cultivars from western Himalayas with rye (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 53 (1991), S. 137-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; crossability ; Himalayas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crossability of 62 bread wheat accessions (14 landraces from Himachal Pradesh and 48 others) was examined with rye. The 3 rye cultivars did not differ in their relative crossability with 4 of the wheat accessions studied. On the other hand, the wheat cultivars differed greatly among themselves in their crossability with rye. Most of the wheat cultivars showed poor (〈10%) crossability. Two of the 14 landraces from Himachal Pradesh were found to be free from the crossability inhibitors as they showed very high (〉50%) crossability, whereas none of the other 48 cultivars studied was so.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023794
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