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  • General Chemistry  (1.791)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (733)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (552)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (353)
  • 1980-1984  (2.488)
  • 1925-1929  (941)
  • 1983  (2.488)
  • 1926  (941)
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  • 1980-1984  (2.488)
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  • 1
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    Joint Airport Weather Studies (AWS) project (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The joint airport weather studies (JAWS) project is discussed. The major objectives of the JAWS Project are a fundamental description of the phenomenon, a determination of the hazard potential and a definition of a protection and warning system, all of which are relative to low level wind shear. Aspects of the low level wind shear phenomenon. The principal focus, however, is the microburst. The microburst is fundamentally a rather simple atmospheric flow. It is a downdraft that, upon approaching the surface, spreads out horizontally, producing a diverging radial flow in all directions. For any direction that an aircraft flies through the microburst, it will first encounter increasing head winds; then the remnants of the downdraft; and then, increasing tail wind.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 85-95
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  • 2
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    Lightning strike experience in the NASA F-106B storm hazards program (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A heavily instrumented F-106B aircraft was flown in thunderstorms to gather data for characterizing lightning at aircraft operating altitudes. Conventional weather finding techniques are supplemented with UHF lightning mapping radar to select the most active storm cells and the most likely altitude for obtaining direct lightning strikes to the airplane. One hundred seventy-six strikes were obtained in a 3 year period, mostly at an altitude of above 25,000 feet.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 63-65
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  • 3
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    Wind shear and vortex wake research in UK, 1982 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A wind shear and vortex wake and their impact on aircraft were investigated. The systems and advice to help pilots, and rational scientific methods to assist in advising certification authorities and those interested in improving flight safety were developed. Wind Shear and Vortex Wakes are related, they are both invisible enemies of aircraft in the form of large disturbances in the atmosphere, both cause major accidents. Problems of building wakes at airports are is considered. Research on wind shear was initiated by the American FAA following the Boston, New York and Denver accidents to civil airliners. This resulted in: useful advice to pilots about wind shear; better attempts by the meteorologists at forecasting wind shear conditions; and useful ideas for wind shear measurement and warning systems. Three major research tasks are outstanding: (1) Worldwide measurements to give reliable estimates of probability and details of the forms of large wind shears; (2) Developments of real time wind shear measuring systems for ground or airborne use; and (3) Establishing relationships between measured wind shear and the potential hazard to an aircraft, or class of aircraft.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 66-83
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  • 4
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    Marked surface inversions and wind shear: A safety risk for departing aircraft (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Marked surface inversions occur most frequently in dry continental climates, where low atmospheric humidity allows heat transfer by long wave thermal radiation. In the northern latitudes, surface inversions reach their maximum intensity during the winter, when the incoming Sun's radiation is negligible and radiative cooling is dominant during the long nights. During winter, air mass boundaries are sharp, which causes formation of marked surface inversions. The existence of these inversions and sharp boundaries increase the risk of wind shear. The information should refer to marked inversions exceeding a temperature difference of 10 deg C up to 1000 feet. The need to determine the temperature range over which he information is operationally needed and the magnitude of the inversion required before a notification to pilots prior to departure is warranted are outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 61-62
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  • 5
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    A cursory glance at results from NASA's B-57B gust gradient program (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The Gust Gradient Program is a data intensive effort involving tripple Doppler radar, a surface weather station mesonet and other aircraft. The Joint Airport Weather Studies was utilized to gain additional data. The data were used to fill in the gap in turbulence modeling.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 38-42
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  • 6
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    GEM: Statistical weather forecasting procedure (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The objective of the Generalized Exponential Markov (GEM) Program was to develop a weather forecast guidance system that would: predict between 0 to 6 hours all elements in the airways observations; respond instantly to the latest observed conditions of the surface weather; process these observations at local sites on minicomputing equipment; exceed the accuracy of current persistence predictions at the shortest prediction of one hour and beyond; exceed the accuracy of current forecast model output statistics inside eight hours; and be capable of making predictions at one location for all locations where weather information is available.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 42-44
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  • 7
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    Department of Defense meteorological and environmental inputs to aviation systems (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Recommendations based on need, cost, and achievement of flight safety are offered, and the re-evaluation of weather parameters needed for safe landing operations that lead to reliable and consistent automated observation capabilities are considered.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 19-20
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  • 8
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    Aviation weather services (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The primary responsibilities of the National Weather Service (NWS) are to: provide warnings of severe weather and flooding for the protection of life and property; provide public forecasts for land and adjacent ocean areas for planning and operation; and provide weather support for: production of food and fiber; management of water resources; production, distribution and use of energy; and efficient and safe air operations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 14-16
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  • 9
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    Federal Aviation Administration weather program to improve aviation safety (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The implementation of the National Airspace System (NAS) will improve safety services to aviation. These services include collision avoidance, improved landing systems and better weather data acquisition and dissemination. The program to improve the quality of weather information includes the following: Radar Remote Weather Display System; Flight Service Automation System; Automatic Weather Observation System; Center Weather Processor, and Next Generation Weather Radar Development.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 21-25
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  • 10
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    A case study of the sensitivity of forecast skill to data and data analysis techniques (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A series of experiments have been conducted to examine the sensitivity of forecast skill to various data and data analysis techniques for the 0000 GMT case of January 21, 1979. These include the individual components of the FGGE observing system, the temperatures obtained with different satellite retrieval methods, and the method of vertical interpolation between the mandatory pressure analysis levels and the model sigma levels. It is found that NESS TIROS-N infrared retrievals seriously degrade a rawinsonde-only analysis over land, resulting in a poorer forecast over North America. Less degradation in the 72-hr forecast skill at sea level and some improvement at 500 mb is noted, relative to the control with TIROS-N retrievals produced with a physical inversion method which utilizes a 6-hr forecast first guess. NESS VTPR oceanic retrievals lead to an improved forecast over North America when added to the control.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 11
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    Effect of high latitude filtering on NWP skill (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An assessment is made of the extent to which polar filtering may seriously affect the skill of latitude-longitude NWP models, such as the U.S. Navy's NOGAPS, or the GLAS fourth-order model. The limited experiments which have been completed to date with the 4 x 5-deg, 9-level version of the latter model indicate that the high latitude filter currently in operation affects its forecasting skill very little, with only one exception in which the use of the PG filter significantly improved forecasting.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 12
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    Thunderstorm cloud top observations using satellite stereoscopy (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The present investigation has as objective to take a detailed look at the intense squall line over Oklahoma on May 2-3, 1979, using GOES stereoscopy combined with GOES infrared data. The synoptic situation and data sources are considered along with the stereoscopically observed cloud top ascent rates. Cloud top observations of intense thunderstorms are discussed, taking into account a contouring technique, the interpretation of infrared cloud top temperature patterns, and small-scale structure and its variability. It is found that GOES IR cloud top temperatures grossly underestimate the actual cloud top height observed stereoscopically, especially for immature storms. It is difficult to define growing storms below about 10 km in the GOES infrared data.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; 1949-196
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  • 13
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    Solar system history as recorded in the Saturnian ring structure (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Holberg's analysis of the Voyager Saturn photographs in reflected and transparent light, and occultation data of stars seen through the rings are discussed. A hyperfine structure with 10,000 ringlets can be explained by the Baxter-Thompson negative diffusion. This gives the ringlets a stability which makes it possible to interpret them as fossils which originated at cosmogonic times. It is shown that the bulk structure can be explained by the combined cosmogonic shadows of the satellites Mimas and Janus and the Shepherd satellites. This structure originated at the transition from the plasma phase to the planetesimal phase. The shadows are not simple void regions but exhibit a characteristic signature. Parts of the fine structure, explained by Holberg as resonances with satellites, are interpreted as cosmogonic shadow effects. However, there are a number of ringlets which can neither be explained by cosmogonic nor by resonance effects. Analysis of ring data can reconstruct the plasma-planetesimal transition with an accuracy of a few percent. Previously announced in STAR as N84-12013
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 97; 1, No; 79-94
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  • 14
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    Stability of streams and lakes on Mars (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The freezing of small Martian streams is modelled for a variety of climatic conditions, on the supposition that the Martian atmosphere may have been considerably thicker in the past, at the time of the formation of the valley networks. This model examines the energy balance at the upper and lower surfaces of ice on streams, in order to determine the rate at which ice thickens with time. Results indicate that freezing rates are not strongly dependent on atmospheric pressure, and, under windy conditions, dependence on atmospheric pressure is even weaker. It is noted that the main problem in valley formation is in initiating the flow. Groundwater seepage alone is inadequate, due to the difficulty of groundwater system replenishment.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 56; 476-495
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  • 15
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    Transport and the seasonal variation of ozone (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The transport mechanisms responsible for the seasonal behavior of total ozone are deduced from the comparison of model results to stratospheric data. The seasonal transport is dominated by a combination of the diabatic circulation and transient planetary wave activity acting on a diffusively and photochemically determined background state. The seasonal variation is not correctly modeled as a diffusive process. The buildup of total ozone at high latitudes during winter is dependent upon transient planetary wave activity of sufficient strength to cause the breakdown of the polar vortex. While midwinter warmings are responsible for enhanced ozone transport to high latitudes, the final warming marking the transition from zonal mean westerlies to zonal mean easterlies is the most important event leading to the spring maximum. The final warming is not followed by reacceleration of the mean flow; so that the ozone transport associated with this event is more pronounced than that associated with midwinter warmings.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Pure and Applied Geophysics (ISSN 0033-4553); 121; 5-6,
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  • 16
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    Conservation laws of wave action and potential enstrophy for Rossby waves in a stratified atmosphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The evolution of wave energy, enstrophy, and wave motion for atmospheric Rossby waves in a variable mean flow are discussed from a theoretical and pedagogic standpoint. In the absence of mean flow gradients, the wave energy density satisfies a local conservation law, with the appropriate flow velocity being the group velocity. In the presence of mean flow variations, wave energy is not conserved, but wave action is, provided the mean flow is independent of longitude. Wave enstrophy is conserved for arbitrary variations of the mean flow. Connections with Eiiassen-Palm flux are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Pure and Applied Geophysics (ISSN 0033-4553); 121; 5-6,; 917-946
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  • 17
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    Large amplitude MHD waves upstream of the Jovian bow shock (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Observations of large amplitude MHD waves upstream of Jupiter's bow shock are analyzed. The waves are found to be right circularly polarized in the solar wind frame, which suggests that they are propagating in the fast magnetosonic mode. A complete spectral and minimum variance eigenvalue analysis of the data was performed. The power spectrum of the magnetic fluctuations contains several peaks. The fluctuations at 2.3 MHz have a direction of minimum variance anti-parallel to the direction of the average magnetic field. Several harmonics at 6, 9, and 12 MHz are also present. The direction of minimum variance of these fluctuations lies at approximately 40 deg to the magnetic field. It is argued that these fluctuations are waves excited by protons reflected off the Jovian bow shock. The inferred speed of the reflected protons is about two times the solar wind speed in the solar wind frame. A linear instability analysis is presented that suggests an explanation for many of the observed features of the observations. The fluctuations apparently contain a significant fraction of magnetic energy that is linearly polarized and in the Alfven mode.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9989-999
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  • 18
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    A parameterization of the absorption in the 15 micron CO2 spectral region with application to climate sensitivity studies (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A technique for quantifying the absorption that takes place in the 15 micron CO2 band in the atmosphere is developed as a function of the scaled CO2 content. A spectrally averaged transmission function is defined and a scaling approximation for the absorption coefficient is calculated, as is the width of the absorption band. An assessment is made of the accuracies of the parameterized atmospheric transmittance and cooling rate. The resulting radiation parameterization is applied in a climate sensitivity study. The model is concluded useful in examining atmospheres with a variable CO2 content, with the highest accuracies being available in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. CO2 doubling the earth's atmosphere is projected to cause a 20 percent warming in the surface temperatures and a 30 percent warming for the tripling of the CO2 content, provided the spectral range for CO2 absorption is extended from 580-760 to 540-800/cm.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; 2183-219
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  • 19
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    The southern oscillation and long-range forecasting of the summer monsoon rainfall over India (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Indian summer monsoon rainfall and the Darwin pressure anomalies are examined for the 81-year period 1901-81. It is found that the tendency of the Darwin pressure anomaly before the monsoon season is a good indicator of the monsoon rainfall anomaly. During the 81-year period, there were only two instances (1901, 1941) when a negative tendency of winter (December, January, February) to spring (March, April, May) Darwin pressure anomaly was followed by a monsoon rainfall anomaly of less than minus one standard deviation; and only three instances (1916, 1933, 1961) when a positive tendency was followed by a rainfall anomaly of more than one standard deviation. Therefore, if the Darwin pressure anomaly during March, April and May is below normal, and if the Darwin seasonal pressure anomaly has been falling, a non-occurrence of drought over India can be predicted with a very high degree of confidence. Similarly, above normal Darwin pressure during March, April and May, and increasing seasonal pressure anomaly is a good indicator of the non-occurrence of very heavy rain over India.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; 1830-183
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  • 20
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    Light element geochemistry and spallogenesis in lunar rocks (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Abundance and isotopic compositions are measured for the very volatile elements carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in 11 lunar rocks representing a wide spectrum of textures and compositions. Samples were combusted sequentially at three temperatures in order to remove terrestrial contaminants before melting the lunar rock and liberating lunar volatiles. The combustion results indicate very little terrestrial sulfur contamination, with sulfur contents correlated with the TiO2 contents of the basalts analyzed. Sulfur isotopic compositions are remarkably uniform and similar to the Canon Diablo meteorite standard. Nitrogen levels are found to be no greater than those obtained with procedural blanks, corresponding to abundances less than 0.1 microg/g. Stable nitrogen isotope measurements indicate a spallogenic N-15 production rate of 4.1 x 10 to the -6th microg N-15/g sample/million years, in agreement with previous estimates. No indigenous carbon in excess of procedural blank levels of about 0.7 microg/g is found in lunar basalts. Levels of 1 to 5 microg/g found in highland rocks may derive from meteoritic or terrestrial sources. The average measured spallogenic C-13 production rate is 4.1 x 10 to the -6th microg C-13/g sample/million years.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN 0016-7037); 47; 1769-178
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  • 21
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    The flux and source of energetic protons in Saturn's inner magnetosphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The flux of energetic protons in Saturn's inner magnetosphere was observed in two channels from 48 to 63 and 63 to 160 MeV. Absorption features due to the G ring and the satellites Enceladus and Mimas were easily identifiable. The flux observed in the absorption slot of Mimas can be maintained by the decay of a cosmic ray albedo neutron flux of 0.007/sq cm/s/sr. This flux is entirely consistent with calculations of the neutron flux produced by galactic cosmic ray interactions with the rings of Saturn. The omnidirectional proton flux of 0.0082/sq cm/s at 2.734 R sub s requires a residence time of 30 years. Both the residence time and the energy spectrum are comparable to those found in the inner radiation belt of the Earth. The angular distribution is nearly isotropic in the Mimas slot and beyond 4R sub s. Otherwise the pitch angle distribution is pancake and is approximated by sin(n)theta with n in the range 2 to 7. This distribution is consistent with an isotropic neutron source in the ring plane. Previously announced in STAR as N83-22084
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 8923-893
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  • 22
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    Survey of low-energy plasma electrons in Saturn's magnetosphere - Voyagers 1 and 2 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The low energy plasma electron environment within Saturn's magnetosphere was surveyed by the Plasma Science Experiment (PLS) during the Voyager encounters with Saturn. Over the full energy range of the PLS instrument (10 eV to 6 keV) the electron distribution functions are clearly non-Maxwellian in character; they are composed of a cold (thermal) component with Maxwellian shape and a hot (suprathermal) non-Maxwellian component. A large scale positive radial gradient in electron temperature is observed, increasing from less than 1 eV in the inner magnetosphere to as high as 800 eV in the outer magnetosphere. Three fundamentally different plasma regimes were identified from the measurements: (1) the hot outer magnetosphere, (2) the extended plasma sheet, and (3) the inner plasma torus. Previously announced in STAR as N83-34872
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 8847-887
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  • 23
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    The Z3 zonal harmonic model of Saturn's magnetic field Analyses and implications (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The planetary magnetic field of Saturn has been studied by the spacecraft Pioneer 11 in 1979, Voyager 1 in 1980, and Voyager 2 in 1981. The field is found to be primarily dipolar and axially coincident with the rotation axis, but with significant quadrupole and octupole moments. The harmonic terms are g1(0) = 21535 nT, g2(0) = 1642 nT, and g3(0) = 2743 nT. This model field, Z3, in conjunction with a model for an equatorial ring current, represents very precisely the in situ magnetic-field measurements and data on charged-particle absorption by satellites and rings within 8 Saturn radii of the planet. However, this axisymmetric model fails to explain the periodic modulation of Saturn's kilometric radiation or Saturn's electrostatic discharges. This enigma of Saturn's magnetosphere remains unsolved in spite of extensive reconsideration of all available data bearing on this issue.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 8771-877
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  • 24
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    Photometry and polarimetry of Saturn at 2640 and 7500 A (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Voyager 2 photometric and polarimetric data are reduced and tabulated, with spatially resolved limb-to-terminator scans across Saturn's equatorial zone providing information on the altitude distribution of UV-absorbing hazes, together with the phase function and polarizing properties of stratospheric and tropospheric aerosols. It is found that the UV photometry and polarimetry are best fit by Rayleigh's phase matrix. A stratospheric haze of small particles is allowed as long as the optical depth is near unity or less, and the center of the haze layer is in the 30 to 70 mbar region. The altitudes presently derived for three latitudes agree with those obtained by ground-based methane band studies and analyses from Pioneer 11. A high altitude absorber is abundant in the polar regions.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 8679-869
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  • 25
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    The utilization of Nimbus-7 SMMR measurements to delineate rainfall over land (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Approaches for developing an improved passive microwave technique to delineate rain from wet land surfaces are considered, and an investigation is conducted with the objective to study the application of these ideas with empirical data. The investigation includes a statistical analysis of Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) 37.0, 18.0, and 10.7 GHz data. The possibility was assessed to make use of the 18.0 and 10.7 GHz channels in order to reduce the ambiguities found in the 37.0 GHz radiometer data for differentiating rainfall areas from wet land surfaces. It was found, however, that none of the SMMR channels could differentiate rain from wet or dry land when surface temperatures were less than 15 C. It appears that an improved rainfall-over-land detection technique could be developed by two different methods, utilizing both satellite infrared and multifrequency dual polarized passive microwave data.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; 1753-176
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  • 26
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    Light extinction by aerosols during summer air pollution (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In order to utilize satellite measurements of optical thickness over land for estimating aerosol properties during air pollution episodes, the optical thickness was measured from the surface and investigated. Aerosol optical thicknesses have been derived from solar transmission measurements in eight spectral bands within the band lambda 440-870 nm during the summers of 1980 and 1981 near Washington, DC. The optical thicknesses for the eight bands are strongly correlated. It was found that first eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of all observations accounts for 99 percent of the trace of the matrix. Since the measured aerosol optical thickness was closely proportional to the wavelength raised to a power, the aerosol size distribution derived from it is proportional to the diameter (d) raised to a power for the range of diameters between 0.1 to 1.0 micron. This power is insensitive to the total optical thickness. Changes in the aerosol optical thickness depend on several aerosol parameters, but it is difficult to identify the dominant one. The effects of relative humidity and accumulation mode concentration on the optical thickness are analyzed theoretically, and compared with the measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; 1694-170
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  • 27
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    Morphology and chemistry of projectile residue in small experimental impact craters (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Small-scale impact craters (5-7 mm in diameter) were produced with a light gas gun in high purity Au and Cu targets using soda lime glass (SL) and man-made basalt glass (BG) as projectiles. Maximum impact velocity was 6.4 km/s resulting in peak pressures of approximately 120-150 GPa. Copious amounts of projectile melts are preserved as thin glass liners draping the entire crater cavity; some of this liner may be lost by spallation, however. SEM investigations reveal complex surface textures including multistage flow phenomena and distinct temporal deposition sequences of small droplets. Inasmuch as some of the melts were generated at peak pressures greater than 120 GPa, these glasses represent the most severely shocked silicates recovered from laboratory experiments to date. Major element analyses reveal partial loss of alkalis; Na2O loss of 10-15 percent is observed, while K2O loss may be as high as 30-50 percent. Although the observed volatile loss in these projectile melts is significant, it still remains uncertain whether target melts produced on planetary surfaces are severely fractionated by selective volatilization processes.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research, Supplement (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; B353-B36
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  • 28
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    The production curve for agglutinates in planetary regoliths (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Models for the production of agglutinates are developed that can be applied to the lunar surface or to any planetary or asteroidal body lacking an atmosphere. Models are developed using rate equations for progressively more complex situations and range from Model 1, which is a simple linear increase of agglutinate content with time, to Model 4, which includes provision for recycling of existing agglutinates and replenishment and burial of exposed soil. Model 4 has some aspects of a steady state because, depending on the rate constants, agglutinate content may be limited to an intermediate value, even for long exposure times. In an extreme case, agglutinate content may be limited to a value near zero. These models predict that agglutinates should be low in abundance in areas of thin regolith, such as the Lunokhod-2 site on the moon, and on asteroids. The models may also help explain the apparent low agglutinate abundances of lunar regolith breccias and meteorite regolith breccias.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research, Supplement (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; B193-B19
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  • 29
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    Ancient crustal components in the Fra Mauro breccias (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Texturally pristine clasts preserve primary petrographic relationships and mineral compositions, yielding insights into igneous processes of the early lunar crust that cannot be gained from highly shocked and brecciated 'chemically pristine' samples. The use of texture as a prime criterion allows for expansion of the data base derived solely from chemical criteria, and provides complementary data. Texturally pristine clasts from the Apollo 14 site studied here include anorthosite, troctolites, gabbronorites, and basalts. Alkali anorthosites are plagioclase orthocumulates and may form by flotation in Mg-suite plutons. Ferroan anorthosite was cataclastically deformed and metamorphosed to granulite facies. Troctolites include both 01 + Plg and 01 + En + Plg cumulates. Major and trace element analyses of two troctolites reveal 'eastern' geochemical affinities that contrast other 'western' troctolites. Gabbronorites are Pig + Plg + or - Sp cumulates whose parent magmas may range from high-Al to intermediate-Ti mare basalt. At least three varieties of mare basalt are found at Apollo 14: high-Al, low-Ti; low-Al, intermediate-Ti; and low-Al, Ti VHK basalt. VHK (Very High Potassium) basalt is a new variety indigenous to Apollo 14.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research, Supplement (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; B177-B19
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  • 30
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    An upper bound on the radius of a highly electrically conducting lunar core (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Parker's (1980) nonlinear inverse theory for the electromagnetic sounding problem is converted to a form suitable for analysis of lunar day-side transfer function data by: (1) transforming the solution in plane geometry to that in spherical geometry; and (2) transforming the theoretical lunar transfer function in the dipole limit to an apparent resistivity function. The theory is applied to the revised lunar transfer function data set of Hood et al. (1982), which extends in frequency from 10 to the -5th to 10 to the -3rd Hz. On the assumption that an iron-rich lunar core, whether molten or solid, can be represented by a perfect conductor at the minimum sampled frequency, an upper bound of 435 km on the maximum radius of such a core is calculated. This bound is somewhat larger than values of 360-375 km previously estimated from the same data set via forward model calculations because the prior work did not consider all possible mantle conductivity functions.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research, Supplement (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; B97-B102
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  • 31
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    Atmospheric tides on Venus. III - The planetary boundary layer (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Diurnal solar heating of Venus' surface produces variable temperatures, winds, and pressure gradients within a shallow layer at the bottom of the atmosphere. The corresponding asymmetric mass distribution experiences a tidal torque tending to maintain Venus' slow retrograde rotation. It is shown that including viscosity in the boundary layer does not materially affect the balance of torques. On the other hand, friction between the air and ground can reduce the predicted wind speeds from about 5 to about 1 m/sec in the lower atmosphere, more consistent with the observations from Venus landers and descent probes. Implications for aeolian activity on Venus' surface and for future missions are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 56; 165-175
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  • 32
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    Structure and dynamics of Saturn's outer magnetosphere and boundary regions (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In 1979-1981, the three USA spacecraft Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 discovered and explored the magnetosphere of Saturn to the limited extent possible on flyby trajectories. Considerable variation in the locations of the bow shock (BS) and magnetopause (MP) surfaces were observed in association with variable solar wind conditions and, during the Voyager 2 encounter, possible immersion in Jupiter's distant magnetic tail. The limited number of BS and MP crossings were concentrated near the subsolar region and the dawn terminator, and that fact, together with the temporal variability, makes it difficult to assess the three dimensional shape of the sunward magnetospheric boundary. The combined BS and MP crossing positions from the three spacecraft yield an average BS-to-MP stagnation point distance ratio of 1.29 +/- 0.10. This is near the 1.33 value for the Earth's magnetosphere, implying a similar sunward shape at Saturn. Study of the structure and dynamical behavior of the outer magnetosphere, both in the sunward hemisphere and the magnetotail region using combined plasma and magnetic field data, suggest that Saturn's magnetosphere is more similar to that of Earth than that of Jupiter. Previously announced in STAR as N83-30346
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 8791-880
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  • 33
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    Channels and valleys on Mars (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Tentative conclusions about the origins of channels and valleys on Mars based on the consensus of investigators who have studied the problem are presented. The morphology of outflow channels is described in detail, and the morphology, distribution, and genesis of Martian valleys are addressed. Secondary modification of channels and valleys by mass-wasting phenomena, eolian processes, cratering, and mantling by lava flows is discussed. The physics of the flows needed to account for the immense volumes of Martian outflow channels is considered in detail, including the possible influence of debris flows and mudflows, glaciers, and ice sheets. It is concluded that Mars once probably possessed an atmosphere with higher temperatures and pressures than at present which played an essential role in an active hydrological cycle.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geological Society of America, Bulletin (ISSN 0016-7606); 94; 1035-105
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  • 34
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    Three Mars years - Viking Lander 1 imaging observations (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The Mutch Memorial Station (Viking Lander 1) on Mars acquired imaging and meteorological data over a period of 2245 martian days (3.3 martian years). This article discusses the deposition and erosion of thin deposits (ten to hundreds of micrometers) of bright red dust associated with global dust storms, and the removal of centimeter amounts of material in selected areas during a dust storm late in the third winter. Atmospheric pressure data acquired during the period of intense erosion imply that baroclinic disturbances and strong diurnal solar tidal heating combined to produce strong winds. Erosion occurred principally in areas where soil cohesion was reduced by earlier surface sampler activities. Except for redistribution of thin layers of materials, the surface appears to be remarkably stable, perhaps because of cohension of the undisturbed surface material.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 222; 463-468
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  • 35
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    An analysis of the 'Blizzard of '88' (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The analysis of the blizzard, an intense cyclone that was accompanied by unusually heavy snowfall, high winds, and cold temperatures, is carried out using a collection of detailed surface weather observations. It follows the cyclone from its genesis along a slow-moving frontal system through its rapid development and occlusion along the Middle Atlantic and southern New England coasts. Unusual aspects of the cyclone are discussed. Among these are the limited areal extent of heavy snow accumulations, the establishment of very cold air across western New England and the Middle Atlantic states, a persistent stationary front zone across central New England that separated frigid continental air from maritime air, and the slow movement and rapid warming associated with the decay of the storm.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 64; 1258-127
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  • 36
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    Stratospheric water vapor variability for Washington, DC/Boulder, CO - 1964-82 (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Measurements for Washington, DC and Boulder, CO are combined to provide a time series of midlatitude stratospheric water vapor data for the period 1964-82. The mean concentration for the data period is shown to be nearly constant with altitude for the low stratospheric layer between 16-22 km with a mass mixing ratio for the layer of 2.5-2.6 ppmm. Above 22 km the mixing ratio increases slightly with altitude. Evident in the 60 mb level time series is an annual cycle, a quasi-biennial cycle and a long-term nonlinear trend. The quasi-biennial cycle in water vapor at midlatitudes is consistent with variations in tropical stratosphere zonal winds and temperature and total ozone and suggests a modulation of the Hadley cell circulation. The long-term trend shows mixing ratio increasing during the 1960s and decreasing in the 1970s after 1972.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; 2157-216
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  • 37
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    A satellite stereoscopic technique to estimate tropical cyclone intensity (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The techniques used to obtain the mean equivalent temperature of the eye wall for Hurricanes Frederic (1979) and Allen (1980) using GOES satellite IR and stereoscopic observations are described. The eye wall is the area of greatest convection near the center of the storm, and is bounded by the inner radius around the eye and the outer radius bounding the area of inner core convection. The stereoscopic capability afforded by the GOES West and East spacecraft permits simultaneous, two-view imagery of a tropical cyclone, yielding height measurement accuracies of 0.5 km and horizontal accuracies as small as 1 km. An airborne lidar unit was used to verify the height measurements made of Hurricane Frederic. At the same time, the GOES East Visible IR Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) provided the mean wall temperatures from the release of latent heat. The trials aided in identifying the assumptions and consequent inaccuracies introduced into the temperature sounding data during analysis. The satellite data is concluded useful for monitoring changes in storm intensity.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; 1599-161
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  • 38
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    Stability and capture of asteroids (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The problem of stability of asteroids is treated from the point of view of Hill's stability-concept and using Lyapunov's Characteristic Numbers. The quantitative measure of stability (S) introduced earlier is evaluated for over 300 asteroids and a surprisingly simple relation is established between the semi-major axes of some of the asteroids' orbits and S. A detailed analysis is presented of the Lyapunov Characteristic Numbers for two minor planets and the time-variation of these numbers is discussed. The technology of capture of asteroids is vitally dependent on their orbital stability, therefore, these two problems, i.e., capture and stability, are closely related. In fact, some predictable instabilities may be properly utilized to capture and/or change asteroidal orbits to accomplish collisions with the Earth.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Sao Paulo Univ. The Motion of Planets and Nat. and Artificial Satellites, Volume 2; p 39-46
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  • 39
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    A Sr and Nd isotopic study of five Yamato polymict eucrites and a comparison to other Antarctic and ordinary eucrites (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Sr and Nd isotopic analysis of five Yamato polymict eucrites indicate that these samples formed at about 4.6 Ga ago with initial Sr and Nd ratios essentially the same as the analyzed non-Antarctic eucrites. The Yamato eucrites have Sr, Sm, and Nd concentrations that consistently lie among the highest found in eucritic samples. This characteristic identifies these Yamato samples as a closely related group. Comparisons between these Yamato samples and other Antarctic polymict eucrites clearly estabishes that they all share some characteristic trace element features. Comparisons of Antarctic polymict eucrites with non-Antarctic ordinary eucrites reveal consistent differences. The most obvious is an enrichment of Rb in the polymict eucrites. These comparisons suggest that the Antarctic polymict eucrites belong to a single large family of material that is itself fairly diverse and distinct from the non-Antarctic eucrites.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: National Institute of Polar Research, Memoirs, Special Issue (ISSN 0386-0744); 30, D
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  • 40
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    Condensation of chondrules (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Analysis of current experimental results concerned with the kinetic constraints on chondrule formation showed that the major physical properties of chondrules could have been produced by direct condensation of metastable liquid silicates droplets from a hot gas in the primordial nebula. It is argued that such a condensation process would have to be followed by crystallization, accretion, and partial comminution of the droplets. The chemical mechanisms driving this process are described, including: nucleation constraints on comminution and crystallization; slow transformations and chemical reactions in chain silicates; and the slow diffusion of ions. It is shown that the physical mechanisms for chondrule condensation are applicable to a broad spectrum of chondrule sources.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 41
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    External control of planetary radio emission (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Recent studies using data from Voyagers 1 and 2 to correlate variations in the Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR) with changes in solar-wind properties are summarized and illustrated with graphs. Best SKR correlations have been obtained with the solar-wind ram pressure and the related kinetic energy flux. It is pointed out that the related phenomenon on earth, the auroral kilometric radiation, occurs mainly in the nightside auroral region (as opposed to the dayside cleft region for SKR) and is best correlated with solar-wind velocity and inverted-V electron-precipitation events, implying a different stimulation process. The evidence for solar-wind control of the non-Io-related decametric radiation of Jupiter is also reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Sitzungsberichte, Abteilung 2 (ISSN 0723-9319); 192; 8-10,
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  • 42
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    Future research contributions of the VAS (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The VAS data which are used for studying and predicting numerous meteorological phenomena are discussed. These phenomena include severe local storm antecedent conditions, the formative stages of tropical cyclones, the definition of upper tropospheric circulation features, and as input to synoptic scale prediction models.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 49-50
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    Some potential research applications of GOES/VAS data in meteorology (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The understanding and utilization of radiance data from the VAS instrument for meteorological purposes which requires an extensive and organized research plan whose ultimate goal is to provide quantitative measurements of the structure/dynamics of the atmosphere is outlined. The unique multispectral VAS data are potentially useful in almost all aspects of meteorology but have immediate applications in the mesoscale and severe storm research area since measurements are available over regional areas at time intervals of less than 1 hour. The higher priority research applications of VAS data pertaining to the interpretation and utilization of the passive VAS radiance measurements for mesoscale and severe-storm research are reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 51-52
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  • 44
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    VAS applications at Colorado State University (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The application of the VAS program is outlined. The initial assessments of VAS radiometer and satellite performance were satisfactory; and VAS operations were smoothly carried out by the NESS SOCC and associated processing and retransmission facilities. The availability of advanced image processing systems, previous studies with the geosynchronous European Space Agency Meteorological Satellite (Meteosat), and the polar orbiter multichannel radiance data enabled the progress of the application. The VAS data are implemented as these data are received in the real time VISSR mode, and as dwell sounding (DS) and multispectral imaging (MSI) radiances on magnetic tapes.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 45-47
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  • 45
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    AVE/VAS experiment: Ground truth network (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The visible/infrared spin scan radiometer (VISSR) atmospheric sounder (VAS) rawinsonde field program is discussed. Specific items covered include: planning, personnel requirements and training, operational requirement and procedures, sounding times and dates, methods of data processing, data inventory, and status of data processing.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 37-38
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  • 46
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    AVE/VAS experiment: Synoptic summary and preliminary results (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The AVE/VAS ground truth field experiment was conducted during the Spring of 1982 severe storms and weather research program. The experiment consisted of acquiring correlative ground truth measurements of rawinsonde data, corresponding to the time and space resolutions of VAS sounding data. The objectives of the AVE/VAS experiment are: (1) to acquire four dimensional data sets of the actual atmospheric structure down to the mesoscale; (2) to provide measurements for quantitative comparisons between ground based and VAS-derived atmospheric parameters; (3) to evaluate the impact of VAS data on diagnostic analysis of structural features and dynamical processes important to the development of mesoscale phenomena; (4) to evaluate the impact of VAS data on numerical model simulations, nowcasting, and other mesoscale forecasting systems.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 39-43
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  • 47
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    Correlation of 3 hour radiosonde data with coincident Nimbus-7 total ozone measurements (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A special network exercise supporting the VAS demonstration is reported. The second near-real time total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) activity involving out of sequence processing of Nimbus-7 data over the United States and Europe is presented. The ozone data maps were used by airlines to search for regions of clear air turbulence and by an aircraft data gathering program, for synoptic upper air and tropopause height analyses. The TOMS total ozone levels are correlated with radiosonde tropopause height for testing the ability of TOMS data to give independent satellite measurements of tropopause height.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 31
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  • 48
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    VAS temperature retrievals for NASA special network observations of 6 March 1982 (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: VAS retrieval capability was studied. A mesoscale event consisting of a rapidly moving temperature perturbation with strong horizontal wind shear but shallow vertical extent occurred over Texas. The mesoscale event passed through the special radiosonde network and was documented with three hourly measurements. The event occurred behind a cold frontal cloud band during clear conditions. The event was accompanied by large skin temperature changes as the day progressed. This combination allows the testing of two important aspects of the retrieval algorithms with minimal cloud contamination and good ground truth. The first aspect concerns the horizontal and vertical resolving power of the retrievals and the second aspect concerns sensitivity to the boundary term. The NASA special network radiosonde is proven to be useful. It is demonstrated that: the VAS is capable, of delineating a mesoscale, normal retrieval procedure has the deficiency of oversmoothing, but this can be corrected, to document first quess dependence, and a superior data set to evolve better techniques for treating the surface boundary problem.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 33-36
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    Evaluation of the effect of VAS data on some NMC analyses and forecasts (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The effect of visible/infrared atmospheric sounder (VAS) data on the limited area fine mesh model (LFM) analysis forecast system were examined. The VAS data obtained from the Pacific geostationary satellite are valuable for LFM analysis because temperatures from the polar orbiting satellite over the east Pacific are received too late for 1200 GMT LFM analysis. Because the VISSR has only infrared channels, retrievals are possible only in regions with little or no cloudiness.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 27-28
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    Use of the VAS water vapor imagery to analyze upper-level flow patterns (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Infrared (IR) channels which are available and are developed for operational use were examined. The Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) was launched. This instrument has a radiometer consisting of the standard visible channel detectors and six thermal detectors that detect IR radiation in 12 spectral bands. Any one of the 11 new IR channels can be substituted for the standard 11.5 micro m window channel when the satellite is operating in the standard VISSP mode and provides data in image form through the GOES distribution system.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 29-30
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  • 51
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    Specifying heights and velocities of cloud motion from geostationary sounding data (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Data from the geostationary Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) for assigning simultaneous heights and velocities of cloud motion winds were processed. The following two techniques are discussed: The technique which delivers qualitative height assignments from imagery; and which uses the radiometric information contained in the VAS data to calculate quantitative heights.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 25-26
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  • 52
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    VAS operational procedures and results at the Kansas City Satellite Field Services Station (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: An operational assessment of VAS data by using a Man-computer Interactive Data Access System (McIDAS) terminal linked by a 9600 band telephone line is discussed. Seven hours of VAS data were processed and edited daily. Data was scheduled 16 hours a day, 7 days a week; however, during this time period there were very few days with 16 hours of data to evalute. The McIDAS terminal, which has 10 display frames and 5 graphics, provide access to the sounding data processed. These data are processed using two procedures. The dwell sounding data are generated by using all 12 spectral channels with a spin budget of 39. To provide coverage for most of the United States, soundings are made starting at 18 minutes after the hour from approximately 49 deg N to 36 deg N and at 48 minutes after the hour from 36 deg N to 26 deg N. The dwell imaging mode uses 11 channels but the spin budge is 17. With the reduced spin budget, retrievals can be made at 18 or 48 minutes after the hour for approximately 44 deg N to 27 deg N. With these constraints a schedule, of data sets was proposed to use the schedule and how the data set could be used are shown.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 21-24
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    VAS assessment status and preliminary results (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The VAS soundings, produced in real time on an hourly basis, consistently delineate the areas of the country where intense convective weather will occur several hours in advance of the severe weather developments. This conclusion is based on the daily experience gained. An objective method of forecasting the probability of severe weather for 100 kilometer square areas of the United States from the VAS soundings was presented. An example sequence of these probability forecasts and the subsequent observed severe weather is included.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 17-19
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    The inference of tropical cyclone dynamics using GOES VISSR/VAS data (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The sequence of events observed during tropical cyclone Emily, was suggested as a possible mechanism for cyclogenesis. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) East VISSR/VAS sensors were used. The VISSR visible imagery obtained every 15 minutes was used to define the low tropospheric cyclonic vortex and upper tropospheric horizontal convergence. The VAS water vapor (channels 9 and 10) and carbon dioxide (channels 3 and 4) channels were used to infer upper and middle tropospheric subsidence by monitoring the Adiabatic compressional drying and warming, respectively, occurring within this layer. Evidence of an existing lower tropospheric cyclonic vortex was seen. The satellite derived wind vectors (length of vector is proportional to wind velocity, where the strongest winds were approximately 35 knots) are superimposed on the GOES visible image of tropical storm Emily. Vectors and low level clouds depict the center of the cyclonic vortex immediately south of the large convective cell in the center of the image. Upper tropospheric cloud tracers and rawinsonde reports along the Eastern United States suggest that the southwesterly environmental upper atmospheric flow is converging with the outflow from the convective cell north of the vortex.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 13-16
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    Analysis of multispectral data using an unsupervised classification technique: Application to VAS (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A statistical classification method based on clustering of multidimensional histograms was applied to several channels of the VAS multispectral imagery. The method automatically discriminates and classifies atmospheric ground features such as cloud types, atmospheric moisture patterns, ocean, or ground. Such a clustering method has the advantage of forming natural data groupings, without a priori classification. Clusters are not limited by straight lines or plane surfaces as is the case in threshold methods. The method was applied to simultaneous full resolution images from channels 8 (11.2 micron), 10 (6.7 micron), and 12 (3.9 micron). Twenty image segments of 64 by 64, 12 image segments of 128 by 128, and 4 image segments of 254 by 254 picture elements were analyzed. In addition, normal VISSR mode images at 1800, 1830, and 2000 GMT were used to identify the classes. The gray levels measured along a scan line and the result of the classification scheme (dashed curves) for the three channels investigated are shown. Each point of the image is affected to a class. Each class is identified by a center of gravity that is represented by a vector in the three dimensional space of gray levels.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 11-12
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  • 56
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    Use of the VAS for analysis of a prethunderstorm environment (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The information content of the VAS radiances can be converted to meteorological parameters useful for analyzing a severe weather environment. The method by which the VAS variances are converted to vertical profiles of temperature, dewpoints, and equivalent potential temperature involves a basic regression technique using the most local radiosonde data available for establishing a correlation matrix. The results indicate that mesoscale features apparent within images of the radiances can be converted to usable temperature and moisture fields using regression when surface temperature and dewpoint observations are included within the total data base. In addition, results indicate that surface data are very important for better defining lower tropospheric structure that the VAS radiances alone cannot properly resolve. Analyses of these retrievals distinctly show mesoscale structure in the temperature and moisture fields derived with VAS radiances collected every 3 hours, and 0000 GMT. The retrievals capture the moisture structure. More important, convective instability is clearly detected immediately before the onset of convection. The results indicate that the VAS is capable of providing valuable mesoscale information suitable for analyzing a preconvective environment that is generally clear.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 9
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  • 57
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    Diagnosing convective instability using VAS data (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The utility of combining visible and various infrared images from the VAS to produce a forecasting tool, that can be available on a near real time basis, to predict severe weather development is shown. Areas where dry air in the midtroposphere overlays substantial moisture at low levels are used to diagnose mesoscale regions that have the potential for being convectively unstable before the onset of severe convection. Specifically, 6.7 micron water vapor imagery, used for isolating regions of substantial midlevel dryness, are combined with images of low level clouds or with split-window low level moisture images to delineate regions that have the potential for convective instability. In areas where scattered low level clouds are present, computer generated, color image combinations are used to isolate those warm, low level clouds that are in potential convectively unstable environments from clouds that exist under a deeply moist atmosphere. In clear regions, the split window technique is used for delineating areas of substantial boundary layer moisture. These images are again computer overlayed by the midlevel dryness to produce a color coded image of potential convective instability.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 7
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  • 58
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    Low-level water vapor fields from the VAS split-window channels at 11 and 12 microns (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Originally, the VAS split window channels were designed to use the differential water vapor absorption between 11 and 12 microns to estimate sea surface temperature by correcting for the radiometric losses caused by atmospheric moisture. It is shown that it is possible to reverse the procedure in order to estimate the vertically integrated low level moisture content with the background surface (skin) temperature removed, even over the bright, complex background of the land. Because the lower troposphere's water vapor content is an important factor in convective instability, the derived fields are of considerable value to mesoscale meteorology. Moisture patterns are available as quantitative fields (centimeters of precipitable water) at full VAS resolution (as fine as 7 kilometers horizontal resolution every 15 minutes), and are readily converted to image format for false color movies. The technique, demonstrated with GOES-5, uses a sequence of split window radiances taken once every 3 hours from dawn to dusk over the Eastern and Central United States. The algorithm is calibrated with the morning radiosonde sites embedded within the first VAS radiance field; then, entire moisture fields are calculated at all five observation times. Cloud contamination is removed by rejecting any pixel having a radiance less than the atmospheric brightness determined at the radiosonde sites.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 5-6
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    System description (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The VAS, carried onboard the GOES 4 and 5 satellites, is a radiometer with 8 visible channel detectors and 6 thermal detectors that detect infrared radiation in 12 spectral bands. A filter wheel in front of the detector is used to achieve the spectral selection. The spatial resolution is 0.9 kilometer in the visible and 7 or 14 kilometers in the infrared depending on the detector used. Full Earth disk coverage is accomplished by spinning in the west to east direction at 100 rpm and by stepping a scan mirror from north to south. Additional VAS instrument characteristics are summarized. The VAS has three operating modes: the operational VISSR mode, the multispectral imaging (MSI) mode, and the dwell sounding (DS) mode. The operational VISSR mode is used by NOAA/NESS for its operational products, which include a visible picture and an 11 micrometer infrared (channel 8) picture at half hour intervals. The other modes are VAS unique. The MSI mode combines the operational VISSR capability (visible plus infrared window) with two additional spectral channels to provide half hourly full Earth disk imagery of atmospheric water vapor, temperature, and cloud distribution. The DS mode is used primarily for sounding to obtain the temperature and moisture profiles. In this mode, multiple spins on the same scan line in a given band are averaged to obtain the required signal to noise ratio for sounding.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 1-3
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    Clear-sky radiative characteristics of South America derived from geostationary satellite data (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Estimates of clear-sky albedo and equivalent blackbody temperatures derived from the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite are presented. Regional clear-sky albedo over South America at noon ranged from 10 to 22 percent during November 1978 and February 1979, mean clear-sky albedo over the continent remained fairly constant at about 12.4 percent. A slight seasonal decrease in albedo found in a number of large river valleys is attributed to seasonal flooding. The average clear-sky albedo varied diurnally by factors of 2.0 and 2.3 from the value at noon over desert and vegetated areas, respectively. The mean regional clear-sky equivalent blackbody temperature ranged from 283 to 295 K.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Diurnal cloud variations over South America and the southeastern Pacific (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The changing distributions of cloud cover are of particular importance in understanding the general circulation patterns of the Southern Hemisphere, whose prediction is hampered by the sparse sampling of physical qualities. In near-tropical areas, the diurnal solar heating cycle is noted to be directly responsible for many of the observed weather patterns. Among the atmosphere's familiar responses to this heating cycle are afternoon thunderstorms over tropical land areas and the 'burnoff' of morning fog or low stratus near coastal margins. Attention is given to these aspects of the atmospheric adjustment to the daily solar cycle in terms of regional scale mean cloudiness over part of the Southern Hemisphere.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    FGGE forecast impact studies in the Southern Hemisphere (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The purpose of this paper is to quantify the impact of the FGGE SOS on the GLAS analyses and forecasts in the Southern Hemisphere, and to evaluate the relative importance of its components, and in particular, the impact of the loss of surface buoys. This discussion is limited to the forecast impact of the FGGE system upon a region between 28 deg S and 56 deg S, 50 deg W-80 W which includes essentially the southern cone of South America. Although forecast skill is verified against the NMC analysis, which used only VTPR but no TIROS-N data in the Southern Hemisphere, enough conventional data exists over this region to avoid biased verifications.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Large amplitude stationary Rossby waves in the southern hemisphere - Observations and theory (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Further observational evidence is presented for the existence of large amplitude short stationary waves during the month of January, 1979 in the lee side of South America. These waves are noted not to have been produced by either topography or CISK; their cause was probably related to stronger tropical convective heating over the Amazon and central Pacific during January. This source of stationary forcing was associated with the weaker easterlies and stronger westerlies in the topics, which allowed free propagation of the energy from the stationary forcing into the extratropics.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Persistent anomalies of the Southern Hemisphere circulation (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The persistent features of large anomalies have been examined and the locations of blocking in the Southern Hemisphere were determined. The data set used here contains daily maps of 500 mb geopotential heights for 100 months (June 1, 1972 to Nov. 30, 1980) covering from 10S to 90S. The seasonal cycle was defined as a 8 year mean and the 8th (annual) and 16th (semiannual) Fourier components of the time series at each grid point. Anomalies were defined as the difference between the total field and the seasonal cycle for each grid point.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    The simulation of the seasonal cycle of the Southern Hemispheric circulation by the GLAS Seasonal Cycle Model and a comparison to observations (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The general circulation of the Southern Hemisphere is quite different from that of the Northern Hemisphere in many important ways. These include the barotropic nature of the stationary waves and the presence of a strong barotropic component to the mean zonal wind, the lack of a strong seasonal dependence of the transient eddies, and the dominant role played by eddies with periods less than 10 days compared to longer period fluctuations. Such differences attest to the importance of the altered nature of the orographic and thermal land-sea forcings in the Southern Hemisphere compared to the Northern Hemisphere. Some of the important features of the Southern Hemisphere circulation as simulated by the GLAS Seasonal Cycle Model (SCM) are presented. The geographical patterns of local variability and their seasonal shifts in the SCM are discussed and compared to observations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Satellite data - Analysis techniques and applications to meteorology (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The history of meteorological satellites is traced, together with current instrumental and data analysis capabilities. Photographs taken from rockets launched in the late 1950s encouraged placing spacecraft such as the Nimbus I in sunsynchronous orbit beginning in 1964, and eventually the GOES, GMS, TIROS and Meteosat spacecraft into GEO in the 1970s. Visible, UV, IR and microwave sensors provide data on cloud patterns, wind fields, vertical temperature and humidity profiles and the surface temperature. Corrections have been developed in the data analyses programs to account for the atmospheric effects on upwelling radiation, fractional cloudiness, cloud-top heights and cloud contamination factors.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Cumulus clouds - Early aircraft observations and entrainment hypotheses (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The history of cumulus research in the decade following World War II is reviewed in the perspective of the new ideas and advances made during the subsequent generation. Emphasis is placed upon pioneering aircraft measurements, evidence for entrainment, the early model attempts and their attendant controversies.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Cumulus role in tropical circulations (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The present investigation is concerned with the effects of cumulus clouds upon their surroundings, and the interaction of the cumulus scale of motion with the larger scales of motion in the tropics. Charney and Eliassen (1964) have conducted a study of the growth of the hurricane depression and proposed the CISK (Conditional Instability of the Second Kind) mechanism. The CISK concept was used in several of the pioneering models of hurricanes and tropical disturbances. Since the 1960's, the CISK concept has been generalized and extended. However, the feedback between convection and the large-scale flow is still positive. In the present investigation the philosophy is extended to a negative feedback which contributes to the stability (mainly in direction) of the trade winds. Attention is given to the classical Ekman layer and early CISK, cumulus momentum transports, the role of cumuli in the trade-wind moisture and heat budgets, the trade wind model, and the equatorial trough and hot tower hypothesis.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Variational global analysis of satellite temperature soundings (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A variational spherical harmonic analysis is developed for the production of global geopotential height and geostropic wind fields from the TIROS-N spacecraft's temperature sounding profiles. This scheme is based on Tykhonov's (1964) regularization method, and the smoothing parameter is determined by cross validation. The scheme is noted to be stable and computationally efficient, and it does not depend on a priori information. Its applications to three-dimensional temperature retrievals and to four-dimensional spectral analyses are illustrated.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    The effect of spatial resolution on the simulation of upper-tropospheric frontogenesis using a sigma-coordinate primitive equation model (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    An evaluation of the synoptic- and mesoscale predictability of the Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation System (MASS 2.0) model (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A report is presented regarding the synoptic- and mesoscale predictive capabilities of a regional-scale numerical weather prediction model known as the Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation System (MASS, Version 2.0). The development of this model has been discussed by Kaplan et al. (1982). An evaluation of the performance of MASS 2.0 is based on the study of a sample of approximately thirty 12 h and 24 h forecasts of atmospheric flow patterns over the U.S. during spring and early summer of 1982. A description of model systems is provided, and synoptic-scale evaluation methods are considered along with aspects of mesoscale evaluation methodology, examples of coherent mesoscale information provided by MASS 2.0, the results of a diagnostic study of mesoscale convective systems (MCS), and the results of a limited real-time forecast experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    A statistical examination of Nimbus-7 SMMR data and remote sensing of sea surface temperature, liquid water content in the atmosphere and surface wind speed (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) brightness temperature measurements over the global oceans have been examined with the help of statistical and empirical techniques. Such analyses show that zonal averages of brightness temperature measured by SMMR over the oceans on a large scale are primarily influenced by the water vapor in the atmosphere. Liquid water in the clouds and rain, which has a much smaller spatial and temporal scale, contributes substantially to the variability of the SMMR measurements within the latitudinal zones. The surface wind not only increases the surface emissivity, but through its interactions with the atmosphere produces correlations in the SMMR brightness temperature data that have significant meteorological implications. It is found that a simple meteorological model can explain the general characteristics of the SMMR data. With the help of this model, methods to infer over the global oceans, the surface temperature, liquid water content in the atmosphere, and surface wind speed are developed. Monthly mean estimates of the sea surface temperature and surface winds are compared with the ship measurements. Estimates of liquid water content in the atmosphere are consistent with earlier satellite measurements. Previously announced in STAR as N83-19187
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; 2023-203
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    The impact of conventional surface data upon VAS regression retrievals in the lower troposphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Surface temperature and dewpoint reports are added to the infrared radiances from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) in order to improve the retrieval of temperature and moisture profiles in the lower troposphere. The conventional (airways) surface data are combined with the twelve VAS channels as additional predictors in a ridge regression retrieval scheme, with the aim of using all available data to make high resolution space-time interpolations of the radiosonde network. For one day of VAS observations, retrievals using only VAS radiances are compared with retrievals using VAS radiances plus surface data. Temperature retrieval accuracy evaluated at coincident radiosonde sites shows a significant impact within the boundary layer. Dewpoint retrieval accuracy shows a broader improvement within the lowest tropospheric layers. The most dramatic impact of surface data is observed in the improved relative spatial and temporal continuity of low-level fields retrieved over the Midwestern United States. Previously announced in STAR as N83-27522
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; 1853-187
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    Bibliography (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A bibliography of articles entered into the data base at the Lunar and Planetary Institute Library from November 1982 through January 1983 is presented. An abstract of each article is given. The subjects covered by the articles include: the motion of the moon and dynamics of the earth-moon system: shape and gravity field of the moon; the physical structure of the moon, its thermal and stress history; the morphology of the lunar surface, the origin and stratigraphy of lunar formations, and mapping of the moon; the chemical composition of the moon, lunar petrology, mineralogy, and crystallography; electromagnetic properties of the moon; the planets; and other objects, including asteroids, comets, meteorites, and cosmic dust.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Moon and the Planets (ISSN 0165-0807); 29; 237-327
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  • 75
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    The parameterization of the planetary boundary layer in the UCLA general circulation model - Formulation and results (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization for general circulation models (GCMs) is presented. It uses a mixed-layer approach in which the PBL is assumed to be capped by discontinuities in the mean vertical profiles. Both clear and cloud-topped boundary layers are parameterized. Particular emphasis is placed on the formulation of the coupling between the PBL and both the free atmosphere and cumulus convection. For this purpose a modified sigma-coordinate is introduced in which the PBL top and the lower boundary are both coordinate surfaces. The use of a bulk PBL formulation with this coordinate is extensively discussed. Results are presented from a July simulation produced by the UCLA GCM. PBL-related variables are shown, to illustrate the various regimes the parameterization is capable of simulating.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; 2224-224
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  • 76
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    NASA's AVE/VAS program (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A discussion is presented concerning the Atmospheric Variability Experiment (AVE) which was conducted during the spring of 1982 as part of NASA's Visible and Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) demonstration. The AVE/VAS Ground Truth Field Experiment is examined in detail, which comprised the obtaining of rawinsonde observations during various meteorological conditions on four different days when VAS data were obtained. These experiments were performed over 24 hr periods in a mesoscale network of 24 National Weather Service rawinsonde sites and 13 NASA and NOAA special sites. The VAS, operating as a part of the GOES satellite system, was employed to provide two-dimensional cloud mapping capability during each of the AVE/VAS experiment periods. Among the goals of this AVE/VAS program, in addition to management of the acquisition and processing of the data, were to perform the research and development needed to produce data products from VAS radiances, to validate the data, and to assess the impact of the data on mesoscale meteorological forecasting and research requirements.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 64; July 198
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  • 77
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    Atmospheric storm explanation of saturnian electrostatic discharges (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Saturn electrostatic discharges (SED) monitored by the Voyager 1 were investigated to determine the source of the phenomena. Consideration has been given to two sources: the atmosphere at equatorial latitudes, where the cloud-top wind velocities correspond to the Saturn 10 hr 10 min rotation period; and the rings at 1.8 Saturn radius. The data were analyzed in terms of time and frequency, revealing a time-varying frequency, few detectable discharges outside of a low threshold, and the appearances and disappearances of the SED with no correlation with frequency. The periodicity of the SED episodes indicated that the source was occulted between revolutions, which ruled out the ring source. The SED signals were only detected on the dayside, suggesting the signals propagated through the dayside ionosphere. Diurnal variations in the ion densities could prohibit the signals from escaping on the nightside, a factor supported by detection of low frequency SED only during close passage of the Voyager. Ray tracing experiments have demonstrated that storm sources have emissions observable with the storm on the limb at the observed 30-40 MHz interval.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 303; May 5
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  • 78
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    Atmospheric temperatures near the tropical tropopause Temporal variations, zonal asymmetry and implications for stratospheric water vapor (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Analysis of temperature measurements obtained over an eight-year period in the vicinity of the low-latitude tropopause confirms the existence of longitude regions which are consistently colder by approximately 2-3 K than elsewhere in the tropics. These temperature differences, however, are confined to a layer of thickness 3-5 km centered on the tropopause. The lowest monthly mean temperatures observed at the colder stations yield saturation mixing ratios that are consistent with the range of measured stratospheric water vapor. Examination of the daily variations in temperature at a given station reveals a more complex pattern than indicated by the monthly averages. On many days temperatures at the colder longitudes correspond to water vapor abundances that are less than observed in the stratosphere despite the favorable comparison of the monthly means. The results point to the need for a series of water vapor soundings at selected longitudes and times in order to define the extent to which the tropical tropopause controls the stratospheric water vapor abundance.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; July 198
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  • 79
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    Relative frequency and diurnal variation of high cold clouds in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The percentage of cold clouds less than or equal to 240 K was tabulated from Nimbus-5 data in 2 deg latitude-longitude squares over tropical oceans in the North Atlantic and Pacific for day (1130 LST) and night (2330 LST). The maximum percentage and amplitude of the diurnal variation are in the eastern Atlantic and Pacific. Day percentages are higher than at night in the entire 6-10 deg N belt of the Atlantic. Weaker night maxima are to the north and south of this belt. In the Pacific, the distribution of day and night predominance is more variable.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; June 198
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  • 80
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    Interannual variability and predictability of 500 mb geopotential heights over the Northern Hemisphere (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The interannual variability of monthly mean 500 mb heights in a 15-year sample of observed data is compared to the variance expected from sampling errors associated with high-frequency fluctuations using the analysis of variance approach. The monthly mean 'signal' stands out significantly from the 'noise' over a substantial fraction of the Northern Hemisphere during the winter. The expected spectrum of variance at very low frequencies is assumed to be white at frequencies lower than per (30 days) rather than the per (96 days) cutoff used by Madden. This difference is justified by observing that the effective time between independent samples T(0) is relatively insensitive to changes in the maximum lag over which the local autocorrelation is integrated to calculate T(0). Further non-randomness in the variance of 500 mb heights is evidenced by the correlation between monthly mean height and contemporaneous daily variability.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; June 198
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  • 81
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    Speculation on Martian north polar wind circulation and the resultant orientations of polar sand dunes (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: When seen at frost cap minimum, Martian north polar erg dunes north of 80 deg N record east winds, while those south of that latitude record west winds. Many of the transverse dunes are considered to be reversing dunes, and dunes in the two fields may have reversed at least once during the lifetime of the Viking Orbiters. It is proposed that the average polar winds are strong, off-pole northwest winds in the fall, moderate west winds in winter, latitude-dependent weak-to-strong off-pole northeast winds in spring, and weak west winds in summer, as has been largely confirmed by Viking images of near polar clouds. Over millenia, the combination of reversing west and east winds could produce the biomodal distributions of dune orientations observed at the north pole.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 55; Sept
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  • 82
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    Formation and photochemistry of methylamine in Jupiter's atmosphere (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere of Jupiter, translationally hot H atoms are produced in the photolysis of ammonia, phospine, and acetylene which react with methane to form methyl radicals. The latter combine with NH2 to form methylamine. It is presently shown that the combined production of methylamine and subsequent photolysis to HCN is unlikely to account for the HCN observed near Jupiter's tropopause. The recommendation of NH2 and C2H3 radicals to yield C2H5N, followed by photolysis to HCN, is the preferred path. An upper limit column density on CH3PH2 is estimated to be about 10 to the 13th/sq cm, as compared to 10 to the 15th/sq cm for CH3NH2.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 55; Sept
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  • 83
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    Modeling of the 10-micron natural laser emission from the mesospheres of Mars and Venus (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The NLTE radiative transfer problem is solved to obtain the 00 deg 1 vibrational state population. This model successfully reproduces the existing center-to-limb observations, although higher spatial resolution observations are needed for a definitive test. The model also predicts total fluxes which are close to the observed values. The strength of the emission is predicted to be closely related to the instantaneous near-IR solar heating rate.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 55; Sept
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  • 84
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    Observations of the 10-micron natural laser emission from the mesospheres of Mars and Venus (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Observations of the total flux and center to limb dependence of the nonthermal emission occurring in the cores of the 9.4 and 10.4 micrometers CO2 bands on Mars are compared to a theoretical model based on this mechanism. The model successfully reproduces the observed center to limb dependence of this emission, to within the limits imposed by the spatial resolution of the observations of Mars and Venus. The observed flux from Mars agrees closely with the prediction of the model; the flux observed from Venus is 74 percent of the flux predicted by the model. This emission is used to obtain the kinetic temperatures of the Martian and Venusian mesospheres. For Mars near 70 km altitude, a rotational temperature analysis using five lines gives T = 135 + or - 20 K. The frequency width of the emission is also analyzed to derive a temperature of 126 + or - 6 K. In the case of the Venusian mesosphere near 109 km, the frequency width of the emission gives T = 204 + or - 10 K.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 55; Sept
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  • 85
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    Some dynamical properties of vortex streets in Saturn's atmosphere from analyses of Voyager images (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The first observations of a vortex street in an atmosphere other than that of the earth are presented, made from a sequence of images of Saturn taken by Voyager 2 in August 1981. The analysis of these images shows that the feature sits at the maximum of the westward jet and suggests that it may be produced by material rising up from below the level of the visible clouds.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; Sept
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  • 86
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    Ferromagnetic resonance and magnetic properties of ALHA 81005 (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Seven chips of primarily matrix material from the Antarctic meteorite ALHA 81005 were analyzed by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and magnetic hysteresis techniques. The FMR spectra of two chips have a resonance at g of about 2.1 that resembles the g of about 2.1 resonance that is characteristic of lunar soils. Thus the FMR spectra are consistent with the lunar regolith being a progenitor for the matrix material. For the two chips, the FMR surface exposure (maturity) index was about 5 units, which is equivalent to a value for an immature lunar soil. The total concentration of metallic iron is on the order of 0.11 equivalent wt. pct, which is within the observed range for Apollo 16 rocks and soils.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; Sept
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  • 87
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    Recent cosmic ray exposure history of ALHA 81005 (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Measurements of the Be-10 and Al-26 contents of ALHA 81005 constrain the length and conditions of its exposure to cosmic rays. Calculations based on one-step irradition models imply that the time spent by this object in space is shorter than that spent by most 'asteroidal' meteorites. On the other hand the results are readily consistent with a lunar origin for ALHA 81005.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; Sept
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  • 88
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    Trapped noble gases indicate lunar origin for Antarctic meteorite (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The isotopic abundances of the noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) are reported for Antarctic ALHA 81005. It contains solar wind-implanted gases whose absolute and relative concentrations are quite similar to lunar regolith samples but not to other meteorites. ALHA 81005 also contains a large excess Ar-40 component which is identical to the component in lunar fines implanted from the lunar atmosphere. Large concentrations of cosmogenic Ne-21, Kr-82, and Xe-126 in ALHA 81005 indicate a total cosmic ray exposure age of at least 200 million years. The noble gas data alone are strong evidence for a lunar origin of this meteorite.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; Sept
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  • 89
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    Upper-level structure of Oklahoma tornadic storms on 2 May 1979. II - Proposed explanation of 'V' pattern and internal warm region in infrared observations (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; July 198
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  • 90
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    Upper-level structure of Oklahoma tornadic storms on 2 May 1979. I - Radar and satellite observations (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; July 198
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  • 91
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    Numerical simulation of the atmospheric response to equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: There exists observational and modeling evidence to the effect that sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific have a significant effect upon wintertime climate in the Pacific/North American sector of the hemisphere. In connection with the emergence of a more definitive observational basis for designing general circulation model (GCM) experiments to investigate the atmospheric response to equatorial SST anomalies, it was recommended to conduct a series of GCM experiments. The present study involves a series of extended (1-2 month) integrations.Attention is given to a review of previous GCM experiments, the plan for the present study, the general circulation model and its simulation of the winter and summer circulation described by Shukla et al. (1981), tropical precipitation, upper level flow, low-level circulation and temperature, and the tropical tropospheric temperature.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; July 198
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  • 92
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    The shape, propagation and mean-flow interaction of large-scale weather systems (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: In investigations concerned with obtaining an understanding of the general circulation of the atmosphere, the determination of the role of the large-scale eddies presents a special problem. In the present study,attention is given to a theory which, in some ways, provides an extension of the Eliassen-Palm flux concept so that it can be applied in particular to the time-averaged three space dimension problem. Particular emphasis is given to the understanding of the feedback of the eddies onto the mean flow. However, the behavior of the eddies themselves is also discussed. It is shown that, in simple situations, the anisotropic eddy horizontal velocity correlation tensor implies the shape and propagation of eddies and the feedback of the eddies onto the mean flow.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; July 198
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  • 93
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    The Tunguska event - No cometary signature in evidence (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: It is suggested that existing data on the 1908 Tunguska fall precludes an interpretation of the object as an either active or extinct comet fragment. Because a fireball of the Tunguska mass is not efficiently decelerated by the earth's atmosphere, it would at an entry velocity of about 30 km/sec have had to resist aerodynamic pressures greater than one billon dyn/sq cm before disintegrating. The inherently extremely fragile cometary material could not have survived a load of this magnitude. The data on Type II fireballs with prominent terminal flares are extrapolated, to estimate Tunguska's critical dynamic pressure at the same time of explosion as being of the order of 200 million dyn/sq cm, and its preexplosion velocity as about 10 km/sec, thereby ruling out a comet-like orbit. The Tunguska object is most consistently described as a small Apollo-type asteroid, 90-190 m across.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 88; Sept
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  • 94
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    Radio emission signature of Saturn immersions in Jupiter's magnetic tail (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: During the interval from about May through August 1981, when Voyager 2 was inbound to Saturn, the Planetary Radio Astronomy instrument measured repeated, dramatic decreases in the intensity of the Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR). The emission dropouts averaged two orders of magnitude below mean energy levels and varied from about 1 to 10 Saturn rotations in duration. Comparison with pre-Saturn encounter Voyager 1 observations (June to November, 1980) shows that the SKR dropouts were unique to the Voyager 2 observing interval, consistent with the closer proximity of Saturn to Jupiter's distant magnetotail in 1981. Further, the dropouts occurred on the average at times when Voyager 2 is known to have been within or near Jupiter's magnetic tail.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Sept. 1
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  • 95
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    Solar related waves in the Venusian atmosphere from the cloud tops to 100 km (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: A quasi-linear diagnostic model using observed solar-related temperatures and a specified solar mean circulation and surface structure to find the solar-related circulation above the clouds of Venus is presented. Despite the greater dependence of model-derived, solar-related circulation on the mean flow than is the case for terrestrial tides, as well as the uncertainty concerning this mean flow, significant conclusions are drawn for the solar-related circulation and thermal structure of Venus. An anomalously large response is found in the polar regions, due to the model's requirement of a process such as dissipation which will act as a major sink for momentum. Dissipation is specified in the model as Rayleigh friction with an unknown free parameter coefficient. In view of this, dissipation is either very efficient by terrestrial standards and accompanied by small solar-related circulation, or similar to that of earth and possessed of a circulation large enough to have an impact on the mean circulation.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; June 198
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  • 96
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    Vertical distribution of scattering hazes in Titan's upper atmosphere (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Radial intensity scans of a Voyager 2 high phase angle image of Titan have been inverted to yield vertical extinction profiles at 1 deg intervals around the limb. A detached haze layer with peak particle number densities of about 0.2 cu/cm exists at all latitudes south of about 45 N, and at an altitude of 300-350 km. The optical depth 0.01 level lies at a radius of 2932 + or - 5 km at the equator and at a radius of 2915 + or - 10 km over the poles (altitudes of 357 + or - 5 and 340 + or - 10 km, respectively). In addition to the haze layer at 300-350 km, there is a small enhancement in the extinction at about 450 km which exists at all latitudes between 75 deg S and about 60 deg N.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 55; July 198
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  • 97
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    The geologic record of climatic change (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Major results from paleoclimatic investigations are investigated, and background material is included. The time interval surveyed extends from the formation of the earth 4.6 billion years ago to the development of the instrumental record. Previously announced in STAR as N82-33946
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics (ISSN 0034-6853); 21; May 1983
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  • 98
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    Efficient three-dimensional global models for climate studies - Models I and II (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Climate modeling based on numerical solution of the fundamental equations for atmospheric structure and motion permits the explicit modeling of physical processes in the climate system and the natural treatment of interactions and feedbacks among parts of the system. The main difficulty concerning this approach is related to the computational requirements. The present investigation is concerned with the development of a grid-point model which is programmed so that both horizontal and vertical resolutions can easily be changed. Attention is given to a description of Model I, the performance of sensitivity experiments by varying parameters, the definition of an improved Model II, and a study of the dependence of climate simulation on resolution with Model II. It is shown that the major features of global climate can be simulated reasonably well with a horizontal resolution as coarse as 1000 km. Such a resolution allows the possibility of long-range climate studies with moderate computer resources.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; April 19
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  • 99
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    Saturn meteorology - A diagnostic assessment of thin-layer configurations for the zonal flow (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: Voyager imaging, infrared, and radio observations for Saturn have been recently interpreted by Smith et al. (1982) as an indication that the jet streams observed at the cloud tops extend to depths greater than the 10,000-bar level. This analysis assumes a maximum latitudinal temperature contrast of a few percent, a mean atmospheric rotation rate at depth given by Saturn's ratio period, and no variation with latitude of the bottom pressure level for the zonal flow system. These assumptions are not, however, firmly constrained by observation. The diagnostic analysis of plausible alternative configurations for Saturn's atmospheric structure demonstrates that a thin weather layer system (confined at mid to high latitudes to levels above 200 bar) cannot be excluded by any of the available observations. A quantitative estimate of the effects of moisture condensation (including the differentiation of mean molecular weight) suggests that these might provide the buoyancy contrasts necessary to support a thin-layer flow provided that Saturn's outer envelope is enriched approximately 10 times in water abundance relative to a solar composition atmosphere and strongly differentiated with latitude at the condensation level.
    Schlagwort(e): LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Materialart: (ISSN 0019-1035)
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    A model to determine open or closed cellular convection (1983)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-18
    Beschreibung: The horizontal asymmetry of cellular convection is demonstrated to be detectable by consideration of the vertical asymmetry of the driving force. A two-dimensional numerical model for convection in an internally heated and cooled fluid is presented, based on equations for the conservation of temperature and vorticity. Attention is focused on the steady-state finite-amplitude solutions for fixed Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, and aspect ratio. Temperature in the model corresponds to potential temperature under dry conditions and the equivalent potential temperature under saturated conditions. Slowly varying convection driven by asymmetric boundary fluxes is expressed in terms of steady-state convection driven by an asymmetric internal heat source. It is shown that heating near the ground produces open convection patterns where most of the fluid is descending, while cooling near the top of the flow leads to closed cellular patterns with a preponderance of ascending fluid. Extension of the model to three dimensions is indicated.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; March 19
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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