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  • 1
  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The global scale divergent and rotational flow components of the Global Weather Experiment (GWE) are diagnosed from three different analyses of the data. The rotational flow shows closer agreement between the analyses than does the divergent flow. Although the major outflow and inflow centers are similarly placed in all analyses, the global kinetic energy of the divergent wind varies by about a factor of 2 between different analyses while the global kinetic energy of the rotational wind varies by only about 10 percent between the analyses. A series of real data assimilation experiments has been performed with the GLA general circulation model using different amounts of tropical wind data during the First Special Observing Period of the Global Weather Experiment. In exeriment 1, all available tropical wind data were used; in the second experiment, tropical wind data were suppressed; while, in the third and fourth experiments, only tropical wind data with westerly and easterly components, respectively, were assimilated. The rotational wind appears to be more sensitive to the presence or absence of tropical wind data than the divergent wind. It appears that the model, given only extratropical observations, generates excessively strong upper tropospheric westerlies. These biases are sufficiently pronounced to amplify the globally integrated rotational flow kinetic energy by about 10 percent and the global divergent flow kinetic energy by about a factor of 2. Including only easterly wind data in the tropics is more effective in controlling the model error than including only westerly wind data. This conclusion is especially noteworthy because approximately twice as many upper tropospheric westerly winds were available in these cases as easterly winds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 114; 991-1007
    Format: text
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Charney (1963) characterized the tropical atmosphere in terms of a superposition of large regions of nearly nondivergent circulations containing local subdomains, or 'fissures', of active convection and latent heating. Tropical wave evolution is then appropriately treated in terms of quasi-rotational waves, to the extent that the divergent contribution is small. An attempt is presently made to interpret recent tropical analyses in the aforementioned terms, suggesting extensions of the simplest quasi-rotational model capable of reconciling observations and theory. First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE) observations suggest that strongly divergent local tropical circulations are forced by latent heating and produce important direct modifications of the total wind field; after describing the extent to which the resulting field consists of divergent and rotational components in different analyses of the FGGE data, independent supporting documentation of the results in terms of heating estimates and rainfall observations are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics (ISSN 0033-4553); 121; 5-6; 947-982
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  • 4
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Attention is given to observations made in connection with the First GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Global Experiment (FGGE), taking into account the average 200 mb zonal wind for two periods during the First Special Observing Period of FGGE, and the 200 mb velocity potential. The meridional linkages implied in the observations involve sources south of 15 deg N, and the most active extratropical patterns are collocated with regions of tropical easterlies. The possibility is investigated that the theory of reduced Rossby wave propagation through easterlies is not sufficiently general to cover the considered observations, taking into account a shallow water model. It is found that the meridional interactions cannot be associated with Rossby waves because these waves connot be generated in the regions of zero absolute vorticity gradient within which the forcing is embedded.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Among the various energy transfer mechanisms that might be relevant for teleconnections between tropical and higher latitudes, Rossby wave propagation is certainly one of the most important. In view of this, it is of interest to understand how the propagation of Rossby waves might be affected by ambient flows which locally may be unable to sustain oscillations due to vorticity gradients. This concept is re-examined based on the observation that there are large areas over the Pacific where the upper tropospheric absolute vorticity and its horizontal gradient are small. These key areas for teleconnections might be suspected to be unfavorable to the local propagation of Rossby waves. Results of integrations of the barotropic vorticity equation on the sphere are presented to show the role that regions with small absolute vorticity gradient play in this problem. Implications regarding the maintenance of blocks and the influence of divergent effects are also addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; 2251-226
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The vertical structure of the global atmosphere is analyzed for selected periods of the Special Observing Period I (SOP-I) for the Global Weather Experiment (GWE). The analysis consists of projection of the stream-function and velocity potential at 200 and 850 mb on spherical harmonics and of the wind and height fields on the normal modes of a linearized form of the primitive equations for a basic state at rest. The kinematic vertical structure is discussed in terms of correlation coefficients of the 200 mb and 850 mb winds and analysis of the internal and external normal modes of the primitive equations. The reliability of the results is checked by applying the same analysis methods to data sets obtained from three different institutions: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF), and Goddard Laboratory for the Atmospheres (GLA). It is found that, on a global basis, vertically reversing circulations are as important as the equivalent barotropic structures. For the verticaly reversing components, the gravity and mixed Rossby-gravity modes have contributions of the same order of magnitude as those of the Rossby modes in tropical latitudes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics (ISSN 0177-7971); 35; 3 19; 149-165
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 63 (1997), S. 53-69 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Selected small domain LAM forecasts modulated by highly corrugated underlying topography, and driven by different state-of-science outer models suggest that uncertain outer model guidance for LAMs produces large, domain averaged sensitivity. A further literature survey indicates that many LAM forecasts are relatively insensitive to details of the local initial state, and that mesoscales show slight error growth, in contradiction to classical predictability theory. A series of global predictability experiments is presented in order to reconcile the contradiction. The experiments imply that, even in baroclinically unstable atmospheres, the most common sources of local error growth are associated with small uncertainties of the larger spatial scales rather than small uncertainties of the smaller spatial scales. Variable resolution, real-data experiments of barotropic versions of the global model display substantial mesoscale error growth, due principally to the effect of larger scales. The uncertainties possessing largest spatial scale appear as boundary uncertainties in LAMs, and explain the strong boundary sensitivity and weak local initial data sensitivity observed in many LAMs. We infer that accurate depiction of the largest spatial scales is a first order priority for accurate local prediction, and that for the advective portion of the dynamics, errors of the outer model that provides lateral boundary conditions may impose the largest current practical limitation for many LAM predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 35 (1986), S. 149-165 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Vertikalstruktur der Atmosphäre für ausgesuchte Perioden der ersten intensiven Beobachtungsperiode (SOP-I) des “Global Weather Experiment” (GWE) analysiert. Die Analyse besteht in der Projektion der Stromfunktion und des Geschwindigkeitspotentials in 200 und 850 mb auf sphärische harmonische Funktionen und der Wind- und Geopotentialfelder auf die Normalmodi der linearisierten primitiven Gleichungen für einen Ausgangszustand in Ruhe. Die kinematische Vertikalstruktur wird mit Hilfe der Korrelationskoeffizienten des Windes in 200 und 850 mb und der Analyse der internen und externen Normalmodi der primitiven Gleichungen untersucht. Die Zuverlässigkeit der Ergebnisse wird durch Anwendung derselben Analysemethoden auf Datensätze von drei verschiedenen Institutionen überprüft: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Europäisches Zentrum für Mittelfristvorhersagen (ECMWF) und Goddard Laboratory for the Atmosphere (GLA). Es stellt sich heraus, daß auf einer globalen Basis die sich mit der Höhe umkehrenden Zirkulationen genauso wichtig sind, wie die entsprechenden barotropen Strukturen. Zu den sich mit der Höhe umkehrenden Komponenten tragen Schwerkraft- und gemischte Rossby-Schwerkraft-Effekte in der gleichen Größenordnung bei, wie die Rossby-Effekte in den Tropen.
    Notes: Summary The vertical structure of the global atmosphere is analyzed for selected periods of the Special Observing Period I (SOP-I) for the Global Weather Experiment (GWE). The analysis consists of projection of the streamfunction and velocity potential at 200 and 850 mb on spherical harmonics and of the wind and height fields on the normal modes of a linearized form of the primitive equations for a basic state at rest. The kinematic vertical structure is discussed in terms of correlation coefficients of the 200 mb and 850 mb winds and analysis of the internal and external normal modes of the primitive equations. The reliability of the results is checked by applying the same analysis methods to data sets obtained from three different institutions: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF), and Goddard Laboratory for the Atmospheres (GLA). It is found that, on a global basis, vertically reversing circulations are as important as the equivalent barotropic structures. For the vertically reversing components, the gravity and mixed Rossby-gravity modes have contributions of the same order of magnitude as those of the Rossby modes in tropical latitudes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 36 (1987), S. 45-60 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Anwachsen der Fehler auf Grund anfänglich unsicherer Zustände ist ein Charakteristikum globaler Vorhersagemodelle. Diese Beschränkung ist nicht vorhanden oder stark vermindert in Vorhersagen für begrenzte Gebiete. Die verbesserte regionale Vorhersagbarkeit wird gegenwärtig an einem Grenzschichtmodell untersucht, welches auf einen Teil Europas mit den Alpen im Zentrum angewandt wird. Die Ergebnisse sind auffallend im empfindlich gegenüber den Anfangsdaten. Eine qualitative Erklärung dafür kann anhand der Vorhersagbarkeitsanalyse von Thompson (1957) und Lorenz (1969) durchgeführt werden. Die hohe Vorhersagbarkeit regionaler Modelle erscheint als Ergebnis der überwältigenden Rolle, die die Vorgabe der äußeren Ränder in diesem Problem spielt. In Fällen, wo Dirichlet-Randbedingungen an der Peripherie des begrenzten Vorhersagegebietes aufgezwungen werden, erfolgt die Bestimmung der großräumigen Strömungskomponenten inklusive des größten Teils der advektierenden Strömung, unabhängig von der internen Dynamik und den Wirbelfluktuationen. Diese Bedingung fördert das Anwachsen von Unsicherheiten nicht. Die einfachste Lockerung dieser Beschränkung wird durch Einführung von Neumann-Randbedingungen mit der Vorhersagevariablen ohne Gradienten an den äußeren Rändern erreicht. In diesem Fall hängen die Randwerte vollständig von der Vorhersage im Inneren ab und es besteht kein theoretischer Grund, eine Beschränkung des Fehlerwachstums zu erwarten. Dennoch zeigen die gegenwärtigen Ergebnisse, daß die einzigen wesentlichen Vorhersagefehler in Zusammenhang mit Anfangsunsicherheiten in diesen Fällen auf den Randbereich beschränkt sind. Eine Erklärung dieses Phänomens und seine Allgemeingültigkeit wird diskutiert. Unsere Vorhersageergebnisse und die Analyse der Fehlerausbreitung von den Rändern aus legt nahe, daß die topographie die lokale Vorhersagbarkeit verbessern kann. Obwohl die Vorhersagbarkeit eines regionalen Grenzschichtmodells in bezug auf die verhältnismäßig großen Anfangsfehler hoch ist, ist dies nicht so in bezug auf die großen Unsicherheiten in der Wiedergabe der Topographie und der Oberfläche sowie Strahlungs- und dissipativer Effekte. Wesentliche Variationen der Parametrisierung dieser Prozesse durch Änderungen der Modellgleichungen erzeugen Divergenzen in den Grenzschichtlösungen, die sich schon in einem Tag verdoppeln. Das Wachstum der Unsicherheit verbunden mit kleineren (und realistischeren) Störungen dieser Prozesse bleibt noch zu untersuchen.
    Notes: Summary The growth of error energy from initially uncertain states is a characteristic of global forecast models that is absent or markedly diminished in limited area forecasts. The enhanced regional predictability is presently studied with a limited area boundary layer model applied to a European region centered on the Alps. The results are remarkably insensitive to initial data, and a qualitative explanation of this is sought in terms of Thompson's (1957) and Lorenz's (1969) predictability analysis. It appears that the high predictability of regional models is an artifact of the overwhelming role that the prespecification of external boundaries plays in this problem. In cases that Dirichlet boundary conditions are imposed at the perimeter of the limited forecast region, the larger scale flow components, including most of the advecting flow are determined completely independently of internal dynamics and vorticity fluctuations, a condition that does not promote uncertainty growth. The simplest relaxation of this constraint is accomplished by imposing Neumann boundary conditions with zero gradient of forecast variables at the outer boundary. In this case the boundary values depend completely upon the interior forecast, and there is no theoretical reason to expect that error growth should be limited. Nevertheless, present results show that the only significant forecast errors associated with initial uncertainties in these cases are trapped near external boundaries. An explanation of this phenomenon and its generality is discussed. Our forecast results and analysis of error spread from boundaries suggest that topography may enhance local predictability. Although the predictability of a regional boundary layer model is high with respect to initial errors of even rather large magnitude, the same is not true with respect to large uncertainties in the representation of topography and surface, radiative and dissipative effects. Substantial variations of the parameterization of these processes through changes of the model equations produce boundary layer solution divergence with doubling time scales as short as one day. The uncertainty growth associated with smaller (and more realistic) perturbations of these processes remains to be studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 7 (1974), S. 501-512 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of 3 years' (1967–70) radiosonde wind data on the windward (Salt Lake City, Utah) and lee (Denver, Colorado) sides of mountains indicates that at these two stations: (1) the distributions of the kinetic energy of the mean and turbulent motions are similar above the mountain top; (2) below the mountain top, on the windward side, mountains tend to divert the component of the mean motion normal to the mountains to that parallel to the mountains; (3) the meridional eddy transport of westerly momentum is affected by the presence of the mountains to a higher level to the lee of the mountains than upwind of them; (4) the production of turbulent energy is higher below the mountain top in the vicinity of mountains than it is for the zonal average; (5) high frequencies of the motion show a more pronounced contribution in the meridional motion in the windward side, but in the zonal motion in the lee of the mountains; (6) disturbances of 1–2 day periods can be maintained deep into the valley, whereas disturbances of longer periods reduce their amplitudes rapidly with decreasing height from the mountain top; (7) the cospectra of the wind velocities show that the southward/northward transport of westerly momentum results from a southward/northward contribution from most frequencies. The main contributions come from eddies with periods longer than two days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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