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On the predictability of low-level flow during ALPEX

Über die Voraussagbarkeit von bodennahen Strömungen während ALPEX

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Summary

The growth of error energy from initially uncertain states is a characteristic of global forecast models that is absent or markedly diminished in limited area forecasts. The enhanced regional predictability is presently studied with a limited area boundary layer model applied to a European region centered on the Alps. The results are remarkably insensitive to initial data, and a qualitative explanation of this is sought in terms of Thompson's (1957) and Lorenz's (1969) predictability analysis. It appears that the high predictability of regional models is an artifact of the overwhelming role that the prespecification of external boundaries plays in this problem. In cases that Dirichlet boundary conditions are imposed at the perimeter of the limited forecast region, the larger scale flow components, including most of the advecting flow are determined completely independently of internal dynamics and vorticity fluctuations, a condition that does not promote uncertainty growth.

The simplest relaxation of this constraint is accomplished by imposing Neumann boundary conditions with zero gradient of forecast variables at the outer boundary. In this case the boundary values depend completely upon the interior forecast, and there is no theoretical reason to expect that error growth should be limited. Nevertheless, present results show that the only significant forecast errors associated with initial uncertainties in these cases are trapped near external boundaries. An explanation of this phenomenon and its generality is discussed. Our forecast results and analysis of error spread from boundaries suggest that topography may enhance local predictability.

Although the predictability of a regional boundary layer model is high with respect to initial errors of even rather large magnitude, the same is not true with respect to large uncertainties in the representation of topography and surface, radiative and dissipative effects. Substantial variations of the parameterization of these processes through changes of the model equations produce boundary layer solution divergence with doubling time scales as short as one day. The uncertainty growth associated with smaller (and more realistic) perturbations of these processes remains to be studied.

Zusammenfassung

Das Anwachsen der Fehler auf Grund anfänglich unsicherer Zustände ist ein Charakteristikum globaler Vorhersagemodelle. Diese Beschränkung ist nicht vorhanden oder stark vermindert in Vorhersagen für begrenzte Gebiete. Die verbesserte regionale Vorhersagbarkeit wird gegenwärtig an einem Grenzschichtmodell untersucht, welches auf einen Teil Europas mit den Alpen im Zentrum angewandt wird. Die Ergebnisse sind auffallend im empfindlich gegenüber den Anfangsdaten. Eine qualitative Erklärung dafür kann anhand der Vorhersagbarkeitsanalyse von Thompson (1957) und Lorenz (1969) durchgeführt werden. Die hohe Vorhersagbarkeit regionaler Modelle erscheint als Ergebnis der überwältigenden Rolle, die die Vorgabe der äußeren Ränder in diesem Problem spielt. In Fällen, wo Dirichlet-Randbedingungen an der Peripherie des begrenzten Vorhersagegebietes aufgezwungen werden, erfolgt die Bestimmung der großräumigen Strömungskomponenten inklusive des größten Teils der advektierenden Strömung, unabhängig von der internen Dynamik und den Wirbelfluktuationen. Diese Bedingung fördert das Anwachsen von Unsicherheiten nicht.

Die einfachste Lockerung dieser Beschränkung wird durch Einführung von Neumann-Randbedingungen mit der Vorhersagevariablen ohne Gradienten an den äußeren Rändern erreicht. In diesem Fall hängen die Randwerte vollständig von der Vorhersage im Inneren ab und es besteht kein theoretischer Grund, eine Beschränkung des Fehlerwachstums zu erwarten. Dennoch zeigen die gegenwärtigen Ergebnisse, daß die einzigen wesentlichen Vorhersagefehler in Zusammenhang mit Anfangsunsicherheiten in diesen Fällen auf den Randbereich beschränkt sind. Eine Erklärung dieses Phänomens und seine Allgemeingültigkeit wird diskutiert. Unsere Vorhersageergebnisse und die Analyse der Fehlerausbreitung von den Rändern aus legt nahe, daß die topographie die lokale Vorhersagbarkeit verbessern kann.

Obwohl die Vorhersagbarkeit eines regionalen Grenzschichtmodells in bezug auf die verhältnismäßig großen Anfangsfehler hoch ist, ist dies nicht so in bezug auf die großen Unsicherheiten in der Wiedergabe der Topographie und der Oberfläche sowie Strahlungs- und dissipativer Effekte. Wesentliche Variationen der Parametrisierung dieser Prozesse durch Änderungen der Modellgleichungen erzeugen Divergenzen in den Grenzschichtlösungen, die sich schon in einem Tag verdoppeln. Das Wachstum der Unsicherheit verbunden mit kleineren (und realistischeren) Störungen dieser Prozesse bleibt noch zu untersuchen.

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Paegle, J., Vukicevic, T. On the predictability of low-level flow during ALPEX. Meteorl. Atmos. Phys. 36, 45–60 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01045139

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