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  • 1
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2009-11-16
    Beschreibung: The Capillary Pumped Loop (CPL) experiment, G-471 is a thermal control system with high density heat acquisition and transport capability. The CPL consists of two capillary pumped evaporators with integral heaters, a fluid loop charged with ammonia (NH3), a condenser plate (heat sink), and various control electronics. The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the capability of a capillary pumped system under zero gravity conditions for use in the thermal control of large scientific instruments, advanced orbiting spacecraft, and space station components.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 237-253
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  • 2
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2005-11-10
    Beschreibung: The low-g fluids management group with the Center for Space Construction is engaged in active research on the following topics: gauging; venting; controlling contamination; sloshing; transfer; acquisition; and two-phase flow. Our basic understanding of each of these topics at present is inadequate to design space structures optimally. A brief report is presented on each topic showing the present status, recent accomplishings by our group and our plans for future research. Reports are presented in graphic and outline form.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: First Annual Symposium. Volume 1: Plenary Session; 30 p
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  • 3
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: A list of requirements for computational fluid dynamics verification is analyzed and evaluated. Requirements include: clearly defined physics and modeling, sensitivity studies, range, validation to real conditions, duplication of key experiments and computations, and combining experiments and computations. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 716-722
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation experiments at the Lockheed-Georgia Company. Topics covered include validation experiments on a generic fighter configuration, a transport configuration, and a generic hypersonic vehicle configuration; computational procedures; surface and pressure measurements on wings; laser velocimeter measurements of a multi-element airfoil system; the flowfield around a stiffened airfoil; laser velocimeter surveys of a circulation control wing; circulation control for high lift; and high angle of attack aerodynamic evaluations.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 497-535
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Computational fluid dynamics objectives are presented for Marshall Space Flight Center. Topics covered include: codes in use, applications to hardware development, and the Center's benchmark plan for the future. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 758-782
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Requirements and meaning of validation of computational fluid dynamics codes are discussed. Topics covered include: validating a code, validating a user, and calibrating a code. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 745-757
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  • 7
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Development of a pressure-strain model, an algebraic stress model, and wall functions appropriate for flows with spanwise variations in the local wall shear stress are accomplished. Furthermore, a hot-wire measurement technique was also developed for determining the local mean velocity and Reynolds stresses in a complex flow. Experiments were performed on supersonic and subsonic turbulent flow in a square duct, flow about a strut-endwall, flow within a transition duct, and on co-flowing annular jets with swirl. All results are presented in a viewgraph format.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 692-715
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for aircraft design. Topics covered include CFD validation for advanced systems, cavity flow, transonic flow, separated flow, boundary layer interaction, hypersonic flow, heat transfer, zonal modeling, the mathematical foundation for Navier-Stokes simulation, hypersonic inlets, and the role of wind tunnel tests.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 462-496
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  • 9
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: The objective is to establish a detailed experimental data base for evaluation of Navier-Stokes codes for confined separated flows in diffusing s-ducts. The computational thrusts include the following: (1) extension and validation of the LeRC parabolized Navier-Stokes solver, PEPSIG, into the separated flow regime using 'flare' type approximations; (2) evaluation and extensions of state-of-the-art turbulence models for confined separated flow with and without swirl; and (3) evaluation and validation of LeRC time marching 3-D Navier-Stokes code, PROTEUS, into confined separate flow regime. Various aspects of the study are presented in viewgraph form.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 373-389
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  • 10
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: codes for computational aeroelasticity validation; the benchmark transonic flutter (BTF) model; BTF testing; the BTF model program; features of transonic flutter; characteristics of attached and separated flow for complete aircraft; and the benchmark aeroelastic model program.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 316-327
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  • 11
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Current multi-stage turbomachinery design/analysis methods are based on a time-averaged, axisymmetric representation of the flow field. The actual flow field is asymmetric and unsteady due to blade row interactions. The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes solvers are limited to single-stage machines for existing computers. Therefore, advanced multi-stage compressors will operate far off-design for portions of the flight regime. The objectives are to provide an experimentally validated average-passage calculation of multistage compressor blade row interactions and an experimentally validated time-accurate calculation of multi-stage compressor blade row interactions. Various aspects of this investigation are presented in viewgraph form.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 353-372
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  • 12
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: The objective of the research project is to develop and validate analytical methods for low-speed aerodynamics. The experimental needs for computational methods are presented. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 192-209
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  • 13
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: A discussion is presented on the coupling of computational analysis and experiment. It is believed that this coupling is critical in developing new aerodynamic insights. Additionally, new methods for analyzing and interpreting data are discussed. These methods need to be developed in small-scale research studies and then applied to large-scale technology programs. The specific objectives of this program are threefold: (1) provide definitive data sets for the assessment of numerical simulations to the Navier-Stokes equations; (2) incorporate advanced instrumentation to measure the spatial and temporal structure of fluid flows; and (3) develop true parallelism between computational and experimental research using the 'scientific workstation' concept. The discussion is presented in viewgraph form.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 78-97
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  • 14
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: A computational fluid dynamics code is validated using data obtained through a nonintrusive laser Doppler velocimeter. A space marching technique and a parabolic marching technique are use to calculate the flow in a compressor using compressible and incompressible flow assumptions. In a viewgraph format, both computational fluid dynamics techniques and experimental data are compared to each other.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 649-691
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  • 15
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Wind tunnel tests are performed in order to validate a computational fluid dynamics code. A large scale, two dimensional separation bubble is created on a flat plate, and low speed, turbulent flow is used. Extensive data sets are obtained with a nonintrusive laser velocimeter in addition to wall static pressure, total pressure, and hot-film measurements. All data and results are presented in a viewgraph format.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 616-648
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  • 16
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Information is given in viewgraph form on General Dynamics' perspective on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code calibration and validation. Topics covered include a hypersonic blunted cone, a hypersonic wedge/cylinder, a wing vortex defined by Mach contours, pressure distributions, and 3D turbulent flow behind a 2D flat plate as measured in a water tunnel with a laser Doppler velocimeter.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 559-577
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  • 17
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: The dynamic characteristics of an oscillating airfoil are presented through graphical data derived from wind tunnel tests. The parameters examined include: transition position, boundary layer effects, lift coefficient, moment coefficient, free stream velocity, and Reynolds number.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 593-615
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  • 18
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation experiments at McDonnell Aircraft Company. Topics covered include a high speed research model, a supersonic persistence fighter model, a generic fighter wing model, surface grids, force and moment predictions, surface pressure predictions, forebody models with 65 degree clipped delta wings, and the low aspect ratio wing/body experiment.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 537-558
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  • 19
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Information is given in viewgraph form on current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) efforts in projectile aerodynamics. Topics covered include spinning projectiles, fin stabilized projectiles, model geometry, the variation of base drag with base bleed, the variation of normal force with Mach number, and chordwise pressure distribution.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 433-461
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: The objective is to validate code capabilities to model and predict the critical physics associated with heat transfer in highly 3-D flows. Various aspects of this study are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: LeRC 3-D viscous codes; the 3-D compressible flow tunnel; RVC3D laminar horseshoe vortex calculation; the 3-D heat transfer code validation experiment; and measurements in 3-D compressible flow tunnel.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 390-401
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  • 21
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: NFL body experiment; high-speed validation problems; 3-D Euler/Navier-Stokes inlet code; two-strut inlet configuration; pressure contours in two longitudinal planes; sidewall pressure distribution; pressure distribution on strut inner surface; inlet/forebody tests in 60 inch helium tunnel; pressure distributions on elliptical missile; code validations; small scale test apparatus; CARS nonintrusive measurements; optimized cone-derived waverider study; etc.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 210-243
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  • 22
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Validation activities and facility types are discussed for six different flow codes: (1) perfect gas; (2) real gas; (3) nozzle/plume; (4) combustion; (5) thermochemical nonequilibrium; and (6) boundary layer and transition. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 112-136
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  • 23
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: It is established that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code validation is an integral part of all flow testing. Specific attention is given to the development of new methods/instruments to obtain time varying 3-D data. Additionally, a discussion concerning wind tunnels and small test facilities is presented. All results and data are presented in viewgraph form.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 137-191
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: The role of experiment in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is discussed. Flow modeling of complex physics and determination of accuracy limits (confidence) are two ways in which experimentation can be used to develop CFD. The results of this discussion are presented in viewgraph form.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 56-77
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  • 25
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-12
    Beschreibung: Thermocapillary flow and gaseous convection in microgravity were investigated in GAS payload G-0518 during Space Shuttle Mission 41-D. A cylinder of paraffin was supported and heated differentially from its ends to induce a melt from solid to liquid and drive thermocapillary flow in the resulting liquid phase. Laminar thermocapillary flow was observed in the liquid paraffin and found to show a transition to time-dependent oscillatory motion at a Marangoni number of about Ma = 34000 with a period of approximately T = 8 seconds. In addition, free convection in a gas in microgravity was observed for the first time. The gaseous convection was caused by the thermal and/or velocity boundary layers present at the heater-liquid interface. Oscillation occurred in the gaseous convection simultaneously with those in the liquid, implying the two are strongly coupled. The gaseous convection may be driven by coupled thermocapillary flow/thermal expansion convection or microgravity bouyancy convection.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 293-301
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  • 26
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-12
    Beschreibung: The Get Away Special (GAS) G-025, which flew on shuttle Mission 51-G, examined the behavior of a liquid in a tank under microgravity conditions. The experiment is representative of phenomena occurring in satellite tanks with liquid propellants. A reference fluid in a hemispherical model tank will be subjected to linear acceleration inputs of known levels and frequencies, and the dynamic response of the tank liquid system was recorded. Preliminary analysis of the flight data indicates that the experiment functioned perfectly. The results will validate and refine mathematical models describing the dynamic characteristics of tank-fluid systems. This will in turn support the development of future spacecraft tanks, in particular the design of propellant management devices for surface tension tanks.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 165-176
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  • 27
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-12
    Beschreibung: What happens if a stainless steel ball hits a water ball in the weightless space ot the Universe? In other words, it was the objective of our experiments in the Space to observe the surface tension of liquid by means of making a solid collide with a liquid. Place a small volume of water between 2 glass sheets to make a thin water membrane: the 2 glass sheets cannot be separated unless an enormous force is applied. It is obvious from this phenomenom that the surface tension of water is far greater than presumed. On Earth, however, it is impossible in most cases to observe only the surface tension of liquid, because gravity always acts on the surface tension. Water and stainless steel balls were chosen the liquid and solids for the experiments. Because water is the liquid most familiar to us, its properties are well known. And it is also of great interest to compare its properties on the Earth with those in the weightless space.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 81-84
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  • 28
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Information is given in viewgraph form on the validation of computational fluid dynamics codes. Topics covered include the types of validation required, aerodynamic heating to a slender 5 degree cone, heat transfer on cones with isentropic compression surfaces, the validation of turbulence data, modeling of thermodynamic and transport properties, real gas code validation, the Flight Dynamics Laboratory validation efforts, and reacting gas experimental data in low density flow.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 415-432
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  • 29
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: Information on the planar compressible reacting shear layer is given in viewgraph form. topics covered include heat transfer in 3D flow regions, chemical reacting flows, an unsteady 2D compressible reacting code (MRVC2D), a plane mixing layer, and critical needs in shear layer physics.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 402-414
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  • 30
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: fundamental physics validation experiments; applied physics validation experiments; physical flow phenomena; boundary layer tunnel; boundary layer research; centrifugal compressors; centrifugal compressor flow phenomena; turbomachinery computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation; inlet, duct, and nozzle CFD validation; and chemical reacting flows CFD validation.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 328-352
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  • 31
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: motivation, approach, planned experimental activities, shock-on-lip studies, and mass addition cooling studies.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 299-315
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  • 32
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: definitions of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code validation; climate in hypersonics and LaRC when first 'designed' CFD code calibration studied was initiated; methodology from the experimentalist's perspective; hypersonic facilities; measurement techniques; and CFD code calibration studies.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 244-298
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  • 33
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: The objective of this research project is to determine the ability of Euler and Navier-Stokes codes to predict vortex/shock-dominated flow that is representative of modern fighter aircraft. The motivation for this project is fourfold: (1) current fighter aircraft are capable of operating beyond C(sub L(sub MAX)); (2) high angle-of-attack vortex/shock-dominated flows are not well understood; (3) current design methods are of the trial-and-error type; and (4) current data bases are inadequate for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) validation. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 98-111
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  • 34
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-13
    Beschreibung: The two types of Computational Fluid Dynamics code validations, solution-to-solution comparison and solution-to-experiment comparison, are discussed. It is suggested that to develop more detailed experiments the following things are necessary: (1) further development of turbulence models; (2) better methods for numerical validation of CFD codes; (3) evaluation of disagreements; and (4) continued determination of experimental scatter. All data and results are presented in viewgraph form.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 42-55
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  • 35
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The aerodynamic and heat transfer coefficients are studied within the range of thermo-fluid-dynamic conditions experienced by a satellite during Tethered Satellite System (TSS) atmospheric flights. The gasdynamic processes occuring downstream of the bow wave standing in front of the satellite are also studied. The knowledge of the chemistry and physics of the upper atmosphere related to satellite aerothermodynamics is furthered. The existence of an overshooting of the air drag coefficient of the sphere in the transition regime is validated. A complete set of measurements is performed in order to provide the data base to develop and validate theoretical models of free molecule transition flow fields.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Applications of Tethers in Space. Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2; p 225-249
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  • 36
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Multipolarized airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data were acquired over a largely agricultural test site near Macomb, Illinois, in conjunction with the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B) experiment in October 1984. The NASA/JPL L-band SAR operating at 1.225 GHz made a series of daily overflights with azimuth view angles both parallel and orthogonal to those of SIR-B. The SAR data was digitally recorded in the quadpolarization configuration. An extensive set of ground measurements were obtained throughout the test site and include biophysical and soil measurements of approximately 400 agricultural fields. Preliminary evaluation of some of the airborne SAR imagery indicates a great potential for crop discrimination and assessment of canopy condition. False color composites constructed from the combination of three linear polarizations (HH, VV, and HV) were found to be clearly superior to any single polarization for purposes of crop classification. In addition, an image constructed using the HH return to modulate intensity and the phase difference between HH and VV returns to modulate chroma indicates a clear capability for assessment of canopy height and/or biomass. In particular, corn fields heavily damaged by infestations of corn borer are readily distinguished from noninfested fields.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 67-75
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  • 37
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Multipolarization Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from the NASA/JPL aircraft SAR were used in conjunction with LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM), Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), and Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data as part of a three-year research program to evaluate the utility of remote sensing measurements for analysis of sedimentary basins. The purpose of this research effort is to construct stratigraphic columns, map variations in the lithology, geometry, and structure of sedimentary rocks in the Wind River/Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming, and to integrate remote sensing data with conventional rain models of basin formation and evolution.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 49-50
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  • 38
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Several digital data processing techniques were evaluated in an effort to identify and map active/abandoned, partially reclaimed, and fully revegetated surface mine areas in the central portion of Logan County. The TM data were first subjected to various enhancement procedures, including a linear contrast stretch, principal components and canonical analysis transformations. At the same time, four general procedures were followed to produce six classifications as a means of comparing the techniques involved. Preliminary results show that various feature extraction/data reduction techniques provide classification results equal or superior to the more straightforward unsupervised clustering technique. Analyst interaction time for labelling clusters is reduced using the canonical analysis and principal components procedures, though the canonical technique has clearly produced better results to date.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Characterization Early Results, Vol. 4; p 403-414
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  • 39
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-11
    Beschreibung: An experiment designed to study some fundamental aspects of microgravity fluid dynamics has been built and is scheduled for flight. The purpose of the experiment is to investigate differences in behavior of wetting and nonwetting fluid systems at low Bond numbers. Methods were developed to determine liquid quantity, estimate vapor contact area and measure liquid layer thickness. Both the responses of the fluid systems to external perturbations and the transfer of liquid through a connection between two containers can be studied.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 33-40
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  • 40
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Airborne Imaging Spectrometer data from Mono Lake, California, were studied in order to establish spectral radiance of test areas under solar illumination. The objective is to provide a method of atmospheric correction for major absorbers from the spectrometer data themselves. Crucial to the analysis is radiometric calibration of the instrument. Good agreement is found between calculated and measured radiances for uniform surface targets (beaches), but simulations of atmospheric properties with LOWTRAN lead to unreasonably low values of atmospheric precipitable water. Absorptions from carbon dioxide are not detected in the AIS data, but are strongly present in the LOWTRAN model. The apparent low contrast of all atmospheric absorption bands leads to a study of contamination from overlapping spectral orders in the AIS data. The suspected contamination is shown unambiguously to be present beyond approximately 1500 nm and consists of an extra radiance term including atmospheric bands from the delta/2 wavelength interval. A rigorous removal of the unwanted spectral contamination does not seem possible for any data taken in the rock mode. Rough estimates for tree-mode observations might be pieced together is a suitable after-the-fact radiometric claibration of the instrument can be formulated.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 31-51
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  • 41
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The Space Shuttle Challenger was observed spectroscopically in two passes over Maui during the Spacelab 2 mission. Through most of one of the passes strong bands centered at 1.52 and 1.69 microns, tentatively identified as OH bands, were detected. The average luminosity of the Shuttle in the 1.45 to 1.75 micron range was roughly equal to that of a star of magnitude +5.5. The luminosity was much lower during part of the pass. Spectra from 0.65 to 2.4 microns were obtained during the second pass. These showed that most of the nonthermal emission is in the 1.2 to 2.2 micron range as would be expected for vibrationally excited OH.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 7 p
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  • 42
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The Orbital Refueling System was an experiment flown on Shuttle Mission STS 41-G in October, 1984. Liquid hydrazine fuel was transferred back and forth from one spherical bladder tank to another using pressurized nitrogen as the driving force. Compressive heating of the ullage gas in the receiving tank could lead to a hazardous situation if any hydrazine leaked through to the ullage side of the bladder and was heated above about 175 F, where it can undergo spontaneous exothermic decomposition. Early analysis of the flight data indicated that the ullage compression process was much closer to an isothermal than an adiabatic one. In this study, a thorough review of the pertinent literature was used to make an a priori best-estimate for the ullage gas heat transfer coefficient (defining the Nusselt Number as a function of Reynolds and Rayleigh Numbers). Experimental data from the flight were analyzed in detail. It is evident that there is considerably more heat transfer than can be accounted for by conduction alone, but the observed increases do not correlate well with Reynolds Number, Rayleigh Number or vehicle acceleration. There are large gaps in the present understanding of convective heat transfer in closed containers with internal heat generation, especially in the presence of vibrations or other random disturbances. A program of experiments to fill in these gaps is suggested, covering both ground and orbital environments.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 43
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The airborne L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) collected multipolarization calibrated image data over an irrigated agricultural test site near Fresno, CA, on March 6, 1984. The conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) the effects of incidence angle on the measured backscattering coefficients could be removed by using a correction factor equal to the secant of the angle raised to the 1.4 power, (2) for this scene and time of year, the various polarization channels were highly correlated such that the use of more than one polarization added little to the ability of the radar to discriminate vegetation type or condition; the exception was barley which separated from vineyards only when a combination of like and cross polarization data were used (polarization was very useful for corn identification in fall crops), (3) an excellent separation between herbaceous vegetation (alfalfa, barley, and oats) or bare fields and trees in orchards existed in brightness was well correlated to alfalfa height or biomass, especially for the HH polarization combination, (5) vineyards exhibited a narrow range of brightnesses with no systematic effects of type or number of stakes nor of number of wires in the trellises nor of the size of the vines, (6) within the orchard classes, areal biomass characterized by basal area differences caused radar image brightness differences for small to medium trees but not for medium to large trees.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 63
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  • 44
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Two uncalibrated synthetic aperture radar (SAR) scenes from Death Valley, California, and two uncalibrated scenes from Owens Valley, California, were used to test a technique to identify and separate the primary factors associated with multipolarized radar image sets. Unique to the technique is the concept that varied types of radar polarization signatures are a result of the interaction of a few physical factors (e.g., roughness, volume scattering, and dielectric constant). Thus, the varied signatures observed in an image reflect the interaction between these factors. The objectives are to first separate the interaction of factors directly influencing the measurement and to attempt to identify these factors. Interpretation of the SAR image sets proceeds by testing models that hypothesize the cause and effect relations between those factors directly affecting the radar measurement and those features of interest to the interpreter. The results of our analysis indicated two consistent endmember types over all four image scenes. These types are defined by a high flat polarized signature near a level of 255 DN and a low level flat signature near 0 DN for all polarizations. Four other endmember types were also isolated. The spatial distribution of these endmember types indicates possible correspondence to surface volume scattering and changes in surface dielectric. However, the shapes of these endmember types were different from scene to scene.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 47-48
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  • 45
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Imaging radar backscatter in continuously forested areas contains information about the forest canopy; it also contains data about topography, landforms, and terrain texture. For purposes of radar image interpretation and geologic mapping researchers were interested in identifying and separating forest canopy effects from geologic or geomorphic effects on radar images. The objectives of this investigation was to evaluate forest canopy variables in multipolarization radar images under conditions where geologic and topographic variables are at a minimum. A subsidiary objective was to compare the discriminatory capabilities of the radar images with corresponding optical images of similar spatial resolution. It appears that the multipolarization images discriminate variation in tree density, but no evidence was found for discrimination between evergreen and deciduous forest types.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 53-54
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  • 46
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: While radar does not provide detailed begetation discrimination, it provide the means to separate areas of different moisture conditions. Thus, the use of LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) in conjunction with the microwave data was attempted. If successful, information on shoreline cover, emergent wetland vegetation and extent, and submerged grassbeds would provide much needed data for planning and maintenance of wetlands. Originally, the goal was to determine the accuracy with which one could categorize various types of vegetation and land use within an inland wetland using LANDSAT TM data. First, a Level 1/2 supervised classification was performed. Following a more detailed ground trust survey, a Level 3 classification was done. Aircraft L-band radar data were received and the decision was made to merge the TM and L-band data and assess whether vegetation catagories within the wetland areas could be better defined. Preliminary results indicate vegetation delineation is improved for open agricultural areas and water, but other features are more confused.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 37-38
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  • 47
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The NASA/JPL Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was flown over a 20 x 110 km test site in the Texas High Plains regions north of Lubbock during February/March 1984. The effect of incidence angle was investigated by comparing the pixel values of the calibrated and uncalibrated images. Ten-pixel-wide transects along the entire azimuth were averaged in each of the two scenes, and plotted against the calculated incidence angle of the center of each range increment. It is evident from the graphs that both the magnitudes and patterns exhibited by the corresponding transect means of the two images are highly dissimilar. For each of the cross-poles, the uncalibrated image displayed very distinct and systematic positive trends through the entire range of incidence angles. The two like-poles, however, exhibited relatively constant returns. In the calibrated image, the cross-poles exhibited a constant return, while the like-poles demonstrated a strong negative trend across the range of look-angles, as might be expected.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 25-29
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  • 48
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Analysis of regional and high resolution remote sensing data coupled with detailed field investigations indicates Neogene compressional deformation in the southwest Dominican Republic. Airborne synthetic aperture radar data and high resolution near infrared photography show folds in Tertiary sediments and possible thrust fault scarps implying NE to SW compression in the region. Large road cuts through the scarps allow study of otherwise poorly accessible, heavily vegetated karst terrain. Deformation increases toward scrap fronts where small bedding-plane thrust faults become more numerous. Analysis of mesoscopic faults with slickensides indicates compression oriented between N to S and E to W. The lowermost scarp has highly sheared fault breccia and undeformed frontal talus breccias implying it is the basal thrust into which the higher thrust faults sole. Thus, the scarps probably formed in a regional NE to SW compressional stress regime and are the toes of thrust sheets. Previous workers have suggested that these scarps are ancient shorelines. However, the gross morphology of the scarps differs substantially from well known erosional terraces on the north coast.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 21
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  • 49
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data were collected 30 August 1985 from a desert shrub community in central Oregon. Spectra from artificial targets placed on the test site and from bare soil, big sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata wyomingensis), silver sagebrush (Artemesia cana bolander), and exposed volcanic rocks were studied. Spectral data from grating position 3 (tree mode) were selected from 25 ground positions for analysis by Principal Factor Analysis (PFA). In this grating position, as many as six factors were identified as significant in contributing to spectral structure. Channels 74 through 84 (tree mode) best characterized between-class differences. Other channels were identified as nondiscriminating and as associated with such errors as excessive atmospheric absorption and grating positin changes. The test site was relatively simple with the two species (A. tridentata and A. cana) representing nearly 95% of biomass and with only two mineral backgrounds, a montmorillonitic soil and volcanic rocks. If, as in this study, six factors of spectral structure can be extracted from a single grating position from data acquired over a simple vegetation community, then AIS data must be considered rich in information-gathering potential.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 187-193
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  • 50
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data were acquired over an area of freshwater wetlands in Central California on September 23, 1985. Plant samples were subsequently collected along the flight line with the goal of relating plant tissue chemistry to spectral reflectance in the near-infrared region. It was determined that a consistent relationship existed between spectral response and plant tissue chemistry. This was especially evident in the 1500 to 1700 nm region.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 171-179
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  • 51
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data were acquired in 1985 over the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest, Alaska for the analysis of canopy characteristics including biochemistry. Concurrent with AIS overflights, foliage from fifteen coniferous and deciduous forest stands were analyzed for a variety of biochemical constituents including nitrogen, lignin, protein, and chlorophyll. Preliminary analysis of AIS spectra indicates that the wavelength region between 1450 to 1800 namometers (nm) displays distinct differences in spectral response for some of the forest stands. A flat field subtraction (forest stand spectra - flat field spectra) of the AIS spectra assisted in the interpretation of features of the spectra that are related to biology.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 144-152
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  • 52
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data were collected over the fossil hot spring deposit at Ivanhoe, Nevada in order to determine the surface distribution of NH4-bearing minerals. Laboratory studies show that NH4-bearing minerals have characteristic absorption features in the near-infrared (NIR). Ammonium-bearing feldspars and alunites were observed at the surface of Ivanhoe using a hand-held radiometer. However, first look analysis of the AIS images showed that the line was about 500 m east of its intended mark, and the vegetation cover was sufficiently dense to inhibit preliminary attempts at making relative reflectance images for detection of ammonium minerals.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 138-144
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  • 53
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) was flown over granitic, volcanic, and calc-silicate terrain around the Mary Kathleen Uranium Mine in Queensland, in a test of its mineralocial mapping capabilities. An analysis strategy and restoration and enhancement techniques were developed to process the 128 band AIS data. A preliminary analysis of one of three AIS flight lines shows that the data contains considerable spectral variation but that it is also contaminated by second-order leakage of radiation from the near-infrared region. This makes the recognition of expected spectral absorption shapes very difficult. The effect appears worst in terrains containing considerable vegetation. Techniques that try to predict this supplementary radiation coupled with the log residual analytical technique show that expected mineral absorption spectra can be derived. The techniques suggest that with additional refinement correction procedures, the Australian AIS data may be revised. Application of the log residual analysis method has proved very successful on the cuprite, Nevada data set, and for highlighting the alunite, linite, and SiOH mineralogy.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 109-131
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  • 54
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The Singatse Range is composed of a series of 53 types of volcanic, plutonic, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. In addition the Jurassic plutonic rocks are also of economic interest for their copper mineralization which is contained in a porphyry dike swarm. The 1984 and 1985 flight results from the Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) instrument flown in the NASA/JPL C-130 aircraft are contrasted and compared. The 1984 data are less noisy than the 1985, in which many sets of vertical stripings from bad detectors can be seen. Significantly however, enough of the hydrothermal alteration patterns can be seen in each line at the mutual crossing points that one can say that the specific targets were detected in both year's flights. The spectra of both years are corrupted by the second-order effect from the grating, but 0-H bond absorption at essentially correct wavelengths for sericite and/or kaolinite can be seen.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 86-95
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  • 55
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The surface mineralogy in and around Moses Rock diatreme, a kimberlite-bearing dike in SW Utah, was examined using internally calibrated Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data. Distinct near-infrared absorption characteristics of clays, gypsum, and serpentine (a key marker for kinberlite concentration) allowed the surface units containing these components to be identified spatially and the relative abundance of each component measured. Within the dike itself, channels and dispersed components of kimberlite and blocks of country rocks were accurately determined.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 81-85
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  • 56
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Analysis of Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data acquired in Australia has revealed a number of operational problems. Horizontal striping in AIS imagery and spectral distortions due to order overlap were investigated. Horizontal striping, caused by grating position errors can be removed with little or no effect on spectral details. Order overlap remains a problem that seriously compromises identification of subtle mineral absorption features within AIS spectra. A spectrometric model of the AIS was developed to assist in identifying spurious spectral features, and will be used in efforts to restore the spectral integrity of the data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 52-62
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  • 57
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The purpose is to describe work that is being done to find theoretical models to describe radar backscatter from vegetation layers. The geometry of the problem is shown. The information that one would like to find through the application of the results of these models would include: the thickness of the layer; the absorption in the layer (i.e., density, moisture content, and biomass); the geometry of the scatterers (i.e., shape and orientation); how much of the received power is due to volume scattering only; and a way to enhance the ratio of scattering that has some interaction with the ground surface. The proposed ways to find this information are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 77-79
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  • 58
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: This study was conducted as a part of the research tasks under the Radar Land Cover Analysis Program. The Radar Land Cover Analysis objective is, through utilization of multisensor data, to gain a basic understanding of the measurements and data characteristics in the visible-IR-microwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum associated with specific surface features and cover types. Since the results of analysis of data acquired by Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) and LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) over the study area were reported (NSTL/ERL Report No. 228, December 1984), this study focused on the analysis and evaluation of the L-band multipolarization airborne SAR data acquired over a southeastern pine forest scene. The data acquisition mission was flown on September 8 and 9, 1983. The HH, HV polarizations and the VV, VH polarizations were used on the first and the second day, respectively. Due to instrumentation difficulties, the digital recorder recorded only the second day's data. Because of this, only the VV and VH polarization data were used in this analysis. However, the HH and HV polarization images were available for visual comparison. It appears that SAR digital numbers correlate with the index of green biomass.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 59-61
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  • 59
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Spectral characteristics of semi-arid shrub communities were examined using Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data collected in the tree mode on 23 May 1985. Mesic sites with relatively high vegetation density and distinct zonation patterns exhibited greater spectral signature variations than sites with more xeric shrub communities. Spectral signature patterns were not directly related to vegetation density or physiognomy, although spatial maps derived from an 8-channel maximum likelihood classification were supported by photo-interpreted surface features. In AIS data, the principal detected effect of shrub vegetation on the alluvial fans is to lower reflectance across the spectrum. These results are similar to those reported during a period of minimal physiological activity in autumn, indicating that shadows cast by vegetation canopies are an important element of soil-vegetation interaction under conditions of relatively low canopy cover.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 180-186
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  • 60
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data were acquired for several vegetation types within the humid temperate eastern United States. The spectral region covered, 0.9 to 2.1 microns, was little used in vegetation studies. A preliminary analysis of spectral curves suggests that variations between vegetation spectra may be useful for discriminating plant communities. Calibration and normalization procedures must be refined to compensate for cloud cover, detector and other system noise, and possible second-order effects.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 162-170
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  • 61
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Spectral reflectance properties of deciduous oak-hickory forests covering the eastern half of the Rolla Quadrangle were examined using Thematic Mapper (TM) data acquired in August and December, 1982 and Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data acquired in August, 1985. For the TM data distinctly high relative reflectance values (greater than 0.3) in the near infrared (Band 4, 0.73 to 0.94 micrometers) correspond to regions characterized by xeric (dry) forests that overlie soils with low water retention capacities. These soils are derived primarily from rhyolites. More mesic forests characterized by lower TM band 4 relative reflectances are associated with soils of higher retention capacities derived predominately from non-cherty carbonates. The major factors affecting canopy reflectance appear to be the leaf area index (LAI) and leaf optical properties. The Suits canopy reflectance model predicts the relative reflectance values for the xeric canopies. The mesic canopy reflectance is less well matched and incorporation of canopy shadowing caused by the irregular nature of the mesic canopy may be necessary. Preliminary examination of high spectral resolution AIS data acquired in August of 1985 reveals no more information than found in the broad band TM data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 153-161
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  • 62
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Techniques using Munsell color transformations were developed for reducing 128 channels (or less) of Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data to a single color-composite-image suitable for both visual interpretation and digital analysis. Using AIS data acquired in 1984 and 1985, limestone and dolomite roof pendants and sericite-illite and other clay minerals related to alteration were mapped in a quartz monzonite stock in the northern Grapevine Mountains of California and Nevada. Field studies and laboratory spectral measurements verify the mineralogical distributions mapped from the AIS data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 132-138
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  • 63
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data, field and laboratory spectra and samples for X-ray diffraction analysis were collected in argillically altered Tertiary volcanic rocks in the Hot Creek Range, Nevada. From laboratory and field spectral measurements in the 2.0 to 2.4 micron range and using a spectroradiometer with a 4 nm sampling interval, the absorption band centers for kaolinite were loacted at 2.172 and 2.215 microns, for montmorillonite at 2.214 micron and for illite at 2.205. Based on these values and the criteria for resolution and separtion of spectral features, a spectral sampling interval of less than 4 nm is necessary to separate the clays. With an AIS spectral sampling interval of 9.3 nm, a spectral matching algorithm is more effective for separating kaolinite, montmorillonite, ad illite in Hot Creek Range than using the location of absorption minima alone.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 96-101
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  • 64
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data were collected over Virginia City, Nevada; an area of gold and silver mineralization with extensive surface exposures of altered volcanic rocks. The data were corrected for atmospheric effects by a flat-field method, and compared to library spectra of various alteration minerals using a spectral analysis program SPAM. Areas of strong clay alteration were identified on the AIS images that were mapped as kaolinitic, illitic, and sericitic alterations zones. Kaolinitic alteration is distinguishable in the 2.1 to 2.4 and 1.2 to 1.5 micrometer wavelength regions. Montmorillonite, illite, and sericite have absorption features similar to each other at 2.2 micrometer wavelength. Montnorillonite and illite also may be present in varying proportions within one Ground Instantaneous Field of View (GIFOV). In general AIS data is useful in identifying alteration zones that are associated with or lie above precious metal mineralization at Virginia City.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop 102-108 (SEE N87-12968 04-43); JPL Proceedings of t
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  • 65
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Airborne Imaging Spectrometers (AIS) data collected in 1984 and 1985 showed pronounced striping in the vertical and horizontal directions. This striping reduced the signal to noise ratio so that features of the spectra of forest canopies were obscured or altered by noise. This noise was removed by application of a notch filter to the Fourier transform of the imagery in each waveband.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 74-80
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  • 66
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Selective absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atmospheric gases and water vapor is an accepted fact in terrestrial remote sensing. Until recently, only a general knowledge of atmospheric effects was required for analysis of remote sensing data; however, with the advent of high spectral resolution imaging devices, detailed knowledge of atmospheric absorption bands has become increasingly important for accurate analysis. Detailed study of high spectral resolution aircraft data at the U.S. Geological Survey has disclosed narrow absorption features centered at approximately 2.17 and 2.20 micrometers not caused by surface mineralogy. Published atmospheric transmission spectra and atmospheric spectra derived using the LOWTRAN-5 computer model indicate that these absorption features are probably water vapor. Spectral modeling indicates that the effects of atmospheric absorption in this region are most pronounced in spectrally flat materials with only weak absorption bands. Without correction and detailed knowledge of the atmospheric effects, accurate mapping of surface mineralogy (particularly at low mineral concentrations) is not possible.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 63-73
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  • 67
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The first field test of NASA's Global Positioning System (GPS) Geodetic Program took place in March of 1985. The principal objective of this test was the demonstration of the feasibility of the fiducial station approach to precise GPS-based geodesy and orbit determination. Other objectives included an assessment of the performance of the several GPS receiver types involved in these field tests and the testing of the GIPSY software for GPS data analysis. In this article, the GIPSY (GPS Inferred Positioning System) software system is described and baseline solutions are examined for consistency with independent measurements made using very long baseline interferometry.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report (date]; p 301 - 306
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  • 68
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A metal-hydride heat pump (HHP) has been proposed to provide an advanced regenerable nonventing thermal sink for the liquid-cooled garment worn during an extravehicular activity (EVA). The conceptual design indicates that there is a potential for significant advantages over the one presently being used by shuttle crew personnel as well as those that have been proposed for future use with the space station. Compared to other heat pump designs, a HHP offers the potential for extended use with no electrical power requirements during the EVA. In addition, a reliable, compact design is possible due to the absence of moving parts other than high-reliability check valves. Because there are many subtleties in the properties of metal hydrides for heat pump applications, it is essential that a prototype hydride heat pump be constructed with the selected materials before a committment is made for the final design. Particular care must be given to the evaporator heat exchanger worn by the astronaut since the performance of hydride heat pumps is generally heat transfer limited.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 69
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    In:  CASI
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A description of the condensation heat transfer process in microgravity is given. A review of the literature is also reported. The most essential element of condensation heat transfer in microgravity is the condensate removal mechanism. Two mechanisms for condensate removal are analyzed by looking into two problems. The first problem is concerned with film condensation on a flat porous plate with the condensate being removed by suction at the wall. The second problem is an analytical prediction of the heat transfer coefficient for condensing annular flows with the condensate film driven by the vapor shear. It is concluded that both suction and vapor shear can effectively drain the condensate to ensure continuous operation of the condensers operated under a microgravity environment. It is recommended that zero-g flight experiments be carried out to verify the prediction made in the present report. The results contained in this report should also aid in the design of future space condensers.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 70
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The production of high-resolution topographic maps derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations of the Earth is reported. Topographic maps are typically determined from stereo-pair optical photographs. Vertical relief causes the same terrain to appear in a slightly different projection for differing look angles, and this shift in appearance is interpreted in terms of the height of the terrain. The radar interferometric approach is related to the stereo technique in that the terrain is viewed at two different angles; however, in this case, the angular separation of the antennas is extremely small, on the order of a milliradian or less, as compared to tens of degrees for the optical case. Thus, the geometrical distortion and subsequent rectification correction algorithms are much less severe in the reduction of interferometric data.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 41-44
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  • 71
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted to determine critical parameters at the onset of nonlinear counterflow in He II below the lambda point of He-4. Critical temperature differences have been measured in porous media for zero net mass flow and for Darcy permeabilities in the order of magnitude range from 10 to the -10th to 10 to the -8th sq cm. The normalized critical temperature gradients, which covered the liquid temperature range of 1.5 K to the lambda temperature, are found to vary with T proportional to the ratio of the superfluid density to the normal fluid density. This liquid temperature dependence appears to be consistent with duct data which are limited at low temperature by a Reynolds number criterion.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Cryogenics (ISSN 0011-2275); 29; 498-502
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  • 72
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The Multispectral Atmospheric Mapping Sensor (MAMS) is an airborne scanner which collects imagery in eight visible and three IR bands, with ground resolution of 100 m at a nominal aircraft altitude of 20 km. The visible channels provide continuous spectral coverage from 0.42 to 1.05 microns, and the IR channels measure upwelling and reflected radiation at combinations of 3.7, 6.5, 11.1, and 12.5 microns. These include channels nearly identical to the Landsat TM channels 1-4, and similar to those on the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) and AVHRR instruments. The high spatial resolution permits investigation of surface thermal and atmospheric water vapor structure at scales not available from current stabilities. Significant modifications have been made since engineering flights in 1985 to improve the radiometric performance. The increased data quality and recent multidisciplinary applications of this data are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 73
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: In summer 1988 an intensive field experiment was conducted in the vicinity of the Pisgah lava flow in the Mojave Desert. Physical properties such as microtopography, composition, soil moisture, and dielectric constant were measured at five sites representing surfaces with rms heights varying from less than one centimeter to tens of centimeters. In addition, polarimetric radar images at P-band, L-band, and C-band were acquired at three different incidence angles with the NASA/JPL airborne imaging radar polarimeter. Using trihedral corner reflectors deployed in the area prior to imaging, the L- and C-band images were calibrated to provide sigma0 values for each resolution element in the scene. The results of inferring geophysical parameters such as rms surface height and correlation length of the measured surfaces by fitting the observed signatures with those predicted by the small-perturbation model are presented: for smoother surfaces, the rms height values inferred are in good agreement with in situ measurements.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 74
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Radar modeling of mangal forest stands in the Sundarbans area of southern Bangladesh is discussed. The modeling uses radar system parameters with forest data on tree height, spacing, biomass, species combinations, and water content (including slightly conductive water) in leaves and trunks of the mangal. For Sundri and Gewa tropical mangal forests, six model components are proposed; the models are required to explain the contributions of various combinations of forest species in the attenuation and scattering of mangal-vegetated nonflooded or flooded surfaces. Statistical data of simulated images have been compared with those of SIR-B images both to refine the modeling procedures and to characterize the model output appropriately. The possibility of delineation of flooded or nonflooded boundaries is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 75
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Surface-air temperature differences are commonly used in a bulk resistance equation for estimating sensible heat flux (H), which is inserted in the one-dimensional energy balance equation to solve for the latent heat flux (LE) as a residual. Serious discrepancies between estimated and measured LE have been observed for partial-canopy-cover conditions, which are mainly attributed to inappropriate estimates of H. To improve the estimates of H over sparse canopies, one- and two-layer resistance models that account for some of the factors causing poor agreement are developed. The utility of the two models is tested with remotely sensed and micrometeorological data for a furrowed cotton field with 20 percent cover and a dry soil surface. It is found that the one-layer model performs better than the two-layer model when a theoretical bluff-body correction for heat transfer is used instead of an empirical adjustment; otherwise, the two-layer model is better.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 76
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Experimental treatments in a Douglas-fir forest in NE New Mexico were carried out to determine whether differences in forest canopy chemistry could be detected using data from the Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS-2). Experimental treatments consisted of nitrogen fertilizer additions, sawdust additions, and control plots. After AIS-2 data were collected, the digital number of a given pixel was extracted from each channel, yielding 128 values that were used to form a spectrum. Four spectra were extracted from each treatment plot. Multiple stepwise linear regressions between first and second difference transformations of AIS-2 spectra and the canopy characteristics of biomass, nitrogen concentration, and nitrogen content were performed. The results showed a coefficient of multiple determination of 0.71 between first-difference AIS-2 spectra and measured nitrogen concentration in foliage, indicating that it may be possible to predict nitrogen concentration in Douglas fir using AIS-2 spectra.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 77
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The information content in polarimetric SAR images is examined, and the polarimetric image variables containing the information that is important to the classification of terrain features in the images are determined. It is concluded that accurate classification can be done when just over half of the image variables are retained. A reduction in image data dimensionality gives storage savings, and can lead to the improvement of classifier performance. In addition, it is shown that a simplified radar system with only phase-calibrated CO-POL or SINGLE TX channels can give classification performance which approaches that of a fully polarimetric radar.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 78
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The spatial and phenological distribution of vegetation was examined in a remote sensing geobotanical study of the East Africa Rift region. Six normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) AVHRR (advanced very high resolution radiometer) scenes (February, June, and September of both 1984 and 1987) were used as a measure of vegetation presence. NOAA ETOPO-5 elevation and geographic coordinate data were coregistered with the multitemporal NDVI images. Univariate and multivariate statistics indicate that the NDVI values are significantly associated with elevation, latitude, and longitude. This supports the concept of quantifiable, regional gradients that affect large-scale geobotanical studies. A quadratic regression line was fitted to the NDVI, elevation, latitude, and longitudinal data. In this way a regional trend, as affected by elevation, was determined. The deviation of the actual data from this regional trend was displayed as an image, and shows the local climatic and geological influences.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 79
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The statistical characteristics of image speckle are reviewed. Existing segmentation techniques that have been used for speckle filtering, edge detection, and texture extraction are sumamrized. The relative effectiveness of each technique is briefly discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 80
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Theory and experiments have shown that passive microwave radiometers can be used to measure soil moisture. However, the presence of a vegetative cover alters the measurement that might be obtained under bare conditions. Deterministically accounting for the effect of vegetation and developing algorithms for extracting soil moisture from observations of a vegetable-soil complex present significant obstacles to the practical use of this approach. The presence of a vegetation canopy reduces the sensitivity of passive microwave instruments to soil moisture variations. The reduction in sensitivity, as compared to a bare-soil relationship, increases as microwave frequency increases, implying that the longest wavelength sensors should provide the most information. Sensitivity also decreases as the amount of vegetative wet biomass increases for a given type of vegetation.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 81
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 82
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Spectral bidirectional reflectances were measured over three natural soil sites using a specially designed radiometer called the Parabola. Two of the sites were bare soils, and the third had a sparse cover of desert scrub. The reflectances were strongly non-Lambertian for all three surfaces, but with markedly different patterns. The measured data were fitted with a quasi-physical reflectance model in which the surface backscattering and forwardscattering are separately formulated. A soil reflectance characterization was obtained by assessing the contributions of the forward, backward, and Lambertian components. This three-parameter characterization produced a satisfactory fit to the measured reflectances and appears promising as a basis for soils categorization.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 83
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A radiative-transfer model for the bidirectional reflectance-distribution function (BRDF) shows that snow is moderately anisotropic in the NIR wavelengths. Although the directional-hemispherical albedo of snow decreases as the grains become larger, the forward scattering also increases, with the result that the illumination and viewing geometry must be considered when interpreting physical properties of the surface layer of the snow pack from remote sensing data. Measurements of the BRDF and the transmittance for a variety of snow conditions were made throughout the winter and spring seasons with an SE-590 spectroradiometer, for wavelengths from 0.38 to 1.11 microns. Coincident with these, the surface grain properties were analyzed by stereological methods. A sphere with the same surface-to-volume ratio as the ice grains is used as the equivalent sphere.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 84
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Remotely sensed data are being used to estimate foliar chemical content. This paper reviews how stepwise multiple regression and deconvolution have been used to extract chemical information from foliar spectra, and concludes that both methods are useful, but neither is ideal. It is recommended that the focus of research be modeling in the long term and experimentation in the short term. Long-term research should increase our understanding of the interaction between radiation and foliar chemistry so that the focus of research can move from leaf model to canopy model to field experiment. Short-term research should aim to design experiments in which remotely sensed data are used to generate unambiguous and accurate estimates of foliar chemical content.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 30; 271-278
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  • 85
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Surface energy balance components were evaluated by combining satellite-based spectral data with on-site measurements of solar irradiance, air temperature, wind speed, and vapor pressure. Maps of latent heat flux density and net radiant flux density were produced using Landsat TM data for three dates. The TM-based estimates differed from Bowen-ratio and aircraft-based estimates by less than 12 percent over mature fields of cotton, wheat, and alfalfa.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 30; 77-87
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  • 86
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: An analysis is made based upon the concept that the velocity fluctuations, and therefore, the Reynolds stresses, driven by the instability of the original flow grow until a new stable state is approached. The Reynolds stresses incorporated into the Orr-Sommerfeld equation are coupled with the main flow such that all the imaginary parts of the complex eigenvalues vanish, i.e., the original instability is eliminated. Using this stabilization principle, it is possible to find the Reynolds stresses as well as the mean velocity for plane Poiseuille flow with the Reynolds number slightly higher than the critical.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Materialart: Mathematical and Computer Modelling (ISSN 0895-7177); 12; 8, 19
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  • 87
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Materialart: JHU, First Navy Independent Research(Independent Exploratory Development Symposium, Volume 1; p 181-191
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  • 88
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Multipolarization P-, L-, and C-band airborne SAR data sets were acquired over a coastal zone and a forested wetland of southern Louisiana. The data sets were used with field-collected surface-parameter data in order to determine the value of SAR systems in assessing and mapping coastal-zone surface features. The coastal-zone surface features in this study are sediments, sediment distribution, and the formation of new isles and banks. Results of the data analysis indicate that the P-band radar with 68-cm wavelength is capable of detecting the submerged sediment if the area is very shallow (i.e., a water depth of less than one meter). The penetration capability of P-band radar is also demonstrated in the forested wetland area. The composition and condition of the ground surface can be detected, as well as the standing water beneath dense tree leaves.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 89
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The behavior of the reverse flow ceiling jet against the ventilation flow from 0.58 to 0.87 m/s was investigated in a 1/3 scale model of a wide body aircraft interior. For all tests, strong reverse-flow ceiling jets of hot gases were detected well upstream of the fire. Both thicknesses of the reverse-flow ceiling jet and the smoke layer increased with the fire-crossflow parameter. The thickness of the smoke layer where the smoke flows along the main flow below the reverse-flow ceiling jet was almost twice that of the reverse-flow ceiling jet. Detailed spatial and time-varying temperatures of the gas in the test section were measured, and velocity profiles were also measured using a temperature compensated hot film.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 90
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Certain theoretical studies of boundary-layer transition are described, based on high Reynolds numbers and with attention drawn to the various nonlinear interactions and scales present. The article concentrates in particular on theories for which the mean-flow profile is completely altered from its original state. Two- and three-dimensional flow theory and conjectures on turbulent-boundary-layer structures are included. Specific recent findings noted, and in qualitative agreement with experiments, are: nonlinear finite-time break-ups in unsteady interactive boundary layers; strong vortex/wave interactions; and prediction of turbulent boundary-layer displacement- and stress sublayer-thicknesses.
    Schlagwort(e): FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 91
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 92
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Multiband radiometric data from an airborne imaging thermal scanner are being studied for use in finding buried gravel deposits. The techniques are based on measuring relative differences in the thermal properties between gravel-laden targets and the surrounding gravelless background. These properties are determined from modeling the spectral radiant emittance recorded over both types of surfaces in conjunction with ground measurements of the most significant heat flows above and below the surface. Thermodynamic properties of sampled materials from control sites are determined, and diurnal and annual subsurface heat waves are recorded. Thermal models that account for heat exchange at the surface, as well as varying levels of soil moisture, humidity, and vegetation, are needed for adaptation and modification to simulate the physical and radiative environments of this region.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 93
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: The advanced solid-state array spectroradiometer (ASAS) is an airborne, off-nadir pointing imaging spectroradiometer used to acquire bidirectional radiance data for terrestrial targets. As its platform aircraft flies over a target the sensor can image the target through a sequence of at least seven fore-to-aft view directions ranging up to 45 deg on either side of nadir. ASAS acquires data for 29 spectral bands in the visible and near-infrared portions of the spectrum with a resolution of 15 nm. ASAS data were recently acquired for a prairie ecosystem and a northern forest ecosystem. The data demonstrate the combined effects of reflectance anisotropy and increased atmospheric path length on off-nadir observations. One result of these effects is a variation in vegetation indices as a function of view direction. Normalized-difference-vegetation-indices for prairie grass, coniferous, and deciduous canopies varied up to 14 percent, 23 percent, and 6 percent, respectively, relative to nadir as a function of view zenith angle along the solar principal plane.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 94
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: During the First International Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE), 80 gigabytes of image data were generated from a variety of satellite and airborne sensors in a multidisciplinary attempt to study energy and mass exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere. To make these data readily available to researchers with a range of image data handling experience and capabilities, unique image-processing software was designed to perform a variety of nonstandard image-processing manipulations and to derive a set of standard-format image products. The nonconventional features of the software include: (1) adding new layers of geographic coordinates, and solar and viewing conditions to existing data; (2) providing image polygon extraction and calibration of data to at-sensor radiances; and, (3) generating standard-format derived image products that can be easily incorporated into radiometric or climatology models. The derived image products consist of easily handled ASCII descriptor files, byte image data files, and additional per-pixel integer data files (e.g., geographic coordinates, and sun and viewing conditions). Details of the solutions to the image-processing problems, the conventions adopted for handling a variety of satellite and aircraft image data, and the applicability of the output products to quantitative modeling are presented. They should be of general interest to future experiment and data-handling design considerations.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 95
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: In order to evaluate the importance of surface thermal flux and emissivity variations on surface and boundary layer processes, a technique that uses thermal data from an airborne multispectral scanner to determine the surface skin temperature and thermal emissivity over a regional area has been developed. These values are used to estimate the total flux density emanating from the surface and at the top of the atmosphere. Data from the multispectral atmospheric mapping sensor (MAMS) collected during the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) are used to develop the technique, and to show the time and space variability of the flux values. The ground truth data available during FIFE provide a unique resource to evaluate this technique.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 96
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A common problem in acquiring ground-truth data for use in microwave interaction modeling is the capture of surface roughness data that are both sampled at distances comparable to a fraction of the wavelength and extensive enough to represent the surface statistics in at least one resolution cell of the microwave remote sensor used. A technique has been developed for acquiring the necessary photogrammetric data using twin 70-mm film cameras mounted on a helicopter boom. The apparatus is described, and the accuracy with which ground surface roughness can be characterized using this device is estimated. Both standard and cross-correlation methods were used for data reduction. Stereogrammetry is compared with a completely automated image-matching technique. Dense disparity images were generated from the helicopter stereo pairs. Using interior orientation parameters supplied by the camera manufacturers, and assuming that exterior orientation parameters remain constant between control target and test field photography, an extremely dense DEM (digital elevation model) for a test field has been derived. Results are compared, and accuracy estimates are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 97
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: Algorithms to correct for atmospheric-scattering effects in high-spatial resolution land-surface images require the ability to perform rapid and accurate computations of the top-of-atmosphere diffuse radiance field for arbitrarily general surface reflectance distributions (which may be both heterogeneous and non-Lambertian) and atmospheric models. Using three-dimensional radiative transfer (3DRT) theory algorithms are being developed. The methodology used to perform the 3DRT calculations is described. It is shown how these calculations are used to perform atmospheric corrections, and the sensitivity of the retrieved surface reflectances to atmospheric structural parameters is illustrated.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 98
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 99
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: A model for the brightness temperature of a canopy which is based on the physical characteristics of the vegetation is being developed. This model uses the Peake model to relate the scattering coefficient of the vegetation to its radiometric brightness temperature and a discrete scattering model to computer the scattering coefficient. A distorted Born approximation is used to provide a tractable solution to the scattering problem. To verify the theory a comparison has been made with experiments. Radiometric measurements of brightness temperature were made at L- and C-bands over a crop of mature soybeans, along with ground truth measurements. All model input parameters were measured; there were no free parameters to adjust to obtain agreement with the measurements. Results showed that agreement between theory and measurements was reasonable for horizontal polarization at both L- and C-bands with dry underlying soil.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Other Sources
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-19
    Beschreibung: During the spring of 1988, the NASA/JPL multifrequency, multipolarization SAR (synthetic aperture radar) flew in series of calibration experiments over the Goldstone dry lake bed. An array of calibration devices was deployed, including dihedral and trihedral corner reflectors, polarimetric active radar calibrators, passive receivers, and CW (continuous wave) tone generators. The aim of the campaign was to calibrate both amplitude and phase of the resulting SAR images, over long and short time scales. The results of the analysis of the calibration data collected in the spring of 1988 are presented. Trihedral corner reflector signatures and certain image background measures are used to externally calibrate relative amplitude and phase between polarizations at a given frequency, and to calibrate across frequencies. Assessments are made of the calibration accuracy as a function of image frame position for each frequency, and the stability of the radar calibration over long and short time-scales.
    Schlagwort(e): EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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