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  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (6,010)
  • 1995-1999  (3,415)
  • 1980-1984  (1,710)
  • 1975-1979  (885)
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 2
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 31-49 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A zinc sulfide concentrate was leached microbiologically by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in a continuous stirred tank reactor. A model was developed to predict, the leaching kinetics when the bacterial growth rate was not limited by any substrate other than the zinc concentrate, and it was modified to explain the observed results.Stable steady sates were obtained over a range of dilution rates from 0.0171 to 0.1038 hr-1. Because a solid substrate was used, the specific growth rate of the bacaeria was not a unique function of the subastrate concentration, and conventional contnuous culture theory based on the Monod equation did not apply to this system. The leaching rates and bacterial growth rates were first order in mineral surface area cocentration.
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  • 3
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 99-106 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of calculating the conversion in Rony's hollow fiber reactor is outlined. It, is assumed that, the kinetics are of Michaelis-Menten type and that diffusion within the hollow fiber, as well as through its wall, should be taken into account. The normalization of the Thiele modulus suffices to unify the treatment of internal diffusion and the pseudosteady state hypothesis is found to be valid under almost all conditions.
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  • 4
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 85-98 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pectin esterase (E.C. 3.1.1.11) was covalently immobilized to porous glass particles by reaction of the native protein with pendant, benzoyl azide groups of the carrier. Enzyme loading on the carrier was 0.5 unit per ml as measured by pH stat, assay. Decreasing the size of the immobilized enzyme particles by grinding produced a 12-fold increase in activity suggesting severe internal mass transport restrictions on turnover kinetics, Gross fractionation of the citrus pectin substrate into high and low molecular weight categories and their subsequent use in kinetic characterization shows no effect of molecular weight upon the kinetic behavior of the native enzyme. In contrast the immobilized enzyme displayed a 5-fold increase in the apparent. Km for the high molecular weight fraction relative to that of the low molecular weight fraction. A striking difference exists in the low pH profile of immobilized pectin esterase relative to the native enzyme. Carrier matrix interactions with the polyelectrolyte substrate are invoked to explain this difference. The thermal stability of the immobilized enzyme is relatively low and displays a half-life of approximately 2 weeks at 25°C.
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  • 5
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. i 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 7
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 185-201 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetic behavior of the enzymatic breakdown of crosslinked dextran (Sephadex) by a dextranase from Penicillium funiculosum was investigated as a model for enzymatic degradation of insoluble materials. A theoretical model is developed for the description of an enzymatic reaction on an insoluble substrate. Experimental data are compared to those predicted by the model which are calculated by using independently determined parameter-values such as the Michael is constants, effective pore radius of the particles, and the Stokes radius of the enzymes. Fairly good agreement was found between the theoretical analysis and the experimental data.
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  • 8
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 167-184 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Following previous work in which a mass and monoxenous culture of Vorticella microstoma had been successfully established (Water Res., 7, 615 lpar;1973) another species of Ciliata, Colpidium campylum was subjected to continuous cultivation using Alcaligenes faecalis as the sole bacterial food and asparagine as the limiting substrate. This work was primarily undertaken to reveal the interaction and biological oscillation between these two types of organisms which simulate theecological behavior of activated sludge.The fact that the bacteria tended to flocculate and/ or deflocculate depending on the protozoan populastion density was incorporated into the rate equations to account for the oscillation in individual population density of the predator-prey system The mathematical approach presented earlier by canal and other workers forbiological oscillation used a homogeneously of the bacterial food wasoverelooked in the earlier publication.
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  • 9
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 211-226 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of solution to the problem of enzyme effectiveness factor has been presented. For a rapid estimation of the same, a graphical procedure is discussed which is sufficiently accurate for many practical situations. Applications to systems with rate dependent on position in the pellet and substrate and product inhibition is discussed. The case of concentration dependent diffusivity (facilitated diffusion) can also be solved by a simple transformation.
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  • 10
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 253-270 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Macroreticular polystyrene beads may be converted into suitable supports for covalent binding of enzymes. In many respects the supports are physically similar to controlled pore glass (CPG). Our results for immobilized glucoamylase were very similar to published results using CPG as a carrier. The characteristics of immobilized papain were less satisfactory. The product exhibited a Z-shaped activity-time profile suggestive of the involvement of multiple mechanisms.
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  • 11
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 273-275 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 12
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 279-283 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 13
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 291-293 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 14
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 299-303 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Asbtract.
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  • 15
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 16
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A potent inhibitory agent against human plasmin, fibrinolytic proteinase, has been found in the extracts of callus tissue of Scopolia japonica. Effects of cultural conditions on cell growth and production of the plasmin inhibitory substance by this cell line in suspension cultures were examined in MurashigeSkoog's medium. More than l.5 mg of the inhibitor, as t-amino cyclohexane carboxylic acid, a synthetic plasmin inhibitor, were observed to accumulate per ml of medium containing 0.83 g of NH4NO3 and 7.6 g of KNO3 per liter as well as suitable levels of growth hormones.Addiction of antibiotics and deformers were examined in preliminary tests for large scale cultivation. Semicontinuous culture on a small scale in a glass cylinder, was also tested and growth rate of 1.29 g/liter/day (by dry wt) was obtained. Plasmin inhibitory activities in the extracts of the results intact plant and in cultured cells of S. japonica were compared and the results indicated that cell suspension culture was superior to extraction the natural plant for inhibitor production.
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  • 17
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 315-326 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Acid tolerant lactase (I), α-chymotrypsin (II), and acid phosphatase (III) were immobilized on chitin with glutaraldehyde. Pretreatments of the chit in with acid, alkali, ammonia, and pronase were compared with respect to release of titratable amino groups and ability to retain lactase activity. Shrimp chitin appeared to be more sensitive to pretreatment conditions and so effort was concentrated on crab. An acid-alkali pretreatment was selected as most practical and economical, and the properties of enzymes fixed on crab chitin were studied intensively. The pH optima of the fixed enzymes were shifted about one pH unit; the shift for I was toward more acid pH, for II was toward alkaline pH, and for III was toward acid pH. The retained activity of immobilized I was approximately 60% that of the native enzyme. A column in continuous operation with I on chitin-glutaraldehyde gave an apparent activity half-life of 27 days.
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  • 18
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 349-359 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growing cultures, washed cells, and cell-free extracts of Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 were found to convert L-sorbose to L-sorbosone. The product was identified by thin layer chromatography of the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, and by paper partition chromatography using chemically prepared materials as standards. Factors influencing the conversion included incubation temperature and composition of the growth medium. Addition of betaine or choline to the growing cultures stimulated conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone.
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  • 19
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 327-348 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth and protein production of Sporotrichum pulverulentum, formerly called Chrysosporium lignorum, have been studied in submerged cultures using lignin-containing waste fibers from a newsprint mill as the only carbon source. The influence of different nitrogen sources on the growth parameters has been particularly investigated. The regulation of the production of extracellular enzymes and their interaction with the fibers is discussed. Experiments with cellulose of different degrees of polymerization and crystallinities showed that the protein content in the residual substance decreased, particularly when the crystallinity increased. When the highly crystalline powder cellulose was used as carbon source, the protein content in the residual substance was only 6% and with the mechanical waste fibers 14%. The results obtained demonstrate that the more complex the carbon source the more difficult it is to digest and the more enzyme has to be produced for its degradation. This puts a heavy burden on the protein synthesizing mechanism. Utilizing results from other work, where the endo- and exo-l, 4-β-glucanases produced by S. pulverulentum for the degradation of cellulose have been quantitatively purified, it has been calculated that the extracellular enzymes under these conditions can together account for approximately 30% of the protein in the mycelium. The endo- and exo-1,4-β-glucanases account for up to 55% of the extracellular protein.Certain possibilities of producing a final product with a high protein content using complex carbon sources are also mentioned.
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  • 20
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 361-374 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cellulase production by two strains of the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride was examined. The fungi were grown on different preparations of barley straw pretreated with NaOH under high pressure. The production of cellulases and microbial protein by the better strain (QM 9123) was investigated in an aerated 5-liter fermenter under varying stirring rates (200-350 rpm) and straw concentrations (1-2%). The pH was kept between 3.5 and 4.5. The growth of the fungus was followed by measuring the quantity of CO2 produced and the cell protein. After 2-6 days growth ceased, the lag phases lasting 0-2 days, increasing with increasing straw concentrations. The maximum enzyme yields were reached after 4-10 days. The protein content of the product was 21-26% and up to 70% of the straw was utilized. The yield constants were calculated to be 0.40-0.56; of the same order as those which can be obtained by growing the fungus on glucose.
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  • 21
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 375-398 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two models for predicting the behavior of cultures of microorganisms under both oxygen and carbon limiting conditions have been evlauated on a chemostat growing Candida utilis on a glycolysis suppressing glycerol medium. The work indicated that parameter values obtained under wholly oxygen limiting or wholly carbon limiting conditions successfully predict the behavior of the chemostat under the wide range of flow and substrate concentration conditions tested. Both models are satisfactory and hence it is deduced that the simpler one may be used with confidence. It was found that Monod kinetics were applicable to the growth rate dependence on oxygen concentration but that Contois kinetics were superior for the corresponding dependence on carbon substrate concentration.
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  • 22
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 399-412 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model is presented to explain microbial growth using liquid n-alkanes as substrate. The model is based on the assumption that growth occurs on the soluble alkane and that the metabolite produced by the growing cells helps the dissolution of liquid alkanes in the aqueous medium. Growth curves based on that model fit well with growth data for batch and continuous culture reported by various authors. The model also explains the differences between the relative length of exponential and linear phases of growth reported earlier.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose oxidase electrodes were constructed on a platinum screen using polyacrylamide gel, glutaraldehyde crosslinking, and glutaraldehyde crosslinking with +0.04 volts dc on the platinum screen as the methods of enzyme immobilization. The electrodes were evaluated in an electrochemical cell for the oxidation of glucose at the enzyme electrode and the reduction of oxygen at a platinum auxiliary electrode, using constant current voltametry or under external load operation. The method of immobilization affected the extrapolated opencircuit potential as well as the half-cell potential and the steady current under external load operation. The charged glutaraldehyde electrode gave the best current performance; however, the small output (microamps) indicated that major problems in electron transfer from an enzyme catalyst to an external circuit must be resolved before such electrodes can be used in practical application.
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  • 24
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 441-444 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 25
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 433-439 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 26
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 423-431 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of internal diffusion on the slope and the intercept of the LineweaverBurk plots for the immobilized enzyme was considered theoretically and it was found that the slope and the intercept are influenced not only by the dimensionless term M but also by the range of the dimensionless bulk substrate concentration ζb. The dependencies of the slope and the intercept on M and on the rate of ζb are shown graphically. Accurate estimations of M and the maximum velocity of the immobilized enzyme give the true, not apparent, Michaelis constant. It is shown that the linear correlations in the Lineweaver-Burk plots do not always coincide with the correlations for the estimation of M and the maximum velocity. It also is shown that large values of M may induce a serious error in the estimation of M with large values of ζb and in an estimation of the maximum velocity with small values of ζb.
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 445-449 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 28
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 457-460 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 455-456 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 451-453 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 461-462 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 32
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 465-479 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of another air operated extreme pressure hydraulic pump fitted with either a needle valve or a simple microbore tube is described, together with the figures obtained for the soluble protein released from suspensions of commercially obtained baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The theory of the mechanism is also discussed.
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 481-497 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Using whole cell invertase of Saccharomyces pastorianus, entrapped in spherical agar pellets, sucrose hydrolysis was carried out in a continuously fed fluidized bed reactor. The effective rate of reaction determined experimentally for the catalytic pellet was correlated with particle radius (R), intraparticle concentration of enzyme (Ep) and external concentration of substrate (SR).The results were elucidated by theoretical analysis incorporating internal mass transfer resistance. At high degrees of diffusional resistance, the effectiveness factor was successfully estimted from Bischoff's equation. A dimensionless number, mA = R(k2Ep/KmD)0.5(Km/(Km + SR)), was used conveniently to predict the effectiveness factor in those cases wher the intraparticle diffusional effect was less significant. This number was employed to determine critical pellet size for an optimal reaction.The relationship between the properties of the pellet (size and intraparticle enzyme activity) and its apparent kinetic constants (k′2 and K′m), estimated according to Lineweaver-Burk, are discussed.
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 499-514 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A modified dynamic method is introduced to determine the oxygen transfer coefficient, KL a, in aerobic fermentation systems which are not mechanically agitated. The dissolved oxygen concentration is measured continuously following a step down or a step up in aeration rate. The response curve is analyzed to obtain the value of KLaExperiments were carried out at several different air flow rates using mixed culture in concurrent tower fermentors with motionless mixers. The effect of sieve trays and Koch motionless mixers on oxygen transfer was investigated using a 3 in. diameter column. The values of KL aobtained at the bottom of each column were found to be higher than those obtained at the top. Comparison of the results showed that the values ofKL a were higher when the Koch mixers were used than when the sieve trays were employed.The oxygen uptake rate by the organisms rX, is also calculated by using the KL a values obtained. They compare favorably withthe experimentally measured values.
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 515-526 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Electrochemical regeneration of the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from its reduced form (NADH) has been coupled with the alcoholdehydrogenation reaction which consumes NAD and produces NADU using alcohol dehydrogenase bound to alumina. Alcohol (reactant) is added directly to the system while aldehyde (product) leaves the system through an ultrafiltration membrane which prevents loss of the cofactor. This system provides a continuous-flow process for carrying out a cofactor-requiring enzymatic reaction with no net loss or consumption of enzyme or cofactor and without the use of reagents for regenerating the cofactor. Although the process shown here is not economically practical, it may be a harbinger of useful and technically feasible chemical reaction systems based on immobilized enzymes requiring cofactors.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 527-539 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic characteristic of dissolved oxygen probes is usually modeled as being equivalent to a single diffusion layer. Other workers have shown that in response to a downstep in oxygen tension a polarographic probe initially follows single diffusion layer dynamics but that during the last 10% of response the probe deviates significantly from this behavior.Probe response to a series of downsteps of various magnitudes after exposure to calibration gases for 1, 2, and 3 min was recorded. When the probe membrane was new the response behavior was found to be largely independent of the step size as well as the exposure duration.The deviation fro the single diffusion layer model was explained in terms of lateral diffusion of oxygen from the anodic compartment to the cathode. By use of a model incorporating the lateral diffusion, probe response to a general oxygen tension-time function was calculated.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 541-556 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A nondimensionalized plot, obtained by normalizing the drop-size distribution in the hydrocarbon phase using the Sauter mean diameter, shows a tendency towards self-preservation of the distribution. Changes of distribution in time during the course of fermentation, initial dispersed phase fraction, speed of rotation, and reactor size were taken into account. Using this self-preserving property, an empirical (single parameter) equation has been proposed for drop-size distribution. Data, available from the literature, are presented for non-biological and biological systems (gas-oil, n-hexadecane, and n-hexadecane dissolved in dewaxed gas oil as dispersed phases). The parameter, Sauter mean diameter, has been correlated with the operating conditions, and a critical review presented. Cell density was found to have significant effect on Sauter mean diameter. This effect has also been empirically explained. The possibilities of using generalized distribution in predicting the performance of fermenters is outlined.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 557-570 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Of the experimental methods available for obtaining data to estimate the biological kinetic parameters μm, Ks, and Yeach requires considerable experimental effort, yet often yields somewhat imprecise estimates of the parameters, particularly Ks. Therefore it would be worthwhile to seek ways to get parameter estimates of greater precision using less experimental effort. The precision of parameter estimates is strongly dependent, upon the settings of the independent, variables used in the experiments. This dependence is explained and an attempt made to show how experimental settings can be determined that lead efficiently to precise parameter estimates with minimal effort.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 571-583 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Biokinetic parameters are usually calculated from slopes and intercepts taken from plots of experimental data. One response at an item is plotted and used for parameter estimation. Aside from problems that may be caused by transformations made when the data are plotted, this approach has the weakness of not using all the data simultaneously when there is more than one response. This paper shows how multiresponse biological data can be handled to get parameter estimates that are much more precise than those obtained using conventional methods.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 599-605 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 585-598 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Milk-clotting enzymes such as pepsin, chymosin, chymotrypsin, and M. miehei proteases were immobilized on porous, alkylamine glass and incorporated into a fluidized-bed continuous coagulation scheme. Only pepsin and calf rennet retained sufficient activity towards skim milk to warrant further studies. Comparison of kinetic data with fixed-bed reactors revealed the overall superior performance of fluidized beds; higher clotting activities were possible while avoiding plugging problems and high pressure drops common to fixed-bed reactors. Film diffusion and catalyst back-mixing appear to be significant factors in the overall kinetics.All enzymes lost activity on exposure to skim milk. The inactivation rates were lower at high substrate pH and insignificantly affected by reactor temperature. Nitrogen and sialic acid accumulation on the porous glass paralleled the loss in activity in the initial stages. Attempts to regenerate the immobilized enzymes were partially successful.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 607-611 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 613-616 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 617-619 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 621-624 
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 625-627 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 675-694 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automated system for cell cycle analysis is described in which synchronous populations of greater than 95% mitotic cells can be selected and subcultured without resorting to inhibitors or altered media. Selection of mitotic cells from roller bottle cultures generates synchronous populations of up to 5 × 107 cells, as often as every 30 min, under conditions of constant temperature. A detailed analysis of the temporal pattern of DNA synthesis in the S phase of several Chinese hamster cells is presented. Several potential artefacts and uncertainties regarding the cell cycle blockage point in S phase synchronization are discussed.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 659-673 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design of a suspension culture facility capable of producing approximately 1012 cells per week has been developed on a small-scale system which has evolved from various architectural, engineering, biological, and biohazard considerations. The smaller system is composed of spinner flasks (50 ml to 8 liters) modified for semicontinuous culture conditions, metal reservoirs, a continuous flow centrifuge, and supportive equipment. The large system which is under construction is composed of metallic vessels of up to 500 liter working volume with hard plumbing, monitors, controllers, recorders, continuous flow centrifuge and other ancillary equipment. This system begins with medium preparation and ends with harvesting of cells and disposition of supernatant. The design of this turn-key operation was developed over a two and one-half year period through the cooperation of private industry, the federal government, and the academic community.
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    Notes: As a prelude to our studies on TL and Thy-1 differentiation alloantigens, three murine lymphobhastoid cell lines were examined for expression of these components. Optimal conditions for their mass culture were also determined. Several suspension culture systems were evaluated: (a) 50 ml through 500 ml Wheaton and Bellco spinner flasks as well as 1, 4, and 8 liter Wheaton flasks modified for semicontinuous culture conditions, (b) 3 liter Chemapec Vibrofermentor, and (c) 14 liter New Brunswick fermentor. Utilizing these types of vessels the optimal culture conditions were evaluated as to the effect of: (1) pH, (2) initial concentration of cell inoculum, (3) types of media, and (4) methods of gassing and gas mixtures on the rate of growth and alloantigen expression. This study demonstrated that cells could be cultured on a semicontinuous basis up to densities of 2-4 × 106 cells/ml if a vessel of appropriate dimensions was utilized, the appropriate medium selected, and the pH controlled by CO2 and air overlay. Once these parameters were established the growth of a given cell line was highly reproducible: Under optimal culture conditions the expression of Thy-1 was maximum while the cells were in the exponential stage of growth and reduced during the lag and stationary phases of growth. The expression of TL did not vary as significantly during the various stages of growth. One cell line grown in medium supplemented with 10% horse serum expressed lass Thy-1 than those grown in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. The factors affecting cell growth and alloantigen expression have been considered in the design of a large-scale suspension culture facility for culturing 1000 liters of cells per week.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 695-701 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Six enzymes associated with the activities of the nucleus (thymidine kinase), mitochondria (succinate dehydrogenase), lysosomes (acid phosphatase), peroxisomes (catalase), (cytosol lactate dehydrogenase), and the intermembranal mitochondrial space (alkaline DNase) were assayed at 2 hr intervals over the division cycle of repetitively resynchronized HeLa cells. The results indicated a high degree of reproductibility for cells synchronized by the method of perpetual resynchronization and may be of direct use to those interested in subcellular organellogenesis.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 703-712 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Unbalanced growth has been studied in HeLa cell cultures maintained in perpetual division synchrony by periodic inhibition of DNA synthesis. Observation of eight independent cellular parameters indicates that once synchrony has been established the degree of unbalanced growth in later cycles is not as great as is observed with the conventional “double-block” technique. This significant diminution of unbalanced growth appears to be related to the significantly shorter periods of inhibition of DNA synthesis used in the resynchronization process.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 733-743 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mouse mammary tumor virus (MTV) reproduces by a budding mechanism at the cell membrane of mouse mammary epithelial cells. In tissue culture, the tumor cells release their virions in the culture supernatant from which they can be removed by high speed centrifugation. Mammary tumor cells from the RIII, GR, and A strains of mice generally produce yields of virus which decrease after a few months. Cells derived from a spontaneous mammary tumor in a BALB/cfC3H mouse have shown the capability to shed relatively large amounts of virus continuously. A quantitative estimation by membrane immunofluorescence of the number of virus producing cells in one-year-old cultures revealed the presence of viral antigen on 80 to 90% of the cells; by comparison, cultures from other mouse strains had a ratio of only 10 to 15% virus producing cells. High speed centrifugation pellets obtained from 50 ml culture supernatant provided large amounts of mature virus particles which have been characterized by electron microscopy.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 713-731 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to achieve a steady-state primary culture system for mammalian cells, with the potential to eventually correlate and control cell function and growth, a serious evaluation of various suspension systems was made. Calf anterior pituitary cells were employed as a differentiated cell type and successfully cultivated in a microcarrier suspension culture system. DEAE-Sephadex was demonstrated to be a satisfactory type of microcarrier. The cells readily attached to the bead and, after a short lag period, they actively proliferated on the bead surface to yield growth of a predominantly epithelial cell type. Under specific conditions the microcarrier supported primary cell growth up to levels of 2 × 106 cells per ml. High bead concentrations inhibited cell growth. The inhibition could be overcome by using proportionately higher cell inoculum so that a concentrated culture with 5 × 106 cells per ml was achieved. The inhibitory effect of high bead concentration was found to be due to the absorption of serum protein and certain growth enhancing factors. The fact that the growth enhancing factors were released from cells during the period of trypsinization and were both thermostable and nondialyzable, seems to suggest one approach to a dialysis culture system. In addition, relatively trauma-free primary cell cultures can be achieved by using explant culture without prior trypsinization. In microcarrier suspensions direct growth of primary rat mammary tumor cells was also demonstrated.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 745-764 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The growth of L-929 cells on a series of peptones, and protein hydrolysates was examined, and it was found that when MEM was supplemented with any of a series of peptones, cell growth was about as good as when serum was used as a supplement. Protein hydrolysates did not support cell growth very well and at higher concentrations actually reduced cell growth. L-929 and L-60TM cells were grown both as monolayers or stationary suspensions and in agitated systems in MEM supplemented with 0.5 - 1% bactopeptone. The addition of macromolecular compounds, insulin or oleic acid had no effect on cell growth. BHK cells were also grown on media supplemented with bactopeptone but richer media (MEM-alpha, F-12, or RMPI1640) gave higher cell yields. The cells did not form the monolayers observed with fetal calf serum, but a partial suspension system. Addition of a detergent Darvan #2 gave a totally suspension culture in both stationary and agitated systems.The production of Sindbis virus in BHK cells grown in serum-free media was examined and the yield of virus was found to be about the same as that produced in serum-supplemented systems. It is estimated that the cost of cell production media could be reduced by about 90% by the replacement of serum supplement by peptones.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. i 
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 779-784 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 765-778 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus in baby hamster kidney (BHK) suspension cells grown in serum-free media for subsequent use in vaccines was attempted because of the limited availability of serum in quantities sufficient for propagation of large amounts of cells, as well as the possible presence of mycoplasma, viral contaminants, and interfering antibodies in sera. Suspension cultures (50 to 600 ml) of BHK-21 cells adapted to and continually passed in a glutamine-free autoclavable, chemically defined medium (BHK-S system) were infected with all seven types of FMD virus. Cells were infected at multiplicities of infection (MOI) ranging from 10-1 to 10-7 plaque-forming units per cell (PFU/cell). The time course of infectious virus release and the amount of complement-fixing (CF) antigen produced were then followed. Peak harvest infectivities of approximately 108.5 PFU/ml were obtained from 12 to 24 hr after inoculation, depending on input MOI, and were apparently independent of cell concentration over the range 1.5 to 4.0 million cells/ml; the CF endpoint dilutions increased from 1:12 at the lower cell concentrations to 1:48 at the highest cell concentration. Monovalent and trivalent vaccines have been produced using viruses from the BHK-S system, inactivated with acetylethyleneimine and emulsified in oil, and the results of tests in steers and guinea pigs are presented.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 785-814 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The metabolic fate of drugs and other xenobiotics in mammalian organisms represents an area of intense contemporary interest. Traditionally, it is a difficult area of research becausethe biological systems which are used to study biotransformations are capable of yielding only minute quantities of metabolites. Recent developments in comparative biochemistry have made itpossible to link diverse metabolic systems through similarities in the pathways by which they alter foreign organic compounds. The potential thus exists for utilizing microbial metabolic systems to study and possibly predict the metabolic fate of a drug or other foreign compound in mammals. The ease with which microbial systems may be used to obtain large amounts of metabolites is an obvious Advantage.We havhe attemped to review the ways in which mammalian and microbialorganisms metabolize a variety of organic compounds. Attention has been focused on the similarities and differences in the mechanisms by which these living systems metabolize xenobiotics. Particular emphasis has been given to four types of reactions which are important in drug biotransformations: aromatic hydroxylationl; N- and O-dealkylations; and sulfur oxygenations.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 815-826 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The rapid conversion of cholesterol to cholestenone by Nocardia in the presence of high proportions of water-immiscible solvent has been demonstrated. At high agitator speeds, the reaction rate was not limited by the rates of transfer of oxygen or cholesterol to the microorganisms. Using 100 g of thawed cells in 200 ml of carbon tetrachloride containing 16% (w/v) cholesterol, at 20°C cholestenone was formed at 7 g/hr. Cells could be separated easily from the organic solvent and reused. After 7 runs (69 hr) the reaction rate had fallen only to half the value for the first run.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 845-858 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Amongst the commercial type of homogenizers the Manton-GaulinAPV homogenizer (APV Company Ltd., Crawley, Surrey, England) which is generally being used for other purposes than cell disintegration processes, has recently been proved to be effective for the breakage of yeast cells. To understand fully the disintegration process occurring in such machines it becomes necessary to describe their functions through mathematical expressionsbased on a realistic hydrodynamic model.A mathematical expression describing the protein release at an applied pressure has been derived from an energy balance in the homogenizer combined with the size distribution function of yeast cell population. This expression has been confirmed experimentally under conditions where it shows that turbulence is the controlling factor in the system. Furthermore it indicates the area where more investigations are needed to improve the efficiency of the process of disintegration.
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    Notes: Studies were made of invertase adsorption on Amberlite ion exchange resins. Up to 4000 units of adsorbed enzymatic activity (aea) were obtainedper g of IRA 93 resin; for an aea of 1600 units, the maximum ratio of aea over units of soluble enzyme used for adsorption was close to 50%. Nodesorption occurred during extensive washing at 30°C with 0.01M sodiumacetate buffer at pH 5. Progressive desorption of aea from the invertase-IRA 93 complex occurred when buffer molarity and temperature were increased. Desorption differed only slightly when the buffer pH was 3 or 5. Theoptimum pH of aea was 3.2 with IRA 93 resin, and varied between 3.2 and 5.1with other resins, depending on their anionic or cationic nature. Batch hydrolysis of sucrose by IRA 93-adsorbed invertase followed 1st order kinetics with respect to the substrate concentration, as in the case of soluble invertase.Continuous sucrose hydrolysis with IRA 93-adsorbed invertase was performed in a tubular reactor, and the percent conversion was experimentally determined as a function of the flow rate. The reaction was experimentally determined 50% (w/v) sucrose solution, at pH4 and 30°C; at the selected flow rate, the ratio of sucrose hydrolysis remained constant and close to 76%. This shows that invertase was not desorbed from the tubular reactor. Some continuous hydrolyses were performed with an industrial sucrose solution: enzymatic activity seemed to be stable for anextended period for time (1 month) at 30°C and pH 3 or 4.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 859-872 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A natural microbial population of sewage origin was grown at four temperatures (10, 20, 30, 40°C) and five mean residence times (3, 6, 12, 18, 24 hr) in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Samples of cells were removed during steady-state operation and analyzed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ash content, protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids. The oxygen equivalence (OE) of the cells was measured directly as g COD/g ash-free cells and was determined indirectly by calculating the calorific content from the macromolecular composition. The results indicate that OE is a function of growth conditions. Furthermore the COD test is a poor measureof OE because of a high level of variation associated with the test. Additional studies should be performed using bomb calorimetry to establish a quantitative relationship between growth conditions and OE.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 873-893 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A product inhibition model is developed to describe the hydrolysis of cellulose by the Trichoderma viride enzyme system. It is assumed that noncompetitive inhibition by cellobiose dominates the reaction kinetics. Experiments show that this is indeed a reasonable assumption for initial cellulose concentrations of up to 15 g/liter and at hydrolysis extents up to 65′. Kinetic parameters were determined for the noncompetitive inhibitionmodel in batch experiments with durations of up to 1.5 hr. These parameterswere then used in predicting reaction progress for up to 10 hr. Cellobiose was added to the reaction mixture at the onset of some runs and againreliable predictions were obtained for up to 8 hr of hydrolysis. Finally reaction was carried out in a membrane reactor whereby the product cellobiose was being continuously removed and again reasonable predictability was obtained with a higher net reaction rate.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 915-924 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The common methods for measuring Monod half-velocity coefficients are reviewed. All methods have serious disadvantages for obtaining rapid and accurate measurements whether batch-fed or continuous-fed systems are used. An “infinite dilution” technique is described that overcomes these difficulties. Data obtained by this method for autotrophic oxidation of NO2- and NH4+gave 20°C, pH 7.0, K3 values of 0.07 mg NO2--N/liter and 0.50 mg NH4±N/liter, respectively.
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  • 68
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 895-914 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A semi-quantitative theory is developed to explain the nonspecific binding of proteins to substituted affinity chromatography supports due to electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The equilibrium constant for the absorption of an enzyme to a solid support, and the rate of desorption of the enzyme are studied as functions of ionic strength. Experimental measurements were taken of the adsorption equilibrium constant and rate of desorption of E. coli β-galactosidase on Sepharose 4B substituted with 3, 3,-diaminodipropylamine in batch systems. It was found that the enzyme adsorption exhibits a hysteresis effect as the ionic strength is increased and then decreased. Furthermore, the adsorption of theenzyme becomes more reversible at the lower ionic strengths, while at the higher ionic strengths it is essentially irreversible. Using the measured equilibrium constants, and knowing the region of ionic strength where the adsorption becomes reversible, we were able to predict the desorption of enzyme in a continuous stirred tank as a function of time when a decreasing linear gradient of ionic strength was introduced into a slurry. It was found that the presence of another protein, hemoglobin, does not affect these results, and therefore can be separated from the enzyme.
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  • 69
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 925-938 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The changes in several parameters of the candicidin fermentation (total, mycelium-associated, and extracellular product formation; growth rate; DNA content; glucose utilization; dissolved oxygen in the broth; and oxygen uptake rate) during the trophophase-idiophase transition are compared with previously reported data for the polyene macrolides, candidin and candihexin. The maturation time, tm, and the productformation rate constant, kp, have been calculated for each of the three polyene macrolides using a simple mathematical model. Slow-feeding of glucose, which resulted in candidin and candihexin overproduction has been shown to increase the polyene formation rate constant and toretard trophophase to idiophase transition (longer maturation time). The opposite effect is achieved by repeated feeding of soybean meal. The values of the maturation times and polyene formation rates obtained were used to predict the production of polyene macrolide antibiotics in batch cultures.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 71
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 939-939 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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  • 72
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Notes: Growth and acetate metabolism by Candida utilis (ATCC 9226) is reported for both acetate- and zinc-limited cultures in defined media. Acetate concentrations were varied from suboptimal to inhibitory levels in both types of media in differential shake flask culture and in batch and continuous cultures in stirred fermentors. Transient responses of steady-state cultures to small or large additions of concentrated sodium acetate, or to shifts in dilution rate or inlet acetate concentration are compared with one another and with simple mathematical models of growth and acetate metabolism. Exponential growth was observed during unrestricted growth (differential shake flask and batch cultures) with both types of media. Addition of acetate during unrestricted growth always caused lags and for larger pulses, lower specific growth rates were observed after exponential growth resumed. Inhibition by high acetate concentrations was much greater in acetate-limited than in zinc-limited cultures. During restricted growth (steady-state, continuous cultures), high acetate concentrations again consistently caused growth lags but stimulated, inhibited, or temporarily stopped acetage uptake. Qualitative agreement between the predictions of a simple mathematical model of acetate inhibition fitted to differential shake flask data and the observed transient data was surprisingly good.
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  • 73
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work concerns mathematical modeling of the rate of microbial growth on inhibitory levels of nutrients as affected by pH, concentration of the nutrients, temperature, cultivation method, and method of data analysis. Candida utilis (ATCC 9226) was grown with sodium acetate as growth-limiting carbon and energy source in mineral salts medium in shake flask and continuous cultures to study inhibition by excess acetate. Differential shake flask cultures were grown at low yeast concentrations at temperatures (T) of 25 and 30°C, pH's between 5.5 and 7.0, and acetate concentrations (S) between 0.25 and 3.0% (w/v). Growth data were exponential with correlation coefficients greater than 0.995 in 49 of 56 experiments; the lowest correlation coefficient was 0.986. Specific growth rates (μ) determined by graphical methods showed only fair correlation with those determined by regression analysis. Both sets of specific growth rate data were grouped at constant T and pH and fitted to the three parameter equation, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\mu = \mu _m /(K_s + S + S + S^2 / K_i )$$\end{document}The improvement in use of the fitted equation instead of the mean value was significant with greater than 70% confidence in all (14 groups) and 90% confidence in only half of the data groups; the correlation does not improve with the increasing acetate inhibition at lower pH. Both defects in the model and insufficient data at each pH are responsible. A modified six parameters with hydrogen ion concentration(H+) as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\mu _m = \mu _m /(1 + K_2 /{\rm H}^ + + {\rm H}^ + /K_1 )} \\ {K_i = K_I (1 + {{K_3 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{K_3 } {{\rm H}^ + }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\rm H}^ + }})} \\ {K_s = {\rm Contant}} \\ \end{array} $$\end{document} Specific growth rates calculated with the six parameter equation matched observed values in all groups of isothermal data better than the means with greater than 99% confidence. The six parameter model adequately represents effects of acetate and hydrogen ion concentrations under constant or slowly changing environmental conditions and balanced growth; although better models probably exist. Thus steady-stste and transient continuous culture experiments agreed with many published growth yields, but specific growth rates could only be predicted qualitatively from the model fit to the shake flask data. The data and present models could be incorporated into published models for transient growth at low nutrient concentrations to correlate and perhaps predict microbial growth kinetics over a much wider range of growth conditions than now possible.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 985-995 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus for the cultivation of microorganism under controlled conditions is described. This apparatus is basically a turbidostat improved with automatic devices for sample withdrawal and tube cleaning. The results of experiments, using Euglena gracilis to check the constancy of some physiological parameters (in particular phototactic reactivity), are reported.
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  • 75
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 997-1018 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model was developed to simulate, on a digital computer, the continuous fermentation of whey lactose to lactic acid with neutralization by ammonia. The simulation predicted the retention times for experimental test and the use of two stages for greatest efficiency. In the experimental tests, Lactobacillus bulgaricus was inoculated into whey in a 14-liter continuous fermentor at 44°C and with automatic pH control. A series of steady-state conditions was managed nonaseptically for 42 days without evident contamination and with an actual increase in the efficiency of conversion. Lactic acid was produced predominately' throughout the period, with less than 0.2% of other compounds. The product contained approximately 8 times as much crude protein (N × 6.25) as the original whey. In a single-stage fermentation at pH 5.5, a retention time of 15 hr resulted in a residual lactose concentration of 0.7%; and little improvement was realized by increasing the retention time. Increasing the pH to 5.8 resulted in a significant improvement, but further increasing the pH to 6.0 resulted in only a small additional gain. By the employment of two fermentors in series at pH 5.5 with a total retention time of 31 hr, the residual lactose was reduced to less than 0.1%. Lactic acid was produced as a function mainly of maintenance rather than growth metabolism.
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  • 76
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1019-1027 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A microbial protease was immobilized by covalent attachment, to porous glass. This material was characterized for pH optimum, thermal stability, and operational half-life using casein as substrate.The immobilized enzyme was used for preparation of soya hydrolysates, low in free amino acids with high solubility.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1029-1050 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A hollow fiber module was used as a reactor for conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde in the presence of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase as catalyst. Mass transport rates for NAD+, the overall acetaldehyde generation rate, catalyst effectiveness factors, and the overall order of the reaction with respect to NAD+ concentration were measured. A coupled-substrate reactor with continuous in situ regeneration of cofactor was also examined. Two substrates of opposite redox state were added simultaneously to the feed stream. NADH and acetaldehyde concentrations were monitored in the effluent stream. The cofactor recycle number, or ratio of moles of product to moles of NADH produced, exceeded 10,000 under certain conditions. While decreasing the NAD+ concentration in the feed stream decreased reactor productivity somewhat, it greatly enhanced the ratio of product formed per mole of NAD+ fed to the reactor. It is suggested that high cofactor costs in dehydrogenase reactors may be overcome with efficient in situ regeneration and secondary recovery and recycling of cofactor from the process stream.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1051-1064 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Recent findings in the author's laboratories relative to the determination of the mode of response of continuously cultured heterogeneous populations to step changes in pH and in temperature are reviewed and discussed in light of possible effects of specific growth rate, μ, on the severity of substrate leakage in the effluent during the transient phase.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1065-1081 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamics of a system of two microbial populations having complementary metabolism are investigated by means of simple mathematical models of growth. Complementary metabolism as used here means that each population produces a substance - not present in the initial or feed medium - required by the other for growth. The simple models indicate that (1) something other than lack of the substrate or growth factor produced by its partner must limit the growth of at least one population and (2) the coexistence steady state of such populations in continuous culture is not stable with respect to large perturbations, though it is stable with respect to a wide range of perturbations.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1083-1098 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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    Notes: Values of the enhancement factor for oxygen absorption into fermentation broth, i.e., the ratio of the liquid phase mass transfer coefficients for oxygen absorption for both cases with and without respiration of microorganisms were predicted theoretically on the assumption of various cell concentration distributions. Calculations indicate that in the usual case the enhancement factor is only slightly or negligibly larger than unity, even when accumulation of microorganisms at or near the gas-liquid interface is assumed. Results of experiments with sparged-stirred fermentors on oxygen absorption into fermentation broths containing resting and growing cells of Candida tropicalis confirmed the theoretical prediction. Except for extreme cases, the effect of respiration of microorganisms on kLa, values can practically be ignored.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975) 
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1101-1108 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The behavior of 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in a two-phase system consisting of an emulsion of water with an immiscible organic solvent was investigated. The effect of several organic solvents on the stability, activity, and kinetic profile of the enzyme was considered. The most suitable system for carrying out the enzymatic reactionproved to be water-butyl acetate.The production of high quantities of 20β-hydroxysteroids in 100% yield using catalytic amount of cofactor was achieved by coupling the 20β-, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed reactions.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1109-1118 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of CO2 on the formation of α-amylase by Bacillus subtilis NCIB 8646 growing in continuous and batch cultures was investigated.Different levels of CO2 examined in the batch cultures stimulated the formation of α-amylase, with the highest activity being obtained using 6% CO2(V/V). The additions of CO2 inhibit the growth and division ofvegetative cells of B.subtilis when CO2 is present in a concentration of more than 3%(V/V).In chemostat cultures, air containing 8% CO2 (V/V) increased the specific enzyme productivity almost three times over the control, without affecting the cell growth.An attempt is made to correlate the obtained results withthe already established theory for the regulation of the α-amylase synthesis.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1119-1135 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Anaerobic digestion offers a potential means of converting organic solid waste into fuel gas and thereby provide a supplemental and readily utilizable source of energy. We are particularly interested in the use of thermophilic digestion over a mesophilic operation for it can achieve higher rates of digestion, greater conversion of waste organics to gas, faster solid-liquid separation, and minimization of bacterial and viral pathogen accumulation. Our results comparing mesophilic (37°C) and thermophilic (65°C) anaerobic digestion of domestic solid waste confirm the increased rate and conversion of waste to methane. In addition, utilizing radioactive labeling of glucose and acetic acid, we have measured the volumetric rates of volatile acid production and disappearance under both mesophilic and thermophilic conditions.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1137-1156 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Purified enzymes and cell-free homogenates encapsulated by liquid-surfactant membrane have been shown to retain their catalytic activity (see previously published literature). This paper describes the preparation and properties of liquid-surfactant membrane-encapsulated whole cells of Micrococcus denitrificansATCC 21909. Batch and continuous studies with this model system have demonstrated that encapsulated viable cells reduce nitrates and retain their catalytic activity over anextended period of time. In batch operation, the reactivity of the encapsulated whole cells has been investigated under a variety of experimental conditions. The system is capable of reducing NO3- or NO2-. Data obtained indicate that encapsulated live cells have a broad pH and temperature optimum range. The encapsulated cells remain viable and do not “escape” into the external aqueous phase, even after five days of constant stirring with nitrate-containing simulated wastewater. Pulsed substrate addition experiments have demonstrated that the encapsulated cells also effectively reduce NO2- with no significant reduction in activity, even after 5.5 days of incubation at 30°C. The membrane selectivity for ion transfer has been achieved by incorporating oil-soluble ion exchangers in the membrane. Because of the protection of the liquid membranes, the catalytic reduction of NO2- by the encapsulated whole cells is not inhibited by 1 × 10-4 M mercuric chloride, which is otherwise extremely toxic to the cells, when present in the external aqueous phase. Continuous reduction of 20 ppm of NO2- by liquid membrane-encapsulated whole cells has been demonstrated in a constantly stirred reactor over a test period of about one week. In this paper we will discuss the reduction of NO3-and NO2- by the liquid membrane-encapsulated whole cells of M. denitrificansATCC 21909 mainly in batch runs undera variety of experimental conditions, such as cell and substrate concentrations, product and inhibitor permeation, pH and temperature, effect of oil-soluble ion exchangers on the substrate diffusion, etc.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1157-1181 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Escherichia coli β-D-galactosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.23) was immobilized in cellulose nitrate membrane microcapsules and the reaction kinetics with o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), lactose, and whole milk were studied using both continuous stirred tank and packed bedreactor configurations. The results of the experiments gave effectiveness factors of 0.3 for ONPG, 0.6 to 0.7 for lactose in solution, andclose to unity for lactose in milk. Using a coupled mass transfer and kinetic model, it was possible to estimate the permeability of the microcapsule membrane from the reactor data. Membrane permeabilities on the order of 5 × 10-3 and 3 × 10-4 cm/sec were estimated for ONPG and lactose, respectively. It was determined that the membrane was the limiting mass transfer resistance for the overallreaction. The analysis showed that within the microcapsule, the reaction is reaction rate limited for lactose and slightly diffusion limitedfor ONPG.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1183-1197 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The imperfect state, Sporotrichum pulverulentum, of thecellulolytic basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporiumhas been grown on barley flour and other agricultural products in shake cultures, in an air-lift fermentor, and in stirred fermentors. The growth morphology varied with cultivation conditions, but it was possible to maintain heavy suspensions of loosely associated mycelia in fermentors. The fungus can grow in temperatures up to 40°C and use ammonium salts or organic nitrogen sources to convert sugars, starch, pectin, and various seed residues to a biomass containing 30-40% protein with a favorable amino acid composition. Serial cultures were grown on flours under conditions where the larger part of the culture was withdrawn and replaced with new medium every, or every other, day. The mycelia are easy to harvest by filtration and have several properties which make the product attractive as a potential food ingredient.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1199-1210 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Batch cultures of Trichoderma viride have been carried out in a 10 liter stirred fermenter at controlled pH values of 2.5, 2.7, 3.0, and 4.0, and without pH control at a temperature of 28°C. Cell and glucose concentrations and dissolved oxygen values are reported. The yield coefficient was found to be constant at 0.40 kg cells/kg glucose and the maximum specific growth rate was linearly correlated with the hydrogen ion concentration.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1237-1242 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1211-1235 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The microbial degradation of phenol by pure and mixed cultures of Pseudomonas putida was studied in batch, phenol-stat, and continuous culture systems. In the continuous culture runs, both steady state and transient experiments were performed. From these experiments, a model for the kinetic behavior of the organisms was evolved and an analysis performed on the stability and dynamic behavior of pure and mixed cultures. The results indicate that it should be possible to achieve phenol removal from wastewaters down to levels of 1-2 ppm in a single stage system. However, because of the effects of substrate inhibition on kinetic behavior of the microorganisms, long lasting transients can occur. The transient behavior of such systems cannot be solely determined from μmax or Ks, parameters, but must include a consideration of the transient size and response characteristic of the organism.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1269-1290 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The predator-prey interactions between the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis and the bacterium Aerobacter aerogenes have been studied experimentally and mathematically. A mathematical model for the ciliates defines the mass distribution of cells within the population. The resulting model equations are solved by the use of multigroup theory. Experimental data from batch and continuous flow reactors are compared with the results of the numerical integration.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1291-1299 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fermentations with mixed cultures of the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Candida utiliswere examined. The fermentations were carried out in an aerated 5 liter fermentor with NaOH treated barley straw as the cellulose source (2-4%). Yeast was inoculated 24-32 hr after the fungus and the growth of the two organisms was followed through the production of CO2 and cell protein. In comparison with fermentations with T. viridealone, the production time for maximum yields of cellulases and cell protein was reduced by several days, depending on the straw concentrations. The protein content of the growth product was 21-22% and the amino acid composition of the product resembled that of T. viride alone.
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1245-1267 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The productivity of growth associated fermentations is dependent upon the quantity of biomass contained in the fermenter (microbial hold-up). In contrast, the performance characteristics of a fermenter are dominated by the form in which the microbial hold-up occurs, i.e., whether as films, flocs, or a combination of both. Industrial fermentations using biological films include biological waste-water treatment (trickling filter, rotating disc), the “quick” vinegar process, animal tissue culture, and bacterial leaching.Atkinson and Davies (Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng., 50, 208 (1972)), proposed a completely mixed microbial film fermenter (CMMFF) based upon the fluidized bed principle, for application to continuous operation when using growth associated systems. The potential performance characteristics of this fermenter are reviewed and the construction of a laboratory scale unit capable ofaseptic operation is described (volume 9 liters, maximum throughput 15 liter/hr). The fermenter has been continuously used for periods up to 2500 hr without contamination when growing brewer's yeast (NCYC 1026 flocculating). The experimental performance characteristics have been interpreted with the aid of the theory for the CMMFF.The knowledge and experience gained to date is used as a basis for speculation as to the future role of microbial film fermenters in the biochemical process industries.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 95
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1301-1312 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is developed to predict batch and continuous culture behavior of fermentations on two different carbon and energy sources. The basic assumption of the model is that the permease for the favored substrate is constitutive, whereas the permease for the second substrate is subject to induction and catabolite repression. Simulations of the model show features of diauxic growth described in the literature.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 96
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1313-1322 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A batch-type zonal centrifuge has been modified and totally contained for use with biologically hazardous materials.A sealed cabinet encloses the centrifuge and the ancilliary equipment. It is operated with a flow of filtered air when the zonal system is on, decontaminated with ethylene oxide, and maintained at a negative pressure throughout. The centrifuge subsystems can be drained, flushed, and decontaminated with ethylene oxide before an engineer services the machine. The sample handling system within the cabinet is remotely controlled.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 97
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1323-1333 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple method for immobilizing amyloglucosidase by adsorption on inorganic carriers is described. Amyloglucosidase was adsorbed on acid-activated molecular sieve and on alumina. The immobilized enzyme preparations exhibited 50-100% of the initial activity and possessed high temperature stability. A prolonged working life span was achieved, which could possibly satisfy requirements for industrial application.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 98
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1335-1347 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The inhibitory activity of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection was assayed with the extracts of various callus tissues derived from the intact plants. Phytolacca americana callus was selected as a producer of the virus inhibitor and its cultural conditions in suspension were examined for cell growth and the inhibitor production. A modified liquid medium containing twofold concentrations of all components in that of Murashige and Skoog plus 2,4-D (1.0 mg/liter) and sucrose (6%), but without any vitamins and glycine was chosen for production of higher levels of the inhibitor. TMV infections in tobacco, bean, and tomato plants were markedly inhibited by the introduction of the disrupted whole broth of suspension cultured P. americana.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 99
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1349-1361 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An attempt was made to find out the optimum aeration and agitation rates on the production of bacterial rennet from Bacillus sublilis K-26 using 5% wheat bran medium in a 13 liter fermentor. The enzyme activity and the growth rate were shown to increase with an increase in the rate of agitation. The fermentation experiments carried out at an agitation rate of 400 rpm showed an approximate threefold increase in enzyme activity with a considerable decrease in the fermentation time over those agitated at 200 and 300 rpm. The beneficial effect of a higher oxygen rate was observed for enzyme production occurring at a lower agitation rate. The inoculum activity and the varying amounts of antifoam agent which were added showed no apparent effect either on the total incubation time or on the final enzyme activity. It has been suggested that an agitation rate of 400 rpm with an aeration level of 3000 cc/min are the optimum values for the efficient production of bacterial rennet from B. subtilis K-26 using 5% wheat bran medium in a 13 liter fermentor.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 17 (1975), S. 1363-1364 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Abstrast.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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