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  • 1
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    Protein Degradation and Fermentation Characteristics of Red Clover and Alfalfa Silage Harvested with Varying Levels of Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates (1999)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0011-183X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0653
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Characterization of Proteolysis in Alfalfa and Red Clover (1995)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0011-183X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0653
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 3
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    The Breakdown of Poultry Manure Aggregates by Rainfall Impact (1980)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1980-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0047-2425
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-2537
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 4
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    Proteolysis in Ensiled Forage Legumes That Vary in Tannin Concentration (1991)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0011-183X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0653
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model of aerobic fungal growth in silage. (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 46 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A simulation model of yeast and mould growth in aerobically deteriorating silage was tested and analysed. The model predictions of aerobic stability were compared with actual stability data from published experiments and were accurate when maize silage composition and initial yeast and mould counts were known. The time-course of deterioration was simulated for various initial temperatures and yeast and mould concentrations and exhibited primary, secondary, and tertiary heating in some cases; however, the model was limited in its ability to predict temperature history during deterioration because of the simplified treatment of heat transfer. In simulations, the relative importance of yeasts and moulds depended mainly on initial fungal concentrations, whereas the relative importance of mesophiles and thermophiles depended primarily on initial temperature. The model predicted that the period of silage aerobic stability ends when fungal concentrations reach approximately 0·001 g g−1 silage. Temperature, water-soluble carbohydrate concentration, fungal populations, and fermentation product concentrations in interaction with pH had the greatest direct effects on predicted aerobic stability. The model results suggest that aerobic stability is greatest when the pre-ensiling forage is highly buffered, of low dry matter content, and contains sufficient water-soluble carbohydrates to allow fermentation to the lowest possible pH with no residual water-soluble carbohydrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1991.tb02235.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model of aerobic fungal growth in silage. (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 46 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The components of a simulation model of mesophilic and thermophilic yeast and mould growth in aerobically deteriorating silage are presented. The purpose of the model is to examine the relative roles of yeasts and moulds in deterioration and the factors affecting aerobic stability. Information for the model was based on literature studies. Growth of the fungi was assumed to be affected by temperature, pH, water activity, and lactic and acetic acid concentrations. The substrates utilized in the model, in order of preference, were water-soluble carbohydrates, ethanol, lactic acid and acetic acid. Gas movement and heat transfer were not considered. Consequently, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations were assumed to be those for open air, and the heat of respiration retained in the silage was set as a constant percentage of that released by fungal growth.Based on the relationships developed for the model, pH affects yeast growth minimally and does not affect mould growth at all. Water activity over the range in silage affects yeast growth more than mould growth, but affects neither one strongly. Undissociated lactic and acetic acids decrease growth rate and may be important factors in silage stability. Compared with moulds, yeast growth rates are less affected by suboptimum temperatures but are more sensitive to temperatures in excess of the optimum.A succeeding study compares the model with published aerobic deterioration studies and examines the predicted succession of microbial groups and the variation in silage stability as affected by silage parameters, initial temperature, and initial microbial populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1991.tb02234.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A quantitative model of the ensilage process in lactate silages (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 40 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A model of the ensilage process is presented which can be used to predict silage quality in lactate silages. The model simulates the major microbial and biochemical processes during ensilage, including aerobic respiration, hydrolysis of hemicellulose. growth and death of lactic acid bacteria and their production of lactic and acetic acids, reduction in pH, change in soluble sugar content, increase in osmotic potential, and proteolysis. The model is designed to operate on mixtures of grasses, legumes, or whole-plant corn. Parameters for the model are developed from published silage experiments and pure-culture bacterial studies. The model gives reasonably accurate predictions of key silage quality parameters, but further experimental work is needed on growth of lactic acid bacteria and on plant-enzyme proteolysis. Predicted final pH depends primarily on the pH at which bacterial growth and death rates are equal. Initial bacterial concentration affects the time to rapid pH change, while maximum bacterial growth rate affects the rate of decline thereafter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1985.tb01755.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of bacterial inoculant and substrate addition to lucerne ensiled at different dry matter contents (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 47 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Field-wilted lucerne was chopped with a forage harvester at 33 ± 1·5, 43 ± 2·0 and 54 ± 1·8% dry matter, treated and ensiled in laboratory silos during four cuttings in each of two years. Treatments were control (C), sugar addition at 2% of fresh weight (S), inoculum applied at 3 × 105 bacteria g−1 herbage (I), and sugar and inoculum combined (IS). Duplicate silos were opened and analysed after 1, 2, 3, (4 or 5), 7, 14 and 60 d of fermentation. The initial rate of proteolysis of lucerne protein decreased with increasing dry matter (DM) content of the lucerne, and was not influenced by the year, cutting or silage treatment. Inoculation increased (P〈0·05) the rate of pH decline for all silage dry matters, and shortened the lag time prior to pH decline with 33 and 43% dry matter silages. Sugar addition had no effect on rate of pH decline or lag time. Inoculation and sugar addition both lowered final pH, acetic acid, ammonia (NH3), free amino acids (FAA) and soluble non-protein N (NPN) in silages (P〈0·01) and increased lactic acid content with 33 and 43% dry matter silages. Only inoculation was beneficial at 54% DM with no difference between I and IS. The influence of forage characteristics (epiphytic lactic acid bacteria, buffer capacity and sugar:buffer capacity ratio) on treatment effectiveness varied with dry matter content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1992.tb02243.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of lactic acid bacterial numbers on lucerne (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 45 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The numbers of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), as measured by Rogosa SL agar, on lucerne (Medicago sativa) chopped for ensiling were predicted using two methods. The first prediction method consisted of regression equations developed from two previous harvesting seasons and required inputs of wilting time between mowing and chopping, average wilting temperature and moisture content of the lucerne at chopping. The second method simulated the growth of LAB on the lucerne during wilting and needed similar inputs. The former method predicted LAB counts within one order of magnitude more than 95% of the time except for lucerne samples drier than 60% dry matter. The prediction of the simulation model had more variation than those of the regression equations, but the simulation model was applicable over a wider range of conditions. These results, together with earlier studies, provide a preliminary basis for determining when a silage inoculant containing LAB will be most beneficial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1990.tb01950.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Initial bacteria] numbers on lucerne prior to ensiling (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 44 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Populations of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on lucerne before and after havesting were extensively monitored over a two-year period and correlated with weather data, various wilting parameters and equipment used for harvest. The LAB on standing lucerne were below detectable levels (〈10 colony forming units (CFU) g lucerne−1). Immediately after mowing, low levels of LAB (51 CFU g−1) were found on over half the samples. During wilting, the population of LAB generally increased. The amount of increase was affected primarily by the average air temperature during wilting, the length of wilting and the drying rate. The first two variables were positively correlated with bacterial growth whereas increased drying rate adversely affected LAB numbers. If the LAB numbers in the swath were below 100 CFU g−1 prior to chopping, the forage harvester inoculated the chopped lucerne an level of 102 to 104 CFU g−1, depending on air temperature. Considering these factors, LAB counts on chopped lucerne could be predicted within one order of magnitude approximately 95% of the time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1989.tb01905.x
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