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  • Articles  (246)
  • nitrogen  (78)
  • sediment  (67)
  • mercury  (63)
  • acid deposition  (49)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (246)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of an ion mobility detector in radiation stimulated plasma chemistry
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Radiation Physics and Chemistry 42 (1993), S. 993-996 
    Details
    ISSN: 0969-806X
    Keywords: acceleration ; argon ; beta particles ; drift ; electric field ; electrons ; excited states ; ion mobility ; ions mobility ; nitrogen ; reactive species
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0969-806X(93)90419-U
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mercury and selenium in arctic and coastal seals off the coast of Norway
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 85 (1994), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: grey seal ; harbour seal ; harp seal ; mercury ; ringed seal ; selenium
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90081-7
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Prenatal Mercury Exposure Upon Scholastic and Psychological Test Performance: Benchmark Analysis of a New Zealand Cohort (1998)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 18 (1998), S. 701-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Benchmark ; mercury ; risk assessment ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents benchmark (BMD) calculations and additional regression analyses of data from a study in which scores from 26 scholastic and psychological tests administered to 237 6- and 7-year-old New Zealand children were correlated with the mercury concentration in their mothers' hair during pregnancy. The original analyses of five test scores found an association between high prenatal mercury exposure and decreased test performance, using category variables for mercury exposure. Our regression analyses, which utilized the actual hair mercury level, did not find significant associations between mercury and children's test scores. However, this finding was highly influenced by a single child whose mother's mercury hair level (86 mg/kg) was more than four times that of any other mother. When that child was omitted, results were more indicative of a mercury effect and scores on six tests were significantly associated with the mothers' hair mercury level. BMDs calculated from five tests ranged from 32 to 73 mg/kg hair mercury, and corresponding BMDLs (95% lower limits on BMDs) ranged from 17 to 24 mg/kg. When the child with the highest mercury level was omitted, BMDs ranged from 13 to 21 mg/kg, and corresponding BMDLs ranged from 7.4 to 10 mg/kg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:RIAN.0000005917.52151.e6
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of the characteristics of rough bed turbulent shear stresses in an open channel (1997)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02427915
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen mineralization in high elevation forests of the Appalachians. I. Regional patterns in southern spruce-fir forests (1989)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 7 (1989), S. 131-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Picea rubens ; Abies fraseri ; acid deposition ; forest decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Annual and seasonal rates of net nitrogen mineralization were determined for 19 sites in the spruce-fir forests of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. These sites included high and low elevation stands of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poir.) on east and west exposures on Whitetop Mountain, Virginia; Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina; and Clingman's Dome in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Mineralization rates were determined using in situ soil incubations in PVC tubes with ion exchange resin bags placed in the bottom of the tubes to collect leachate. Throughfall was collected in resin bags placed in the top of the tubes. Average initial NH4-N + NO3-N ranged from 0.6 to 4.8 kg N/ha across all plots, and average mineralization rates ranged from 26 to 180 kg-N ha−1 yr−1. Throughfall ranged from 18 to 32 kg-N ha−1 yr−1 with NH4-N accounting for about two-thirds of the throughfall N across all sites. Throughfall and mineralization rates were not related to elevation or exposure. The high rates of N mineralization and relatively high nitrate concentrations indicate that leaching losses of nitrogen and associated cations could be substantial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004125
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aboveground nitrogen and phosphorus use by five plantation-grown trees with different leaf longevities (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 167-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: leaf longevity ; nitrogen ; nutrient use efficiency ; phosphorus ; requirement ; retranslocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) requirement, retranslocation and use efficiency were determined for 28-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra L.), European larch (Larix decidua Miller), white pine (Pinus strobes L.), red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) plantations on a similar soil in southwestern Wisconsin. Annual aboveground N and P requirements (kg/ha/yr) totaled 126 and 13 for red oak, 86 and 9 for European larch, 80 and 9 for white pine, 38 and 6 for red pine, and 81 and 13 for Norway spruce, respectively. Nitrogen and P retranslocation from current foliage ranged from 81 and 72%, respectively, for European larch, whereas red pine retranslocated the smallest amount of N (13%) and Norway spruce retranslocated the smallest amount of P (18%). In three evergreen species, uptake accounted for 72 to 74% of annual N requirement whereas for two deciduous species retranslocation accounted for 76 to 77% of the annual N requirement. Nitrogen and P use (ANPP/uptake) was more efficient in deciduous species than evergreen species. The results from this common garden experiment demonstrate that differences in N and P cycling among species may result from intrinsic characteristics (e.g. leaf longevity) rather than environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000806
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A ground water nitrogen budget for a headwater swamp in an area of permanent ground water discharge (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 209-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: ground water ; hydrology ; nitrogen ; mass balance ; nutrient retention ; swamp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ground water inputs and outputs of N were studied for a small ground water discharge swamp situated in a headwater drainage basin in southern Ontario, Canada. Darcy's equation with data for piezometers was used to measure inputs of shallow local ground water at the swamp margin and deep regional ground water beneath the swamp. Ground water flux was also quantified by measuring ground water discharge to the outlet stream draining the swamp in combination with a chemical mixing model to separate shallow and deep ground water components based on chloride differences. Estimates of shallow ground water flux determined by these two approaches agreed closely however, the piezometer data seriously underestimated the deep ground water input to the swamp. An average ground water input-output budget of total N (TN) total organic nitrogen (TON) ammonium (NH4 +-N) and nitrate (NO3 --N) was estimated for stream base flow periods which occurred on an average of 328 days each year during 1986–1990. Approximately 90% of the annual NO3 --N input was contributed by shallow ground water at the swamp margin. Deep ground water represented about 65% of the total ground water input and a similar proportion of TON and NH4 +-N inputs. Annual ground water NO3 --N inputs and outputs were similar whereas NH4 +-N retention was 4 kg ha-1 representing about 68% of annual ground water input. Annual TON inputs in ground water exceeded outputs by 7.7 kg ha (27%). The capacity of the swamp to regulate ground water N fluxes was influenced by the N chemistry of ground water inputs and the hydrologic pathways of transport within the swamp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000808
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil chemistry change in a lowland english deciduous Woodland 1974–1991 (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 677-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soils ; acidification ; ancient woodland ; nitrogen ; environmental change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study outlines the results of analysis of soil samples collected from fixed quadrats located in a regular pattern across Wytham Wood. Oxfordshire, England. The site contains plots of mixed deciduous ancient woodland and more recent plantations. A previous soil study was undertaken in 1974 and samples archived. Soils were resampled in 1991 and some re-analysis of the 1974 samples was undertaken. Soils were of a wide range in types from sands to gravels with a pH range of 3.0–7.0. Results showed some decline in pH in lower horizons, but most striking was a large increase in soil nitrogen for all horizons and soil types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476907
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nine years of measurements of atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition to Danish forest (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2205-2210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Trend ; gas ; aerosol ; bulk precipitation ; throughfall ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Since 1985 measurements of gasses, aerosols, precipitation and throughfall have been carried out at three forest sites in Denmark with equal aged Norway Spruce plantations. The times series show a downward trend in the concentration of sulphur dioxide. Particulate sulphate, ammonia and particulate ammonium and the total nitrate seem to have a more constant concentration level. The wet deposition measurements show a decreasing trend in the content of acid (protons), sulphate, ammonium and nitrate, though for the nitrogen compounds it is only a slight fall. A decrease in concentrations of protons and sulphate is also seen in the throughfall measurements, in throughfall the nitrogen compounds hardly seem to decrease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186161
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Deposition gradients and foliar and soil leachate concentrations of air pollutants in Scots pine stands of S.-E. Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, N.-W. Russia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1263-1268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; sulphur ; nitrogen ; base cations ; throughfall ; Scots pine ; needle elements ; soil leachate ; N.-W. Russia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Bulk precipitation and throughfall analyses in 50–100-year-old Scots pine stands revealed decreasing sulphur, nitrogen, calcium and magnesium deposition gradients, which extend from the St. Petersburg-Leningrad region and N.-E. Estonia to S.-E. Finland. The Ca and Mg deposition alleviate the acidifying effect of sulphur and nitrogen. The Scots pine canopies acted as a sink for ammonium and nitrate, while the canopy interactions increased sulphur, calcium and magnesium content in throughfall. Foliar S, N and Ca concentrations correlated positively with the corresponding deposition loads. In contrast, low foliar magnesium concentrations were detected in the vicinity of St. Petersburg. The results indicate that the sulphur and calcium deposition may have increased soil leachate S and Ca concentrations in the most polluted Scots pine stands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477155
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Cost-Effective Nutrient Reductions to the Baltic Sea (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 10 (1997), S. 341-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Baltic Sea ; eutrophication ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; cost effective
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Due to eutrophication caused by heavy loads of nitrogen and phosphorus, the biological conditions of the Baltic Sea have been disturbed: large sea bottom areas without any biological life, low stocks of cods, and toxic blue green algaes. It is recognized that the nitrogen and phosphorus loads to the Baltic Sea must be reduced by 50% in order to restore the sea. The main purpose of this paper is to calculate cost effective nitrogen and phosphorus reductions to the Baltic Sea from the nine countries surrounding the Baltic Sea. The results show a significant difference in minimum costs of decreasing nitrogen and phosphorus loads to the Sea: approximately 12 000 millions of SEK per year and 3 000 millions of SEK respectively for reductions by 50%. It is also shown that a change from a policy of cost-effective nutrient reductions to a policy where each country reduces the nutrient loads by 50% increase total costs for both nitrogen and phosphorus reductions by about 300%. The results are, however, sensitive to several of the underlying assumptions and should therefore be interpreted with much caution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026497515871
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Sulphur and nitrogen deposition in Norway, status and trends (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 623-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: monitoring ; deposition ; sulphur ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The total deposition of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) components in Norway during the period 1988–1992 has been estimated on the basis of measurement data of air- and precipitation chemistry from the national monitoring network. There are large regional variations in depositions with highest values in the southwestern part of Norway. Time series analysis of annual mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphate (SO4 −−) in air, non marine SO4 −−, nitrate (NO3 −) and ammonium (NH4 +) in precipitation, shows a significant reduction in the S concentrations both in air and precipitation. In precipitation the concentrations are reduced by 30–45 percent in Southern Norway and 45–55 percent in Central and Northern Norway. Even larger reductions are observed in air concentrations with 50–65 percent reduction in Southern Norway and 65–88 percent reduction further north. For N components there are generally no significant trends in concentration levels nor in precipitation or air. The observed trends are comparable with reported trends in emission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476898
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil sensitivity due to acid and heavy metal deposition in East Central Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 737-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; heavy metals ; cadmium ; soil contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous soil acidification and deposition of heavy metals is a major concern for forest and agricultural soils of the Black Triangle region of East Central Europe including southern former East Germany, northern Bohemia of the Czech Republic, and southern Poland. The objective of this project was to develop historical and future projections of acid and heavy metal deposition to soils (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) and to produce a preliminary map of soil sensitivity to cadmium pollution and uptake by crops. Ultimately, we wish to assess the relative hazard and recovery times of soils to metals deposition in the region. Emission and deposition data bases obtained from several models developed at IIASA were linked using the Geographical Information System ARC/INFO to produce soil maps of sensitivity to cadmium mobility based on metals deposition, soil type, soil texture, organic matter content, and acid deposition. RAINS 6.1 (Alcamo et al., 1990) was utilized to produce maps of acid deposition for EMEP grids (150 km x 150 km). The largest amount of acid load is deposited in southern East Germany. Sulfur deposition in that area was 10–12 gS/m2/yr in 1990, and S+N deposition exceeded 8000 eq/ha/yr. But the “hot spot” for metals deposition is further to the east, in the Silesia area of southern Poland. The TRACE2 trajectory model of Alcamo, Bartnicki, and Olendrzynski (1992) was used to estimate cumulative metals deposition since 1955 with scenarios to 2010. Pb has improved over Europe since 1970 when depositions in the Ruhr River Valley of West Germany exceeded 60 mg/m2/yr. But cadmium deposition in southern Poland (Katowice and Krakow) has now accumulated to 60–70 mg/m2 by atmospheric deposition alone. During base case simulations from 1955–87, approximately 1.8 mg/kg Pb and 0.12 mg/kg Cd have been added to the mixed plow-layer of ∼30 cm. If these emissions continue indefinitely, the accumulation of metals will become problematic for agriculture and the food chain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476917
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Implications of natural acidification for mitigation strategies in northern Sweden (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 499-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Surface water ; water chemistry ; DOC ; liming ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Northern Sweden has been regarded as unaffected by acid deposition, but many surface waters in the region fall within the definition of acid surface water (pH 〈 6.0, alkalinity 〈 50 mmolc m−3) permanently or during episodes. Approximatly 100 MSEK in spent annually on liming in northern Sweden. This paper summarizes our conclusions from a workshop on natural versus anthopogenic acidification held in February 1995. It was shown that organic substances have a key role in determining the acidity of surface waters in the region, although anthropogenic effects are documented in some coastal systems and in the southern mountain range. Sulfide oxidation occurs by the coast. It appears clear that many surface waters that were naturally acidic have been limed to unnatural pH levels. New criteria to screen liming candidates should be developed, and one such model based on water chemistry data is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476878
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Concentrations and depositions of SO2, SO4 2− etc. in a Chongqing suburban forested area (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1299-1304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: forest decline ; SO2 ; sulfate ; tandem filter ; throughfall ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract During the period from 25 May 1991 to 30 May 1992 the atmospheric concentrations and depositions of oxides of sulfur were continuously measured in a suburban masson pine forest which is currently experiencing severe dieback, in Chongqing, China. The annual mean concentrations of SO2 and particulate SO4 2− were 220 μ g/m3 (77 ppbv) and 32 μ g/m3 respectively. The atmospheric concentrations of these sulfur compounds were high in late autumn and winter. The annual wet and dry depositions of sulfur to the forest as measured by throughfall and stemflow were 93.1 and 46.6 kgSha−1a−1 respectively. These depositions are among the highest level ever reported in the world. Althogh the cause of the dieback of the masson pine trees has not been unequivocally determined, it is probable that the direct impact of SO2 is more likely the cause than acid deposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477161
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  • 16
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    Perch mercury content is related to acidity and color of 26 Russian lakes (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 823-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; lake chemistry ; biomagnification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We determined mercury in fish (perch Perca fluviatilis) from 26 Russian lakes in three regions over four years. The lakes ranged in size from 2 to 395,000 ha, in pH from 4.5 to 10.0, and in color from 3 to 190 hazen. Sixteen lakes were drainage lakes, with permanent outlets, and 10 were seepage lakes, with no permanent inlets or outlets. The lakes were generally located in forested regions with little or no human habitation in the watershed. The three regions were geologically distinct: Precambrian Shield granitic bedrock covered with thin soil; Triassic bedrock covered with thick glacial tills; and Triassic bedrock covered with thin sediments. At each lake water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, add neutralizing capacity (ANC), major cations, and anions. Dissolved mercury species were estimated with a thermodynamic equilibrium model (MINTEQA2). Mercury content of dorsal muscle varied from 0.04 to 1.0 μg/g wet weight, and was linearly related to calculated HgCH3Cl (r20.68, p〈0.001). Lake HgCH3Cl, in turn, was related to lake pH (r2=0.86, p〈0.001). Stepwise multiple regression selected lake HgCH3Cl and color as the factors most highly related to fish mercury content, with the model accounting for 75% of the variation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476931
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  • 17
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    Indirect effects of N and S deposition on a Norway spruce ecosystem. An update of findings within the Skogaby project (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1613-1622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Deposition ; ecosystem ; nitrogen ; Norway spruce ; nutrient cycling ; production ; root function ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we try to interpret results from different investigations where an ecosystem with Norway spruce was manipulated with increased N and S deposition via the soil system. The site, in Skogaby in Southwest Sweden, had 1989–93 an annual deposition of 9 kg NH4-N; 7 kg NO3-N and 20 kg SO4-S ha−1. The stand was treated during 6 years with 100 kg N and 114 kg S ha− y−1 in the form of ammonium sulphate (NS treatment). The stand reacted with increased above ground production of 31% after 3 years of treatment. The uptake above ground of N was 155 kg ha−1 higher than in the control. Those trends were even stronger after 6 years of treatment. There were no decreases in the uptake of P, K, Ca or Mg (but for B) after 3 or 6 years of NS-treatment. Needle macro nutrient concentrations in relation to N decreased for several nutrients due to dilution effects. As result of the NS treatment pH increased markedly in the litter layer, and less, but significantly, in the humus layer. A decrease in pH value by about 0.3 units was found in the rest of the soil profile down to 50 cm. Dry mass of needle litter fall and litter layer both increased as a result of 6 years of NS-treatment. After three years of treatment 77–80% of all living fine roots in both control and NS treatment were found in the humus layer and the upper 10 cm of the mineral soil. The amount of living fine roots in the humus layer of NS-treated trees decreased to about one third of the control, and the amount of dead fine roots increased by 150% compared with untreated trees after 6 years of treatment. It is argued that the decreased amount of living and increased amount of dead fine roots not necessarily are indications of decreased root vitality. It can also be explained by increased root turnover rate and decreased decomposition rates of N rich new and old fine root litter. No inorganic N was leached from the control plots whereas the NS treated plots started to leach NO3 the second year of treatment. During 1989–1993 a total of 44 kg NO3-N and 30 kg NH4-N per ha was lost from the system which means that 88% of the N supplied was retained by the ecosystem. At first SO4 was adsorbed in the soil, but after five years of treatment the output was almost equal to the input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477211
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  • 18
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    Development and application of a reactive plume model for mercury emissions (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 325-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Atmospheric chemistry ; mercury ; plume model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A reactive plume model that includes atmospheric chemical reactions of mercury was developed. The model simulates advective transport with the mean wind flow; horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion; gas phase; aqueous-phase and particulate chemistry; cloud microphysics; wet deposition and dry deposition. The model was applied to the simulation of clear sky, non-precipitating cloud and precipitating cloud scenarios. No significant mercury chemistry occurs in the absence of droplets. In clouds, Hg(II) is reduced to Hg(0) with more reduction taking place in precipitating clouds than in non-precipitating clouds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189682
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  • 19
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    Denuder-based techniques for sampling, separation and analysis of gaseous and participate mercury in air (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 1209-1216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: gaseous ; particulate ; mercury ; sampling ; silver ; gold ; denuder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A denuder-based method for sampling and separating gaseous and participate mercury in the air is described. Two different denuder configurations developed in Vilnius, Lithuania (silver) and in Gothenburg, Sweden (gold) are compared. Data were acquired at different sampling locations around the cities of Vilnius and Gothenburg. The concentration of particulate Hg was found to be 0.04 to 0.40 ng m−3 in the Vilnius region, and 0.11 to 0.57 ng m−3 in the Gothenburg region. Intel-calibration results for the silver and gold denuders are presented. The results obtained by the two different denuder configurations and sampling set-ups display satisfactory agreement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189784
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    Acid deposition: Perspectives in time and space (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acid deposition ; global change ; Asia ; fertilizer ; nitrogen ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Most acid-deposition investigations have been concerned with the impact of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions on Europe and North America. This paper examines three issues beyond this central focus. Major conclusions are 1) ammonia (NH3) emissions and subsequent nitrogen (N) accumulation in terrestrial ecosystems have the potential to generate significant acidification in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; 2) sulfur (S) and N accumulation in environmental reservoirs will not only result in significant and extensive acidification but will also impact the earth's radiation balance, tropospheric oxidizing capacity, ecosystem nutrient balance and groundwater quality; and 3) future emissions will substantially increase in the developing world, especially in Asia. By 2020, Asian emissions of SO2, NOx and NH3 will be equal to or greater than the combined emissions from Europe and North America.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483685
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    Soil changes induced by air pollutant deposition and their implication for forests in central Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 63-76 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Forest damage ; soil acidity ; N-saturation ; acid deposition ; root growth ; drought
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A survey of leaf and needle losses of European forests in 1993 revealed that 23% of the total forested area had defoliation of more than 25%. The focus of this defoliation is in Central Europe, namely in Poland, Slowakia, Czech Republic, and Germany. The annual surveys of leaf losses and discoloration indicated only small changes during the last years for the coniferous forests in Germany. However, the increasing leaf losses of oak and beech during the last years were alarming. Evaluating the potential relation between air pollutant deposition, soil changes and forest damage, we focus here on the recent changes in deposition and soil conditions, and their implication on tree root development and drought susceptability of trees. While deposition of SO4 2−, H+ and Ca2+ in many Central European forests decreased in the last decade, input of NH4 + and NO3 − remained high or even increased. The H+ load of many forest soils today is thus still high compared to weathering rates, but the proportion of the H+ load resulting from turnover of deposited N has increased. Recent effects of changing depositions on acid forest soils were: depletion of soil Al-pools, release of formerly stored soil SO4 2−, accumulation of N in soil organic matter, increasing N availability to trees and decreasing concentration of Ca2+ in the soil solution. We hypothesise that soil acidification and increased N availability will decrease the fine root biomass of trees and shift the rooting zone to upper soil layers. Increased above ground growth, observed in many areas of Europe, will furthermore decrease the root/shoot ratio. This development will finally cause increased drought susceptability of trees and is thus of destabilizing nature. The proposed chain of events might be overlapped by other effects of air pollutants on forest ecosystems, namely direct effects of gases on leaves, nutritional inbalances, and interactions with pests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483689
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    Global forest systems: An uncertain response to atmospheric pollutants and global climate change? (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 101-110 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: carbon ; nitrogen ; sulfur ; biogeochemistry ; mitigation ; global change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Forest systems cover more than 4.1×109 ha of the Earth's land area. The future response and feedbacks of forest systems to atmospheric pollutants and projected climate change may be significant. Boreal, temperate and tropical forest systems play a prominent role in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) biogeochemical cycles at regional and global scales. The timing and magnitude of future changes in forest systems will depend on environmental factors such as a changing global climate, an accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere, and increase global mineralization of nutrients such as N and S. The interactive effects of all these factors on the world's forest regions are complex and not intuitively obvious and are likely to differ among geographic regions. Although the potential effects of some atmospheric pollutants on forest systems have been observed or simulated, large uncertainty exists in our ability to project future forest distribution, composition and productivity under transient or nontransient global climate change scenarios. The potential to manage and adapt forests to future global environmental conditions varies widely among nations. Mitigation practices, such as liming or fertilization to ameliorate excess NOx or SOx or forest management to sequester CO2 are now being applied in selected nations worldwide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483692
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    Establishing an acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 273-278 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; expert meetings ; monitoring guidelines ; monitoring network ; East Asia ; Environment Agency of Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acid deposition is widely recognized as one of the most serious international atmospheric pollution problems. East Asian countries are currently experiencing acid deposition and have only recently begun expanding domestic research and monitoring activities. However, acid deposition is not only a domestic but also a transboundary problem. In addressing the transboundary aspect, cooperative and collaborative action will be essential. The Environment Agency of Japan is advocating the need to establish an acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia. Therefore, it is sponsoring three “Expert Meetings on Acid Precipitation Monitoring Network in East Asia” between 1993 and 1995. The meetings are attended by both scientific researchers and government officials from numerous East Asian countries. At the administrative and scientific discussions of the first two meetings a consensus on the desirability of establishing a monitoring network in East Asia was obtained and a preliminary technical guideline manual for monitoring acid deposition was adopted. By the end of the third meeting it is hoped that a basic consensus can be reached on a framework for an East Asian acid deposition monitoring network. It is essential to establish such a network in order to evaluate the present state of acid deposition in the region and to reach a common scientific understanding on the acid deposition problem. This is a vital step toward promoting international cooperation on the issue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483707
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    Integrated assessment models as a basis for air pollution negotiations (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 249-260 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; integrated assessment ; modeling ; protocols
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract During the last decade the issue of integrated assessment has received attention both in the scientific literature and in the negotiation of international air pollution agreements. More than often this literature does not differentiate between the integrated assessment as a process and the development and use of models as a tool for calculating the potentials of various scenarios. This paper describes the difference between the process and the tool, and illustrates this using the negotiations leading to the Second Sulfur Protocol (June 1994, Oslo). The situation in Europe (with a highly visible interaction between science and policy) will be compared with the United States (where new legislation was passed before the integrated assessment was finished). Further, the role of integrated assessment models in these negotiations will be discussed with special attention for the interaction between model builders and model users. Lessons from the recent European experience will be drawn. These include lessons for future protocols on acidification, and combined ozone/acidification/eutrophicationprotocols. These lessons will deal with the scale of the problem, the scope of the integrated assessment models, the development of models in parallel with scientific development and the various modes of interaction with the policy community.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483705
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    Nutrient balance in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest. 2. Effects of plant growth and N-deposition on soil solution and leachate chemistry in a lysimeter experiment (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1149-1154 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: forest soil ; leaching ; lysimeter ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Three years of N application to a Cambic arenosol (Typic Udorthent) in two lysimeter series, one with and one without young saplings of Pinus sylvestris L. have produced significant changes in soil solution and leachate chemistry. An application of 30 kg N/ha*yr−1 significantly increased NO3 − leaching from the soil. This N load was also sufficient to significantly increase the mobility of the phyto-toxic elements Al3+ and Mn2+, likewise to increase leaching of the important plant nutrients Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+. At a N load of 90 kg N/ha*yr−1 significant increase in NH4 + leaching was observed, but total leaching of NH4 + was still very low compared to NO3 − leaching. No significant treatment effects were found for SO4 2−, Fe2+ and Cl− in the leachate. Trees grown in the lysimeters buffered the acidifying effect of N application and increased the leachate pH by 0.2 pH units compared to lysimeters without trees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477136
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    Effects of nitrogen load to the forest floor in sitka spruce stands (Picea sitchensis) as affected by difference in deposition and spruce aphid infestations (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1173-1178 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sitka spruce ; nitrogen ; deposition ; leaching ; proton production ; green spruce aphid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Studies of biogeochemical cycling and soil acidification have been carried out in even aged stands of Norway spruce, sitka spruce, Douglas fir, beech and oak under the frame of “The Element Cycling Project”. Deposition of excess nitrogen to forests is important as a potential acidifying input. In Denmark, reduced vitality in Norway spruce has promoted extensive planting of sitka spruce. However, several spruce aphid infestations have caused defoliation in many sitka spruce stands. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of deposition and increased litterfall due to spruce aphid infestations on nitrogen transformations in the forest floor in sitka spruce stands on different soil types. The deposition of throughfall nitrogen range from 19 to 35 kg/ha/year. Fluxes of nitrogen in litterfall ranged from 21 to 77 kg/ha/year, whereas nitrogen leaching range from 1 to 57 kg/ha/year. Leaching was lowest at the infertile sites, but increased with magnitude of deposition and aphid infestations. Proton production according to the nitrogen transformations was largest at the fertile site most often affected by infestations. Huge amounts of bird droppings, honey dew and input of easily available nutrients by canopy leaching probably induced litter decomposition and formation of NO 3 − in the soil water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477140
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    Elevational trends in the fluxes of sulphur and nitrogen in throughfall in the Southern Appalachian Mountains: Some surprising results (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2265-2270 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; high elevation forests ; foliar uptake ; cloudwater ; nitrogen ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract From 1986–1989, a team of scientists measured atmospheric concentrations and fluxes in precipitation and throughfall, and modeled dry and cloudwater deposition in a spruce-fir forest of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park which is located in the Southern Appalachian Region of the United States. The work was part of the Integrated Forest Study (IFS) conducted at 12 forests in N. America and Europe. The spruce-fir forest at 1740 m consistently received the highest total deposition rates (∼2200, 1200, and 700 eq ha−1 yr−1 for SO4 2−, NO3 −, and NH4 +). During the summers of 1989 and 1990 we used multiple samplers to measure hydrologie, SO4 2−, and NO3 − fluxes in rain and throughfall events beneath spruce forests above (1940 m) and below (1720 m) cloud base. Throughfall was used to estimate total deposition using relationships determined during the IFS. Although the SO4 2− fluxes increased with elevation by a factor of ∼2 due to higher cloudwater interception at 1940 m, the NO3 − fluxes decreased with elevation by ∼30%. To investigate further, we began year round measurements of fluxes of all major ions in throughfall below spruce-fir forests at 1740 m and at 1920 m in 1993–1994. The fluxes of most ions showed a 10–50% increase with elevation due to the ∼70 cm yr−1 cloudwater input at 1920 m. However, total inorganic nitrogen exhibited a 40% lower flux in throughfall at 1920 m than at 1740 m suggesting either higher dry deposition to trees at 1740 m or much higher canopy uptake of nitrogen by trees at 1920 m. Differential canopy absorption of N by trees at different elevations would have significant consequences for the use of throughfall N fluxes to estimate deposition. We used artificial trees to understand the foliar interactions of N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186171
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    Sulphur and nitrogen input to the Ratanica forested catchment (Carpathian Foothills, southern Poland) (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1765-1770 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nitrogen ; sulphur ; input ; forested catchment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The study covers 1991–1994 concentrations of SO2 and NO2 in the air, concentrations of sulphur and nitrogen in bulk precipitation, throughfall and stemflow as well as input of S and N to the Ratanica forested catchment (S. Poland), which is exposed to moderate anthropogenic pollution are presented. There was high input of sulphur (26 kg ha−1) and nitrogen (24 kg ha−1) to the catchment, mainly in NH4+ (18 kg ha−1). The significant contribution of NH4 + connected with intensive agriculture in surrounding fields has led to eutrophication of the ecosystem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477235
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    Can forest-soil liming mitigate acidification of surface waters in Sweden? (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1855-1860 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; acid deposition ; liming ; forest soil ; surface waters ; aluminum ; alkalinity ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acidification of surface waters and forest soils is severe in large parts of southern Sweden. The shallow groundwaters are also affected. Large scale liming of surface waters and streams is in operation, often combined with wetland liming to limit the effects of acid episodes, e.g. at snow melt. Acid episodes are perhaps the most severe problem in limed surface waters and in many as yet well buffered waters, because of temperature-layered acid inflow, often superficial. As a result of some investigations, a large scale forest liming programme covering 6.500–10.000 km2 was recently suggested. The main objectives of this forest liming programme are to retard cation depletion and to prevent nutrient imbalance and forest decline in acidified areas. This paper deals with the effects of forest soil liming on streams and surface waters. The response of water chemistry is very dependent on hydrological and soil properties. Although pH itself may be little affected by liming, the acidity (or negative ANC) decreases, inorganic Al-species decrease and the Al/BC-ratio increases in the runoff water. Especially interesting is that this is also true during acid episodes. This means that toxicity for acid sensitive biota decreases. These results indicate that large scale liming may have beneficial effects on surface water chemistry. Furthermore, as surface waters are expected to respond to smaller decreases in acid deposition than do forests soils, forest soil liming may allow less frequent liming of lakes. Consequently, forest soil liming in combination with the anticipated emission reductions may have very beneficial results on surface waters in certain areas of Sweden.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477250
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    Biogeochemistry of a forested watershed in the central Adirondack Mountains: Temporal changes and mass balances (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 88 (1996), S. 355-369 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; ecosystem ; hydrology ; nitrogen ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Information on atmospheric inputs, water chemistry and hydrology were combined to evaluate elemental mass balances and assess temporal changes in elemental transport from 1983 through 1992 for the Arbutus Lake watershed. This watershed is located within a northern hardwood ecosystem at the Huntington Forest within the central Adirondack Mountains of New York (USA). Changes in water chemistry, including increasing NO3 − concentrations (1.1 μmol c , L−1 yr-1), have been detected during this study period. Starting in 1991 hydrological flow has been measured from Arbutus Lake and these measurements were compared with predicted flow using the BROOK2 hydrological simulation model. The model adequately (r2=0.79) simulated flow from this catchment and was used to estimate drainage for earlier periods when direct hydrological measurements were not available. Modeled drainage water losses coupled with estimates of wet and dry atmospheric deposition were used to calculate solute budgets. Export of SO4 2− (831 mol c ha−1 yr−1) from the greater Arbutus Lake watershed exceeded estimates of atmospheric deposition in an adjacent hardwood stand suggesting an additional source of S. These large drainage losses of SO4 2− also contributed to the drainage fluxes of basic cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+). Most of the atmospheric inputs of inorganic N were retained (average of 74% of wet precipitation and 85% total deposition) in the watershed. There were differences among years (56 to 228 mol ha−1 yr−1) in drainage water losses of N with greatest losses occurring during a warm, wet period (1989–1991).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294111
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    The acid buffer capacity of some finnish forest soils: Results of acid addition laboratory experiments (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 147-157 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Neutralization ; acid deposition ; organic matter ; cation exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Batch acid addition experiments were carried out to determine the acid buffer capacities (amount of acid required to lower soil pH by one unit) of forest soils. Samples of O, E, B (or BC), and C horizons taken from 29 podzolic profiles in southern Finland were used in the experiments. Subsamples of soil were equilibrated for 24 h with NaCl solution containing additions of HCl acid. Cation exchange, mineral dissolution (weathering), and the protonation of organic matter all appeared to have been involved in the buffering of the acid additions. For the O horizon samples, most of the cations released in response to the acid additions were base cations. For the mineral soil samples, most of the cations released were Al3+ ions. With the exception of a few samples, the added acid was not fully neutralised and pH was lowered even with the lowest addition treatment. However, the acid addition treatments corresponded to many times the regional annual acid deposition load (1.6–2.0 cmol(c) m−2). Calculated acid buffer capacities (cmol(c) kg−1 pH−1) ranged from 9.8 to 40.8 for O horizon soil samples and from 0.1 (C horizon) to 5.2 (E horizon) for the mineral soil samples. Total acid buffer capacities for a profile (to a depth of 50 cm) ranged from 500 to 2349, with a mean value of 1091 cmol(c) m−2 pH−1. It is concluded that, in addition to CEC and base saturation, acid buffer capacity is a useful measure to describe the ecological effects of acid deposition on soil.
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    Chemical characteristics of leachate from pulp and paper mill residuals used to reclaim a sandy soil (1996)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 167-187 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pulp and paper mill sludge ; nitrogen ; DOC ; heavy metals ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Primary sludge, secondary sludge, and wood ash from a pulp and paper mill were combined with sand to create a synthetic topsoil (C:N ratio of 18:1) to restore an abandoned gravel pit. Synthetic topsoil was applied to field microcosms at rates equivalent to 0, 2170, 4341, or 6511 kg N/ha; each was seeded with grass. Fifteen chemical constituents in leachate were measured during two field seasons. Cadmium, Ni and Zn were mobilized rapidly by soil disturbance. Chloride and SO4-S eluted rapidly from the sludge along with Na. Nitrate leached with Ca late in each field season when sludge N-mineralization and nitrification exceeded plant uptake and microbial immobilization. Ammonium elution was negligible. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was mobilized by decomposition of organic matter in the sludge, as were Mg and K. Copper eluted with DOC, probably as an organic ligand. Lead and ortho-P were below our detection limits. We concluded that a synthetic topsoil with a 30:1 C:N ratio applied at a rate of 2100-4300 kg N/ha should provide adequate plant nutrition while minimizing water quality hazards.
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    Mercury concentrations in forest trees from Slovakia (1996)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 267-275 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; forest trees ; biomonitors ; contaminants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of mercury has been determined in assimilation organs of forest trees from 10 main industrial regions of Slovakia, four mountain forests and one military area and compared with concentration of mercury from 1356 permanent monitoring plots of Slovakia. The mercury concentration ranges for 2 yr old needles of Picea abies Karst. were (in mg kg−1): 1.249–4.402 (Rudnany iron ore mines), 0.013–0.749 (nine other industrial regions), 0.021–0.737 (four mountain forests) and 0.053–0.538 (military area). The mercury content in the soil (0–5 cm) from a mercury smelting plant ranged from 9.9 to 130 mg kg−1, and the moss Pleurozium schreberi contained 3.8–9.1 mg kg−1. The values obtained were compared with the available literature data.
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    MODELLING LEACHING OF INORGANIC Hg(II) IN A SCANDINAVIAN IRON-HUMUS PODZOL - VALIDATION AND LONG-TERM LEACHING UNDER VARIOUS DEPOSITION RATES (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 301-320 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; batch experiment ; Freundlich isotherm ; lysimeter experiment ; mercury ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Increasing mercury contents are reported from freshwater systems and fish in northern Europe and North America. Mercury input from soils is a major source with the leaching being affected by increased atmospheric mercury deposition compared to pre-industrial times and by other environmental conditions such as acid rain. The results of a mathematical model-calculation of vertical inorganic Hg(II) leaching in a Scandinavian iron-humus podzol under different atmospheric input rates of mercury are presented. Leaching under background rain conditions was calculated to be considerably stronger than under acid rain conditions. Increasing fractions of deposited soluble or solute atmospheric mercury were leached from the O f(h)-horizon with decreasing soil content of soluble mercury under acid rain conditions; this effect was less pronounced under background rain conditions. The steady state concentrations of soluble mercury of the upper soil horizons were calculated and compared with the actual concentrations of total (= soluble + insoluble mercury) and extractable (= estimate of soluble) mercury measured in these horizons. The results indicate that even if the deposition of airborne mercury to soil is strongly reduced, the total mercury content of the soil decreases only slowly. It may take decades or even centuries before a new steady state concentration of total mercury is established in the soil. The decrease of the mercury concentration in the O f(h)-horizon is probably largely dependent on the turnover of organic matter, binding most of the deposited airborne mercury in an insoluble form. Hence, present day mercury leaching is likely to be dominated by mercury deposited during former times and temporarily retained in an insoluble form in the organic matter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026476921969
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    The role of humic substances in the aqueous mobilization of mercury from contaminated floodplain soils (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 507-520 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; foodplains ; humic substances ; complexation ; speciation ; mobilization ; risk assessment ; water solubility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The water-mobilizability of mercury from contaminated floodplain soils of the river Elbe in Northern Germany was evaluated by batch extraction experiments. It was shown that only a small amount of the total mercury present (about 1% per extraction) can be mobilized by water. This mercury is transported entirely in the form of a complex bound to humic acids (HA); particulates and fulvic acids (FA) did not seem to contribute to the process. It could not be removed from the HA even at pH 1, indicating an extremely strong complexation e.g. by sulfur-containing ligands. Furthermore, the influence of pH on the mobilization was investigated. It was found that in the range of natural pH-values, there was no observable effect of pH on the mobilization of either mercury or dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This surprising finding is explained by an unexpectedly high buffering capacity of the humics, both in the acidic and in the alkaline region. Only at extreme pH-values there was deviation from this behaviour. In contrast to other heavy metals, the amount of mobilized mercury decreases at pH 〈 3; and at pH 〉 12, an increased mobilization of mercury was observed because the humics are mobilized completely, accompanied by the total amount of mercury bound to them.
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    Global mercury pollution and the role of gold mining: An overview (1997)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 205-207 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; gold mining ; ecosystems ; methyl-Hg ; cycling ; global sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract As described by Jemelov and Ramel (1995), the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) sponsored an investigation of Hg in ecosystems with special emphasis on tropical regions. In these regions small-scale gold mining activities have occupied about 10 million people worldwide who use Hg for extracting gold.
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    Determination of atmospheric mercury during the North sea experiment (1997)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 257-263 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; atmosphere ; rainwater ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total gaseous mercury (TGM) and rainwater were collected on board of two research vessels (F. S. ALKOR and R.V. BELGICA) positioned 200 km apart in the center of the North Sea during the North Sea Experiment, September 1991. On the F. S. ALKOR (up-wind ship) TGM concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 2.6 ng·m−3 with an average of 1.5 ng m−3 and on the R. V. BELGICA (down-wind ship) TGM ranged from 0.7 to 1.9 ng·m−3 with an average of 1.2 ng·m−3. An average 20% decrease is observed from the up-wind to the down wind ship. which may largely be affected by entrainment into the free troposphere. An overall removal (entrainment) velocity of 0.95 cm·s−1 was calculated for the whole experiment. The average removal velocity was 0.5 cm·s−1 for dry periods and varied between 1 to 5 cm·s−1 during rain events. Rainwater concentrations varied between 5 and 25 ng·1−1. Based on these data an annual wet deposition flux of 1.08 ng Hg cm−2 yr1− was estimated for the North Sea.
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    Variations of Bed Surface Sediment Size in a Channel Bend (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: channel ; bend ; sediment ; size ; gradation ; sorting ; bed ; topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations of sediment size and its gradation of the bed surface layer in a channel bend with nonuniform sediment are investigated experimentally. Four groups of sediment with the same initial median diameter (D0) but different initial size gradation (σ0) have been used for experiments which were run until the equilibrium bed topography was achieved. Analyses of experimental data have yielded the following results: (1) The time of equilibrium for bed evolution decreases as σ0 increases; (2) the median size of sediment (D) for a given section in the bend increases with increasing distance from the inner bank towards the outer bank, and it also increases with increasing σ0; (3) the value of D/D0 along the inner bank decreases with increasing σ0, and it also shows a gradual decrease in the upper half of the bend and a slight recovery in the lower half; and (5) the transverse variation of σ value exhibits a general trend increasing from the inner bank towards the outer bank.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018372029704
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    Factors Regulating the Flux of Phosphate at the Sediment - Water Interface of a Subtropical Calcareous Lake: a Simulation Study with Intact Sediment Cores (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P flux ; microbial activity ; redox ; simulation ; Lake Kinneret ; sediment ; accumulative P release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different factors which interactively control the flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the sediment-water interface (SWI) of Lake Kinneret were studied seasonally. The influence of pH, Eh and microbial activity on SRP flux at the SWI was investigated by manipulating the conditions in the overlying water of intact sediment cores. The calculated diffusive SRP flux out of the sediment was lower in cores sampled during winter and spring than during the period of amixis. Potential SRP release, as measured in the absence of microbial activity, was strongly enhanced upon the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions indicating P release from iron(III)-bound phosphorus. In spring and summer cores, an enhanced SRP flux from sediments at pH 7 in comparison to pH 8 indicated P release from carbonate-bound P which sedimented previously as result of high pH values during the algal spring bloom. Microbial uptake at the SWI was the most important sink for SRP and no net-flux occured under oxic conditions. The higher net-flux of P under anoxic conditions was linked to carbon limitation of the bacteria at the SWI.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018335305539
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    Bottom sediments in a humic lake with artificially increased calcium content: sink or source for phosphorus? (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 457-464 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; phosphorus ; fractionation ; release ; humic lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lake Flosek (north-eastern part of Poland) is a small shallow and without outflow lake which has been limed in 1970. The concentration of Ca was increased from 3-4 mg L-1 to 17 mg L-1 in the water and from 0.2-0.3% dry weight to 0.9-1.7% dry weight in sediments (5 cm upper layer) due to CaCO3 addition to the lake. In the spring-summer seasons of 1992 and 1993, an experimental study was conducted in Lake Flosek to assess the capacity of bottom sediments to uptake and release mineral phosphorus. The rate of phosphorus exchange between sediments and near-bottom water was experimentally measured under conditions of high (100%), and of reduced (10%) oxygen saturation in near-bottom water. To determine the component of sediments responsible for the uptake of most phosphorus, the proportions of phosphorus forms in sediments were analysed. Sediments of Lake Flosek showed a slight tendency to release phosphates. The rate of this process was similar under high (100%) and low (10%) oxygen saturations ranging from - 0.161 to + 0.200 mg P m-2 d-1. This is much lower (by 1-2 orders of magnitude) than reported from other harmonic, non-humic lakes. In the total phosphorus pool, the highest content of phosphorus was found in the organic and residual phosphorus fractions (over 70% of the total phosphorus in sediments). The largest part of the readily extractable phosphorus was found in the fraction bound to Al and humic substances (41%). Both these fractions determine a weak exchange of phosphorus between sediments and water. No difference in P-release related to P-fraction compound was found in the cores taken from three sites in the lake.
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    Sediment Accumulation of Nutrients (N, P) in the Eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 477-486 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; organic matter ; cluster analysis ; Gulf of Finland ; estuaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m-2 a-1 of N and 1.7 g m-2 a-1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a-1 of N and 6 100 t a-1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.
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    Use of enrichment, and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper and nickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawing comparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels (contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas (enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed with reference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment was analyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments in relation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the water was also determined.
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    The effect of flocculation on the size distributions of bottom sediment in coastal inlets: Implications for contaminant transport (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 33-42 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; aggregation ; flocculation ; grain size ; sediment ; trace metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Grain size is the most basic of classification criteria for sediments. The size distribution of a given sediment records the physical transport processes involved in its formation. By using precise grain size analysis and the model of Kranck et al. (1996a,b), it is possible to break down a sediment into the three major components from which it was formed: material deposited as flocs, material deposited as single grains from suspension, and material carried under higher energy conditions. With this method, both the amount of material deposited in a flocculated state and the maximum size, or floc limit, of the particles composing the floc can be determined. Changes in floc limit indicate changes in the aggregation dynamics of the system. As most trace metals and many other contaminants associate closely with the fine particle fraction of sediments, it is important to determine both the areal distribution and reworking history of the floc settled portion of a sediment. This paper discusses the application of the method to coastal inlets in Atlantic Canada and examines the relationship between proportion of floc-settled material and trace metal concentrations. Disaggregated inorganic grain size distributions are also used to illustrate changes in the aggregation dynamics in areas of intense aquaculture.
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    TOTAL MERCURY AND METHYLMERCURY IN SEDIMENTS AND IN THE POLYCHAETE NEREIS DIVERSICOLOR AT GROOT BUITENSCHOOR (SCHELDT ESTUARY, BELGIUM) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 109-123 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation by N. diversicolor was significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg in N. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg in N. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p 〈 0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026434629599
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    WHOLE-CATCHMENT LIMING AT TJØNNSTROND, NORWAY: AN 11-YEAR RECORD (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 163-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; liming ; catchment ; lake ; water chemistry ; fish ; soil ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In June 1983 a whole-catchment liming experiment was conducted at Tjønnstrond, southernmost Norway, to test the utility of terrestrial liming as a technique to restore fish populations in remote lakes with short water-retention times. Tjønnstrond consists of 2 small ponds of 3.0 and 1.5 ha in area which drain a 25-ha catchment. The area is located at about 650–700 meters above sea-level in sparse and unproductive forests of spruce, pine and birch with abundant peatlands. A dose of 3 ton/ha of powdered limestone were spread by helicopter to the terrestrial area. No limestone was added to the ponds themselves. The ponds were subsequently stocked with brown and brook trout. Liming caused large and immediate changes in surface water chemistry; pH increased from 4.5 to 7.0, Ca increased from 40 to 200 μeq/L, ANC increased from –30 to +70 μeq/L, and reactive-Al decreased from about 10 to 3 μmol/L. During the subsequent 11 years the chemical composition of runoff has decreased gradually back towards the acidic pre-treatment situation. The major trends in concentrations of runoff Ca, ANC, pH, Al and NO3 in runoff are all well simulated by the acidification model MAGIC. Neither the measured data nor the MAGIC simulations indicate significant changes in any other major ion as a result of liming. The soils at Tjønnstrond in 1992 contained significantly higher amounts of exchangeable Ca relative to those at the untreated reference catchment Storgama. In 1992 about 75% of the added Ca remains in the soil as exchangeable Ca, 15% has been lost in runoff, and 10% is unaccounted for. The whole-catchment liming experiment at Tjønnstrond clearly demonstrates that this liming technique produces a long-term stable and favourable water quality for fish. Brown trout in both ponds in 1994 have good condition factors, which indicate that the fish are not stressed by marginal water quality due to re-acidification. The water quality is still adequate after 11 years and 〉20 water renewals. Concentrations of H+ and inorganic Al have gradually increased and approach levels toxic to trout, but the toxicity of these are offset by the continued elevated Ca concentrations. Reduced sulphate deposition during the last 4 years (1990–94) has also helped to slow and even reverse the rate of reacidification. The experiment at Tjønnstrond demonstrates that for this type of upland, remote terrain typical of large areas of southern Norway, terrestrial liming offers a suitable mitigation technique for treating acidified surface waters with short retention times.
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    Comparison of two reagents, sodium pyrophosphate and sodium hydroxide, in the extraction of labile metal organic complexes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 217-223 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selective leach ; organic ; humic ; fulvic ; analysis ; mercury ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The international reference lake sediment, LKSD-4, was used to compare Hg, organic C and Zn extracted from its ‘soluble organic’ phase by two commonly used reagents: 0.1 M Na4P2O7 solution at pH 10 and 0.5 M NaOH solution at pH 12. While recoveries of Hg and Zn by 0.1 M Na4P2O7 are not affected by changes in sample weight to reagent volume ratio (W/V) or contact time, those by NaOH show a marked dependency. In general, the NaOH leach extracts more organic C and Hg from LKSD-4 but less Zn. Over the range of conditions studied, the NaOH-based method extracted 4.7–9.8% C, 27–103 ng g−1 Hg and 19–69 μg g−1 Zn from LKSD-4, compared to 2.3–2.8% C, 17–24 ng g−1 Hg and 64–72 μg g−1 Zn by the Na4P2O7 leach. Clearly, different groups of organic substances are being dissolved by these two reagents and therefore a comparison of data from different laboratories becomes meaningless. This paper suggests that more research is needed into the exactNature of metal-organic associations extracted by selective leaches and into associated artifacts of extraction such as readsorption phenomena.
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    PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in lake orta (Northern Italy) sediments (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 245-254 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: PCB ; organochlorine pesticide ; sediment ; organic carbon content ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane and HCB) distribution were studied in Lake Orta sediments. The results indicated a contaminated area in the nor-them part of the sub-basin. The observed high levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) may he explained by the focusing phenomenon, ie. the preferential transport of lighter and smaller particles from the emission sources to this area. The PCBs and DDT values were correlated with the organic carbon content and the heavy metal contamination. The toxicity of the sediment samples was related also to PCB content. PCBs and OCs pollution of Lake Orta was of the same order of magnitude as in Lake Como, which is the most contamined lake in Northern Italy.
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    Benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon, nutrients and oxygen in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 305-314 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Adriatic Sea ; nutrients ; benthic fluxes ; carbon ; nitrogen ; silicon ; phosphorus ; budgets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Benthic fluxes of dissolved inorganic N, Si and P nutrients, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic C (DIC), and O2 from sediments in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic, Italy) were measured monthly in the period September 1995 – August 1996 using in situ incubated light benthic chambers. The highest efluxes of DIC, NH4 +, PO4 3−, Si(OH)4, and NO3 − influxes encountered in late summer — early autumn were the consequence of degradation of benthic microalgae, and in autumn mostly of sedimented phytoplankton. High NO3 − efflux was observed in spring. Only NH4 + and Si(OH)4 fluxes were significantly correlated with temperature. This correlation suggests that the rate of downward input and the quality and quantity of sedimentary organic matter (autochthonous and allochthonous) were superimposed on the temperature fluctuations. High DIC, NH4 + and Si(OH)4 effluxes observed in July 1996 were due to the late spring — early summer degradation of sedimentary organic matter produced by benthic microalgae, while the autumn phytoplankton bloom was quickly reflected in enhanced benthic fluxes due to higher temperature. Significant correlations between NH4 +, PO4 3− and Si(OH)4 fluxes suggested their parallel regeneration and utilization at the sediment-water interface. The nutrient fluxes were linked to O2 consumption, suggesting that aerobic oxidation processes were important at the sediment-water interface in the Gulf. The N, P and Si nutrients released from sediment pore waters are probably utilized in benthic microalgal and bottom-water primary production. This indicates that pelagic and benthic communities in the central part of the Gulf of Trieste function relatively independently of each other.
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    Monitoring nitrogen pollution from sugarcane runoff using15N analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 389-399 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; pollution ; runoff ; stable isotopes ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In many forested wetlands of Louisiana, surface water quality is being deteriorated by nutrient input from adjacent agricultural production area. This field study assesses the input of fertilizer N, applied to sugarcane fields, to forested wetlands. The potential use of natural abundance variations in15N/14N ratios for identification and tracing surface water N sources (NH 4 + - and NO 3 − -N) was evaluated. Runoff and surface water samples were collected from sugarcane fields and bordering forested wetlands (6 stations) over a 16 month period and analyzed for NH 4 + -N, NO 3 − -N, and associated NH 4 + -δ 15N and NO 3 − -δ 15N ratios. FertilizerN draining into adjacent forested wetland was estimated to be only a small fraction of the amount applied. Concentrations of NH 4 + - and NO 3 − -N in the collected water samples were low and ranged from 0.02 to 1.79 mg L−1. Isotopic analysis revealed NH 4 + -δ 15N and NO 3 − -δ 15N means were distinctive and may have the potential to be used as tracers of N contamination. The mean NH 4 + -δ 15N value was +18.6±7.1‰ and the NO 3 − -δ 15N mean was +8.3±3.1‰. Anomalously high NO 3 − -δ 15N values (〉30‰) were attributed to denitrification.
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    Assessing benthic impacts of organic enrichment from marine aquaculture (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 641-650 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish farms ; fecal waste ; sediment ; geochemistry ; metabolism ; macrofauna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Benthic observations were carried out at 22 stations in the Western Isles region of the Bay of Fundy on the east coast of Canada to evaluate impacts at salmon aquaculture sites. Eleven sites were located under salmon net-pens and 11 sites (reference or control locations) were at distances 〉 50 m from net-pens. Total S− and redox potential (Eh) in surface sediment and Benthic O2 uptake and CO2 release were sensitive indicators of benthic organic enrichment. High variability between replicate measurements of sediment gas exchange could reflect spatial patchiness in sedimentation of fecal waste and food pellets under fish pens. Biomass of deposit feeders was significantly increased at cage sites but total macrofauna biomass was similar at cage and reference locations. Surface sediment water content, modal grain size, pore water salinity and sulfate, and total biomass of macrofauna were the least sensitive indicators of enrichment.
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    Mercury dynamics in young Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) chicks from a polluted environment (1993)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 2 (1993), S. 33-40 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: mercury ; body distribution ; feather concentrations ; body burden ; tern chicks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We studied mercury concentrations and amounts in tissues of 19 starved young Common Tern chicks (median age 4 days) and in eggs from the same colony. Concentrations and burden were similar between eggs and newly hatched chicks. Mercury concentrations were highest in down, which contained at least 38% of the body mercury. The mercury burden of the whole body and of the tissues as well as the concentration in down increased with age and body mass, indicating the importance of down as an elimination pathway. Conversion ratios between mercury concentrations in tissues and the whole chick body varied according to the contamination level.
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    Allozymes Reflect the Population-Level Effect of Mercury: Simulations of the Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki Girard) GPI-2 Response (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; natural selection ; allozyme ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the differential tolerance between enzyme genotypes and shifts in allozyme frequencies in populations from contaminated habitats have prompted the use of allozymes as markers of population-level toxicant effects. However, such studies often do not consider other factors that influence allele frequencies, including natural clines, migration, the intensity and specificity of selection and toxicant-induced genetic bottlenecks. In addition, selection components other than survival are not included. Consequently, the associated conclusions remain speculative. To assess this approach rigorously, a simulation study was conducted with the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) GPI-2 locus. Laboratory studies have shown the GPI-238/38 homozygote at this locus to be less tolerant than other genotypes during acute exposure to mercury. The GPI-2100/100 genotype has also been shown to have a reproductive disadvantage at lower mercury concentrations. Simple and then more complex models were used to quantify the relative effects of viability selection, random genetic drift and migration on the GPI-238 allele frequency. Simulations were also performed to assess the contribution of sexual and fecundity selection. A simple population model suggested that viability selection plays a greater role than does mortality-driven, genetic drift in the decrease of the sensitive allele under the conditions of this study. A more complex, stochastic model indicated that no significant mortality-driven drift was taking place in this system. In both models, migration mitigated the effect of selection. Sexual and fecundity selection had little effect on the allele frequencies in these simulations. We conclude that, provided the system under study is clearly understood, shifts in allele frequency can indicate the population-level effects of pollutants.
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    Relation of Waterfowl Poisoning to Sediment Lead Concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin (2000)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 9 (2000), S. 207-218 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: lead ; waterfawl ; sediment ; toxicity ; mining ; risk assessment ; swans ; ALAD ; protoporphyrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For many years, waterfowl have been poisoned by lead after ingesting contaminated sediment in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, in Idaho. Results of studies on waterfowl experimentally fed this sediment were combined with results from field studies conducted in the Basin to relate sediment lead concentration to injury to waterfowl. The first step in the model estimated exposure as the relation of sediment lead concentration to blood lead concentration in mute swans (Cygnus olor), ingesting 22% sediment in a rice diet. That rate corresponded to the 90th percentile of sediment ingestion estimated from analyses of feces of tundra swans (Olor columbianus) in the Basin. Then, with additional laboratory studies on Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) fed the sediment, we developed the general relation of blood lead to injury in waterfowl. Injury was quantified by blood lead concentrations, ALAD (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) activity, protoporphyrin concentrations, hemoglobin concentrations, hepatic lead concentrations, and the prevalence of renal nuclear inclusion bodies. Putting the exposure and injury relations together provided a powerful tool for assessing hazards to wildlife in the Basin. The no effect concentration of sediment lead was estimated as 24 mg/kg and the lowest effect level as 530 mg/kg. By combining our exposure equation with data on blood lead concentrations measured in moribund tundra swans in the Basin, we estimated that some mortality would occur at a sediment lead concentration as low as 1800 mg/kg.
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    Sources, sinks, and fluxes of nutrients (N + P) in a small highly modified urban estuary in southern California (2000)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 4 (2000), S. 125-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; macroalgae ; estuary ; anthropogenic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Our objective was to begin to investigate sources, sinks, and flux rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in Famosa Slough, a small (12 ha) highly modified urban estuary in San Diego, California, U.S.A. The hydrology of Famosa Slough has been modified by culverts that dampen tidal influence and seasonal runoff from two urban watersheds, each of which has been implicated as a nutrient source that generates nuisance algal blooms. In 1995 and 1996, the ranges of nutrients measured in the water column were extremely wide; upper values exceeded those in other estuaries identified as eutrophic. Average dissolved inorganic nitrogen ranged from 2 to 250 μM, while dissolved inorganic phosphorus ranged from 〈1 to 15 μM. Nutrient content of the water changed rapidly both spatially and temporally depending on the tides and rainfall. While tidal water dominated this system, especially in the dry season, our results indicate that Famosa Slough's small watershed, not the larger watershed of the San Diego River, was the major source of nutrients during rainfall. Sediment nutrients were also high (∼3 mg N g dry wt−1 and 0.600 mg P g dry wt−1). Short-term flux studies suggest that the large accumulations of opportunistic green macroalgae commonly found in this estuary, and possibly the sediments, may act as a large and rapid sink for nutrients during times of high nutrient supply. We suggest that small, shallow estuaries in urban settings may have more complex and rapid nutrient dynamics than those found in larger systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011359311384
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    Soil loss and sediment transport during the storms and landslides of May 1988 in Ruhengeri prefecture, Rwanda (1992)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 5 (1992), S. 279-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Rwanda ; Ruhengeri Prefecture ; Zaire-Nile Divide ; landslides ; flooding ; sediment ; soil loss ; storm rainfall ; return intervals ; erosion control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In early May 1988, five prefectures in western Rwanda experienced catastrophic levels of precipitation, landslide, and flooding activity that resulted in a severe loss of life, property, and livelihood. Using data from runoff plot and hydrological monitoring stations of the Ruhengeri Resource Analysis and Management Project, the events and circumstances leading to these phenomena are reconstructed. These data show that mass wasting processes were preceded by more than 140 mm of precipitation during 4–7 May, which may have saturated local soils. A small earth tremor on 7 May, (Richter scale of 3) contributed to the onset of the catastrophic debris avalanche, torrent, and earthflow activity that commenced 24 h later. The more than 50 mm of precipitation that fell during 9 May, including a maximum 30 min intensity of 24 mm, resulted in continued surficial soil loss that averaged 34 t/ha on seven cropped, Wischmeier-type runoff plots with biological erosion control contours. The Nyamutera River, which drains the impacted area, delivered 567000 tons of suspended sediment to its mouth between 7 and 13 May. This corresponds to a basin-wide lowering of 12600 t/km2, or more than half of the basin's annual suspended sediment yield. Theoretical distributions of maximum 24 h precipitation events suggest that Nyakinama and other regions in Ruhengeri are particularly prone to similar high volume events, exacerbating an already serious soil loss problem throughout the prefecture. Because contemporary land use practices directly contributed to the severity of the 1988 event, further applied research that identifies technologies capable of reducing soil loss, augmenting soil fertility, and minimizing the impacts of high magnitude and high volume rainfall is greatly needed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00125232
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    The selectivity of a sequential extraction procedure for the determination of iron oxyhydroxides andiron sulfides in lake sediments (1991)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 14 (1991), S. 193-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: iron oxyhydroxide ; pyrite ; sediment ; sequential extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A popular sequential extraction procedure (Tessier et al. 1979) designed t o extract metals partitioned in various sediment phases, was evaluated for its selectivity. Amorphous FeOOH, FeS, and FeS2 were added separately to natural lake sediments and sequentially extracted. The selectivity of the sequential procedure for the added solid phases was evaluated by determining the difference in the mass of Fe extracted from treated and control sediments. In the experiments where sulfide minerals were added, total S was measured in the residual solids in order to confirm selectivity of the method. Concentrations of total carbon remaining in the solid phase after each extraction step were also measured to determine the selectivity of the sequential procedure for carbon. The procedure was moderately selective for Fe added as FeOOH; a mean of 77 ± 12% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added was extracted in the step designed to reduce Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. In experiments where FeS was added, a mean of 69 ± 11% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added as FeS was extracted in the fraction designed to oxidize sulfides and organic matter. Approximately 25% of the Fe added as FeS may have been extracted prematurely. Although less precise, total S analyses confirmed that much of the FeS was extracted in the oxidation step, yielding 104 ± 87% (p 〈 0.05) of the S added as FeS. The procedure was highly selective for FeS2; 92 ± 14% (p 〈 0.05) of the Fe added as pyrite was extracted in the sulfide extraction step. Extraction of 80 ± 54% (p 〈 0.05) of S added as pyrite confirmed that FeS2 were selectively extracted in the sulfide extraction step. Carbon in the sediments was also selectively extracted in the oxidation step (77 ± 2.4% of total C; p 〈 0.05). The applications and limitations of sequential extraction procedures as limnological research tools are discussed in light of our results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000807
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    Seasonal and spatial patterns of S, Ca, and N dynamics of a Northern Hardwood forest ecosystem (1992)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (1992), S. 165-189 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: calcium ; fine roots ; nitrogen ; northern hardwood ; nutrient dynamics ; seasonality ; soils ; sulfur ; vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal dynamics of S, Ca and N were examined at the Huntington Forest, a northern hardwood ecosystem in the central Adirondacks of New York for a period of 34 months (1985–1988). Solute concentrations and fluxes in bulk precipitation, throughfall (TF) and leachates from the forest floor, E horizon and B horizon were quantified. Both above and below-ground elemental fluxes mediated by vegetation (e.g. uptake, litter inputs, and fine roots production) were also determined. The roles of abiotic and biotic processes were ascertained based on both changes in solute concentrations through the strata of the ecosystem as well as differences between dormant and growing seasons. Concentrations of SO4 2−, NO3 −, NH4 + and Ca2+ were greater in TF than precipitation. Forest floor leachates had greater concentrations of SO4 2−, NO3 − + NH4 + and Ca2+ (9, 6 and 77 µeq L−1, respectively) than TF. There were differences in concentrations of ions in leachates from the forest floor between the dormant and growing seasons presumably due to vegetation uptake and microbial immobilization. Concentrations and fluxes of NO3 − and NH; were greatest in early spring followed by a rapid decline which coincided with a demand for N by vegetation in late spring. Vegetation uptake (44.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1 ) could account for the low leaching rates of N03 −. Within the mineral soil, changes with soil depth and the absence of seasonal patterns suggest that cation exchange (Ca+) or anion sorption (SO4 2−) are primarily responsible for regulating solute concentrations. The increase in SO4 2− concentration after leachates passed through the mineral soil may be attributed to desorption of sulfate that was adsorbed during an earlier period when SO4 2− concentrations would have been greater due to elevated S inputs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004040
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    Contrasting two methods for determining trace metal partitioning in oxidized lake sediments (1992)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (1992), S. 205-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: simultaneous extraction ; sediment ; trace metal partitioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simultaneous (SIM) sediment extraction procedure for low carbonate sediments, which partitions sediment-bound trace metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd) into easily reducible (associated with Mn oxides), reducible (associated with Fe oxides) and alkaline extracted (bound to organic) metal is presented. The SIM method was compared to the sequential (SEQ) extraction procedure of Tessier et al. (1979). Both methods showed good agreement for the partitioning of Zn and Cd among the easily reducible, reducible and organic components of sediment. Both methods also showed the same general distribution of Mn, Fe and Cu among the three sediment components, however concentrations of metals recovered by the two methods differed; less Mn and Fe and more Cu was recovered from sediments by the SEQ vs. the SIM procedure. Less recovery of Mn is in part attributed to the loss of this metal in the `in between' reagent rinses required in the SEQ procedure. Greater recovery of Cu by the SEQ vs. the SIM method may be due to the pretreatment of sediment with strong reducing agents prior to the step used for liberating organically bound metals. Advantages of a SIM over the SEQ include rapid sample processing time (i.e. the treatment of 40 samples per day vs. 40 samples in three days), plus minimal sample manipulation. Hence, for partitioning metals into easily reducible, reducible and organic sediment components in sediments low in carbonate, we recommend the use of a SIM extraction over that of a SEQ procedure.
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    Nitrogen mass balances and denitrification rates in central Ontario Lakes (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 20 (1993), S. 195-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: denitrification ; lake ; mass balance ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen mass balances for seven unproductive lakes and 20 forested catchments in central Ontario were measured between 1977 and 1989. Average annual lake denitrification rates calculated with the N/P ratio method were strongly correlated with summer anoxic factor (extent of surficial sediment anoxia) whereas denitrification rates calculated with a210Pb sediment N accumulation method were poorly correlated with the anoxic factor suggesting that the N/P method is superior. Substantial denitrification occurred in all lakes — an average of 36% of TN inputs or 75% of the net gain. On a regional area-weighted basis, 67% of bulk atmospheric TN deposition was stored or denitrified terrestrially, 12% was denitrified in lakes, 4% was stored in lake sediments, and 17% was exported from lakes. N/P ratios were generally less in streams than in precipitation suggesting preferential N retention in catchments, whereas the N/P ratios in lake outputs were slightly higher than lake input ratios, suggesting preferential P retention in lakes. This is consistent with the notion that P-limited lakes can exist adjacent to N-limited forests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000787
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    Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on phenanthrene biodegradation in four soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 43-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; phenanthrene ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phenanthrene mineralization rates were found to vary widely among four soils; differences in soil nutrient levels was one hypothesis to explain this variation. To test this hypothesis, phenanthrene mineralization rates were measured in these soils with, and without, added nitrogen and phosphorus. Mineralization rates either remained unchanged or were depressed by the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus. Phenanthrene degradation rates remained unchanged in the soil which had the highest indigenous levels of nitrogen and phosphorus and which showed the largest increase in phosphorus levels after nutrients were added. The soils in which degradation rates were depressed had lower initial phosphorus concentrations and showed much smaller or no measurable increase in phosphorus levels after nutrients were added to the soils. To understand the response of phenanthrene degradation rates to added nitrogen and phosphorus, it may be necessary to consider the bioavailability of added nutrients and nutrient induced changes in microbial metabolism and ecology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008359606545
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    Inorganic sulfur turnover in oligohaline estuarine sediments (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 22 (1993), S. 81-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: estuarine ; oligohaline ; sediment ; sulfate reduction ; sulfur ; sulfide oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic sulfur turnover was examined in oligohaline (salinity 〈 2 g kg-1) Chesapeake Bay sediments during the summer. Cores incubated for 〈 3 hr exhibited higher sulfate reduction (SR) rates (13–58 mmol m-2 d-1) than those incubated for 3–8 hr (3–8 mmol m-2 d-1). SR rates (determined with35SO 4 2- ) increased with depth over the top few cm to a maximum at 5 cm, just beneath the boundary between brown and black sediment. SR rates decreased below 5 cm, probably due to sulfate limitation (sulfate 〈 25 μM). Kinetic experiments yielded an apparent half-saturating sulfate concentration (Ks) of 34 μM, ≈ 20-fold lower than that determined for sediments from the mesohaline region of the estuary. Sulfate loss from water overlying intact cores, predicted on the basis of measured SR rates, was not observed over a 28-hr incubation period. Reduction of35SO 4 2- during diffusion experiments with intact core segments from 0–4 and 5–9 cm horizons was less than predicted by non-steady state diagenetic models based on35SO 4 2- reduction in whole core injection experiments. The results indicate that net sulfate flux into sediments was an order of magnitude lower than the gross sulfur turnover rate. Solid phase reduced inorganic sulfur concentrations were only 2–3 times less than those in sediments from the mesohaline region of the Bay, despite the fact that oligohaline bottom water sulfate concentrations were 10-fold lower. Our results demonstrate the potential for rapid SR in low salinity estuarine sediments, which are inhabited by sulfate-reducing bacteria with a high affinity for sulfate, and in which sulfide oxidation processes replenish the pore water sulfate pool on a time scale of hours.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002706
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    Nitrogen inputs to a marine embayment: the importance of groundwater (1990)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1990), S. 309-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: estuaries ; groundwater ; nitrogen ; nitrogen cycle ; nitrogen loading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We examined the importance of nitrogen inputs from groundwater and runoff in a small coastal marine cove on Cape Cod, MA, USA. We evaluated groundwater inputs by three different methods: a water budget, assuming discharge equals recharge; direct measurements of discharge using bell jars; and a budget of water and salt at the mouth of the Cove over several tidal cycles. The lowest estimates were obtained by using a water budget and the highest estimates were obtained using a budget of water and salt at the Cove mouth. Overall there was more than a five fold difference in the freshwater inputs calculated by using these methods. Nitrogen in groundwater appears to be largely derived from on site septic systems. Average nitrate concentrations were highest in the region where building density was greatest. Nitrate in groundwater appeared to behave conservatively in sandy sediments where groundwater flow rates were high (〉 11/m2/h), indicating that denitrification was not substantially reducing external nitrogen loading to the Cove. Nitrogen inputs from groundwater were approximately 300 mmol-N/m3/y of Cove water. Road runoff contributed an additional 60 mmol/m3/y. Total nitrogen inputs from groundwater and road runoff to this cove were similar in magnitude to river dominated estuaries in urbanized areas in the United States.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003150
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    The anthropic catchment-ecosystem concept: An Irish example (1985)
    Springer
    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 209-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: catchment-ecosystem ; nutrient-budget ; anthropogenic inputs ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; eutrophication ; agricultural policies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The catchment-ecosystem concept is adapted to investigate the nutrient-budget of the highly-modified Colebrooke drainage basin in Northern Ireland. Anthropogenic inputs, mainly manures and fertilizers, account for 86% of the nitrogen and 96% of the phosphorus added to the catchment. These inputs greatly exceed the streamflow outputs, thereby indicating that the flow of nutrients is dominated by agriculture. This is explained by the transformation of traditional mixed farming into more intensive livestock production and is linked to policies encouraging increased agricultural production, amalgamation of farms, afforestation, rural depopulation, and urbanization. Substantial increases in the Nand Poutput of the catchment and further eutrophication of the recipient lake, Lough Erne, are predicted without the implementation of policies to reduce agricultural nutrient losses.
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    Long term effects of enhanced nitrogen deposition on a lowland dry heath in southern Britain (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1701-1706 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nitrogen ; heathland ; Calluna vulgaris ; critical load ; growth ; litter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Experimental additions of ammonium sulphate to a nitrogen-poor dry heathland have been carried out since 1989. There are four nitrogen treatments: a control (receiving artificial rain only), a low treatment which receives an additional 7.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1, a high treatment receiving 15.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and an alternating treatment which receives either the control or the high nitrogen additions, in alternate years. The estimated background deposition at the study site is 13–18 kg N ha−1 yr−1, a value similar to the critical load that has been suggested for the conversion of lowland heath to grassland. Over the past 5 years there have been significant stimulations in shoot growth, flowering, canopy density and litter production. Flowering, in particular, strongly reflects nitrogen additions in the alternating treatment. Current models of the response of dry Calluna heathlaud to enhanced nitrogen deposition suggest that higher tissue nitrogen levels will occur and will be accompanied by heightened sensitivity to secondary stresses. This may in turn lead to canopy breakdown and replacement by grassland. The application of nitrogen at deposition rates only slightly in excess of the critical load over five years has produced small, non-significant increases in shoot nitrogen content. However, there is clear evidence of a large positive effect on shoot growth, flowering, litter production and canopy density of Calluna. The observation of these responses at the application rates used in this study supports the current proposals for critical loads of nitrogen for lowland heaths.
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    Reducing the contribution of ammonia to nitrogen deposition across Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1891-1896 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: emissions ; nitrogen ; ammonia ; agriculture ; integrated assessment modelling ; abatement strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract European emissions of reduced nitrogen, arising principally from agriculture, are comparable with those of oxidised nitrogen from mobile and stationary combustion sources. It is therefore important to include ammonia emissions in working towards a new protocol on nitrogen under the programme of the UN Economic Commission for Europe on the control of transboundary air pollution. However the nature of the sources and the subsequent atmospheric transport and chemistry are very different from other acidifying pollutants. This paper describes work in hand under the MARACCAS project to compare agricultural activities in different European countries and to assess the applicability and efficacy of potential abatement measures. The aim is to derive abatement costs for each country relating successive emission reductions to the costs of achieving them, to be used by the UN ECE Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling (TFIAM) — in particular with our Abatement Strategies Assessment Model, ASAM. The paper will also address the large uncertainties involved in integrated assessment modelling with respect to ammonia, and suggest how these may be allowed for in deriving cost-effective abatement strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186110
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    Critical loads of acidity and nitrogen, based on multiple criteria for different swedish ecosystems (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2375-2380 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Critical load ; acidity ; nitrogen ; Norway spruce ; Scots pine ; ground vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The critical loads of acidity and nitrogen has been mapped for Swedish forest soils, using data from the Swedish Forest Inventory. The Swedish critical load map used in negotiations has been based on a number of ecological receptors. For terrestrial ecosystems criteria based on no adverse effect on growth, soil stability and groundwater quality was used. For surface waters, stream and lake biology was used as indicators for setting limits to acidification. A reduction of 75% of the acidity deposition in relation to 1988 is required in order to protect 95% of the forest resource in Sweden from effects of soil acidification. A reduction of 50% of the nitrogen deposition is required to avoid exceedance in more than 5% of the area. The mapping work was carried out by using the PROFILE model.
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    The use of critical loads in emission reduction agreements in Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2381-2388 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical loads ; acid deposition ; emission reductions ; air pollution impacts ; ecosystem sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads have been used in the revision of the Sulphur Protocol of the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE). Critical loads, i.e. maximum allowable depositions which do not increase the probability of damage to forest soils and surface waters, have been computed and mapped for Europe by means of the Steady-state Mass Balance Method, using national data and, if national data were unavailable, using a European database. Results show that areas with low critical loads are located mostly in northern and central Europe. The reduction of the excess of sulfur (S) deposition over critical loads was a starting point for negotiations leading to the Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions (the “Second Sulphur Protocol”). The new protocol protects about 81%, 86% and 90% of the ecosystems' area in 2000, 2005 and 2010, respectively. In addition, the total European area in which sulphur deposition exceeds critical loads by more than 500 eq ha−1 yr−1 will be reduced from about 19% in 1980 to practically zero in 2010. Besides these results, a methodology is presented which allows the combined assessment of the acidifying effects of S and N as well as the eutrophying effects of N deposition on ecosystems (so-called critical load functions and the protection isolines derived from them). This methodology is well suited to integrate ecosystem sensitivities into future negotiations on the reductions of nitrogen (N) compounds, taking into account present or anticipated S emissions.
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    Calculation and mapping of critical loads of s, n and acidity on ecosystems of the Northern Asia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2395-2400 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical loads ; nitrogen ; sulphur ; northern Asia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of modified simple steady state mass-balance equations, the critical loads for nutrient and acidifying nitrogen as well as for sulphur and acidity have been calculated for various ecosystems of northern Asia using simplified expert-modelling GIS and grid cells 150×150 km. The minimal values of critical loads of nitrogen, CL(N), (〈50eq/ha/yr) were shown for arctic and subarctic ecosystems and the maximal ones (〉300eq/ha/yr) for ecosystems of chernozemic and chernozem-like soils in southern Siberia and the Far East. The minimal values of critical loads of sulphur, CL(S), as well as acidity were shown predominantly in the northern part of east Siberia and in the Kamchatka peninsula and the maximal ones for ecosystems having neutral and alcaline soils. The corresponding exceedances were indicated for many regions of the northern part of Asia with maximal values for regions of Ural mountains, frontery of Kazakhstan, Altai, lower Yenisei river flow, Far East, Sakhalin and South-Kurilean islands.
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    Assessment of critical loads in liuzhou, China using static and dynamic models (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2401-2406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical load ; acid deposition ; acidification model ; sulfur deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The project Comprehensive Control and Demonstration for Acid Deposition in Liuzbou area is a national key project in the 8th Five-year-plan, and the study on critical loads will provide scientific and quantitative accordance for formulating control strategy. In this paper, critical loads of acid deposition to soil in Lirzhou area, China, were calculated using the Steady State Mass Balance method (SMB and PROFILE) and dynamic modeling methods(MAGIC), based on data obtained from field investigations and physiochemical properties measured through experiments such as the organic content, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, sulfate adsorption capacity, gibbsite coefficient, biomass base cation uptake and selectivity coefficient for cations. Weathering rates necessary to calculate soil chemistry in applying SMB and MAGIC model were determined by computation with PROFILE using independent geophysical properties such as soil texture and mineralogy as the input data, or by the total soil base cation content correlation. The results have shown that the critical loads of acidity in this area are in the range of 0.7–6.0 keq ha−1 yr−1, indicating sulfur deposition should be cut down by 50–90 percent of the present level. The upper soil layer is the most sensitive. The maximum allowable deposition loading of this area is also presented in the paper.
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    Critical loads mapping in Poland: Lessons learned (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2547-2552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical loads ; acid deposition ; forest soils ; mapping ; mathematical modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Since 1990 the Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, acting as National Focal Center, is actively involved in an international research programme aimed at the calculation and mapping of critical loads of acidifying compounds. Following the methodological guidelines elaborated under the leadership of UN/ECE Task Force on Mapping and Coordination Center for Effects, national maps of critical loads and their exceedances for acidity, sulphur and nitrogen have been produced. These maps have already been utilized in derivation of European maps of critical loads of acidity and sulphur submitted to the UN/ECE LRTAP Convention as scientific input to the negotiations on the Second Sulphur Protocol. The lessons learned from the critical loads mapping exercise can be summarized as follow: the majority of Polish territory is covered with forest soils sensitive to acidification at an average Central European level; the exceedances of critical loads, estimated on the basis of national deposition data reveal the tune changes of ecological risks on the territory of Poland as a reflection of economic transition. The significant difference in the scale of those risks (measured by the percentage of the country territory with the maximum exceedances of critical loads) that appear in the period between 1987, representing the period of central planned economy and 1990, representing the early transition phase to a market economy, is particularly notable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186217
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    Uncertainty analysis of critical loads for terrestrial ecosystems in Russia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2559-2564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: uncertainty analysis ; computed critical loads ; nitrogen ; sulpher ; acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this study is to give a comprehensive and quantitative estimation of the uncertainty of computed in different scale nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) critical loads (CL) values for terrestrial ecosystems of the Northern Asia, European part and the North-Western regions of Russia. The CL values are used to set goals for future deposition rates of acidifying compounds so that the environment is protected. In this research CL values for terrestrial ecosystems are determined using the expert-modelling geoinformation system (EM GIS) approach. UNCSAM software package is used as the tool for uncertainty analysis. The analysis presented here focuses on the estimation and effect of the input source uncertainties and sensitivities on the CL values in various regions under study. In spite of the region, nitrogen uptake by vegetation, nitrogen leaching from terrestrial ecosystems and the difference between deposition and uptake by plants of base cations (BC) are the most influential factors for all terrestrial ecosystems of Russia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186219
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    Deriving critical loads for Asia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2565-2570 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; air pollution impacts ; critical loads ; integrated modeling ; ecosystem sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads have been computed and mapped in Southeast Asia, comprising China, Korea, Japan, The Philippines, Indo-China, Indonesia and the Indian subcontinent. The methodology involved the Steady-State Mass Balance (SSMB) method, originally developed for Europe. In contrast to Europe, where critical loads were computed for forest soils and surface waters, in Asia critical loads for 31 different vegetation types have been computed. Critical chemical limits as well as soil stability criteria were derived for each of these vegetation types, which include both natural and managed ecosystems. Results show that low critical loads in Asia occur in Bangla-Desh, Indo-China, Indonesia and the southern part of China. Uncertainties of the results are mainly due to uncertainties in base cation deposition. The critical loads are part of the impact module of the Asian version of the Regional Air pollution INformation and Simulation model (RAINS-Asia), a model used to assess abatement strategies for sulfur emissions which are rapidly increasing in this part of the world. The difference in the level of detail between European and Asian critical load maps enables different applications. In Europe, critical loads for sulphur were used in comparison to actual sulphur deposition with the aim of decreasing the excess of sulphur deposition over critical loads through optimal emission abatement. In Asia in general and China in particular the geographical distribution of critical loads of sensitive ecosystems, with some emphasis on crops, is likely to be used as a basis for future emission (re-)allocation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186220
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    Testing, improvement, and confirmation of a watershed model of acid-base chemistry (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2607-2612 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; model testing ; modeling ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Strategies to control the emission of atmospheric pollutants such as sulfur and nitrogen, are generally based in large part on projections using models that simulate the influence of sulfur and/or nitrogen deposition on the acid-base chemistry of surface waters. One of the principal models used throughout Europe and North America for such assessment is the Model of Acidification of Groundwater in Catchments (MAGIC). All watershed models are simplified representations of reality, and as such require careful testing to establish their veracity prior to use for making policy projections. This is particularly true where the use of these model projections has the potential for serious environmental or economic consequences. During the past five years, we have tested the MAGIC model in a large variety of settings and under quite varying environmental conditions. This work has included comparing model hindcast simulations with diatom-inferences of historical acidification, sensitivity analyses to examine the response of the model to alternative assumptions and formulations, and detailed testing of model forecasts by comparing simulated chemistry with the results of catchment-scale and plot-scale experimental acidification and deacidification. Our analyses have elucidated a number of potentially-important deficiencies in model structure and method of application. These have resulted in changes to the model and its calibration procedures. Our work has included in-depth evaluation of issues related to regional aggregation of soils data, background sulfur deposition, natural organic acidity, and aluminum mobilization. The result has been an improved and more thoroughly-tested version of MAGIC. The process we have followed to improve and confirm the MAGIC model has been iterative and time consuming. It required the availability of large volumes of data from experimental manipulation and paleolimnological studies. We believe that such model testing and confirmation efforts should be a critical prerequisite for regional or national assessment activities that are based largely on the results of environmental models.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186227
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    Changing public interest in, and awareness of, acid deposition: Some evidence from the UK (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2631-2636 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Public awareness ; public information ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract It is fundamental that the general public have access to usable environmental information on which they can base their decisions. Since 1984 the Atmospheric Research and Information Centre (ARIC) has operated a public information programme for the UK on the subject of acid deposition. The objective of the programme is to disseminate information on acid deposition without advocacy. ARIC provides enquirers with a broad range of authoritative and accurate facts and opinions from a wide range of parties from all sides of the debate. These sources include pressure groups, governmental bodies and industrialists from the UK and overseas. By deconstructing complex technical material and reassembling it for dissemination in a user friendly form, ARIC assists those receiving information to obtain a balanced perspective. This enables personal decision making within the context of the fullest information resource ARIC is able to provide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186231
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    Spatial variability in emissions reduction strategies for sulphur and nitrogen in the UK (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2619-2624 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sulphur ; nitrogen ; critical loads function ; emissions reductions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The roles of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) in causing critical loads exceedance across the UK show considerable spatial variability at the present time. Over much of lowland Britain it appears that the environment can only be protected by reducing N deposition, whilst in upland areas (e.g. most of Scotland and Wales) reductions in S deposition are the primary requirement. Using the Hull Acid Rain Model (HARM) the effects of current and possible future emissions control legislation on critical loads exceedance can be explored. Based on HARM output, the implementation of the UNECE Sulphur Protocol (1994) will bring about a substantial reduction in the amount of S being deposited in the UK, especially in central and southern parts of the country. Some areas will remain where additional reductions in S are required. Over most of the country, however, the need to reduce N deposition will become paramount. The changing contributions and significance of non-UK sources can be estimated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186229
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    The United Kingdom national materials exposure programme (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2655-2660 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: materials ; buildings ; stone ; metal ; pollution ; decay ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In 1986, the National Materials Exposure Programme was set up within the United Kingdom to investigate the effects of acid deposition on buildings and building materials. Thirty sites were chosen, which represented a range of geographical and pollution climates. Each site met a minimum meteorological and pollution monitoring regime (including SO2, NO2). After four years, other sites were included (with less frequent data collection) and some sites removed. At each site, samples of 3 types of stone, mild steel, painted steel, Cu, Al and galvanised steel were exposed, with some of the stone sheltered from direct precipitation. Samples were removed periodically for analysis and dose-response relations derived for different materials. The empirical relationships derived are in the form of: decay rate=a [SO+] + b [H2] + c [rainfall] + d These dose response relations have been used to develop critical load maps for materials for the United Kingdom. Eight years of data have been collected, some for the UNECE task force programme. Laboratory tests using an Atmospheric Flow Chamber were also undertaken. Since the beginning of the programme addition materials have been exposed on some sites including mortars. A further set of eight sites has been used to assess the effects of ozone on a range of organic materials (for example polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, sealants). The paper presents up-to-date findings for the programme and confirms the dominance of dry deposition of sulphur dioxide as the main decay process for sensitive materials in areas of significant pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186235
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    Mapping of critical loads and levels for pollution damage to building materials in the United Kingdom (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2693-2699 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Critical loads ; Sulphur ; dose-response functions ; Damage functions ; acid deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The United Kingdom National Materials Exposure Programme was initiated in 1986 to study the effects of acid deposition on building materials. The output data in the form of empirical dose-response equations (described elsewhere) have been incorporated into a geographical information system (GIS). In addition, data for the stock at risk of building materials has also been used. The dose-response relations indicate a dominance of dry deposition of sulphur dioxide in the decay process. Critical level/load maps have been determined for a number of materials. General pollution and meteorological data sets are also included in the mapping process. Maps give ‘exceedence squares’ on a 20 km square grid basis, indicating the unprotected areas or those still at risk for a given scenario for SO2 reduction in the context of the UNECE protocol for sulphur. In order to derive maps of areas sensitive to pollutants in the future a model, HARM 7.2, is used for the prediction of distribution of emissions of pollutants in the UK. A series of maps has now been produced for different materials at 70% and 80% scenarios for the reduction of SO2. Studies of the sensitivity of the exceedence maps to the accuracy or variation of the components in the dose-response equations have been undertaken. Results from the mapping programme and the sensitivity analysis are presented together with discussion of the concept of critical loads of materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186241
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    Response of porous building stones to acid deposition (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2713-2718 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: building stones ; porous carbonate stones ; acid deposition ; urban environment ; stone reactivity ; porosity ; petrophysics ; physical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This work investigates the response of porous carbonate building stones to acid deposition during a short-terra exposure period and the characteristics that influence their reactivity and/or durability. Several carbonate porous stones used in Spanish and English monuments were exposed to English urban and suburban environments. In each location they were both exposed to and sheltered from rainfall. Monthly analyses were carried out in order to investigate any possible sign of reaction. In addition, some physical properties of the stones relating to transfer of moisture were determined. Results indicate that the reactivity of these stones is relatively high, significant signs of reaction were detected within only a few months of exposure. Under the same environmental conditions, the response and reactivity of porous carbonate stones are determined by their petrophysical characteristics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186244
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    Effect of acid rain on sandstone: The Royal Palace and the Riddarholm church, Stockholm (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2719-2724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Air pollution ; acid deposition ; sandstone deterioration ; gypsum formation ; sulphur isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The deterioration of two kinds of sandstone is discussed for two 18:th century buildings in central Stockholm: the Royal Palace, and the Royal Carolean Burial Chapel (Karolinska gravkoret) annexed to the mediaeval Riddarholm church. The facades of calcitic Gotland sandstone show many signs of serious decay, such as gypsum formation, pulverized surface, exfoliation, discolouration, and salt efflorescence. The socles are built of the more resistant quartzitic Roslagen sandstone, displaying some discolouration, cracks, and slight exfoliation. In total about 300 samples have been analysed. The surface concentration of sulphur is highest at ground level and at rain-sheltered positions. Chemical and sulphur isotope data indicate that the stone decay to a large part may be attributed to anthropogenic sources like acid deposition and car traffic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186245
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    Biogeochemistry of aluminum in a forest catchment in the Czech Republic impacted by atmospheric inputs of strong acids (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1831-1836 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; Al cycling ; forest soil ; jurbanite ; leucogranite ; soil solution ; stream water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Lysina catchment in the Czech Republic was studied to investigate the biogeochemical response of Al to high loadings of acidic deposition. The catchment supports Norway spruce plantations and is underlain by granite and podzolic soil. Atmospheric deposition to the site was characterized by high H+ and SO4 2− fluxes in throughfall. The volume-weighted average concentration of total Al (Alt) was 28 μmol L−1 in the O horizon soil solution. About 50% of Alt in the O horizon was in the form of potentially-toxic inorganic monomeric Al (Ali). In the E horizon, Alt increased to 71 μmol L−1, and Ali comprised 80% of Alt. The concentration of Alt (120 μmol L−1) and the fraction of Ali (85%) increased in the lower mineral soil due to increases in Ali and decreases in organic monomeric Al (Alo). Shallow ground water was less acidic and had lower Alt concentration (29 μmol L−1). The volume-weighted average concentration of Alt was extremely high in stream water (60 μmol L−1) with Ali accounting for about 60% of Alt. The major species of Ali in stream water were fluorocomplexes (Al-F) and aquo Al3+. Soil solutions in the root zone were undersaturated with respect to all Al-bearing mineral phases. However, stream water exhibited Ali concentrations close to solubility with jurbanite. Acidic waters and elevated Al concentrations reflected the limited supply of basic cations on the soil exchange complex and slow weathering, which was unable to neutralize atmospheric inputs of strong acids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477246
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    Increasing role of nitrogen in the acidification of surface waters in the Adirondack Mountains, New York (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 313-336 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nitrogen ; acidification ; Adirondack Mountains ; atmospheric deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Assessments of the aquatic effects of acidic deposition have focused on sulfur, as have recent efforts to control the emissions of acidifying compounds. Nitrogen dynamics were excluded from most acidic deposition modeling studies because it was believed that terrestrial ecosystems strongly retain N and because modeling N is a more formidable task than modeling S due to the influence of complex biological processes on N cycling. Re-examination of available data for the Adirondack Mountains of New York suggests that N deposition may be contributing to both chronic and episodic acidification of freshwaters to a greater extent than is generally believed. Previous research concluded that N has played a limited role in acidification processes in these lakes, based on regional averages of chronic chemistry. However, it is now known that historic acidification responses have been spatially variable within the Adirondack Mountains and that the declines in lakewater pH have been less than previously believed. Lakewater NO3 − concentrations are commonly in the range of 5 to 25 μeq L−1 on a chronic basis in portions of the Adirondack region that have experienced significant chronic acidification. These NO3 − concentrations correspond in magnitude to inferred historical acidification. Furthermore, the relative importance of NO3 − as an agent of acidification increases dramatically during snowmelt when conditions are most toxic to fish. The consequence of not addressing N in formulating acidification recovery strategies for the Adirondacks includes the likelihood that we will overestimate the response of surface water to the mandated sulfur emissions reductions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406172
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    Effects of enhanced supplies of nitrogen and sulphur on rhizosphere and soil chemistry in a Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1777-1782 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aluminium ; base cations ; bulk soil ; nitrogen ; rhizosphere soil ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Rhizophere and bulk soil chemistry were investigated in a Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden. The rhizosphere and bulk soil chemistry in water extracts in control plots (C) and plots repeatedly treated with ammonium sulphate (NS) were compared. Treatment regime was started in 1988. Cylindrical core samples of the LFH-layer and mineral soil layers were collected in 1992 and used for water extract analyses. Samples of soil from LFH-layer and mineral soil layers were taken in 1991 and 1993 for determination of CEC and base saturation. Soil pH and NH4-N, NO3-N and SO4-S, Al, Ca, K and Mg concentrations in water extracts were measured for rhizosphere and bulk soils. The pH-values of bulk and rhizosphere soils in NS plots decreased compared with those in control plots, whereas concentrations of NH4-N, NO3-N, SO4-S, base cations and Al in water extract increased. In both bulk and rhizosphere soils the concentration of NH4-N was much higher than that of NO3-N. A significant difference in the pH and Mg concentration of bulk and rhizosphere soil between the treated and control plots was found only in the 0–10 cm layer. For all layers, there was a significant difference in NH4-N concentrations in the bulk and rhizosphere soil between the NS treatment and control plots. Concentrations of exchangeable base cations and the base saturation level in the LFH-layer decreased in the NS plots. The concentration of extractable SO4-S increased in the NS plots. The NS treatment enhanced the amount of litter in L-layer, owing to increases in needle biomass and litterfall but led to losses of base cations, mainly K and Mg, from LFH-layer. It was concluded that the NS treatment displaced cations from exchangeable sites in the LFH-layer leading to higher concentrations of these elements in both rhizosphere and bulk soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477237
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    Behaviour of sulphur and nitrogen compounds measured at marine stations Lista and Säby in Scandinavia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2039-2044 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sulphur ; nitrogen ; Scandinavia ; long distance transport ; elemental tracers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Long distance transport of various air pollutants has been studied at two Scandinavian coastal sites. The measuring period has covered one year divided into 4 campaigns. Seasonal variations for sulphur and nitrogen compounds as well as anthropogenically emitted metals are reported. Concentrations of Pb and Zn as well as the ratio of V/Ni concentrations have been used to trace sulphuric episodes. Covariation of anthropogenic pollutants for the two sites is demonstrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186134
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    Modelling leaching of inorganic Hg(II) in a Scandinavian iron-humus podzol — validation and long-term leaching under various deposition rates (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 301-320 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; batch experiment ; Freundlich isotherm ; lysimeter experiment ; mercury ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Increasing mercury contents are reported from freshwater systems and fish in northern Europe and North America. Mercury input from soils is a major source with the leaching being affected by increased atmospheric mercury deposition compared to pre-industrial times and by other environmental conditions such as acid rain. The results of a mathematical model-calculation of vertical inorganic Hg(II) leaching in a Scandinavian iron-humus podzol under different atmospheric input rates of mercury are presented. Leaching under background rain conditions was calculated to be considerably stronger than under acid rain conditions. Increasing fractions of deposited soluble or solute atmospheric mercury were leached from the O f(h)-horizon with decreasing soil content of soluble mercury under acid rain conditions; this effect was less pronounced under background rain conditions. The steady state concentrations of soluble mercury of the upper soil horizons were calculated and compared with the actual concentrations of total (= soluble + insoluble mercury) and extractable (= estimate of soluble) mercury measured in these horizons. The results indicate that even if the deposition of airborne mercury to soil is strongly reduced, the total mercury content of the soil decreases only slowly. It may take decades or even centuries before a new steady state concentration of total mercury is established in the soil. The decrease of the mercury concentration in the O f(h)-horizon is probably largely dependent on the turnover of organic matter, binding most of the deposited airborne mercury in an insoluble form. Hence, present day mercury leaching is likely to be dominated by mercury deposited during former times and temporarily retained in an insoluble form in the organic matter.
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    Variations in sulphur and nitrogen foliar concentration of deciduous and conifers vegetation in Slovakia (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 329-345 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: beech ; biomonitoring ; nitrogen ; solid particles ; spruce ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The foliage contents of Stotal and Ntotal were determined in 405 Permanent monitoring plots in four National Parks and sixteen Landscape Protection Areas and were compared with 1483 Permanent monitoring plots on Slovakia. The foliage content of S ranged from 0.72 to 6.77 g kg−1 in hardwoods and from 0.98 to 4.3 g kg−1 in softwoods. A critical increase was determined in one National Park and in four Landscape Protection Areas. The foliage content of N ranged from 9.7 to 48.7 g kg−1 in softwoods, and from 7.8 to 51.4 g kg−1 in hardwoods. An insufficient level of N was determined in one Landscape Protection Area and a critical increase in four Landscape Protection Areas. The sulphur to nitrogen ratio ranged from 0.08 to 0.176 in softwoods, and from 0.078 to 0.253 in hardwoods. The foliage surface on hitherto explored four National Parks and sixteen Landscape Protection Areas in network 4×4 km was covered by all categories of rigid fallout particles. Fly-ash from coal combustion were observed each of National Parks and Landscape Protection Areas by scanning electron microscopy. Mycelia and spore, mineral matters, sand and soil particles were present on all National Parks and Landscape Protection Areas. Particles derived from aluminium production were observed at three Landscape Protection Areas. Particles derived from cement production and from lime works were observed at two National Parks and six Landscape Protection Areas. Particles derived from ferrous metals industry were observed at each of National Parks and Landscape Protection Areas and particles typical for other technologies were present in three of National Parks and twelve Landscape Protection Areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407213
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    VARIATIONS IN SULPHUR AND NITROGEN FOLIAR CONCENTRATION OF DECIDUOUS AND CONIFERS VEGETATION IN SLOVAKIA (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 329-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: beech ; biomonitoring ; nitrogen ; solid particles ; spruce ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The foliage contents of Stotal and Ntotal were determined in 405 Permanent monitoring plots in four National Parks and sixteen Landscape Protection Areas and were compared with 1483 Permanent monitoring plots on Slovakia. The foliage content of S ranged from 0.72 to 6.77 g kg-1 in hardwoods and from 0.98 to 4.3 g kg-1 in softwoods. A critical increase was determined in one National Park and in four Landscape Protection Areas. The foliage content of N ranged from 9.7 to 48.7 g kg-1 in softwoods, and from 7.8 to 51.4 g kg -1 in hardwoods. An insufficient level of N was determined in one Landscape Protection Area and a critical increase in four Landscape Protection Areas. The sulphur to nitrogen ratio ranged from 0.08 to 0.176 in softwoods, and from 0.078 to 0.253 in hardwoods. The foliage surface on hitherto explored four National Parks and sixteen Landscape Protection Areas in network 4 × 4 km was covered by all categories of rigid fall-out particles. Fly-ash from coal combustion were observed each of National Parks and Landscape Protection Areas by scanning electron microscopy. Mycelia and spore, mineral matters, sand and soil particles were present on all National Parks and Landscape Protection Areas. Particles derived from aluminium production were observed at three Landscape Protection Areas. Particles derived from cement production and from lime works were observed at two National Parks and six Landscape Protection Areas. Particles derived from ferrous metals industry were observed at each of National Parks and Landscape Protection Areas and particles typical for other technologies were present in three of National Parks and twelve Landscape Protection Areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026422606600
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    Mercury from Combustion Sources: A Review of the Chemical Species Emitted and Their Transport in the Atmosphere (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: coal ; deposition ; emission ; mercury ; municipal solidwaste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different species of mercury have different physical/chemical properties and thus behave quite differently in air pollution control equipment and in the atmosphere. In general, emissions of mercury from coal combustion sources are approximately 20–50% elemental mercury (Hg°) and 50–80% divalent mercury (Hg(II)), which may be predominantly HgCl2. Emissions of mercury from waste incinerators are approximately 10–20% Hg° and 75–85% Hg(II). The partitioning of mercury in flue gas between the elemental and divalent forms may be dependent on the concentration of particulate carbon, HCl and other pollutants in the stack emissions. The emission of mercury from combustion facilities depends on the species in the exhaust stream and the type of air pollution control equipment used at the source. Air pollution control equipment for mercury removal at combustion facilities includes activated carbon injection, sodium sulfide injection and wet lime/limestone flue gas desulfurization. While Hg(II) is water-soluble and may be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition close to combustion sources, the combination of a high vapor pressure and low water-solubility facilitate the long-range transport of Hg° in the atmosphere. Background mercury in the atmosphere is predominantly Hg°. Elemental mercury is eventually removed from the atmosphere by dry deposition onto surfaces and by wet deposition after oxidation to water- soluble, divalent mercury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026429911010
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MONITORING NITROGEN POLLUTION FROM SUGARCANE RUNOFF USING 15N ANALYSIS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 389-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fertilizer ; nitrogen ; pollution ; runoff ; stable isotopes ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In many forested wetlands of Louisiana, surface water quality is being deteriorated by nutrient input from adjacent agricultural production areas. This field study assesses the input of fertilizer N, applied to sugarcane fields, to forested wetlands. The potential use of natural abundance variations in 15N14N ratios for identification and tracing surface water N sources (NH 4 + - and NO3 --N) was evaluated. Runoff and surface water samples were collected from sugarcane fields and bordering forested wetlands (6 stations) over a 16 month period and analyzed for NH 4 + -N, NO 3 - -N, and associated NH 4 + -δ15N and NO 3 - -δ15N ratios. Fertilizer N draining into adjacent forested wetland was estimated to be only a small fraction of the amount applied. Concentrations of NH 4 + - and NO 3 - -N in the collected water samples were low and ranged from 0.02 to 1.79 mg L-1. Isotopic analysis revealed NH 4 + -δ15N and NO 3 - -δ15N means were distinctive and may have the potential to be used as tracers of N contamination. The mean NH 4 + -δ15N value was +18.6 ± 7.1‰ and the NO 3 - -δ15N mean was +8.3 ± 3.1‰. Anomalously high NO 3 - -δ15N values (〉30‰) were attributed to denitrification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026483228623
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UNCERTAINTY IN THE ESTIMATION OF CRITICAL LOADS: A PRACTICAL METHODOLOGY (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 297-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; ecosystem ; GLUE ; PROFILE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads of acid deposition for forest soils, ground and surface water resources are calculated utilising a variety of mathematical models. The estimation of the predictive uncertainty inherent in these models is important since the model predictions constitute the cornerstone of the development of emissions abatement policy decisions in Europe and the United Kingdom. The Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach is presented here as a tool for estimating the predictive uncertainty of PROFILE, a steady-state geochemical model that is widely applied within the critical loads community. GLUE is based on Monte Carlo simulation and explicitly recognises the possible equifinality of parameter sets. With this methodology it is possible to make an assessment of the likelihood of a parameter set being an acceptable simulator of a system when model predictions are compared to observed field data. The methodology is applied to a small catchment at Plynlimon, Mid-Wales. The results highlight that there is a large amount of predictive uncertainty associated with the model at the site: three of the six chosen field characteristics lie within the predicted distribution. The study also demonstrates that a wide range of parameter sets exist that give acceptable simulations of site characteristics as well as a broad distribution of critical load values that are consistent with the site data. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis of model parameters is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026496930386
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mercury from combustion sources: A review of the chemical species emitted and their transport in the atmosphere (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: coal ; deposition ; emission ; mercury ; municipal solid waste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different species of mercury have different physical/chemical properties and thus behave quite differently in air pollution control equipment and in the atmosphere. In general, emissions of mercury from coal combustion sources are approximately 20–50% elemental mercury (Hg°) and 50–80% divalent mercury (Hg(II)), which may be predominantly HgCl2. Emissions of mercury from waste incinerators are approximately 10–20% Hg° and 75–85% Hg(II). The partitioning of mercury in flue gas between the elemental and divalent forms may be dependent on the concentration of particulate carbon, HCl and other pollutants in the stack emissions. The emission of mercury from combustion facilities depends on the species in the exhaust stream and the type of air pollution control equipment used at the source. Air pollution control equipment for mercury removal at combustion facilities includes activated carbon injection, sodium sulfide infection and wet lime/limestone flue gas desulfurization. While Hg(II) is water-soluble and may be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition close to combustion sources, the combination of a high vapor pressure and low water-solubility facilitate the long-range transport of Hg° in the atmosphere. Background mercury in the atmosphere is predominantly Hg°. Elemental mercury is eventually removed from the atmosphere by dry deposition onto surfaces and by wet deposition after oxidation to water-soluble, divalent mercury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047037
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uncertainty in the estimation of critical loads: A practical methodology (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 297-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; ecosystem ; GLUE ; PROFILE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads of acid deposition for forest soils, ground and surface water resources are calculated utilising a variety of mathematical models. The estimation of the predictive uncertainty inherent in these models is important since the model predictions constitute the cornerstone of the development of emissions abatement policy decisions in Europe and the United Kingdom. The Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach is presented here as a tool for estimating the predictive uncertainty of PROFILE, a steady-state geochemical model that is widely applied within the critical loads community. GLUE is based on Monte Carlo simulation and explicitly recognises the possible equifinality of parameter sets. With this methodology it is possible to make an assessment of the likelihood of a parameter set being an acceptable simulator of a system when model predictions are compared to observed field data. The methodology is applied to a small catchment at Plynlimon, Mid-Wales. The results highlight that there is a large amount of predictive uncertainty associated with the model at the site: three of the six chosen field characteristics lie within the predicted distribution. The study also demonstrates that a wide range of parameter sets exist that give acceptable simulations of the site characteristics as well as a broad distribution of critical load values that are consistent with the site data. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis of model parameters is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02047040
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Enrichment, and Contamination Factors Together with Geoaccumulation Indexes to Evaluate the Content of Cd, Cu, and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Poland (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 347-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: reservoir of heated water ; contamination ; cadmium ; copper ; nickel ; sediment ; water ; enrichment factor ; geoaccumulation index ; contamination factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the contamination degree of the Rybnik Reservoir with cadmium, copper andnickel was analyzed. Quality of the water from the reservoir was determined by drawingcomparisons between the metal content in the water and both the officially permitted levels(contamination factor) and levels of metals occurring in the water of non-contaminated areas(enrichment factor). Contamination of bottom sediment with chosen metals was analyzed withreference to the metal content in mudstone (geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor,contamination factor). Trends towards changing the metal content in the bottom sediment wasanalyzed by determining the enrichment factor of the surface layer of the bottom sediments inrelation to a deeper layer. Enrichment of the bottom sediments with metals coming from the waterwas also determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022121615949
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remobilization of trace elements from polluted anoxic sediments after resuspension in oxic water (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; dredging ; trace metal ; nutrients ; bacteria ; reoxidation ; remobilization ; microbial processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Polluted sediments are periodically subjected to resuspension processes resulting from natural events (e.g. storms, strong waves) as well as from anthropogenically induced activities (e.g. dredging). The main part of the resuspended material is initially in an anoxic state and will be reoxidized more or less quickly in the oxic water column. In laboratory experiments reflecting, as far as possible, natural conditions (e.g. constant pH) the release of Cd, Cu and Zn during this reoxidation phase was investigated. Up to 2% of the particulate bound heavy metals were remobilized from the sediments. In addition the evolution of the concentrations of the anions PO4, SO4, NO3 and NH4 were measured to examine the influence of microbial processes on the release of trace elements. Cell counts and microbial activity of certain micro-organisms during the release processes were also investigated. The investigations illustrated that biological activity has a significant effect on release. In all sediment samples the release of cadmium was delayed in comparison with the other elements even in sediments from different river systems. The influence of different microbial processes on this divergent behavior was examined. The significance of dredging activities to the remobilization processes during reoxidation of anoxic sediments in the Elbe River is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018307926920
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-Sediment Exchange of Nutrients During Early Diagenesis and Resuspension of Anoxic Sediments from the Northern Adriatic Sea Shelf (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 541-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Diagenesis ; resuspension ; sediment ; pore-water ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of a study on nutrient exchange at the sediment-water interface which is caused by early diagenesis and resuspension of bottom sediments. The research was carried out on anoxic silty-clay sediment cores collected south of the Po river delta (Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy) in late summer. The early diagenetic processes were investigated by means of the integrated study of pore-water chemistry and solid phase composition. Exchange at the sediment-water interface was studied by comparing the fluxes measured in incubated cores with the fluxes calculated by modelling pore-water profiles. Nutrient exchange during resuspension was analysed by simulating a storm event in the laboratory. The high production of nutrients near the sediment-water interface is mainly caused by the anoxic degradation of organic matter and the successive reductions of Mn and Fe-oxyhydroxides and, to a lesser extent, of sulphate. The oxic degradation of organic matter occurs only at the sediment-water interface. In the incubation experiment the increases of phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, silica, and Fe in bottom waters were measured. The comparison between calculated and measured fluxes showed that: a) the fluxes are mainly controlled by molecular diffusion; b) phosphate and Fe sink because of the Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitation and c) nitrification process influences the ammonia and nitrate fluxes. Resuspension caused the release of: a) phosphate through surficial desorption and authigenic apatite dissolution; b) ammonia by means of the oxic degradation of organic matter; and c) dissolved silica generated by biogenic silica dissolution. Resuspension also caused a weak removal of Fe. The more oxic conditions following resuspension favoured the formation of a Fe-oxyhydroxide film at the sediment-water interface which inhibited the phosphate fluxes from sediments to the water column.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018364111899
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of Flocculation on the Size Distributions of Bottom Sediment in Coastal Inlets: Implications for Contaminant Transport (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; aggregation ; flocculation ; grain size ; sediment ; trace metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Grain size is the most basic of classification criteria for sediments. The size distribution of a given sediment records the physical transport processes involved in its formation. By using precise grain size analysis and the model of Kranck et al. (1996a,b), it is possible to break down a sediment into the three major components from which it was formed: material deposited as flocs, material deposited as single grains from suspension, and material carried under higher energy conditions. With this method, both the amount of material deposited in a flocculated state and the maximum size, or floc limit, of the particles composing the floc can be determined. Changes in floc limit indicate changes in the aggregation dynamics of the system. As most trace metals and many other contaminants associate closely with the fine particle fraction of sediments, it is important to determine both the areal distribution and reworking history of the floc settled portion of a sediment. This paper discusses the application of the method to coastal inlets in Atlantic Canada and examines the relationship between proportion of floc-settled material and trace metal concentrations. Disaggregated inorganic grain size distributions are also used to illustrate changes in the aggregation dynamics in areas of intense aquaculture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018307710140
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Distribution of PCB's and Chlorinated Pesticides in Two Connected Himalayan Lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 717-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: chlorinated pesticides ; PCB ; sediment ; Himalayan lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract PCBs and organochlorine pesticides were determined in water, sediment and zooplankton of two Himalayan lakes, located at different altitudes and connected to each other in such a way that Superior Lake acts as a sedimentation basin for Inferior Lake. Surficial sediments of both lakes show PCB contamination comparable to lakes of industrialised areas. Biota appear to be the main machanism responsible for micropollutant burial in the sediments of Inferior Lake, whereas inorganic particles are more relevant in Superior Lake. Physical and chemical properties of individual chemicals, particularly Henry's law constant and Kow values, seem to regulate distribution in different environmental compartments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018301220077
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations of bed surface sediment size in a channel bend (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 81-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: channel ; bend ; sediment ; size ; gradation ; sorting ; bed ; topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Variations of sediment size and its gradation of the bed surface laver in a channel bend with nonuniform sediment are investigated experimentally. Four groups of sediment with the same initial median diameter (D o ) but different initial size gradation (σ o ) have been used for experiments which were run until the equilibrium bed topography was achieved. Analyses of experimental data have yielded the following results: (1) The time of equilibrium for bed evolution decreases asσ o increases: (2) the median size of sediment (D) for a given section in the bend increases with increasing distance from the inner bank towards the outer bank, and it also increases with increasingσ o ; (3) the value of D/D o along the inner bank decreases with increasingσ o , and it also shows a gradual decrease in the upper half of the bend and a slight recovery in the lower half, and (5) the transverse variation ofσ value exhibits a general trend increasing from the inner bank towards the outer bank.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406847
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors regulating the flux of phosphate at the sediment — water interface of a subtropical calcareous lake: A simulation study with intact sediment cores (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: phosphorus ; P flux ; microbial activity ; redox ; simulation ; Lake Kinneret ; sediment ; accumulative P release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different factors which interactively control the flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) at the sediment water irterface (SWI) of Lake Kinneret were studied seasonally. The influence of pH, Eh and microbial activity on SRP flux at the SWI was investigated by manipulating the conditions in the overlying water of intact sediment cores. The calculated diffusive SRP flux out of the sediment was lower in cores sampled during winter and spring than during the period of amixis. Potential SRP release, as measured in the absence of microbial activity, was strongly enhanced upon the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions indicating P release from iron(III)-bound phosphorus. In spring and summer cores, an enhanced SRP flux from sediments at pH 7 in comparison to pH 8 indicated P release from carbonate-bound P which sedimented previously as result of high pH values during the algal spring bloom. Microbial uptake at the SWI was the most important sink for SRP and no net-flux occured under oxic conditions. The higher net-flux of P under anoxic conditions was linked to carbon limitation ofthe bacteria at the SWI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406880
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sediment accumulation of nutrients (N, P) in the eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; organic matter ; cluster analysis ; Gulf of Finland ; estuaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Dry weight (DW), ignition loss (IL) and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of the sediment surface layer (0 to 10 cm, 1 cm slices) were analyzed from 20 sites in the eastern Gulf of Finland. The distance of the sampling sites from the mouth of the River Neva explained the nutrient concentrations of the sediments well, while the effect of water depth was negligible. The increase of TN and the decrease of TP along the transect from the river mouth towards the open Gulf were caused by the diminishing share of allochthonous material supplied from the River Neva. The mean TN concentration of the different accumulation areas was about 40 % higher in the sediment surface than in the deeper layer (9 to 10 cm). The corresponding difference for TP varied from 53 to 56 %. The results suggest considerable netflux of nutrients from sediment to water. The net sediment accumulation of nutrients were estimated as 6.0 g m−2 a−1 of N and 1.7 g m−2 a−1 of P corresponding 22 000 t a− of N and 6 100 t a−1 of P for the whole eastern Gulf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406887
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remobilization of trace elements from polluted anoxic sediments after resuspension in oxic water (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sediment ; dredging ; trace metal ; nutrients ; bacteria ; reoxidation ; remobilization ; microbial processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Polluted sediments are periodically subjected to resuspension processes resulting from natural events (e.g. storms, strong waves) as well as from anthropogenically induced activities (e.g. dredging). The main part of the resuspended material is initially in an anoxic state and will be reoxidized more or less quickly in the oxic water column. In laboratory experiments reflecting, as far as possible, natural conditions (e.g. constant pH) the release of Cd, Cu and Zn during this reoxidation phase was investigated. Up to 2% of the particulate bound heavy metals were remobilized from the sediments. In addition the evolution of the concentrations of the anions PO4, SO4, NO3 and NH4 were measured to examine the influence of microbial processes on the release of trace elements. Cell counts and microbial activity of certain micro-organisms during the release processes were also investigated. The investigations illustrated that biological activity has a significant effect on release. In all sediment samples the release of cadmium was delayed in comparison with the other elements even in sediments from different river systems. The influence of different microbial processes on this divergent behavior was examined. The significance of dredging activities to the remobilization processes during reoxidation of anoxic sediments in the Elbe River is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406891
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