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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 357 (1992), S. 397-399 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Data on the wet deposition of nitrate and ammonium are available for Bermuda (North Atlantic)7, and for Amsterdam Island (South Indian Ocean)8 for a nine-year period. The data were obtained using methods described previously7'8. The record (Table 1) shows that the median and ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 26 (1983), S. 99-102 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Asia ; fertilizer ; ammonia ; food ; greenhouse effect ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The addition of anthropogenic N by food and energy production to the global environment contributes to the greenhouse effect, acid deposition, photochemical smog, stratospheric ozone depletion and eutrophication of fresh and marine waters. On a global basis, anthropogenic N mobilization is greater then natural sources of bio-reactive N. Currently, Asia is a hotspot of N mobilization and distribution to downwind and downstream environments, primarily due to food production. Asia's contribution will continue to increase, not only due to population growth, but also to increases in the per capita consumption of food and energy. This paper provides an overview of the global N cycle, presents an analysis of N dynamics within agroecosystems, examines N mobilization in Asia and discusses possible rates of N mobilization in the future.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: Oceanic dimethyl sulfide ; atmospheric dimethyl sulfide ; sulfur dioxide ; wet deposition ; non-sea-salt sulfate ; methanesulfonic acid ; rain acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous measurements of rain acidity and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) at the ocean surface and in the atmosphere were performed at Amsterdam Island over a 4 year period. During the last 2 years, measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere and of methane sulfonic acid (MSA) and non-sea-salt-sulfate (nss-SO4 2-) in rainwater were also performed. Covariations are observed between the oceanic and atmospheric DMS concentrations, atmospheric SO2 concentrations, wet deposition of MSA, nss-SO4 2-, and rain acidity. A comparable summer to winter ratio of DMS and SO2 in the atmosphere and MSA in precipitation were also observed. From the chemical composition of precipitation we estimate that DMS oxidation products contribute approximately 40% of the rain acidity. If we consider the acidity in excess, then DMS oxidation products contribute about 55%.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: dust ; deposition ; iron ; models ; NHx ; NOy ; nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric chemical models are used to estimate the deposition rate of various inorganic oxides of nitrogen (NOy), reduced nitrogen species (NHx) and mineral dust to the North Atlantic Ocean (NAO). The estimated deposition of NOy to the NAO (excluding the coastal ocean) and the Caribbean is 360 × 109 Moles-N m−2 yr−1 (5.0 Tg N); this is equivalent to about 13% of the estimated global emission rate (natural and anthropogenic) and a quarter of the emission rate from sources in North America and Europe. In the case of NHx, 258 Moles-N m−2 yr−1 (3.6 Tg N) are deposited to the NAO and the Caribbean; this is about 6% of the global continental emissions. There is relatively little data on the deposition rate of organic nitrogen species; nonetheless, this evidence suggests that concentrations and deposition rates are comparable to those for inorganic nitrogen. Because of anthropogenic emissions, the present-day deposition rate of NOy to the NAO is about five times greater than pre-industrial times largely due to emissions from energy production and biomass burning. The present-day emissions of NHx from continental anthropogenic sources are about four-to-five times greater than natural sources, mostly due to the impact of emissions from animal wastes associated with food production. Indeed, present-day emissions of NHx from animal waste are estimated to be about 10 times greater than the pre-human era. The deposition rate of mineral dust to the NAO is about 170 Tg yr−1; deposited with the dust (assuming average crustal abundances) is about 6 Tg yr−1 of Fe and 0.2 Tg yr−1 of P. Dust deposition in the NAO is almost completely attributable to transport from North African sources; a substantial fraction of the dust over the NAO is probably mobilized as a consequence of land use practices in arid regions and, consequently, it should be regarded as a pollutant.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Anthropogenic food and energy production extensively mobilize reactive nitrogen (N) in the watershed of the North Atlantic Ocean (NAO). There is wide spread N distribution by both hydrologic and atmospheric processes within the watershed of the NAO, resulting in reactive N accumulation in terrestrial systems. Net denitrification in most estuaries and continental shelves exceeds the amount of N supplied to the shelves by rivers and requires a supply of nitrate from the open ocean. Thus riverine N is only transported to the open ocean in a few areas with the flow from a few major rivers (e.g., Amazon). Atmospheric N deposition to the open ocean has increased and may increase the productivity of the surface ocean. In addition, as a consequence of increased Fe deposition to the open ocean (due in part to anthropogenic processes), the rate of biological N-fixation may have increased resulting in N accumulation in the ocean. Phosphorus (P) is also mobilized by anthropogenic processes (primarily food production). Relative to N, more of the P is transported across the shelf to the open ocean from both estuaries and major rivers. There are several consequences of the increased availability of N and P that are unique to each element. However, the control on primary productivity in both coastal and open ocean ecosystems is dependent on a complex and poorly understood interaction between N and P mobilization and availability.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 30 (1986), S. 367-380 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In sensitive areas receiving acidic deposition, paleolimnolgical data indicate changes in lake pH over 1 to 3 decades during the past century. Estimates of deposition of SOx and NOx over this same period suggest that deposition rates changed (1) earlier and (2) more slowly than did changes in lake chemistry. Clearly chemical and biological processes in the terrestrial catchment damp, delay, and moderate the response of surface water pH to deposition of acidifying compounds. This response is controlled by key terrestrial processes that include chemical weathering, sulfate adsorption, cation exchange, dissolution and precipitation of Al compounds, and dissolution and dissociation of inorganic C. MAGIC (Model of Acidifcation of Groundwater In Catchments) provides a tool by which these processes can be simultaneously and quantitatively linked to examine the impact of acid deposition on surface water chemistry. We have applied MAGIC to 4 lakes from which paleolimnological reconstructions are available — Big Moose Lake in the Adirondacks, Loch Grannoch in Scotland, Lake Gårdsjøn in Sweden, and Lake Hovvatn in Norway. The results indicate that the processes linked in MAGIC can account for temporal trends in pH and alkalinity such as those obtained from paleolimnological data.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acid deposition ; global change ; Asia ; fertilizer ; nitrogen ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Most acid-deposition investigations have been concerned with the impact of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions on Europe and North America. This paper examines three issues beyond this central focus. Major conclusions are 1) ammonia (NH3) emissions and subsequent nitrogen (N) accumulation in terrestrial ecosystems have the potential to generate significant acidification in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; 2) sulfur (S) and N accumulation in environmental reservoirs will not only result in significant and extensive acidification but will also impact the earth's radiation balance, tropospheric oxidizing capacity, ecosystem nutrient balance and groundwater quality; and 3) future emissions will substantially increase in the developing world, especially in Asia. By 2020, Asian emissions of SO2, NOx and NH3 will be equal to or greater than the combined emissions from Europe and North America.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Gypsy moth ; Forest defoliation ; Stream-water composition ; Stream-water acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Infestation by the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) can alter biogeochemical conditions in affected catchments. Stream-water concentration data obtained over the period of 1980–1993 for White Oak Run, a stream in Shenandoah National Park, Va., indicate that change in catchment acid-base status is associated with forest defoliation by the moth larva. Stream-water concentration changes following defoliation included increasing concentrations of strong-acid anions, base-cations, and hydrogen ion, as well as decreasing concentrations of acid-neutralization capacity (ANC) and sulfate. The largest change was in the concentration of nitrate; annual discharge-weighted mean concentrations increased from predefoliation levels consistently less than 5 μeq L−1 to postdefoliation levels greater than 50 μeq L−1. An intensification of acidification was indicated by record-high hydrogen ion concentrations and record-low ANC concentrations. The long-term biogeochemical implications of the infestation are uncertain due to the nonlinearity of the observed responses and unknown patterns of recovery and recurrence.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; Virginia ; fish response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The “Shenandoah National Park: Fish in Sensitive Habitats” (SNP:FISH) project is a response to declining pH and acid neutralizing capacity in Shenandoah National Park (SNP) streams. SNP receives more atmospheric sulfate than any other USA national park, and pH had decreased to the point where early negative effects on fish were expected. SNP provides the opportunity to study the early stages of acidification effects on fish. Three different classes of geological formations yield streams with low-ANC (0 μEq/L), intermediate-ANC (60–100 μEq/L) or high-ANC (150–200 μEq/L) waters in SNP. This allows a comparison of responses across a water quality gradient in a small geographic area receiving similar deposition. Both chronic and episodic acidification occur in SNP streams. Biological effects are apparent in fish species richness, population density, condition factor, age, size, and bioassay survival. A primary project objective was to provide the necessary data for development and testing models for forecasting changes in fish communities resulting from changes in stream chemistry. Monitored variables include several which are predictive of acidification effects on SNP fish communities.
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